Casio FC200VSIH User Manual

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FC-200V FC-100V

User's Guide

CASIO Worldwide Education Website

http://edu.casio.com

CASIO EDUCATIONAL FORUM

http://edu.casio.com/forum/

Important!

CASIO COMPUTER CO., LTD. makes no guarantees concerning accuracy of the contents of this manual or their suitability for any commercial purpose or other particular purpose, or concerning the accuracy of calculation results (such as financial calculation simulation results) produced by this calculator.

• Financial calculation rules and practices can differ according to country, geographic area, or financial institution. It is up to you to determine whether the calculation results produced by this calculator are compatible with the financial calculation rules that apply to you.

Manufacturer: CASIO COMPUTER CO., LTD. 6-2, Hon-machi 1-chome Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 151-8543, Japan

Responsible within the European Union: CASIO EUROPE GmbH Casio-Platz 1 22848 Norderstedt, Germany

About this Manual

• This User’s Guide covers use and operation of the CASIO FC-200V and FC-100V. Operations apply to both models, except in cases indicated by the text “FC-200V only”.

• Keycap markings indicate what a key inputs or what function it performs. Example: 1, 2, +, -, A, etc.

SHIFT

• Pressing the

ALPHA

key followed by a second key

performs the alternate function of the second key. The alternate function is indicated by the text printed above the key.

Alternate function

Y}VARS

Keycap function

• The following shows what the different colors of the alternate function key text mean.

If key marking

It means this:

text is this color:

SHIFT

Yellow

Red

Press access the applicable function.

Press input the applicable variable or

and then the key to

ALPHA

and then the key to

constant.

SHIFT

• In this manual, a

ALPHA

while an

key operation is shown as S.

key operation is shown as 1,

• The following shows an example of how an alternate function operation is represented in this User’s Guide.

Example: 17(S-MENU)

Indicates the function that is accessed by the key operation (17) before it. Note that this is not part of the actual key operation you perform.

E-1

• The following shows an example of how a key operation to select an on-screen menu item is represented in this User’s Guide.

Example: 1(1-VAR)

Indicates the menu item that is selected by the number key operation (1) before it. Note that this is not part of the actual key operation you perform.

• The cursor key is marked with four arrows, indicating direction, as shown in the illustration nearby. In this User’s Guide, cursor key operation is indicated as f, c, d, and e.

Some examples in this manual start out assuming that the calculator is set to a particular angle unit. This is indicated by the following marks.

REPLAY

z : Degrees Z : Radians

• The displays and illustrations (such as key markings) shown in this User’s Guide are for illustrative purposes only, and may differ somewhat from the actual items they represent.

• The contents of this manual are subject to change without notice.

• In no event shall CASIO Computer Co., Ltd. be liable to anyone for special, collateral, incidental, or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of the purchase or use of this product and items that come with it. Moreover, CASIO Computer Co., Ltd. shall not be liable for any claim of any kind whatsoever by any other party arising out of the use of this product and the items that come with it.

E-2

Initializing the Calculator

Perform the following procedure when you want to initialize the calculator and return the calculation mode and setup to their initial default settings. Note that this operation also clears all data currently in calculator memory.

1. O19(CLR)

2. “All:EXE” (cf), then E.

3. E(Yes)

4. A

•To cancel initialization without doing anything, press E(Cancel) instead of E(Yes).

This setting: Is initialized to this:

Calculation Mode COMP

This setting: Is initialized to this:

Payment End Date Mode 365 dn CI Periods/Y Annual (FC-200V only) Bond Date Date (FC-200V only) Date Input MDY PRF/Ratio PRF (FC-200V only) B-Even Quantity (FC-200V only) Digit Sep. Off Angle Deg Display Digits Norm1 STAT Off

• For information about memory, see “Using Calculator Memory” on page E-35.

• For information about shortcut keys settings, see “Shortcuts” on page E-94.

E-3

Safety Precautions

Be sure to read the following safety precautions before using this calculator. Keep this manual handy for later reference.

Caution

This symbol is used to indicate information that can result in personal injury or material damage if ignored.

Battery

• After removing the battery from the calculator, put it in a safe place where it will not get into the hands of small children and accidentally swallowed.

• Keep batteries out of the reach of small children. If accidentally swallowed, consult with a physician immediately.

• Never charge the battery, try to take the battery apart, or allow the battery to become shorted. Never expose the battery to direct heat or dispose of it by incineration.

• Improperly using a battery can cause it to leak and damage nearby items, and can create the risk of fire and personal injury.

• Always make sure that the battery’s positive

negative it into the calculator.

• Remove the battery if you do not plan to use the

calculator for a long time.

• Use only the type of battery specified for this

calculator in this manual.

ends are facing correctly when you load

and

Disposing of the Calculator

• Never dispose of the calculator by burning it. Doing so can cause certain components to suddenly burst, creating the risk of fire and personal injury.

E-4

Handling Precautions

• Be sure to press the O key before using the

calculator for the first time.

• Even if the calculator is operating normally, replace the battery at least once every three years (FC-200V) or two years (FC-100V).

A dead battery can leak, causing damage to and malfunction of the calculator. Never leave a dead battery in the calculator.

• The battery that comes with this unit discharges slightly during shipment and storage. Because of this, it may require replacement sooner than the normal expected battery life.

• Low battery power can cause memory contents to become corrupted or lost completely. Always keep written records of all important data.

•Avoid use and storage of the calculator in areas subjected to temperature extremes.

Very low temperatures can cause slow display response, total failure of the display, and shortening of battery life. Also avoid leaving the calculator in direct sunlight, near a window, near a heater or anywhere else it might be exposed to very high temperatures. Heat can cause discoloration or deformation of the calculator’s case, and damage to internal circuitry.

•Avoid use and storage of the calculator in areas subjected to large amounts of humidity and dust.

Take care never to leave the calculator where it might be splashed by water or exposed to large amounts of humidity or dust. Such conditions can damage internal circuitry.

• Never drop the calculator or otherwise subject it to strong impact.

• Never twist or bend the calculator.

Avoid carrying the calculator in the pocket of your trousers or other tight-fitting clothing where it might be subjected to twisting or bending.

• Never try to take the calculator apart.

E-5

• Never press the keys of the calculator with a ballpoint pen or other pointed object.

• Use a soft, dry cloth to clean the exterior of the calculator.

If the calculator becomes very dirty, wipe it off with a cloth moistened in a weak solution of water and a mild neutral household detergent. Wring out all excess liquid before wiping the calculator. Never use thinner, benzene or other volatile agents to clean the calculator. Doing so can remove printed markings and can damage the case.

E-6

Contents

About this Manual ............................................ 1

Initializing the Calculator ................................ 3

Safety Precautions ........................................... 4

Handling Precautions ...................................... 5

Before Using the Calculator .......................... 10

kRemoving the Hard Case .................................... 10

kTurning Power On and Off ................................... 10

kAdjusting Display Contrast ................................... 10

kAbout the Display .................................................. 11

kDisplay Indicators ................................................. 11

Calculation Modes and Calculator Setup .... 13

kCalculation Modes ............................................... 13

kUsing the Setup Screen ....................................... 13

Inputting Expressions and Values ............... 23

kInputting a Calculation Expression Using

Standard Format .................................................. 23

kCorrecting an Expression .................................... 25

kDisplaying the Location of an Error ...................... 27

Basic Calculations ......................................... 28

kArithmetic Calculations ........................................ 28

kPercent Calculations ............................................ 29

Using Multi-statements in Calculations ....... 32

Using Calculation History Memory and

Replay ............................................................. 33

Using Calculator Memory .............................. 35

kAnswer Memory (Ans) ......................................... 35

kIndependent Memory (M) .................................... 37

kVariables (A, B, C, D, X, Y) .................................. 38

kFinancial Calculation Variables (VARS) ............... 40

kClearing Memory Contents .................................. 41

E-7

Financial Calculation ..................................... 42

kSimple Interest Mode ........................................... 42

kCompound Interest Mode .................................... 44

kCash Flow Mode .................................................. 50

kAmortization Mode ............................................... 55

kConversion Mode ................................................. 59

kCost/Sell/Margin Mode ........................................ 61

kDay Calculation Mode .......................................... 64

kDepreciation Mode (FC-200V only) ..................... 66

kBond Mode (FC-200V only) ................................. 71

kBreak-Even Mode (FC-200V only) ....................... 78

kBEV Sub-mode (Break-Even Mode 1) ................. 78

kMargin of Safety Sub-mode

(Break-Even Mode 2) ........................................... 82

kDegree of Operating Leverage Sub-mode

(Break-Even Mode 3) ........................................... 84

kDegree of Financial Leverage Sub-mode

(Break-Even Mode 4) ........................................... 86

kDegree of Combined Leverage Sub-mode

(Break-Even Mode 5) ........................................... 88

kQuantity Conversion Sub-mode

(Break-Even Mode 6) ........................................... 90

Shortcuts ........................................................ 94

kCustom Shortcut Keys ......................................... 94

kFunction Shortcut Keys ........................................ 96

Function Calculations ................................... 98

kPi (π) and Natural Logarithm Base e ................... 98

kTrigonometric and Inverse Trigonometric

Functions ............................................................. 98

kHyperbolic and Inverse Hyperbolic Functions ..... 99

kConverting an Input Value to the Calculator’s

Default Angle Unit ................................................ 99

kExponential Functions and Logarithmic

Functions ........................................................... 100

kPower Functions and Power Root Functions .... 101

kRectangular-Polar Coordinate Conversion ........ 103

kOther Functions ................................................. 104

E-8

Statistical Calculation .................................. 108

kStatistical Calculation Types .............................. 108

kInputting Sample Data ....................................... 108

kSTAT Calculation Screen .................................... 111

kUsing the STAT Menu ......................................... 112

Technical Information .................................. 134

kCalculation Priority Sequence ............................ 134

kStack Limitations ................................................ 136

kCalculation Ranges, Number of Digits, and

Precision ............................................................ 137

kSpecial Financial Calculation Error Messages .. 139

kError Messages ................................................. 140

kBefore assuming malfunction of the calculator... 142

Reference ...................................................... 143

kPower Requirements and Battery

Replacement ..................................................... 143

Specifications ............................................... 146

E-9

Before Using the Calculator

k Removing the Hard Case

Before using the calculator, slide its hard case downwards to remove it, and then affix the hard case to the back of the calculator as shown in the illustration below.

k Turning Power On and Off

• Press O to turn on the calculator.

• Press 1A(OFF) to turn off the calculator.

k Adjusting Display Contrast

1. Press s.

2. Use c to select “CONTRAST:EXE”, and then press

This displays the contrast adjustment screen. Use d and e to adjust display contrast. After the setting is the way you want, press E.

Important!

• If adjusting display contrast does not improve display readability, it probably means that battery power is low. Replace the battery.

E-10

k About the Display

Your calculator has a 31-dot × 96-dot LCD screen.

Example:

Input expression

Calculation result

Financial Calculation Mode

k Display Indicators

Sample Display:

This

Means this: Page:

indicator:

The keypad has been shifted by pressing the 1 key. The keypad

will unshift and this indicator will disappear when you press a key.

{

STAT

The alpha input mode has been entered by pressing the S key.

3 The alpha input mode will be exited

and this indicator will disappear when you press a key.

There is a value stored in independ-

ent memory.

The calculator is standing by for input of a variable name to assign a value

STO

to the variable. This indicator appears after you press 1t(STO).

The calculator is standing by for input of a variable name to recall the vari-

RCL

able’s value. This indicator appears after you press t.

E-1

E-37

E-37 E-38 E-94

E-11

This indicator:

Means this: Page:

STAT The calculator is in the STAT Mode.

360 360 days in a year.

Simple interest for interest calcula-

tions of odd (partial) months.

Day, month, year (DMY) as the date

DMY

format.

7 The default angle unit is degrees.

8 The default angle unit is radians.

9 The default angle unit is grads.

A fixed number of decimal places is

FIX

in effect.

A fixed number of significant digits

SCI

is in effect.

E-108

E-15

Calculation history memory data is

available and can be replayed, or there is more data above/below the current screen.

The display currently shows an in-

Disp termediate result of a multi-state-

ment calculation.

E-33

E-32

Important!

• For a very complex calculation or some other type of calculation that takes a long time to execute, the display may show only the above indicators (without any value) while it performs the calculation internally.

E-12

Calculation Modes and Calculator Setup

k Calculation Modes

When you want to perform Press this this type of operation: key:

Simple interest calculations S E-42

Compound interest calculations c E-44

Cash flow calculations C E-50

Amortization calculations A E-55

Page:

General and function calculations m

Statistical and regression calculations

Interest rate conversion calculations

Cost, selling price, or margin calculations

Day or date calculations D E-64

Depreciation calculations (FC-200V only)

Purchase price and annual yield calculations (FC-200V only)

Break-even point calculations (FC-200V only)

a E-108

n E-59

o E-61

d E-66

b E-71

B E-78

E-28 E-98

k Using the Setup Screen

The setup screen lets you configure various conditions and screen settings used for calculations. You can also use the setup screen to adjust display contrast.

E-13

A Displaying the Setup Screen

There are two different ways to display the setup screen.

• Pressing the s key

• Selecting the “Set:” item on the menu screen that appears when you enter some modes.

The following are the procedures you need to perform to access and use the setup screen using the above operations.

FC-200V

Important!

All of the example procedures presented in this manual use the s key procedure to display the setup screen.

To display the setup screen with the s key

1. Press the s key.

This displays a menu of setup items.

• See “Setup Screen Settings” on page E-15 for a complete list of menu items.

2. Use fc to select the setup item whose setting you

want to change, and then press E. This displays a screen for configuring the setting of the setup item you selected.

3. Configure the setting you want.

•You can select a setting by with the cursor and then press E , or you can input the number that corresponds to the setting you want to select.

• See “Configuring Settings” on page E-16 for information about configuring each setting.

To display the setup screen by selecting “Set:” on a mode menu

Important!

The following procedure is possible only when there is a “Set:” item on the menu that initially appears when you enter a mode. It is not available in all modes.

E-14

1. On the menu that appears when you initially enter a

mode, use fc to select “Set:”, and then press E.

• This displays a setup screen of settings that apply to the current mode only. The content of the setup screen depends on what mode you are currently in.

2. Use fc to select the setup item whose setting you

want to change. You can also select a setup item by inputting the applicable number.

• See “Setup Screen Settings” below for information about configuring each setting.

A Setup Screen Settings

No.

1 Payment

2 Date Mode Number of days in a year E-16

3 dn Odd period interest calculation E-16

4 Periods/Y

5 Bond Date

6 Date Input Date format E-18

7 PRF/Ratio Profit or profit ratio specification E-18

8 B-Even

Setup

Screen Item

Description Page

Payment date (beginning of term/end of term)

Number of payment periods per year

Date or number of coupon payments specification

Sales quantity or sales amount specification

E-16

E-17

E-18

9 Digit Sep. 3-digit separator symbol E-19

0 Angle Angle unit E-19

! Fix Number of decimal places E-20

@ Sci Number of significant digits E-20

# Norm

$ STAT Statistical display E-21

CONTRAST

Value range for exponential format

Contrast adjustment E-22

E-15

E-21

A Configuring Settings

1 Payment: Compound Interest (CMPD) Mode,

Amortization (AMRT) Mode

This setting specifies the payment date.

1:Begin Beginning of period 2:End End of period

1. Use fc to select

“Payment”, and then press E.

2. Press 1(1:Begin) or 2(2:End) to select the setting

you want.

•You can also use fc to select a setting and then press E.

2 Date Mode: Simple Interest (SMPL) Mode, Day

Calculation (DAYS) Mode, Bond (BOND) Mode (FC-200V only)

This setting specifies the number of days in a year.

1:360 360 days 2:365 365 days

1. Use fc to select “Date

Mode”, and then press E.

2. Press 1(1:360) or 2(2:365) to select the setting you

want.

•You can also use fc to select a setting and then press E.

3 dn: Compound Interest (CMPD) Mode

This setting specifies whether simple interest or compound interest for interest calculations of odd (partial) months.

1:CI Compound interest 2:SI Simple interest

1. Use fc to select “dn”,

and then press E.

E-16

2. Press 1(1:CI) or 2(2:SI) to select the setting you

want.

•You can also use fc to select a setting and then press E.

4 Periods/Y: Bond (BOND) Mode (FC-200V only)

This setting specifies once a year (Annual) or twice a year (Semi-Annual) coupon payments.

1:Annual One coupon payment per year 2:Semi One coupon payment every six months

1. Use fc to select

“Periods/Y”, and then press E.

2. Press 1(1:Annual) or 2(2:Semi) to select the setting

you want.

•You can also use fc to select a setting and then press E.

5 Bond Date: Bond (BOND) Mode (FC-200V only)

This setting specifies use of either a date (Date) or a number of payments (Term) as the term for bond calculations.

1:Date Date 2:Term Number of payments

1. Use fc to select “Bond

Date”, and then press E.

2. Press 1(1:Date) or 2(2:Term) to select the setting

you want.

•You can also use fc to select a setting and then press E.

E-17

6 Date Input: Day Calculation (DAYS) Mode, Bond

(BOND) Mode (FC-200V only)

This setting specifies either month, day, year (MDY) or day, month, year (DMY) as the date format.

1:MDY Month, day, year 06012006 (June 1, 2006) 2:DMY Day, month, year 01062006 (June 1, 2006)

1. Use fc to select “Date

Input”, and then press E.

2. Press 1(1:MDY) or 2(2:DMY) to select the setting

you want.

•You can also use fc to select a setting and then press E.

7 PRF/Ratio: Break-Even Point Calculation (BEV) Sub-

mode of Break-Even (BEVN) Mode (FC200V only)

This setting specifies use of either profit (PRF) or profit ratio (

1. Use fc to select “PRF/

2. Press 1(1:PRF) or 2(2:

8 B-Even: Break-Even Point Calculation (BEV) Sub-

r%) for break-even point calculations.

1:PRF Profit 2:

r% Profit ratio

Ratio”, and then press E.

r%) to select the setting you

want.

•You can also use fc to select a setting and then press E.

mode of Break-Even (BEVN) Mode (FC-200V only)

This setting specifies use of either sales quantity (Quantity) or sales amount (Sales) for break-even point calculations.

1: Quantity Sales quantity 2: Sales Sales amount

E-18

1. Use fc to select

“B-Even”, and then press E.

2. Press 1(1:Quantity) or 2(2:Sales) to select the

setting you want.

•You can also use fc to select a setting and then press E.

9 Digit Sep.: All modes except for the STAT Mode and

COMP Mode

This setting specifies what type of 3-digit separator should be used. Note that the 3-digit separator is not displayed after you specify a number of significant digits with @ Sci.

1:Superscript Superscript comma 123´456 2:Subscript Subscript comma 123,456 3:Off Separator off 123456

1. Use fc to select “Digit

Sep.”, and then press E.

2. Press 1(1:Superscript), 2(2:Subscript), or 3(3:Off)

to select the setting you want.

•You can also use fc to select a setting and then press E.

0 Angle: All modes

This setting specifies the angle unit used for trigonometric functions.

90° = — radians = 100 grads

1:Deg Degrees 2:Rad Radians 3:Gra Grads

1. Use fc to select “Angle”,

and then press E.

E-19

2. Press 1(1:Deg), 2(2:Rad), or 3(3:Gra) to select

the setting you want.

•You can also use fc to select a setting and then press E.

! Fix: All modes

This setting specifies a fixed number of digits to the right of the decimal place. Calculation results are rounded off to the specified number of digits before being displayed.

• Changing this setting automatically cancels any previous

settings made for @ Sci and # Norm.

• Specify the number of decimal places by inputting a value in the range of 0 (round off and then cut fraction part) to 9 (nine decimal places).

1. Use fc to select “Fix”,

and then press E.

2. Input a value from 0 to 9 to specify the number of decimal

places. Example: 100 ÷ 7 = 14.286 (Fix 3)

= 14.29 (Fix 2)

@ Sci: All modes

This setting specifies the number of significant digits. Calculation results are rounded off to the specified number of digits before being displayed.

• Changing this setting automatically cancels any previous settings made for ! Fix and # Norm.

•You can specify anywhere from 1 significant digit (by inputting 1) to 10 significant digits (by inputting 0).

1. Use fc to select “Sci”,

and then press E.

2. Input a value from 0 to 9 to specify the number of

significant digits. Example: 10 ÷ 7 = 1.4286 × 10

= 1.429 × 10

(Sci 5) (Sci 4)

E-20

# Norm: All modes

This setting specifies the range that determines when display of values switches to exponential format.

• Changing this setting automatically cancels any previous settings made for ! Fix and @ Sci.

Norm1: 10

–2

> x, x > 10

Norm2: 10–9 > x, x > 10

Example: 1 ÷ 200 = 5 × 10–3(Norm1)

= 0.005 (Norm2)

1. Use fc to select “Norm”,

and then press E.

2. Press 1(Norm1) or 2(Norm2).

$ STAT: Statistics (STAT) Mode, Cash Flow (CASH)

Mode

This setting controls whether a frequency (FREQ) column is included in the STAT Mode DataEditor.

• The Cash Flow (CASH) Mode uses the same DataEditor as the STAT Mode. Turning on display of the frequency column reduces the maximum number of data items that can be input for investment appraisal.

1:On Frequency (FREQ) column display on 2:Off Frequency (FREQ) column display off

1. Use fc to select

“STAT”, and then press E.

2. Press 1(1:On) or 2(2:Off) to select the setting you

want.

•You can also use fc to select a setting and then

press E.

Important!

• This operation clears DataEditor data. Note that data is cleared even if you select the setting that corresponds to the current FREQ column display status. Selecting “On” while FREQ column display is currently turned on, for example, will clear DataEditor data.

E-21

% CONTRAST: All modes

Select this setting when you want to adjust screen contrast and make display figures lighter or darker.

1. Use fc to select

“CONTRAST”, and then press E.

2. Use d and e to adjust display contrast.

3. Press E.

Note

• On a setting screen, the cursor mark displayed on the upper right of a screen cannot be used.

A Initializing the Setup Screen Settings

1. O19(CLR)

2. “Setup:EXE” (fc), then E.

3. E(Yes)

4. A

•To cancel initialization without doing anything, press E(Cancel) instead of E(Yes).

• The calculator will automatically enter the COMP Mode after you initialize the setup screen settings.

E-22

Inputting Expressions and Values

k Inputting a Calculation Expression

Using Standard Format

Your calculator lets you input calculation expressions just as they are written. Then simply press the E key to execute it. The calculator automatically judges the calculation priority sequence for addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, functions, and parentheses.

Example: 2 (5 + 4) – 2 × (–3) =

2(5+4)-

2*y3E

A Inputting a Function with Parenthesis

When you input any of the functions shown below, it is automatically input with the open parenthesis ( Next, you need to input the argument and the closing parenthesis (

sin(, cos(, tan(, sin–1(, cos–1( , tan–1(, sinh(, cosh(, tanh(,

–1

sinh

Example: sin 30 =

(, cosh–1(, tanh–1(, log(, ln(, e^(, 10^(, ^(, '(, 3'(,

'(, Abs(, Pol(, Rec(, Rnd(

)

(

) character.

1. t

2. “sin(” (fc), then E.

3. 30)E

• Some commonly used functions can also be input using a direct key operation.

Example: sin 30 =

1. 11(sin)

2. 30)E

E-23

A Omitting the Multiplication Sign

You can omit the multiplication sign (×) in any of the following cases.

• Before an open parentheses (

• Before a function with parenthesis: 2 etc.

• Before a variable name, constant, or random number: 20

× A, 2 × π, etc.

( ): 2 × (5 + 4), etc.

× sin(30), 2 × '(3),

A Final Closed Parenthesis

You can omit one or more closed parentheses that come at the end of a calculation, immediately before the E key is pressed. For details, see “Omitting a Final Closed Parenthesis” on page E-29.

A Displaying a Long Expression

The display can show up to 14 characters at a time. Inputting the 15th character causes the expression to shift to the left. At this time, the ] indicator appears to the left of the expression, indicating that it runs off the left side of the screen.

Input expression: 1111 + 2222 + 3333 + 444

Displayed portion:

Cursor

• When the ] indicator is displayed, you can scroll left and view the hidden part by pressing the d key. This will cause the ' indicator to appear to the right of the expression. At this time, you can use the e key to scroll back.

A Number of Input Characters (Bytes)

•You can input up to 99 bytes of data for a single expression. Basically, each key operation uses up one byte. A function that requires two key operations to input (like 11(sin)) also uses only one byte.

E-24

• Normally the input cursor appears as a straight vertical (

) or horizontal ( ) flashing line on the display screen.

When there are 10 or fewer bytes of input remaining in the current expression, the cursor changes shape to to let you know. If the I cursor appears, terminate the expression at a convenient point and calculate the result.

• Each expression in calculation history memory (page E-33) can contain up to 76 bytes of data. Up to 89 bytes of data can be assigned to each custom shortcut key (page E-94).

k Correcting an Expression

This section explains how to correct an expression as you are inputting it. The procedure you should use depends on whether you have insert or overwrite selected as the input mode.

A About the Insert and Overwrite Input Modes

With the insert mode, the displayed characters shift to the left to make room when you input a new character. With the overwrite mode, any new character you input replaces the character at the current cursor position.

• The cursor is a vertical flashing line ( mode is selected. The cursor is a horizontal flashing line (

) when the overwrite mode is selected.

• The initial default is the insert mode. You can switch between the insert mode and the overwrite mode by pressing 1Y(INS).

) when the insert

A Changing the Character or Function You

Just Input

Example: To correct the expression 369 × 13 so it

becomes 369 × 12

369*13

E-25

A Deleting a Character or Function

Example: To correct the expression 369 × × 12 so it

becomes 369 × 12

Insert Mode:

369**12

Overwrite Mode:

369**12

ddd

A Correcting a Calculation

Example: To correct cos(60) so it becomes sin(60)

Insert Mode:

12(cos)60)

dddY

11(sin)

Overwrite Mode:

12(cos)60)

dddd

11(sin)

E-26

A Inserting input into a Calculation

Always use the insert mode for this operation. Use d or e to move the cursor to the location where you want to

insert new input, and then input what you want.

k Displaying the Location of an Error

If an error message (like “Math ERROR” or “Syntax ERROR”) appears when you press E, press d or e. This will display the part of the calculation where the error occurred, with the cursor positioned at the error location. You can then make necessary corrections.

Example: When you input 14 ÷ 0 × 2 = by mistake instead

of 14 ÷ 10 × 2 =

Insert Mode:

14/0*2E

Press e or d.

This is causing the error.

You can also exit the error screen by pressing A, which clears the calculation.

E-27

Basic Calculations

This section explains how to perform arithmetic and percent calculations.

All calculations in this section are performed in the COMP Mode (g).

k Arithmetic Calculations

Use the +, -, *, and / keys to perform arithmetic calculations.

Example: 7 × 8 – 4 × 5 = 36

7*8-4*5E

• The calculator automatically judges the calculation priority sequence. For more information, see “Calculation Priority Sequence” on page E-134.

A Number of Decimal Places and Number of

Significant Digits

You can specify a fixed number of decimal places and significant digits for the calculation result.

Example: 1 ÷ 6 =

Initial default setting (Norm1)

FIX

3 decimal places (Fix3)

SCI

3 significant digits (Sci3)

• For more information, see “Configuring Settings” on page E-16.

E-28

A Omitting a Final Closed Parenthesis

You can omit any closed parenthesis ( ) ) immediately preceding operation of the E key at the end of a calculation.

Example: (2 + 3) × (4 – 1) = 15

(2+3)*

(4-1E

k Percent Calculations

Example 1: 2% = 0.02

21((%)E

Example 2: 150 × 20% = 30

150*20

1((%)E

Example 3: To calculate what percentage of 880 is 660.

660/880

1((%)E

Example 4: To increase 2500 by 15%.

2500+ 2500*

151((%)E

E-29

Example 5: To discount 3500 by 25%.

35003500*

251((%)E

Example 6: To discount the sum of 168, 98, and 734 by

20%.

168+98+

734E

-G*201((%)E

Example 7: If 300 grams are added to a test sample

originally weighing 500 grams, what is the percentage increase in weight?

300+500

1.(A%)

Example 8: What is the percentage change when a value

is increased from 40 to 46? How about to 48?

Insert Mode:

46-40

1.(A%)

eeeY8E

E-30

Example 9: To calculate the selling price and profit when

the purchase price is $480 and the profit rate to the selling price is 25%.

480*25

1.(A%)

480/25

1.(A%)

Example 10: To calculate the bargain price and loss when

the purchase price is $130 and the loss rate is 4%.

130*y4

1.(A%)

130/y4

1.(A%)

E-31

Using Multi-statements in Calculations

You can use the colon character (:) to connect two or more expressions and execute them in sequence from left to right when you press E.

Example: To create a multi-statement that performs the

following two calculations: 3 + 3 and 3 × 3

Insert Mode:

1. 3+3

2. t

3. “ : ” (fc), then E.

4. 3*3

Disp

“Disp” indicates this is an intermediate result of a multi-statement.

E-32

Using Calculation History Memory and Replay

Calculation history memory maintains a record of each calculation expression you input and execute, and its result.

You can use calculation history memory in the COMP Mode (g) only.

A Recalling Calculation History Memory

Contents

Press f to back-step through calculation history memory contents. Calculation history memory shows both calculation expressions and results.

Example:

1+1E 2+2E 3+3E

•Note that calculation history memory contents are cleared whenever you turn off the calculator, press the O key, change to another mode, or perform the operation under “Initializing the Calculator” (page E-3) or “Initializing the Setup Screen Settings” (page E-22).

• Calculation history memory is limited. When the calculation you are performing causes calculation history memory to become full, the oldest calculation is deleted automatically to make room for the new calculation.

E-33

A Replay Function

While a calculation result is on the display, you can press d or e to edit the expression you used for the previous calculation.

Example: 4 × 3 + 2.5 = 14.5

4 × 3 – 7.1 = 4.9

4*3+2.5E

YYYY

-7.1E

E-34

Using Calculator Memory

Memory Name Description

Answer Memory Stores the last calculation result

obtained.

Independent Calculation results can be added to Memory or subtracted from independent

memory. The “M” display indicator indicates data in independent memory.

Variables Six variables named A, B, C, D, X,

and Y can be used for storage of individual values.

VARS The following are the names of the

financial calculation variables: PV, PMT, FV, P/Y, C/Y, PM1, PM2, Dys.

This section uses the COMP Mode (g) to demonstrate how you can use memory.

n, I,

k Answer Memory (Ans)

A Answer Memory Overview

• Answer Memory contents are updated whenever you execute a calculation using any one of the following keys: E, 9, m, 1m(M–), t, or 1t(STO). Answer Memory can hold up to 15 digits.

• Answer Memory contents do not change if an error occurs during the current calculation.

• Answer Memory contents are maintained even if you press the A key, change the calculation mode, or turn off the calculator.

• When multiple results are obtained (in polar coordinate calculations, when “ALL:Solve” is selected in the Simple Interest Mode, etc.), the result that is displayed at the top of the screen is the one stored in Answer Memory.

E-35

A Using Answer Memory to Perform a Series

of Calculations

Example: To divide the result of 3 × 4 by 30

3*4E

(Continuing)/30E

Pressing / automatically inputs

“Ans” command.

• With the above procedure, you need to perform the second calculation immediately after the first one. If you need to recall Answer Memory contents after pressing A, press the G key.

A Inputting Answer Memory Contents into an

Expression

Example: To perform the calculations shown below:

123 + 456 = 579 789 – 579 = 210

123+456E

789-GE

E-36

k Independent Memory (M)

You can add calculation results to or subtract results from independent memory. The “M” appears on the display when independent memory contains a value.

A Independent Memory Overview

• The following is a summary of the different operations you can perform using independent memory.

To do this:

Add the displayed value or result of the expression to m independent memory

Subtract the displayed value or result of the expression 1m(M–) from independent memory

Recall current independent memory contents

Assign a specific value or 1. 3+5 result of the expression to 2. 1t(STO) independent memory 3. “M:”(fc), then E.

•You can also store financial calculation value in

Perform this key operation:

Sm(M)

(for example)

4. E(Yes)

independent memory.

Example: In the SMPL Mode, store the value of SI in

independent memory (M)

1. Enter the SMPL Mode for calculation of simple interest

(SI). See pages E-42 and E-43 for more information.

2. 1t(STO)

3. “SI”(fc), then E.

4. “M:”(fc), then E.

5. E(Yes)

•A number sign (#) next to the independent memory variable name indicates that it already contains data. Performing the following steps will replace any existing data with the new data.

E-37

• The “M” indicator appears in the upper left of the display when there is any value other than zero stored in independent memory.

• Independent memory contents are maintained even if you press the A key, change the calculation mode, or turn off the calculator.

A Calculation Examples Using Independent

Memory

• If the “M” indicator is on the display, perform the procedure under “Clearing Independent Memory” before performing this example.

Example: 23 + 9 = 32 23+9m

53 – 6 = 47 53-6m

–) 45 × 2 = 90 45*21m(M–)

99 ÷ 3 = 33 99/3m

(Total) 22 Sm(M)E

A Clearing Independent Memory

1. 0

2. 1t(STO)

3. “M:”(fc), then E.

4. E(Yes)

• This clears independent memory and causes the “M” indicator to disappear from the display.

k Variables (A, B, C, D, X, Y)

A Variable Overview

•You can assign a specific value or a calculation result to a variable.

Example: To assign the result of 3 + 5 to variable A.

1. 3+5

2. 1t(STO)

3. “A:”(fc), then E.

4. E(Yes)

E-38

• Use the following procedure when you want to check the contents of a variable.

Example: To recall the contents of variable A

Sn(A)

• The following shows how you can include variables inside of an expression.

Example: To multiply the contents of variable A by the

contents of variable B Sn(A)*So(B)E

•You can also assign a financial calculation value to a variable.

Example: In the CMPD Mode, assign the value of PMT to

variable “A”.

1. CMPD mode: “PMT”

(fc).

2. 1t(STO)

3. “A:”(fc), then E.

4. E(Yes)

•A number sign (#) next to a variable name indicates that there is already data assigned to the variable. Performing the following steps will replace any existing data with the new data.

•Variable contents are maintained even if you press the A key, change the calculation mode, or turn off the calculator.

9 × 6 + 3

Example:

= 1.425

5 × 8

1. 9*6+3

2. 1t(STO)

3. “B:” (fc), then E.

4. E(Yes)

5. 5*8

6. 1t(STO)

7. “C:” (fc), then E.

8. E(Yes)

E-39

9. So(B)/SD(C)

k Financial Calculation Variables (VARS)

• The following are the names of the financial calculation variables (VARS):

n, I, PV, PMT, FV, P/Y, C/Y, PM1, PM2, Dys.

• Financial calculation variables are used in financial calculations to store values. See the sections that describe the various modes for information about which variables are used in each mode.

• In the COMP Mode, the above variables are used as arithmetic variables, and are referred to as such in the section explaining the COMP Mode.

A To select an financial calculation variable

in the COMP mode

1. Press 1t(VARS).

2. On the menu screen that appears, use fc to move

the highlighting to the variable you want to select, and then press E.

A Clearing the Contents of VARS Memories

Only

1. O19(CLR)

2. “VARS:EXE” (fc), then E.

3. E(Yes)

4. A

•To cancel the clear operation without doing anything, press E(Cancel) instead of E(Yes).

•VARS Memory Initial Default Values

P/Y, C/Y ....................................................................... 1

n, I, PV, PMT, FV, PM1, PM2, Dys .......................... 0

E-40

k Clearing Memory Contents

Use the following procedure to clear the contents of Answer Memory, independent memory, and all of the variables.

This procedure does not clear VARS memory contents. See “Clearing the Contents of VARS Memories Only” for more information.

1. O19(CLR)

2. “Memory:EXE” (fc), then E.

3. E(Yes)

4. A

•To cancel the clear operation without doing anything, press E(Cancel) instead of E(Yes).

E-41

Financial Calculation

k Simple Interest Mode

• The Simple Interest (SMPL) Mode lets you calculate the interest amount and/or simple future value (principal and interest amount).

A Entering the SMPL Mode

• Press S to enter the SMPL Mode.

Value Input Screen

A Setting Values

No. Display Name

1 Set* Days in Year (Date Mode) 365

Number of Interest Periods

2 Dys

(Number of Days)

3 I Interest Rate (Annual) 5%

4 PV Principal (Present Value) $10,000

* For information about specifying the Date Mode, see the

“Date Mode” item under “Configuring Settings” on page E-16.

Values Used in Examples

120

A Basic SMPL Mode Procedure

Example 1: To calculate the interest amount (SI), and the

simple future value (SFV)

1. Input the values for 1, 2, 3, and 4 from the Setting

Values table above.

• For this example, use

fc to select 1 “Set:”, and then press E.

E-42

• Press 2 to select “365”.

• Use fc to select 2

“Dys”, input 120, and then press E.

• Use fc to select 3 “

• Use fc to select 4 “PV”, input 10000, and then

press E.

2. Select the value you want to calculate.

• For this example, use

fc to select “ALL: Solve”.

3. Press 9 to perform the

calculation.

• Pressing the E key returns to the value input screen.

•To solve for the items that have “Solve” specified (such as “ALL:Solve”), you can press E instead of 9.

I”, input 5, and then press

A Other SMPL Mode Calculations

Example 2: To calculate the simple interest (SI) amount

only

• In step 2 of the basic procedure (Example 1), select “SI:Solve”.

Example 3: To calculate the simple future value (SFV)

only

• In step 2 of the basic procedure (Example 1), select “SFV:Solve”.

E-43

A SMPL Mode Financial Calculation Variables

SI' =

Dys

365

× PV × i

100

i =

SI' =

Dys

360

× PV × i

100

i =

SI = –SI' SFV = –(PV + SI')

(VARS)

•Variables Dys, I, and PV are used in the SMPL Mode.

• The values of SMPL Mode variables are retained even if you change to another mode. Note, however, that SMPL Mode variables are also used by other modes, so performing an input or calculation operation may change the values assigned to them.

• Though SMPL Mode variables are financial calculation variables, they are also used by arithmetic and function operations in the COMP Mode.

A Calculation Formulas

365-day Mode

360-day Mode

SI : simple interest

Dys : number of interest periods

PV : principal I

%:interest rate (annual)

SFV : principal plus interest

k Compound Interest Mode

• The Compound Interest (CMPD) Mode lets you calculate any one of the following values, by inputting values for the other four: number of payments, interest rate, principal, payment amount, and future value (principal and interest, or final payment amount).

A Entering the CMPD Mode

• Press c to enter the CMPD Mode.

Value Input Screen

E-44

A Setting Values

No. Display Name

Values Used in Examples

1 Set*

Payment Period (Payment) End

2 n Number of Payments 48

3 I Interest Rate 4%

4 PV Present Value (Principal) –$1,000

5 PMT Payment Amount –$300

Future Value (Principal and

6 FV Interest, or Final Payment $16,760

Amount)

Number of Annual Payments

7 P/Y

(PMT)

Number of Annual

8 C/Y*

Compoundings

• For information about specifying the payment period, see the “Payment” item under “Configuring Settings” on page E-16.

• In the case of compound interest calculations, you can also use the compound interest mode (dn) setting on the setup screen for interest calculations of odd (partial) months. See the explanation of the compound interest mode (dn) setting (page E-16) for more information.

Specify 2 for semiannual compound interest, or 12 for monthly compound interest.

Note

• After specifying the 1 Payment Period (Payment) and inputting values for 7 Number of Annual Payments (P/Y) and 8 Number of Annual Compoundings, you can calculate any one of the following by inputting values for the other four: Number of Payments, Interest Rate, Principal, Payment Amount, Future Value (principal and interest, or final payment amount).

• Input money paid out as a negative value, using the y key to input the minus sign.

E-45

A Basic CMPD Mode Procedure

Example 1: To calculate the future value (FV) of an

investment vehicle that pays an annual interest rate of 4%, when the initial deposit is $1,000 and additional deposits of $300 are made each month

1. Input the required values from the Setting Values table

(page E-45).

• For this example, use

fc to select 1 “Set:”, and then press E.

• Press 2 to select “End”.

• Use fc to select 2

“

n”, input 48, and then

press E.

• Use fc to select 3 “

• Use fc to select 4 “PV”, input –1000, and then

press E.

• Use fc to select 5 “PMT”, input –300, and then

press E.

• Use fc to select 7 “P/Y”, input 12, and then press

• Use fc to select 8 “C/Y”, input 12, and then press

Input Precautions

• Before specifying the number of months when there is a partial month, see “Calculating the Number of Months when a Partial Month is Included” (page E-47).

• Input money paid out as a negative value, using the

I”, input 4, and then press

y key to input the minus sign.

2. Select the value you want to calculate.

• For this example, use fc to select “FV”.

E-46

3. Press l to perform the

calculation.

A Calculating the Number of Payments (n),

Interest Rate (I%), Present Value (Principal: PV), and Payment Amount (PMT)

• Use the same procedure as shown under “Example 1” (page E-46), substituting the required values.

A Calculating the Number of Months when a

Partial Month is Included

The following example shows how to calculate the number of months (number of days/total days in the month) for the number of payments (

Example 1: When the payment period is 16 months and

20 days

• When P/Y=12, period (number of months).

1. Use fc to select “

2. Input the division operation that divides the number of

days in the partial month (20 in this example) by the total number of days in the month.

• This example assumes that there are 30 days in the month.

3. Add the number of full months (16 in this example).

n can be thought of as being the payment

n) when a partial month is include.

n”.

4. Press E.

Note

• When n includes a fractional part (odd period), the

calculator always assumes the odd period occurs before the first full payment period.

E-47

A Selecting Interest Calculation for a Period

with a Partial Month

•You can select compound interest or simple interest to

calculate interest for a period with a partial month. Before performing each type of calculation, first use Configuring Settings (page E-16) to select either compound interest or simple interest for the dn setting.

A CMPD Mode Financial Calculation

Variables (VARS)

•Variables n, I, PV, PMT, FV, P/Y, and C/Y are used in

the CMPD Mode.

• The values of CMPD Mode variables are retained even if

you change to another mode. Note, however, that CMPD Mode variables are also used by other modes, so performing an input or calculation operation may change the values assigned to them.

• Though CMPD Mode variables are financial calculation

variables, they are also used by arithmetic and function operations in the COMP Mode.

A Calculation Formulas

u PV, PMT, FV, n

I % G 0

PV =

–α × PMT – × FV

PMT =

– × PV – × PMT

FV =

log

n =

– × PV – × F

(1+ iS) × PMT – FV × i

{}

(1+ iS) × PMT + PV × i

log (1+ i)

E-48

I % = 0

PV = – (PMT × n + FV )

PMT = –

= – (PMT × n + PV)

n =

–

= (1+ i × S) ×

(1+ i )

{

1+ i × Frac (n) ....... dn : SI (Setup Screen)

0 ............................ Payment : End

S =

1 ............................ Payment : Begin

{

PV + FV

PMT

Frac

1 –

, =

(n)

........... dn : CI (Setup Screen)

(1 + i)

(Setup Screen)

(–Intg(n))

I %

100

i =

{

(1+ ) –1

u I

i (effective interest rate)

i (effective interest rate) is calculated using Newton's

Method.

× PV + α × PMT + β × FV = 0

To I % from i (effective interest rate)

I% =

............................... (P/Y = C/Y = 1)

C/Y

I %

100 × [C/Y ]

i × 100 ................................. (P/Y = C/Y = 1)

P/Y C/Y

(1+ i )–1

{

{ }

P/Y

.....

C/Y × 100 ...

(Other than those above)

E-49

n : Number of Payments I

%:Interest Rate

PV : Present Value (Principal) PMT : Payment Amount FV : Future Value (Principal and Interest, or Final

Payment Amount)

P/Y : Number of Annual Payments (PMT) C/Y : Number of Annual Compoundings

Note

• This calculator performs interest (I) calculations using

Newton’s Method, which produces approximate values whose precision can be affected by various calculation conditions. Because of this, interest calculation results produced by this calculator should be used keeping the above limitation in mind, or the results should be verified.

• When you use f and c to select an item that can be

calculated, the “=” changes to “7”. You can perform a calculation by inputting the required values for the other items, and then pressing the l key. Performing the calculation causes the “7” to change back to “=”.

k Cash Flow Mode

• The Cash Flow (CASH) mode calculates the total of

income and expenses over a fixed period, and then uses the discounted cash flow (DCF) method to perform investment appraisal. The following four items are appraised.

NPV : Net Present Value IRR : Internal Rate of Return PBP : Payback Period* NFV : Net Future Value

* The payback period (PBP) can also be called the

“discounted payback period” (DPP). When the annual interest rate ( payback period” (SPP).

I) is zero, the PBP is called the “simple

E-50

A Entering the CASH Mode

• Press C to enter the CASH Mode.

Value Input Screen

A cash flow diagram like the one shown below helps to visualize the movement of funds.

CF7

CF2

CF3

CF5

CF6

CF4

CF1

CF0

With this graph, the initial investment amount is represented by CF years later by CF

0. The cash flow one year later is shown by CF1, two 2, and so on.

A Setting Values

No. Display Name

1 I Annual Interest 3%

Values Used in Examples

A Receipt and Payment Summary

Period Receipt/Payment

CF0 Payment –$10,000

CF1 Payment –$1,000

CF2 Receipt $4,500

CF3 Receipt $5,000

CF4 Receipt $4,000

• Input money paid out as a negative value, using the y

key to input the minus sign.

E-51

Values Used in Examples

A Basic CASH Mode Procedure

Example 1: To calculate net present value (NPV)

1. Input the annual interest (

I), and then receipt and

payment values provided on page E-51.

• Use fc to select 1

“

I”, input 3, and then

press E.

• Use fc to select “Csh

=D.Editor

x”, and then

press E.

This displays the DataEditor. Only the for calculation. Any values in the

y-column and FREQ-

x-column is used

column are not used.

Note

• The STAT editor and the D.Editor x of the CASH Mode

use the same memory area to store data.

• –10000 E(CF

Input money paid out as a negative value, using the y key to input the minus sign.

• –1000 E(CF

• 4500 E(CF

• 5000 E(CF

• 4000 E(CF

2. Press E to return to the value input screen.

3. Select the value you want to calculate.

• For this example, use

fc to select “NPV: Solve”.

4. Press l to perform the

calculation.

• Pressing the E key returns to the value input screen.

E-52

A Other CASH Mode Calculations

Example 2: To calculate the internal rate of return (IRR)

• In step 3 of the basic procedure (Example 1), select “IRR:Solve”.

• The IRR calculation result is assigned to financial variable (VARS)

Example 3: To calculate the payback period (PBP)

• In step 3 of the basic procedure (Example 1), select “PBP:Solve”.

Example 4: To calculate net future value (NFV)

• In step 3 of the basic procedure (Example 1), select “NFV: Solve”.

A Maximum Number of DataEditor Items

Maximum Number of

Data Items

• Only the

80 X 40 X, Y or X, FREQ 26 X, Y, FREQ

x-column is used for calculation. Any values in

DataEditor Screen

the

y-column and FREQ-column are not used.

• Normally, you will be able to input up to 80 data items in the DataEditor.

•To maximize the number of data items you can input, enter the STAT Mode, select “1-VAR”, and then use the setup screen to select “Off” for the “STAT” setting (page E-21).

•Values you input while “1-VAR” is selected are cleared when “2-VAR” is selected in the STAT Mode. Conversely, values you input while “2-VAR” is selected are cleared when “1-VAR” is selected in the STAT Mode.

A CASH Mode Financial Calculation Variables

(VARS)

•Variable I is used in the CASH Mode.

• The value of the CASH Mode variable is retained even if you change to another mode. Note, however, that

I is

also used by other modes, so performing an input or calculation operation may change the value assigned to it.

E-53

• Though

I is a financial calculation variable, it is also

used by arithmetic and function operations in the COMP Mode.

A Calculation Formulas

u NPV

PV = CF0 + + + +

(1+ i)

… +

: natural number up to 79

(1+ i)

I %

i =

100

u NFV

NFV = NPV × (1 + i )

u IRR

is calculated using Newton’s Method.

IRR

0 = CF0 + + + + … +

(1+ i)

In this formula, to

i × 100. It should be noted, however, that minute

NPV = 0, and the value of IRR is equivalent

(1+ i)

fractional values tend to accumulate during the subsequent calculations performed automatically by the calculator, so

NPV never actually reaches exactly zero. IRR becomes

more accurate the closer that

NPV approaches to zero.

u PBP

0 .................................. (CF0 > 0)

PBP =

n –

{

NPV

= 0

(1 + i)

PVn =

: Smallest positive integer that satisfies the conditions

NPV

– NPV

(Other than

...

those above)

NPVn < 0, NPVn+1 > 0, or 0.

E-54

k Amortization Mode

• The Amortization (AMRT) Mode lets you calculate the principal balance, and the interest portion and principal portion of monthly payments, as well as interest and principal amounts paid to date.

BAL : Principal balance upon completion of payment

PM2

INT : Interest portion of payment PM1 PRN : Principal portion of payment PM1

INT :Total interest paid from payment PM1 to

payment PM2

ΣPRN :Total principal paid from payment PM1 to

payment PM2

A Entering the AMRT Mode

• Press A to enter the AMRT Mode.

Value Input Screen

1 payment

1 PM1 PM2 Last.............. ..................... ............

Number of Payments

a : Interest portion of payment PM1 (INT)

b : Principal portion of payment PM1 (PRN) c : Principal balance upon completion of payment PM2

(BAL)

E-55

1 payment

PM2

1 PM1

Number of Payments

...............

Last............... ..................

d :Total principal paid from payment PM1 to payment

PM2 (ΣPRN)

e :Total interest paid from payment PM1 to payment PM2

(ΣINT)

A Setting Values

No. Display Name

Values Used in Examples

1 Set*

Payment Period (Payment) End

Payment PM1

2 PM1

3 PM2

(Number of Payments)

Payment PM2

(Number of Payments)

Number of Payments (Number of Months)

—

5 I Interest Rate (Annual) 2%

6 PV Principal $100,000

7 PMT Payment Amount –$920

Ending Balance after Last

8 FV

Payment (Future Value)

—

9 P/Y

0 C/Y*

Number of Annual Payments (PMT)

Number of Annual

Compoundings

E-56

For information about specifying the payment period, see the “Payment” item under “Configuring Settings” on page E-16.

Make sure the payment you specify for PM2 comes after the payment you specify for PM1.

This variable is used by other modes. The value that initially appears may be a value that was input or calculated in another mode.

Specify 2 for semiannual compound interest, or 12 for monthly compound interest.

• Input money paid out as a negative value, using the y key to input the minus sign.

A Basic AMRT Mode Procedure

Example 1: To calculate the principal balance (BAL) after

payment 28

1. Input the values for 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 9, and 0

from the Setting Values table (page E-56).

• For this example, use

fc to select 1 “Set:”, and then press E.

• Press 2 to select “End”.

• Use fc to select 2

“PM1”, input 15, and then press E.

• Use fc to select 3 “PM2”, input 28, and then press

• Use fc to select 5 “

I”, input 2, and then press

• Use fc to select 6 “PV”, input 100000, and then

press E.

• Use fc to select 7 “PMT”, input –920, and then

press E.

• Use fc to select 9 “P/Y”, input 12, and then press

• Use fc to select 0 “C/Y”, input 12, and then press

E-57

2. Select the value you want to calculate.

• For this example, use

fc to select “BAL: Solve”.

3. Press l to perform the

calculation.

• Pressing the E key returns to the value input screen.

A Other AMRT Mode Calculations

Example 2: To calculate the interest amount (INT)

included in payment 15 (PM1)

• In step 2 of the basic procedure (Example 1), select “INT:Solve”.

Example 3: To calculate the principal amount (PRN)

included in payment 15 (PM1)

• In step 2 of the basic procedure (Example 1), select “PRN:Solve”.

Example 4: To calculate total interest paid (ΣINT) from

payment 15 (PM1) to payment 28 (PM2)

• In step 2 of the basic procedure (Example 1), select “ΣINT:Solve”.

Example 5: To calculate total principal paid (ΣPRN) from

payment 15 (PM1) to payment 28 (PM2)

• In step 2 of the basic procedure (Example 1), select “ΣPRN:Solve”.

A AMRT Mode Financial Calculation Variables

(VARS)

•Variables PM1, PM2, n, I, PV, PMT, FV, P/Y, and C/Y are used in the AMRT Mode.

• The values of AMRT Mode variables are retained even if you change to another mode. Note, however, that AMRT Mode variables are also used by other modes, so performing an input or calculation operation may change the values assigned to them.

• Though AMRT Mode variables are financial calculation variables, they are also used by arithmetic and function operations in the COMP Mode.

E-58

A Calculation Formulas

: Interest portion of payment PM1 (INT)

INT

PM1

= I BAL

PM1–1

× i I × (PMT sign)

b: Principal portion of payment PM1 (PRN)

PRN

PM1

= PMT + BAL

PM1–1

× i

c: Principal balance upon completion of payment PM2

(BAL)

BALPM2 = BALPM2–1 + PRNPM2

d:Total principal paid from payment PM1 to payment PM2

(ΣPRN)

PM2

PRN = PRN

PM1

+ PRN

PM1+1

+ … + PRN

PM2

e:Total interest paid from payment PM1 to payment PM2

(ΣINT)

•

a + b = one repayment (PMT)

PM2

INT = INTPM1 + INTPM1+1 + … + INTPM2

PM1

BAL0 = PV ....................... Payment: End

(Setup Screen)

INT1 = 0, PRN1 = PMT ... Payment: Begin

(Setup Screen)

Converting between the Nominal Interest Rate and Effective Interest Rate

The nominal interest rate ( converted to an effective interest rate ( loans where the number of annual payments is different from the number of annual compoundings calculation periods.

I%' =

The following calculation is performed after conversion from the nominal interest rate to the effective interest rate, and the result is used for all subsequent calculations.

(1+ ) –1

{}

100 × [C / Y ]

% value input by user) is

%´) for installment

[C / Y ] [P / Y ]

×100

i = I%'÷100

k Conversion Mode

• The Conversion (CNVR) Mode lets you convert between the nominal interest rate (APR) and effective interest rate (EFF).

E-59

A Entering the CNVR Mode

• Press n to enter the CNVR Mode.

Value Input Screen

A Setting Values

No. Display Name

Number of Annual

1 n

Compoundings

2 I Interest Rate (Annual) 3%

Values Used in Examples

A Basic CNVR Mode Procedure

Example 1: To convert a nominal interest rate (APR) to

an effective interest rate (EFF)

1. Input the number of annual compoundings (

interest rate ( above.

• For this example, use

fc to select 1 “ input 6, and then press

I) values from the Setting Values table

n”,

n) and

• Use fc to select 2 “

2. Select the value you want to calculate.

• For this example, use

fc to select “EFF: Solve”.

3. Press l to perform the calculation.

• Pressing the E key returns to the value input screen.

I”, input 3, and then press

E-60

A Other CNVR Mode Calculations

Example 2: To convert an effective interest rate (EFF) to

a nominal interest rate (APR)

• In step 2 of the basic procedure (Example 1), select “APR: Solve”.

A CNVR Mode Financial Calculation Variables

(VARS)

•Variables n and I are used in the CNVR Mode.

•A value is assigned to or APR calculation in the CNVR Mode.

• The values of CNVR Mode variables are retained even if you change to another mode. Note, however, that CNVR Mode variables are also used by other modes, so performing an input or calculation operation may change the values assigned to them.

• Though CNVR Mode variables are financial calculation variables, they are also used by arithmetic and function operations in the COMP Mode.

I whenever you perform an EFF

A Calculation Formulas

–1 × 100

–1 × n ×100

EFF =

PR =

APR/100

EFF

100

APR

: nominal interest rate (%)

EFF :effective interest rate (%) n : number of annual compoundings

k Cost/Sell/Margin Mode

• The Cost/Sell/Margin (COST) Mode lets you calculate cost, selling price, or margin after inputting the other two values. You can input the cost and selling price, for example, and calculate the margin.

E-61

A Entering the COST Mode

• Press o to enter the COST Mode.

Value Input Screen

A Setting Values

No. Display Name

1 CST Cost $40

2 SEL Selling Price $100

3 MRG Margin 60%

Values Used in Examples

A Basic COST Mode Procedure

Example 1: To calculate the margin (MRG)

1. Input the cost (CST) and selling price (SEL) values from

the Setting Values table above.

• For this example, use

fc to select 1 “CST”, input 40, and then press E.

• Use fc to select 2 “SEL”, input 100, and then

press E.

2. Select the value you want to calculate.

• For this example, use

fc to select 3 “MRG”.

3. Press l to perform the

calculation.

E-62

A Other COST Mode Calculations

Example 2: To calculate the cost based on margin and

selling price

1. Input the margin (MRG) and selling price (SEL) values

in step 1 of the basic procedure (Example 1).

2. Select 1 “CST” in step 2.

Example 3: To calculate the selling price (SEL) based on

margin and cost

1. Input the margin (MRG) and cost (CST) values in step

1 of the basic procedure (Example 1).

2. Select 2 “SEL” in step 2.

A COST Mode Financial Calculation Variables

(VARS)

•Variables CST, SEL, and MRG are used in the COST Mode.

• These variables are used in the COST Mode only, and their values are retained even when you change to another mode.

A Calculation Formulas

CST = SEL

SEL =

CST

1–

RG(%) =

CST

:cost

MRG

1–

100

1–

MRG

100

CST

× 100

SEL

SEL : selling price MRG : margin

E-63

k Day Calculation Mode

• The Day Calculation (DAYS) Mode lets you calculate the number of dates from one date to another, the date that falls on a specific number of days after a starting date, and the date that falls on a specific number of data prior to an ending date.

• Starting date (d1) and ending date (d2) calculations are possible within the range of January 1, 1901 through December 31, 2099.

A Entering the DAYS Mode

• Press D to enter the DAYS Mode.

Value Input Screen

A Setting Values

No. Display Name

Days in Year

1 Set*

2 d1*

3 d2*

(Date Mode)

Starting Date 11052004 (Month, Day, Year) (November 5, 2004)

Ending Date 04272005 (Month, Day, Year) (April 27, 2005)

Number of Days

4 Dys

• For information about specifying the Date Mode, see

(Duration)

the “Date Mode” item under “Configuring Settings” on page E-16.

Values Used in Examples

365

173

• The following rules apply when a 360-day year is specified. When the starting date (d1) is the 31st of a month, the calculation is performed using the 30th of the same month. When the ending date (d2) is the 31st of a month, the calculation is performed using the 1st of the following month.

E-64

•You must input two digits for the month and day. This means you should include a leading zero for values from 1 through 9 (01, 02, 03... etc.).

•You can specify either month, day, year (MDY) or day, month, year (DMY) as the date input format. See the “Date Input” setting under “Configuring Settings” (page E-16).

Note

• After specifying the 1 Days in Year (Date Mode) in the

Day Calculation Mode, you can calculate any one of the following three values by inputting values for the other two: 2 Starting Date (d1), 3 Ending Date (d2), and 4 Number of Days (Dys).

A Basic DAYS Mode Procedure

Example 1: To calculate the number of days between two

dates

1. Input the required values from the Setting Values table (page E-64).

• For this example, use

fc to select 1 “Set:”, and then press E.

• Press 2 to select “365”.

• Use fc to select 2

“d1”, input 11052004, and then press E.

• Use fc to select 3 “d2”, input 04272005, and then

press E.

2. Select the value you want to calculate.

• For this example, use

fc to select “Dys”.

3. Press l to perform the calculation.

E-65

A Other DAYS Mode Calculations

Note

• For Example 2 and Example 3, use the setup screen to

change the “Date Mode” setting to “365”.

• Calculation results “d1” and “d2” are not stored in Answer

Memory.

Example 2: To calculate date that falls a specific number

of days (Dys) from a starting date (d1)

1. In step 1 of the basic procedure (Example 1), input 173 for Dys and do not input anything for d2.

2. In step 2, select “d2”.

Example 3: To calculate the date that falls a specific

number of days (Dys) before an ending date (d2)

1. In step 1 of the basic procedure (Example 1), input 173 for Dys and do not input anything for d1.

2. In step 2, select “d1”.

A DAYS Mode Financial Calculation Variables

(VARS)

•Variables d1, d2, and Dys are used in the DAYS Mode.

• The values of DAYS Mode variables are retained even if

you change to another mode. Note, however, that DAYS Mode variables are also used by other modes, so performing an input or calculation operation may change the values assigned to them.

• Though DAYS Mode variables are financial calculation

variables, variable “Dys” can be recalled in the COMP Mode.

k Depreciation Mode (FC-200V only)

• The Depreciation (DEPR) Mode lets you use any of the

four methods for depreciation.

SL : Straight-Line Method FP : Fixed Percentage Method SYD : Sum-of-the-Year’s Digits Method DB : Declining Balance Method

E-66

A Entering the DEPR Mode

• Press d to enter the DEPR Mode.

Value Input Screen

A Setting Values

No. Display Name

1 n Useful Life 6

Depreciation Ratio 25%

2 I*

3 PV Original Cost (Basis) $150,000

4 FV Residual Book Value $0

6 YR1

Depreciation ratio in the case of the fixed percent (FP)

method, depreciation factor in the case of the declining

Factor 200

Year for Calculation of

Depreciation Cost Number of Months in the

First Year of Depreciation

Values Used in Examples

Year 3

balance (DB) method. Specifying 200 for the depreciation factor while declining balance (DB) depreciation is being calculated causes depreciation to be calculated using the double declining balance (DDB) method.

A Basic DEPR Mode Procedure

Example 1: To calculate depreciation using Straight-Line

depreciation

1. Input the values for 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 from the Setting Values table above.

• For this example, use

fc to select 1 “ input 6, and then press E.

n”,

E-67

• Use fc to select 2 “

I”, input 25, and then press

Note that you need to input 2 “ using the fixed percent (FP) or declining balance (DB) method.

• Use fc to select 3 “PV”, input 150000, and then

press E.

• Use fc to select 4 “FV”, input 0, and then press

• Use fc to select 5 “

• Use fc to select 6 “YR1”, input 2, and then press

2. Select the value you want to calculate.

• For this example, use

fc to select “SL:Solve”.

I” only when you are

j ”, input 3, and then press

3. Press l to perform the calculation.

• Pressing the E key returns to the value input screen.

A Other DEPR Mode Calculations

Example 2: To use the fixed percent method with a

depreciation ratio is 25%

• In step 2 of the basic procedure (Example 1), select “FP:

Solve”.

Example 3: To use the sum-of-the-year’s digits method

• In step 2 of basic procedure (Example 1), select

“SYD:Solve”.

Example 4: To use the double declining balance method

1. In step 1 of the basic procedure (Example 1), input 200 for “

I”.

2. In step 2, select “DB:Solve”.

E-68

A DEPR Mode Financial Calculation Variables

(VARS)

•Variables n, I, PV, and FV are used in the DEPR Mode.

• The values of DEPR Mode variables are retained even if

you change to another mode. Note, however, that DEPR Mode variables are also used by other modes, so performing an input or calculation operation may change the values assigned to them.

• Though DEPR Mode variables are financial calculation

variables, they are also used by arithmetic and function operations in the COMP Mode.

A Calculation Formulas

Depreciation for an item acquired part way through a year can be calculated by month.

u Straight-Line Method

The straight-line method calculates depreciation for a given period.

(PV–FV )

YR1

(PV–FV )

12– YR1

n+1

(PV–FV )

n 12

(YR1G12)

j : depreciation charge for the jth year

n : useful life PV : original cost (basis) FV : residual book value j : year for calculation of depreciation cost YR1: number of months in the first year of depreciation

E-69

u Fixed Percentage Method

Fixed percentage method can be used to calculate depreciation for a given period, or to calculate the depreciation rate.

YR1I%

= PV ×

100

= (RDV

j–1

+ FV ) ×

100

n+1

= RDVn (YR1G12)

RDV

RDVj = RDV

RDV

= PV – FV – FP

j–1

– FP

n+1

= 0 (YR1G12)

j : depreciation charge for the

jth year

RDVj : remaining depreciable value at the end of jth

year

%:depreciation ratio

u Sum-of-the-Year’s Digits Method

The sum-of-the-year’s-digits method calculates depreciation for a given period.

n (n +1)

Z =

n' = n –

Z' =

YR1

(Intg (n' ) +1) (Intg (n' )+2 × Frac(n' ))

SYD1 =

YR1

× (PV

– FV )

n'– j+2

)(PV

– FV – SYD1)( jG1)SYDj = (

n'– (n +1)+2

SYD

n+1

= (

)(PV

– FV – SYD1) ×

12–YR1

(YR1G12)

RDV

= PV – FV – SYD

RDVj = RDV

SYD

j : depreciation charge for the

j –1

– SYD

jth year

RDVj : remaining depreciable value at the end of jth

year

E-70

u Declining Balance Method

The declining balance method calculates depreciation for a given period.

YR1I%

B1 = PV ×

100n

DV1 = PV – FV – DB1

Bj = (RDVj–1 + FV )

100n

DVj = RDVj–1 – DBj

Bn +1 = RDVn

DVn+1 = 0

j : depreciation charge for the j th year

(YR1G12) (YR1G12)

RDVj : remaining depreciable value at the end of jth

year

%:factor

k Bond Mode (FC-200V only)

• The Bond (BOND) Mode lets you calculate purchase price

and annual yield.

A Entering the BOND Mode

• Press b to enter the BOND Mode.

Value Input Screen

A Setting Values

No. Display Name

Periods/Y Annual

1 Set*

2 d1*

3 d2*

2*3

Bond Date Date Purchase Date 06012004

(Month, Day, Year)

Redemption Date (Month, Day, Year)

E-71

Values Used in Examples

(June 1, 2004)

12152006

(December

15, 2006)

No. Display Name

Values Used in Examples

4 n

Payments Until Maturity

Number of Coupon

Redemption Price per $100

5 RDV*

$100

of face value

6 CPN*5Coupon Rate 3%

7 PRC*6Price per $100 of face value

–97.61645734

8 YLD Annual Yield 4%

•You can specify a date (Date) or a number of coupon

payments (Term) as the term for bond calculations. See the “Bond Date” setting under “Configuring Settings” (page E-16).

•You can specify once a year (Annual) or once every

six months (Semi-Annual) as the number of coupon payments per year. See the “Periods/Y” setting under “Configuring Settings” (page E-16).

•You must input two digits for the month and day. This

means you should include a leading zero for values from 1 through 9 (01, 02, 03... etc.)

•You can specify either month, day, year (MDY) or day,

month, year (DMY) as the date input format. See the “Date Input” setting under “Configuring Settings” (page E-16).

When calculating the yield on call, input the call date for d2.

When calculating the yield of maturity, input 100 for RDV.

In the case of a zero coupon, input 0 for CPN.

• When calculating the redemption price per $100 of

face value (PRC), you can also calculate accrued interest (INT) and purchase price including accrued interest (CST).

• Input money paid out as a negative value, using the

y key to input the minus sign.

E-72

Note

•You can specify a starting date (d1) in the range of

January 1,1902 through December 30, 2097.

•You can specify an ending date (d2) in the range of

January 2,1902 through December 31, 2097.

• Input money paid out as a negative value, using the y

key to input the minus sign.

A Other Setup Items

• The initial setting of Date Mode is 365 (365-day year).

See the “Date Mode” setting under “Configuring Settings” (page E-16).

•To display the Setup screen, press s.

A Basic BOND Mode Procedure

Example 1: To calculate the bond purchase price (PRC)

based on a specific date (Date)

1. Input the values required for the calculation from the Setting Values table (pages E-71, E-72). Input 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, and 8 if “Date” is selected for “Bond Date”, or 1, 4, 5, 6, and 8 if “Term” is selected for “Bond Date”. On the setup screen, specify “365” for the “Date Mode” setting.

• For this example, use

fc to select 1 “Set:”, and then press E.

• Use fc to select

“Periods/Y”, and then press E.

• Press 1 to select “Annual”.

• Use fc to select 1 “Set:”, and then press E.

• Use fc to select

“Bond Date”, and then press E.

E-73

• Press 1 to select “Date”.

• Use fc to select 2 “d1”,

input 06012004, and then press E.

• Use fc to select 3 “d2”, input 12152006, and then

press E.

• Use fc to select 5 “RDV”, input 100, and then

press E.

• Use fc to select 6 “CPN”, input 3, and then press

• Use fc to select 8 “YLD”, input 4, and then press

2. Select the value you want to calculate.

• For this example, use

fc to select “PRC”.

3. Press l to perform the calculation.

• Pressing the E key returns to the value input screen.

A Other BOND Mode Calculations

• Before performing a calculation based on a specific

number of payments (Term), be sure to specify “360” for “Date Mode”, and “Annual” for “Periods/Y” (number of coupon payments per year).

Example 2: To calculate the annual yield (YLD) based on

a specific date (Date)

1. In step 1 of the basic procedure (Example 1), input –97.61645734 for PRC and do not input anything for YLD.

2. In step 2, select “YLD”.

• Input money paid out as a negative value, using the

y key to input the minus sign.

E-74

Example 3: To calculate a bond purchase price (PRC)

based on a specific number of payments (Term)

1. In step 1 of the basic procedure (Example 1), select 2(Term) for “Bond Date”.

• This replaces input items d1 and d2 with input item

2. Input 3 for item

Example 4: To calculate the annual yield (YLD) based on

a specific number of payments (Term)

1. In step 1 of the basic procedure (Example 1), select 2(Term) for “Bond Date”.

• This replaces input items d1 and d2 with input item

2. Use fc to select 4 “ E.

3. Input –97.61645734 for PRC, without inputting anything for YLD.

4. In step 2, select “YLD”.

n”, input 3, and then press

A BOND Mode Financial Calculation

Variables (VARS)

• The values of the following BOND Mode variables are

retained even if you change to another mode:

• Note, however, that

modes, so performing an input or calculation operation may change the values assigned to them.

• Though

can also be recalled in the COMP Mode.

• The following variables are used in the BOND Mode. Their

values are not retained if you change to another mode: RDV, CPN, PRC, YLD.

n is a financial calculation variable, its contents

n, d1, and d2 are also used by other

n, d1, d2.

E-75

A Calculation Formulas

Issue date

Purchase date (d1) Coupon Payment dates

PRC

: price per $100 of face value

A B

Redemption date (d2)

CPN : coupon rate (%) YLD : annual yield (%) A : accrued days M : number of coupon payments per year

(1 = Annual, 2 = Semi-Annual)

N : number of coupon payments until maturity

(

n is used when “Term” is specified for “Bond

Date” on the setup screen.)

RDV : redemption price per $100 of face value D : number of days in coupon period where

settlement occurs

B : number of days from purchase date until next

coupon payment date = D – A

INT : accrued interest CST : price including interest

u Price per $100 of face value (PRC)

Date (Using the Setup Screen: Bond Date)

• For one or fewer coupon period to redemption

CPN

RDV +

PRC = – + ( )

YLD/100

1+ ( × )

AMCPN

E-76

• For more than one coupon period to redemption

RDV

PRC = –

YLD/100

(N–1+B/D )

–

(1+ )

CPN

YLD/100

(k–1+B/D )

(1+ )

A CPN

INT = –

CST = PRC + INT

Term (Using the Setup Screen: Bond Date)

CPN

RDV

PRC = – –

YLD/100

(1+ )

YLD/100

(1+ )

AMCPN

INT = 0

CST

= PRC

u Annual Yield (YLD)

YLD is calculated using Newton’s Method.

Note

• This calculator performs annual yield (YLD) calculations

using Newton’s Method, which produces approximate values whose precision can be affected by various calculation conditions. Because of this, annual yield calculation results produced by this calculator should be used keeping the above limitation in mind, or the results should be verified.

E-77

k Break-Even Mode (FC-200V only)

• The Break-Even (BEVN) Mode has six sub-modes that

you can use to perform various break-even point calculations.

A Entering the BEVN Mode

• Press B to enter the BEVN Mode.

A BEVN Mode Sub-modes

BEV:Break-even point sales quantity and sales

amount, sales quantity and sales amount that attains a profit target, sales quantity and sales

amount that attains a profit ratio MOS: Margin of Safety DOL: Degree of Operating Leverage DFL: Degree of Financial Leverage DCL: Degree of Combined Leverage QTY CONV. (Quantity Conversion):

Sales quantity and related values

• Use fc to select the sub-mode you want, and then

press E to enter it.

k BEV Sub-mode (Break-Even Mode 1)

• Use the BEV sub-mode to calculate the break-even point sales quantity and sales amount, sales quantity and sales amount that attains a profit target, and sales quantity and sales amount that attains a profit ratio.

• The “break-even point” is the point where profit is 0 or the profit ratio is 0%.

E-78

A Entering the BEV Sub-mode

1. Press B to enter the Break-Even Mode.

2. Use fc to select

“BEV:EXE”.

3. Press E.

Value Input Screen

A Setting Values

No. Display Name

Values Used in Examples

Profit or Profit Ratio

PRF (Profit)

(PRF/Ratio)

1 Set*

Sales Quantity or Sales Quantity Amount (B-Even)

(Sales Quantity)

2 PRC Sales Price $100/unit

3 VCU Unit Variable Cost $50/unit

4 FC Fixed Cost $100,000

PRF*

Profit $400,000

r%*

QBE*

Profit Ratio 40%

Sales Quantity 10,000 units

SBE*

Sales Amount $1,000,000

•You can configure break-even point calculations to use profit (PRF) or profit ratio (

r%). See the “PRF/Ratio”

setting under “Configuring Settings” (page E-16).

•You can configure break-even point calculations to use sales quantity (Quantity) or sales amount (Sales). See the “B-Even” setting under “Configuring Settings” (page E-16).

This item becomes profit ratio (r%) when “Ratio” is selected for “PRF/Ratio”.

This item becomes break-even sales amount (SBE) when “Sales” is selected for “B-Even”.

E-79

A Basic BEV Sub-mode Procedure

Example 1: To calculate the break-even point sales

quantity (QBE)

1. Input the values for 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 from the Setting

Values table (page E-79).

• For this example, use fc to select 1 “Set:”, and then press E.

• Use fc to select “PRF/Ratio”, and then press E.

• Press 1 to select “PRF”.

• Use fc to select 1 “Set:”, and then press E.

• Use fc to select “B-Even”, and then press E.

• Press 1 to select “Quantity”.

• Use fc to select 2 “PRC”, input 100, and then press E.

• Use fc to select 3 “VCU”, input 50, and then press E.

• Use fc to select 4 “FC”, input 100000, and then press E.

• Use fc to select 5 “PRF” or “ then press E.

r%”, input 0, and

2. Select the value you want to calculate.

• For this example, use fc to select 6 “QBE”.

E-80

3. Press l to perform the

calculation.

A Other BEV Sub-mode Calculations

Example 2: To calculate the break-even point sales

amount (SBE)

1. Select 2(Sales) for “B-Even” in step 1 of the basic

procedure (Example 1).

2. In step 2, select “SBE”.

Example 3: To calculate the sales quantity (QBE) required

to attain a profit target ($400,000)

• Input 400000 for PRF in step 1 of the basic procedure (Example 1).

Example 4: To calculate the sales amount (SBE) required

to attain a profit target ($400,000)

1. Select 2(Sales) for “B-Even” and input 400000 for PRF

in step 1 of the basic procedure (Example 1).

2. In step 2, select “SBE”.

Example 5: To calculate the sales quantity (QBE) required

to attain a profit ratio target (40%)

• Select 2( step 1 of the basic procedure (Example 1).

Example 6: To calculate the sales amount (SBE) required

1. Select 2(

“B-Even”, and input 40 for procedure (Example 1).

2. In step 2, select “SBE”.

r%) for “PRF/Ratio” and input 40 for r% in

to attain a profit ratio target (40%)

r%) for “PRF/Ratio” and 2(Sales) for

r% in step 1 of the basic

Example 7: To calculate other values besides sales

quantity and sales amount

•You can calculate any one of the following five values by inputting values the other four: 2 Sales Price, 3 Unit Variable Cost, 4 Fixed Cost, 5 Profit or Profit Ratio, 6 Sales Quantity or Sales Amount.

E-81

A BEV Sub-mode Financial Calculation

Variables (VARS)

•Variables PRC, VCU, FC, PRF, r%, QBE, and SBE are used in the BEV sub-mode.

• BEV sub-mode variable contents are cleared whenever you change to another mode other than the BEVN Mode sub-modes (BEV, MOS, DOL, DFL, DCL, QTY CONV.).

A Calculation Formulas

u Profit (Setup Screen PRF/Ratio Setting: PRF)

–

PRF

VCU

PRF

PRC

VCU

QBE

PRC

SBE

= ×

PRC

u Profit Ratio (Setup Screen PRF/Ratio Setting: r%)

QBE

PRC

1–

100

–

VCU

SBE

PRC

1–

100

–

VCU

PRC

QBE : Sales Quantity FC : Fixed Cost PRF : Profit PRC : Sales Price VCU : Unit Variable Cost SBE : Sales Amount r%:Profit Ratio

k Margin of Safety Sub-mode

(Break-Even Mode 2)

• The Margin of Safety (MOS) sub-mode lets you calculate how much sales can be reduced before losses start to be sustained, in the case that the expected sales amount is not attained.

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A Entering the MOS Sub-mode

1. Press B to enter the Break-Even Mode.

2. Use fc to select

“MOS:EXE”.

3. Press E.

Value Input Screen

A Setting Values

No. Display Name

1 SAL Sales Amount $1,200,000

2 SBE Break-even Sales Amount $1,000,000

3 MOS Margin of Safety

Values Used in Examples

0.1667(16.67%)

A Basic MOS Sub-mode Procedure

Example 1: To calculate the margin of safety (MOS)

1. Input the required values from the Setting Values table

above.

• For this example, use

fc to select 1 “SAL”, input 1200000, and then press E.

• Use fc to select 2 “SBE”, input 1000000, and

then press E.

2. Select the value you want to calculate.

• For this example, use

fc to select 3 “MOS”.

3. Press l to perform the

calculation.

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A Other MOS Sub-mode Calculations

Example 2: To calculate a sales amount (SAL) or break-

even sales amount (SBE)

• Use the basic procedure (Example 1), substituting the required values.

A MOS Sub-mode Financial Calculation

Variables (VARS)

•Variables SAL, SBE, and MOS are used in the MOS submode.

• MOS sub-mode variable contents are cleared whenever you change to another mode other than the BEVN Mode sub-modes (BEV, MOS, DOL, DFL, DCL, QTY CONV.).

A Calculation Formula

SAL – SBE

MOS

SAL

: Sales Amount

SBE : Break-even Sales Amount MOS: Margin of Safety

k Degree of Operating Leverage Sub-

mode (Break-Even Mode 3)

• The Degree of Operating Leverage (DOL) sub-mode lets you calculate how profit changes relative to a change in the sales amount.

A Entering the DOL Sub-mode

1. Press B to enter the Break-Even Mode.

2. Use fc to select

“DOL:EXE”.

3. Press E.

Value Input Screen

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A Setting Values

No. Display Name

1 SAL Sales Amount $1,200,000

2 VC Variable Cost $600,000

3 FC Fixed Cost $200,000 4 DOL

Degree of Operating Leverage

Values Used in Examples

1.5

A Basic DOL Sub-mode Procedure

Example 1: To calculate the degree of operating leverage

(DOL)

1. Input the required values from the Setting Values table

above.

• For this example, use

fc to select 1 “SAL”, input 1200000, and then press E.

• Use fc to select 2 “VC”, input 600000, and then

press E.

• Use fc to select 3 “FC”, input 200000, and then

press E.

2. Select the value you want to calculate.

• For this example, use

fc to select 4 “DOL”.

3. Press l to perform the

calculation.

A Other DOL Sub-mode Calculations

Example 2: To calculate the sales amount (SAL), variable

cost (VC), and fixed cost (FC)

• Use the basic procedure (Example 1), substituting the required values.

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A DOL Sub-mode Financial Calculation

Variables (VARS)

•Variables SAL, VC, FC, and DOL are used in the DOL sub-mode.

• DOL sub-mode variable contents are cleared whenever you change to another mode other than the BEVN Mode sub-modes (BEV, MOS, DOL, DFL, DCL, QTY CONV.).

A Calculation Formula

SAL

–

DOL

SAL

–

SAL

: Sales Amount

VC :Variable Cost FC : Fixed Cost DOL : Degree of Operating Leverage

k Degree of Financial Leverage Sub-

mode (Break-Even Mode 4)

• The Degree of Financial Leverage (DFL) sub-mode lets you calculate the influence of interest on earnings before interest and taxes (EBIT).

A Entering the DFL Sub-mode

1. Press B to enter the Break-Even Mode.

2. Use fc to select

“DFL:EXE”.

3. Press E.

Value Input Screen

A Setting Values

No. Display Name

Earnings Before Interest and

1 EIT

2 ITR Interest $80,000

3 DFL

Taxes (EBIT)

Degree of Financial Leverage

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Values Used in Examples

$400,000

1.25

A Basic DFL Sub-mode Procedure

Example 1: To calculate the degree of financial leverage

(DFL)

1. Input the required values from the Setting Values table

(page E-86).

• For this example, use

fc to select 1 “EIT”, input 400000, and then press E.

• Use fc to select 2 “ITR”, input 80000, and then

press E.

2. Select the value you want to calculate.

• For this example, use

fc to select 3 “DFL”.

3. Press l to perform the

calculation.

A Other DFL Sub-mode Calculations

Example 2: To calculate earnings before interest and

taxes (EBIT), and interest (ITR)

• Use the basic procedure (Example 1), substituting the required values.

A DFL Sub-mode Financial Calculation

Variables (VARS)

•Variables EIT, ITR, and DFL are used in the DFL submode.

• DFL sub-mode variable contents are cleared whenever you change to another mode other than the BEVN Mode sub-modes (BEV, MOS, DOL, DFL, DCL, QTY CONV.).

E-87

A Calculation Formula

EIT

DFL

EIT – ITR

EIT

: Earnings Before Interest and Taxes (EBIT)

ITR : Interest DFL : Degree of Financial Leverage

k Degree of Combined Leverage Sub-

mode (Break-Even Mode 5)

• The Degree of Combined Leverage (DCL) sub-mode lets you calculate the degree of operating leverage (percent change in profit due to a change in sales amount), with interest taken into consideration.

A Entering the DCL Sub-mode

1. Press B to enter the Break-Even Mode.

2. Use fc to select

“DCL:EXE”.

3. Press E.

Value Input Screen

A Setting Values

No. Display Name

1 SAL Sales Amount $1,200,000

2 VC Variable Cost $600,000

3 FC Fixed Cost $200,000 4 ITR Interest $100,000 5 DCL

Degree of Combined Leverage

Values Used in Examples

E-88

A Basic DCL Sub-mode Procedure

Example 1: To calculate the degree of combined leverage

(DCL)

1. Input the required values from the Setting Values table

(page E-88).

• For this example, use

fc to select 1 “SAL”, input 1200000, and then press E.

• Use fc to select 2 “VC”, input 600000, and then

press E.

• Use fc to select 3 “FC”, input 200000, and then

press E.

• Use fc to select 4 “ITR”, input 100000, and then

press E.

2. Select the value you want to calculate.

• For this example, use

fc to select 5 “DCL”.

3. Press l to perform the

calculation.

A Other DCL Sub-mode Calculations

Example 2: To calculate the sales amount (SAL), variable

cost (VC), fixed cost (FC), and interest (ITR)

• Use the basic procedure (Example 1), substituting the required values.

A DCL Sub-mode Financial Calculation

Variables (VARS)

•Variables SAL, VC, FC, ITR, and DCL are used in the DCL sub-mode.

• DCL sub-mode variable contents are cleared whenever you change to another mode other than the BEVN Mode sub-modes (BEV, MOS, DOL, DFL, DCL, QTY CONV.).

E-89

A Calculation Formula

SAL – VC

DCL

SAL – VC – FC – ITR

SAL

: Sales Amount

VC :Variable Cost FC : Fixed Cost ITR : Interest DCL : Degree of Combined Leverage

k Quantity Conversion Sub-mode

(Break-Even Mode 6)

• The Quantity Conversion (QTY CONV.) sub-mode lets you calculate the sales amount, sales price, or sales quantity after inputting the other two values.

•You can also calculate the variable cost, unit variable cost, or sales quantity after inputting the other two values.

A Entering the QTY CONV. Sub-mode

1. Press B to enter the Break-Even Mode.

2. Use fc to select “QTY

CONV.:EXE”.

3. Press E.

Value Input Screen

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A Setting Values

No. Display Name

1 SAL Sales Amount $100,000

2 PRC Sales Price $200/unit

3 QTY Sales Quantity 500 units 4 VC Variable Cost $15,000 5 VCU Unit Variable Cost $30/unit 6 QTY Sales Quantity 500 units

Values Used in Examples

A Basic QTY CONV. Sub-mode Procedure

Example 1: To calculate the sales quantity (QTY) from the

sales amount and sales price

1. Input the required values from among 1, 2, and 3 in

the Setting Values table above.

• In this example, use

fc to select 1 “SAL”, input 100000, and then press E.

• Use fc to select 2 “PRC”, input 200, and then

press E.

2. Select the value you want to calculate.

• In this example, use

fc to select 3 “QTY”.

3. Press l to perform the

calculation.

• The result of a 3 “QTY” (sales quantity) calculation is also assigned to variable 6 “QTY”.

Example 2: To calculate the sales amount (SAL) and sales

price (PRC)

• Use the same procedure as Example 1, substituting the required values.

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Example 3: To calculate the sales quantity (QTY) from

variable cost and unit variable cost

1. Input the required values from among 4, 5, and 6 in

the Setting Values table (page E-91).

• In this example, use

fc to select 4 “VC”, input 15000, and then press E.

• Use fc to select 5 “VCU”, input 30, and then press

2. Select the value you want to calculate.

• In this example, use

fc to select 6 “QTY”.

3. Press l to perform the

calculation.

• The result of a 6 “QTY” (sales quantity) calculation is also assigned to variable 3 “QTY”.

Example 4: To calculate the variable cost (VC) and unit

variable cost (VCU)

• Use the same procedure as Example 3, substituting the required values.

A QTY CONV. Sub-mode Financial

Calculation Variables (VARS)

•Variables SAL, PRC, QTY, VC, and VCU are used in the QTY CONV. sub-mode.

• QTY CONV. sub-mode variable contents are cleared whenever you change to another mode other than the BEVN Mode sub-modes (BEV, MOS, DOL, DFL, DCL, QTY CONV.).

E-92

A Calculation Formulas

SAL

PRC

VCU

QTY

SAL

: Sales Amount

PRC : Sales Price QTY : Sales Quantity VC :Variable Cost VCU : Unit Variable Cost

E-93

Shortcuts

k Custom Shortcut Keys

You can assign a mode, setup information, a value, or a calculation expression to a shortcut key for instant access whenever you need it. This feature comes in handy when you need to often perform the same calculation or input the same data.

A Using Shortcut Keys

Example: To configure the shortcut keys to simplify

calculation of the value of the following installment savings plan

Compound annual interest rate ( Payment period (Payment): End Initial deposit (PV): –$1,000 Monthly deposit (PMT): –$50 Number of annual payments (P/Y): 12 Number of annual compoundings (C/Y): 12

Tax on interest (10%)

u To configure the SHORTCUT1 key

1. Press c to enter the Compound Interest Mode.

2. Input the applicable values for Payment,

P/Y, and C/Y.

• See “Compound Interest Mode” (page E-44) for more information.

3. Use fc to select “

n”.

I): 3%

I, PV, PMT,

4. Press 1t(STO).

•A number sign (#) next to “Shortcut1” or “Shortcut2” indicates that there is already data assigned to the key. Performing the following steps will replace any existing data with the new data.

STO

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5. Use fc to select

“Shortcut1”, and then press E.

6. In response to the confirmation screen that appears,

press E(Yes).

• If you want to cancel this operation without assigning anything to 1(Shortcut1) key, press E instead of E in step 6.

u To configure the SHORTCUT2 key

1. Press m to enter the COMP Mode.

2. Input the formula shown below.

STO

(FV – ((–PV) + (–PMT) ×

0.9 + ((–PV) + (–PMT) ×

• “FV”, “PV” and “ (VARS).

3. Perform the same operation as steps 4, 5, and 6 under “To configure the SHORTCUT1 key” to assign the above formula to “Shortcut2”.

u To use the configured shortcut keys in a calculation

Example: To calculate the value of the savings plan after

five years (

1. Press 1(Shortcut1).

• This enters the mode

n” are financial calculation variables

n)) ×

n = 60 months)

(CMPD) and configures the settings assigned to the 1(Shortcut1) key, and selects “

2. Input 60, and then press E.

• Since all other input is performed by the data assigned

to the 1(Shortcut1) key, this is the only input required. To calculate the value for a different length of time, simply input the applicable number of months.

n” for input.

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3. Use fc to select “FV”, and then press l to perform the calculation.

• This calculates the future value of the investment after

five years. The result appears on the display and is stored in Answer Memory (Ans).

4. Press 2(Shortcut2).

• This recalls the formula

(for calculating tax) assigned to the 2(Shortcut2) key.

5. Press E.

• Pressing the E key

calculates the net amount received after application of a 10% tax to the interest amount.

A Initializing the Custom Shortcut Settings

1. O19(CLR)

2. “Shortcut:EXE” (fc), then E.

3. 1(Shortcut1) or 2(Shortcut2)

4. A

Note

•STAT Mode data and operations cannot be assigned to

the custom shortcut keys in the STAT Mode.

• In the CASH Mode, you cannot assign receipt and

payment amounts (for input on the value input screen) to custom shortcut keys.

• Calculation history memory contents (page E-33) cannot

be assigned to a shortcut key.

• Contrast data and operations cannot be assigned to the

custom shortcut keys.

k Function Shortcut Keys

In the COMP Mode, the 1 (Shortcut1) and 2(Shortcut2) keys become “function shortcut” keys

named “FMEM1” and “FMEM2”.

E-96

u To configure an FMEM key

–1

Example: To assign the function “sin

” to the FMEM1 key

1. Press m to enter the COMP Mode.

2. (1) t

–1

(2) “sin

” (fc), then E.

3. Press 1t(STO).

STO

•A number sign (#) next to “FMEM1” or “FMEM2”

indicates that there is already data assigned to the key. Performing the following steps will replace any existing data with the new data.

4. Use fc to select “FMEM1”, and then press E.

5. In response to the confirmation screen that appears, press E(Yes).

• If you want to cancel this operation without assigning

anything to the FMEM1 key, press E instead of E in step 5.

u To use the configured function memory key in a

calculation

Example: To recall the inverse sin function assigned to

the FMEM1 key

• Press 11(FMEM1).

A Initializing the Function Shortcut Settings

1. O19(CLR)

2. “FMEM:EXE” (fc), then E.

3. 1(FMEM1) or 2(FMEM2)

4. A

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Function Calculations

This section explains how to use the calculator’s built-in functions.

• Certain function calculations may take some time to

display calculation results. Before performing an operation, be sure to wait until execution of the current operation is complete. You can interrupt an ongoing operation by pressing A.

• Pressing t will display a menu of functions that you

can use to select the one you want to input. You can also use a direct key operation to input the following functions.

FC-200V

Rnd(, sin(, cos(, tan(,

FC-100V

Rnd(, sin(, cos(, tan(,

, '(, ^(, e^(, ln(

e^(, 10^(, ^(, ln(, log(,

All calculations in this section are performed in the COMP Mode (g).

k Pi (π) and Natural Logarithm Base e

You can input pi (π) or natural logarithm base e into a calculation. The following shows the required key operations and the values this calculator uses for pi ( and

π)

π = 3.14159265358980 (15(π))

e = 2.71828182845904 (S5(e))

k Trigonometric and Inverse

Trigonometric Functions

The angle unit required by trigonometric and inverse trigonometric functions is one specified as the calculator’s default angle unit. Before performing a calculation, be sure to specify the default angle unit you want to use. See “Configuring Settings” (page E-16) for more information.

E-98

Casio FC200VSIH User Manual

Specifications and Main Features

Frequently Asked Questions

User Manual