GUIDELINES LAID DOWN BY FCC RULES FOR USE OF THE UNIT IN THE U.S.A. (not applicable to other areas).
NOTICE
This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class B digital device,
pursuant to Part 15 of the FCC Rules. These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection against harmful interference in a residential installation. This equipment generates, uses
and can radiate radio frequency energy and, if not installed and used in accordance with the
instructions, may cause harmful interference to radio communications. However, there is no
guarantee that interference will not occur in a particular installation. If this equipment does
cause harmful interference to radio or television reception, which can be determined by turning
the equipment off and on, the user is encouraged to try to correct the interference by one or more
of the following measures:
• Reorient or relocate the receiving antenna.
• Increase the separation between the equipment and receiver.
• Connect the equipment into an outlet on a circuit different from that to which the receiver is
connected.
• Consult the dealer or an experienced radio/TV technician for help.
FCC WARNING
Changes or modifications not expressly approved by the party responsible for compliance could
void the user’s authority to operate the equipment.
Proper connectors must be used for connection to host computer and/or peripherals in order to
meet FCC emission limits.
Connector SB-62Power Graphic Unit to Power Graphic Unit
Connector FA-122Power Graphic Unit to PC for IBM/Macintosh Machine
Declaration of Conformity
Model Number:CFX-9970G
Trade Name:CASIO COMPUTER CO., LTD.
Responsible Party: CASIO, INC.
Address:570 MT PLEASANT AVENUE,
DOVER, NEW JERSEY 07801
Telephone Number: 973-361-5400
This device complies with Part 15 of FCC Rules.
Operation is subject to the following two conditions:
(1) This device may not cause harmful interference,
and (2) this device must accept any interference
received, including interference that may cause
undesired operation.
SA9808-003101A Printed in Japan
BEFORE USING THE CALCULATOR
PP
P button
BACK UPBACK UP
MAINMAIN
PP
P
MAIMAI
2
FOR THE FIRST TIME ONLY...
This calculator does not contain any main batteries when you purchase it. Be sure to
perform the following procedure to load batteries, reset the calculator, and adjust the color
contrast before trying to use the calculator for the first time.
1. Slide the back cover from the unit by pulling with your finger
at the point marked 1.
2. Load the four batteries that come with calculator.
• Make sure that the positive (+) and negative (–) ends of the
batteries are facing correctly.
1
P
MAIMAI
3. Remove the insulating sheet at the location marked “BACK
UP” by pulling in the direction indicated by the arrow.
4. Replace the back cover, making sure that its tabs enter the
holes marked 2 in the illustration.
5. Press
m.
If the Main Menu shown to the right is not on the display,
press the P button on the back of the calculator to
perform memory reset.
PP
MAINMAIN
BACK UPBACK UP
i
6. Use the cursor keys (f, c, d, e) to select the SYS icon and press
wor simply press
7. Use the cursor keys (c, f) to highlight
t
F
.
Color Contrast and then press
the contrast adjustment screen.
8. Adjust the display color.
wto display
uTo adjust the color contrast
1. Use f and c to move the pointer to CONTRAST.
2. Press e to make the figures on the display darker, and d to make them
lighter.
uTo adjust the tint
1. Use f and c to move the pointer to the color you want to adjust (ORANGE,
BLUE, or GREEN).
2. Press e to add more green to the color, and d to add more orange.
9. To exit display color adjustment, press
m.
REMOVING AND REPLACING
THE CALCULATOR'S COVER
To remove the cover
Grasp the top of the cover, and slide the
unit out from the bottom.
To replace the cover
Grasp the top of the cover, and slide the
unit in from the bottom.
Always slide the unit into the cover with
the unit's display end first. Never slide the
keyboard end of the unit into the cover.
ii
ABOUT THE COLOR DISPLAY
The display uses three colors: orange, blue, and green, to make data easier to understand.
• Table & Graph Numeric Table• Recursion Formula Convergence/
Divergence Graph Example
iii
• Statistical Regression Graph Example
• When you draw a graph or run a program, any comment text normally appears on the
display in blue. You can, however, change the color of comment text to orange or green.
Example:
1. Enter the GRAPH Mode and input the following.
To draw a sine curve
3(TYPE)1(Y=)
(Specifies rectangular coordinates.)
svwf
(Stores the expression.)
2.
4(COLR)
2
• Press the function key that corresponds to the color you want to use for the graph:
4
5
3456
1 for blue, 2 for orange, 3 for green.
3.
2(Orng)
(Specifies the graph color.)
J
4.6(DRAW)
(Draws the graph)
6
You can also draw multiple graphs of different color on the same screen, making each one
distinct and easy to view.
iv
KEYS
Note that pressing / displays the character "/" for division, not "÷".
Alpha Lock
Normally, once you press a and then a key to input an alphabetic character, the keyboard reverts to its primary functions immediately. If you press ! and then a, the
keyboard locks in alpha input until you press a again.
v
KEY TABLE
PagePagePagePagePagePage
128
227283
24746
49
49
PagePagePagePagePage
132113
3834
4746
4646
4646
47
49
36
154144120
4545
4545
47
36
21
20
45
45
22
36
36
45
36
vi
39
36
36
36
Quick-Start
Turning Power On And Off
Auto Power Off Function
Using Modes
Basic Calculations
Replay Features
Fraction Calculations
Exponents
Graph Functions
Dual Graph
Box Zoom
Dynamic Graph
Table Function
Quick-Start
Welcome to the world of color graphing calculators and the CASIO “CFX-9970G”.
Quick-Start is not a complete tutorial, but it takes you through many of the most common functions, from turning the power on, to specifying colors, and on to graphing complex
equations. When you’re done, you’ll have mastered the basic operation of the “CFX9970G” and will be ready to proceed with the rest of this user’s guide to learn the entire
spectrum of functions available.
Each step of the examples in Quick-Start is shown graphically to help you follow along
quickly and easily. When you need to enter the number 57, for example, we’ve indicated it
as follows:
Press fh
Whenever necessary, we’ve included samples of what your screen should look like.
If you find that your screen doesn’t match the sample, you can restart from the beginning
by pressing the “All Clear” button
TURNING POWER ON AND OFF
o
.
To turn power on, press o.
To turn power off, press
!
OFF
o
.
AUTO POWER OFF FUNCTION
Note that the unit automatically turns power off if you do not perform any operation for
about six minutes (about 60 minutes when a calculation is stopped by an output command
(^)).
USING MODES
The “CFX-9970G” makes it easy to perform a wide range of calculations by simply
selecting the appropriate mode. Before getting into actual calculations and operation
examples, let’s take a look at how to navigate around the modes.
To select the RUN Mode
1. Press m to display the Main Menu.
viii
Quick-Start
2. Use defc to highlight RUN and then
press w.
This is the initial screen of the RUN mode, where you
can perform manual calculations, and run programs.
BASIC CALCULATIONS
With manual calculations, you input formulas from left to right, just as they are written on
paper. With formulas that include mixed arithmetic operators and parentheses, the calculator automatically applies true algebraic logic to calculate the result.
Example:
1. Press
2. Press
15 ! 3 + 61
o to clear the calculator.
bf*d+gbw.
Parentheses Calculations
Example:
1. Press
15 ! (3 + 61)
bf*(d
+gb)w.
Built-In Functions
The “CFX-9970G” includes a number of built-in scientific functions, including trigonometric and logarithmic functions.
Example:
25 ! sin 45˚
Important!
Be sure that you specify Deg (degrees) as the angle unit before you try this
example.
ix
1. Press o.
SET UP
m
2. Press
3. Press cccc1 (Deg) to specify
!
degrees as the angle unit.
to switch the set up display.
Quick-Start
4. Press
5. Press
6. Press
J to clear the menu.
o to clear the unit.
cf*sefw.
REPLAY FEATURES
With the replay feature, simply press d or e to recall the last calculation that was
performed. This recalls the calculation so you can make changes or re-execute it as it is.
Example:
1. Press
2. Press
3. Press f.
To change the calculation in the last example from (25 ! sin 45˚) to (25 ! sin
55˚)
d to display the last calculation.
d twice to move the cursor under the 4.
4. Press
w to execute the calculation again.
x
Quick-Start
FRACTION CALCULATIONS
You can use the $ key to input fractions into calculations. The symbol “ { ” is used
to separate the various parts of a fraction.
Example:
1. Press o.
2. Press
1 15/16 + 37/
9
b$bf$
bg+dh$
jw.
Indicates 6 7/
Converting a Mixed Fraction to an Improper Fraction
While a mixed fraction is shown on the display, press !
improper fraction.
Press
!
d/c
$
again to convert back to a mixed fraction.
Converting a Fraction to Its Decimal Equivalent
While a fraction is shown on the display, press M to convert it to its decimal equiva-
lent.
M again to convert back to a fraction.
Press
144
d/c
to convert it to an
$
xi
EXPONENTS
Quick-Start
Example:
1. Press o.
2. Press
3. Press
4. Press
an exponent.
5. Press
1250 ! 2.06
bcfa*c.ag.
M and the ^ indicator appears on the display.
f. The ^5 on the display indicates that 5 is
w.
5
xii
Quick-Start
GRAPH FUNCTIONS
The graphing capabilities of this calculator makes it possible to draw complex graphs
using either rectangular coordinates (horizontal axis: x ; vertical axis: y) or polar coordinates (angle:
"
; distance from origin: r).
Example
1. Press
2. Use
3. Input the formula.
1: To graph Y = X(X + 1)(X – 2)
m.
d, e, f, and c to highlight GRAPH,
and then press w.
v(v+b)
(v -c)w
4. Press 6 (DRAW) or w to draw the graph.
6
Example
1. Press
2: To determine the roots of Y = X(X + 1)(X – 2)
! 5 (G-Solv).
1
xiii
2. Press 1 (ROOT).
Press e for other roots.
Quick-Start
Example
1. Press
2. Press 6 (g).
3. Press
4. Use e to move the pointer to the location where
3: Determine the area bounded by the origin and the X = –1 root obtained for
Y = X(X + 1)(X – 2)
!5 (G-Solv).
3 (#dx).
X = –1, and then press w. Next, use e again
to move the pointer to the location where X = 0, and
then press
becomes shaded on the display.
to input the integration range, which
w
12345
123456
6
xiv
Quick-Start
DUAL GRAPH
With this function you can split the display between two areas and display two graphs
on the same screen.
Example:
1. Press !Zcc1(Grph) to specify
“Graph” for the Dual Screen setting.
2. Press
To draw the following two graphs and determine the points of intersection
Y1 = X(X + 1)(X – 2)
Y2 = X + 1.2
J, and then input the two functions.
v(v+b)
(v-c)w
v+b.cw
3. Press 6 (DRAW) or w to draw the graphs.
1
23456
12345
6
BOX ZOOM
Use the Box Zoom function to specify areas of a graph for enlargement.
1. Press
2. Use
! 2 (Zoom) 1 (BOX).
d, e, f, and c to move the pointer
to one corner of the area you want to specify and then
w
.
press
xv
3. Use d, e, f, and c to move the pointer
again. As you do, a box appears on the display. Move
the pointer so the box encloses the area you want to
enlarge.
Quick-Start
4. Press
w, and the enlarged area appears in the
inactive (right side) screen.
DYNAMIC GRAPH
Dynamic Graph lets you see how the shape of a graph is affected as the value assigned
to one of the coefficients of its function changes.
Example:
1. Press m.
2. Use
and then press w.
To draw graphs as the value of coefficient A in the following function changes
from 1 to 3
Y = AX
2
d, e, f, and c to highlight DYNA,
3. Input the formula.
aAvxw
4
12356
xvi
4. Press 4 (VAR) bw to assign an initial value
of 1 to coefficient A.
Quick-Start
5. Press
6. Press
7. Press
2 (RANG) bwdwbw
to specify the range and increment of change in
coefficient A.
J.
6(DYNA) to start Dynamic Graph drawing.
The graphs are drawn 10 times.
1
2
3456
$
$%
$%
xvii
Quick-Start
TABLE FUNCTION
The Table Function makes it possible to generate a table of solutions as different values
are assigned to the variables of a function.
Example:
1. Press m.
2. Use
and then press w.
3. Input the formula.
To create a number table for the following function
Y = X (X+1) (X–2)
d, e, f, and c to highlight TABLE,
v(v+b)
(v-c) w
4. Press 6 (TABL) or w to generate the number
table.
6
After you’ve completed this Quick-Start section, you are well on your way to becoming
an expert user of the CASIO “CFX-9970G” Calculator.
To learn all about the many powerful features of the “CFX-9970G”, read on and explore!
xviii
Handling Precautions
• Your calculator is made up of precision components. Never try to take it apart.
• Avoid dropping your calculator and subjecting it to strong impact.
• Do not store the calculator or leave it in areas exposed to high temperatures or humidity, or large
amounts of dust. When exposed to low temperatures, the calculator may require more time to
display results and may even fail to operate. Correct operation will resume once the calculator is
brought back to normal temperature.
• The display will go blank and keys will not operate during calculations. When you are operating the
keyboard, be sure to watch the display to make sure that all your key operations are being performed
correctly.
• Replace the main batteries once every 2 years regardless of how much the calculator is used during
that period. Never leave dead batteries in the battery compartment. They can leak and damage the
unit.
• Keep batteries out of the reach of small children. If swallowed, consult with a physician immediately.
• Avoid using volatile liquids such as thinner or benzine to clean the unit. Wipe it with a soft, dry cloth,
or with a cloth that has been dipped in a solution of water and a neutral detergent and wrung out.
• Always be gentle when wiping dust off the display to avoid scratching it.
• In no event will the manufacturer and its suppliers be liable to you or any other person for any
damages, expenses, lost profits, lost savings or any other damages arising out of loss of data and/or
formulas arising out of malfunction, repairs, or battery replacement. The user should prepare
physical records of data to protect against such data loss.
• Never dispose of batteries, the liquid crystal panel, or other components by burning them.
• When the “Low battery!” message appears on the display, replace the main power supply batteries
as soon as possible.
• Be sure that the power switch is set to OFF when replacing batteries.
• If the calculator is exposed to a strong electrostatic charge, its memory contents may be damaged or
the keys may stop working. In such a case, perform the Reset operation to clear the memory and
restore normal key operation.
• If the calculator stops operating correctly for some reason, use a thin, pointed object to press the P
button on the back of the calculator. Note, however, that this clears all the data in calculator memory.
• Note that strong vibration or impact during program execution can cause execution to stop or can
damage the calculator’s memory contents.
• Using the calculator near a television or radio can cause interference with TV or radio reception.
• Before assuming malfunction of the unit, be sure to carefully reread this user ’s guide and ensure that
the problem is not due to insufficient battery power, programming or operational errors.
xix
Be sure to keep physical records of all important data!
The large memory capacity of the unit makes it possible to store large amounts of data. You should
note, however, that low battery power or incorrect replacement of the batteries that power the unit can
cause the data stored in memory to be corrupted or even lost entirely. Stored data can also be
affected by strong electrostatic charge or strong impact.
Since this calculator employs unused memory as a work area when performing its internal calculations, an error may occur when there is not enough memory available to perform calculations. To avoid
such problems, it is a good idea to leave 1 or 2 kbytes of memory free (unused) at all times.
In no event shall CASIO Computer Co., Ltd. be liable to anyone for special, collateral, incidental, or
consequential damages in connection with or arising out of the purchase or use of these materials.
Moreover, CASIO Computer Co., Ltd. shall not be liable for any claim of any kind whatsoever against
the use of these materials by any other party.
• The contents of this user’s guide are subject to change without notice.
• No part of this user’s guide may be reproduced in any form without the express written consent of
the manufacturer.
• The options described in Chapter 22 of this user’s guide may not be available in certain
geographic areas. For full details on availability in your area, contact your nearest CASIO dealer
or distributor.
xx
•••••••••••••••••••
•••••••••••••••••••
•••••••••••••••••••
•••••••••••••••••••
• • • • • • •• • • • •• • • • • • •
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
CFX-9970G
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
• • • • • • •• • • • •• • • • • • •
•• •• ••• •• •••• ••• •• •
•••••••••••••••••••
•••••••••••••••••••
•••••••••••••••••••
•••••••••••••••••••
•••••••••••••••••••
•••••••••••••••••••
•••••••••••••••••••
•••••••••••••••••••
Contents
Getting Acquainted — Read This First! ............................................................. 1
• Many of the operations performed by this calculator can be executed by pressing function
keys 1 through 6. The operation assigned to each function key changes according to
the mode the calculator is in, and current operation assignments are indicated by function
menus that appear at the bottom of the display.
• This user’s guide indicates the current operation assigned to a function key in parentheses
following the key cap marking for that key. 1 (Comp), for example, indicates that
pressing 1 selects {Comp}, which is also indicated in the function menu.
• When {g} is indicated in the function menu for key 6, it means that pressing 6
displays the next page or previous page of menu options.
uMenu Titles
• Menu titles in this user’s guide include the key operation required to display the menu
being explained. The key operation for a menu that is displayed by pressing K and then
{COLR} would be shown as: [OPTN]-[COLR].
• 6 (g) key operations to change to another menu page are not shown in menu title key
operations.
Getting Acquainted — Read This First!
uCommand List
• The Program Mode Command List (page 468) provides a graphic flowchart of the various
function key menus that shows how to maneuver to the menu of commands you need.
Example: The following operation displays Xfct: [VARS]-[FACT]-[Xfct]
uIcons Used in This User’s Guide
• The following are the meanings of the icons used in this user’s guide.
: Important: Note: Reference page
P.000
1. Key Markings
Many of the calculator’s keys are used to perform more than one function. The
functions marked on the keyboard are color coded to help you find the one you
need quickly and easily.
1logl
210
3Bal
The following describes the color coding used for key markings.
ColorKey Operation
OrangePress ! and then the key to perform the marked
FunctionKey Operation
x
!l
function.
RedPress a and then the key to perform the marked
function.
2
2. Selecting Icons and Entering Modes
This section describes how to select an icon in the Main Menu to enter the mode you want.
uTo select an icon
1. Press m to display the Main Menu.
Currently selected icon
2. Use the cursor keys (d, e, f, c) to move the highlighting to the icon
you want.
3. Press w to display the initial screen of the mode whose icon you selected.
• You can also enter a mode without highlighting an icon in the Main Menu by
inputting the number or letter marked in the lower right corner of the icon.
• Use only the procedures described above to enter a mode. If you use any other
procedure, you may end up in a mode that is different than the one you thought
you selected.
The following explains the meaning of each icon.
IconMode NameDescription
RUNUse this mode for arithmetic calculations
and function calculations, and for
calculations involving binary, octal, decimal
and hexadecimal values.
STATisticsUse this mode to perform single-variable
(standard deviation) and paired-variable
(regression) statistical calculations, to
perform tests, to analyze data and to draw
statistical graphs.
MATrixUse this mode for storing and editing
matrices.
LISTUse this mode for storing and editing
numeric data.
GRAPHUse this mode to store graph functions and
to draw graphs using the functions.
DYNAmic graphUse this mode to store graph functions and
to draw multiple versions of a graph by
changing the values assigned to the
variables in a function.
3
2Selecting Icons and Entering Modes
IconMode NameDescription
TABLEUse this mode to store functions, to
RECURsionUse this mode to store recursion formulas,
CONICSUse this mode to draw graphs of implicit
EQUAtionUse this mode to solve linear equations with
PRoGraMUse this mode to store programs in the
Time Value ofUse this mode to perform financial calculaMoneytions and to draw cash flow and other types
ALGeBRaUse this mode to obtain mathematical
LINKUse this mode to transfer memory contents
SYStemUse this mode to check how much memory
generate a numeric table of different
solutions as the values assigned to variables
in a function change, and to draw graphs.
to generate a numeric table of different
solutions as the values assigned to variables
in a function change, and to draw graphs.
functions.
two through six unknowns, quadratic
equations, and cubic equations.
program area and to run programs.
of graphs.
expression results using natural mathematical
display notation.
or back-up data to another unit.
is used and remaining, to delete data from
memory, and to initialize (reset) the calculator.
It also lets you adjust display contrast.
k Using the Set Up Screen
The mode's set up screen shows the current status of mode settings and lets you
make any changes you want. The following procedure shows how to change a
set up.
uTo change a mode set up
1. Select the icon you want and press w enter a mode and display its initial
screen. Here we will enter the RUN Mode.
2. Press !Z to display the mode’s set up
screen.
• This set up screen is just one possible
example. Actual set up screen contents will
differ according to the mode you are in and
that mode’s current settings.
1 2 3 4 5
·
·
·
6
4
P.75
Selecting Icons and Entering Modes2
123 4 5
3. Use the f and c cursor keys to move the highlighting to the item whose
setting you want to change.
4. Press the function key (1 to 6) that is marked with the setting you want to
make.
5. After you are finished making any changes you want, press J to return to
the initial screen of the mode.
k Set Up Screen Function Key Menus
This section details the settings you can make using the function keys in the set
up display.
•{Fix}/{Sci}/{Norm}/{Eng} ... {fixed number of decimal places specification}/
{number of significant digits specification}/{exponential format display
range toggle}/{Engineering Mode}
uIntegration (Integration calculation)
•{Gaus}/{Simp} ... integration calculation using {Gauss-Kronrod rule}/
{Simpson’s rule}.
•{None}/{LIST} ... {no calculation}/{list specification for the calculated residual
data}
uList File (list file specification)
•{File 1} to {File 6} ... {specification of which list file to display while using the
List function}
6
P.168
P.176
P.215
P.186
P.187
P.188
P.208
Selecting Icons and Entering Modes2
uDual Screen (Dual Screen Mode status)
The Dual Screen Mode settings you can make depends on whether you pressed
!Z while in the GRAPH Mode, TABLE Mode, or RECUR Mode.
GRAPH Mode
•{Grph}/{GtoT}/{Off} ... {graphing on both sides of Dual Screen}/{graph on one
side and numeric table on the other side of Dual Screen}/{Dual Screen off}
TABLE/RECUR Mode
•{T+G}/{Off} ... {graph on one side and numeric table on the other side of Dual
Screen}/{Dual Screen off}
uSimul Graph (simultaneous graphing mode)
•{On}/{Off} ... {simultaneous graphing on (all graphs drawn simultaneously)}/
{simultaneous graphing off (graphs drawn in area numeric sequence)}
uDynamic Type (Dynamic Graph type)
•{Cnt}/{Stop} ... {non-stop (continuous)}/{automatic stop after 10 draws}
uLocus (Dynamic Graph Locus Mode)
•{On}/{Off} ... {locus identified by color}/{locus not drawn}
uVariable (Table Generation and Graph Draw settings)
•{Rang}/{LIST} ... {use table range}/{use list data}
P.224
P.329
P.322
P.362
u& Display (& value display in recursion table)
•{On}/{Off} ... {display on}/{display off}
uSlope (display of derivative at current pointer location in implicit
function graph)
•{On}/{Off} ... {display on}/{display off}
uPayment (payment period setting)
•{BGN}/{END} ... {beginning}/{end} setting of payment period
uDate Mode (number of days per year setting)
•{365}/{360} ... interest calculations using {365}/{360} days per year
* The 365-day year must be used for date calculations in the Financial Mode.
Otherwise, an error occurs.
uAnswer Type (type of numbers for results)
• {Real}/{Cplx} ... {use real numbers only}/{include imaginary numbers} when
displaying results of processes with real number expressions.
7
2Selecting Icons and Entering Modes
3. Display
k About the Display Screen
This calculator uses two types of display: a text display and a graphic display. The
text display can show 21 columns and eight lines of characters, with the bottom
line used for the function key menu, while the graph display uses an area that
measures 127 (W) ! 63 (H) dots.
Text DisplayGraph Display
k About Display Colors[OPTN]-[COLR]
The calculator can display data in three colors: orange, blue, and green. The
default color for graphs and comment text is blue, but you can specify orange or
green if you want.
•{Orng}/{Grn} ... {orange}/{green}
• The above setting affects the color of graphs and comment text. Specify the
color you want to use before inputting the graph’s function or the program
comment text.
k About Menu Item Types
This calculator uses certain conventions to indicate the type of result you can expect when you press a function key.
• Next Menu
Example:
Selecting displays a menu of hyperbolic functions.
• Command Input
Example:
Selecting inputs the sinh command.
8
Display3
• Direct Command Execution
Example:
Selecting executes the DRAW command.
k Exponential Display
The calculator normally displays values up to 10 digits long. Values that exceed
this limit are automatically converted to and displayed in exponential format. You
can specify one of two different ranges for automatic changeover to exponential
display.
2. Use f and c to move the highlighting to “Display”.
3. Press 3 (Norm).
The exponential display range switches between Norm 1 and Norm 2 each time
you perform the above operation. There is no display indicator to show you which
exponential display range is currently in effect, but you can always check it by
seeing what results the following calculation produces.
Ab/caaw
(Norm 1)
(Norm 2)
All of the examples in this manual show calculation results using Norm 1.
uHow to interpret exponential format
1.2E+12 indicates that the result is equivalent to 1.2 ! 1012. This means that you
should move the decimal point in 1.2 twelve places to the right, because the
exponent is positive. This results in the value 1,200,000,000,000.
1.2E–03 indicates that the result is equivalent to 1.2 ! 10–3. This means that you
should move the decimal point in 1.2 three places to the left, because the
exponent is negative. This results in the value 0.0012.
9
3Display
k Special Display Formats
This calculator uses special display formats to indicate fractions, hexadecimal
values, and sexagesimal values.
uFractions
12
..... Indicates: 456
––––
23
uHexadecimal Values
..... Indicates: ABCDEF12(16), which
equals –1412567278(10)
uSexagesimal Values
..... Indicates: 12° 34’ 56.78"
• In addition to the above, this calculator also uses other indicators or symbols,
which are described in each applicable section of this manual as they come up.
k Calculation Execution Indicator
Whenever the calculator is busy drawing a graph or executing a long, complex
calculation or program, a black box (k) flashes in the upper right corner of the
display. This black box tells you that the calculator is performing an internal
operation.
10
4. Color Adjustment
Adjust the color whenever objects on the display appear dim or difficult to see.
There are two different settings you can make to get color the way you want it.
• Color contrast
• Tint adjustment for each color
uTo display the color adjustment screen
1. Highlight the SYS icon in the Main Menu and then press w.
Use the following procedures while the color adjustment screen is on the display
to adjust the color contrast and tint settings.
uTo adjust the color contrast
1. Use the cursor f and c keys to move the pointer so it is next to CONTRAST.
2. Press the e cursor key to make the display darker and the d cursor key to
make it lighter. Holding down either key changes the setting at high speed.
uTo adjust the color tint
1. Use the cursor f and c keys to move the pointer so it is next to the color
(ORANGE, BLUE, GREEN) whose tint you want to adjust.
2. Press the e cursor key to give the color a greener tint and the d cursor key
to give it an orange tint. Holding down either key changes the setting at high
speed.
uTo exit the color adjustment screen
Press m to return to the Main Menu.
• It is recommended that you always adjust the CONTRAST setting first, and
then adjust the tint settings for individual colors.
• You can change the CONTRAST setting at any time without displaying the
color adjustment screen. Simply press ! and then d or e to change
the setting. Press ! once again after get the display looking the way you
want.
11
5. When you keep having problems…
If you keep having problems when you are trying to perform operations, try the
following before assuming that there is something wrong with the calculator.
k Get the Calculator Back to its Original Mode Settings
1. In the Main Menu, select the RUN icon and press w.
2. Press ! Z to display the set up screen.
3. Highlight “Angle” and press 2 (Rad).
4. Highlight “Display” and press 3 (Norm) to select the exponential display
range (Norm 1 or Norm 2) that you want to use.
P.3
P.445
5. Now enter the correct mode and perform your calculation again, monitoring the
results on the display.
k In Case of Hang Up
• Should the unit hang up and stop responding to input from the keyboard,
press the P button on the back of the calculator to reset the memory. Note,
however, that this clears all the data in calculator memory.
k Low Battery Message
The low battery message appears whenever you press o to turn power on or
m to display the Main Menu while the main battery power is below a certain
level.
P.447
o or m
About 3 seconds later
$
If you continue using the calculator without replacing batteries, power will automatically turn off to protect memory contents. Once this happens, you will not be
able to turn power back on, and there is the danger that memory contents will be
corrupted or lost entirely.
• You will not be able to perform data communications operations once the low
battery message appears.
12
Chapter
Basic Operation
1-1Before Starting Calculations...
1-2Memory
1-3Option (OPTN) Menu
1-4Variable Data (VARS) Menu
1-5Program (PRGM) Menu
1
1-1Before Starting Calculations...
Before performing a calculation for the first time, you should use the set up screen
to specify the angle unit and display format.
kk
k Setting the Angle Unit (Angle)
kk
1. Display the set up screen and use the f and c keys to highlight “Angle”.
2. Press the function key for the angle unit you want to specify.
3. Press J to return to the screen that was on the display when you started the
procedure.
• The relationship between degrees, grads, and radians is shown below.
360° = 2! radians = 400 grads
90° = !/2 radians = 100 grads
kk
k Setting the Display Format (Display)
kk
1. Display the set up screen and use the f and c keys to highlight “Display”.
2. Press the function key for the item you want to set.
•{Fix}/{Sci}/{Norm}/{Eng} ... {fixed number of decimal places specification}/
{number of significant digits specification}/{exponential format display
range toggle}/{Engineering Mode}
3. Press J to return to the screen that was on the display when you started the
procedure.
uu
u To specify the number of decimal places (Fix)
uu
ExampleTo specify two decimal places
1 (Fix) 3 (2)
Press the function key that corresponds to the
number of decimal places you want to specify
n
= 0 to 9).
(
• Displayed values are rounded off to the number of decimal places you specify.
14
Before Starting Calculations...1 - 1
uu
u To specify the number of significant digits (Sci)
uu
ExampleTo specify three significant digits
2 (Sci) 4 (3)
Press the function key that corresponds to
the number of significant digits you want to
n
specify (
= 0 to 9).
• Displayed values are rounded off to the number of significant digits you specify.
• Specifying 0 makes the number of significant digits 10.
uu
u To specify the exponential display range (Norm 1/Norm 2)
uu
Press 3 (Norm) to switch between Norm 1 and Norm 2.
Norm 1: 10
Norm 2: 10
uu
u To specify the engineering notation display (Eng)
uu
–2
(0.01)>|x|, |x| >10
–9
(0.000000001)>|x|, |x| >10
10
10
Press 4 (Eng) to switch between engineering notation and standard notation.
The indicator “/E” is on the display while engineering notation is in effect.
The following are the 11 engineering notation symbols used by this calculator.
SymbolMeaningUnit
EExa10
PPeta10
TTera10
GGiga10
MMega10
kkilo10
18
15
12
9
6
3
SymbolMeaningUnit
mmilli10
µmicro10
nnano10
ppico10
ffemto10
• The engineering symbol that makes the mantissa a value from 1 to 1000 is
automatically selected by the calculator when engineering notation is in effect.
–3
–6
–9
–12
–15
15
1 - 1 Before Starting Calculations...
kk
k Inputting Calculations
kk
When you are ready to input a calculation, first press A to clear the display.
Next, input your calculation formulas exactly as they are written, from left to right,
and press w to obtain the result.
Example 1 2 + 3 – 4 + 10 =
Ac+d-e+baw
Example 2 2(5 + 4) ÷ (23 " 5) =
Ac(f+e)/
(cd*f)w
kk
k Calculation Priority Sequence
kk
This calculator employs true algebraic logic to calculate the parts of a formula in
the following order:
1 Coordinate transformation Pol (x, y), Rec (r, #)
k Multiplication Operations without a Multiplication Sign
kk
You can omit the multiplication sign (") in any of the following operations.
Example2sin30, 10log1.2, 2, 2Pol(5, 12), etc.
3
• Before constants, variable names, memory names
Example2!, 2AB, 3Ans, 3Y1, etc.
• Before an open parenthesis
Example3(5 + 6), (A + 1)(B – 1), etc.
17
1 - 1 Before Starting Calculations...
kk
k Stacks
kk
The unit employs memory blocks, called
and commands. There is a 10-level
stack
, and a 10-level
calculation so complex that it exceeds the capacity of available numeric value
stack or command stack space, or if execution of a program subroutine exceeds
the capacity of the subroutine stack.
Example
program subroutine stack
Numeric Value StackCommand Stack
stacks
, for storage of low priority values
numeric value stack
. An error occurs if you perform a
, a 26-level
command
P.16
P.20
1
2
3
4
5
2
3
4
5
4
...
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
"
(
(
+
"
(
+
...
• Calculations are performed according to the priority sequence. Once a
calculation is executed, it is cleared from the stack.
• Storing a complex number takes up two numeric value stack levels.
• Storing a two-byte function takes up two command stack levels.
kk
k Input, Output and Operation Limitations
kk
The allowable range for both input and output values is 10 digits for the mantissa
and 2 digits for the exponent. Internally, however, the unit performs calculations
using 15 digits for the mantissa and 2 digits for the exponent.
Example3 " 105 ÷ 7 – 42857 =
AdEf/hw
dEf/h-
ecifhw
18
Before Starting Calculations...1 - 1
kk
k Overflow and Errors
kk
Exceeding a specified input or calculation range, or attempting an illegal input
causes an error message to appear on the display. Further operation of the
calculator is impossible while an error message is displayed. The following events
cause an error message to appear on the display.
P.453
P.7
• When any result, whether intermediate or final, or any value in memory
exceeds ±9.999999999 " 10
• When an attempt is made to perform a function calculation that exceeds the
input range (Ma ERROR).
• When an illegal operation is attempted during statistical calculations (Ma
ERROR). For example, attempting to obtain 1VAR without data input.
• When the capacity of the numeric value stack or command stack is exceeded
(Stk ERROR). For example, entering 25 successive ( followed by 2 + 3 *
4 w.
• When an attempt is made to perform a calculation using an illegal formula (Syn
ERROR). For example, 5 ** 3 w.
• When you try to perform a calculation that causes memory capacity to be
exceeded (Mem ERROR).
• When you use a command that requires an argument, without providing a valid
argument (Arg ERROR).
• When an attempt is made to use an illegal dimension during matrix calculations
(Dim ERROR).
• When no solution exists for an ALGBR Mode operation (Undefined).
• When the result of an ALGBR Mode operation exceeds the range of the
calculator (Overflow ERROR).
• When a value input in the ALGBR Mode is outside the domain of the operation
being performed (Domain ERROR).
• When an ALGBR Mode operation in which only real numbers have been input
produces a result that is a complex number while the set up screen's Answer
Type item is specified as "Real" (Non-Real ERROR).
• When no solution can be obtained using the Solve Function in the ALGBR
Mode (No Solution).
• When an attempt is made to use approx with an expression that generates an
error unique to the ALGBR Mode (Ma ERROR).
99
(Ma ERROR).
P.450
P.41
• Other errors can occur during program execution. Most of the calculator’s keys
are inoperative while an error message is displayed. You can resume operation
using one of the two following procedures.
• Press the A key to clear the error and return to normal operation.
• Press d or e to display the error.
19
1 - 1 Before Starting Calculations...
kk
k Memory Capacity
kk
Each time you press a key, either one byte or two bytes is used. Some of the
functions that require one byte are: b, c, d, sin, cos, tan, log, In, , and !.
Some of the functions that take up two bytes are d/dx(, Mat, Xmin, If, For, Return,
DrawGraph, SortA(, PxIOn, Sum, and
When the number of bytes remaining drops to five or below, the cursor automatically changes from “ _ ” to “ v ”. If you still need to input more, you should divide
your calculation into two or more parts.
• As you input numeric values or commands, they appear flush left on the display. Calculation results, on the other hand, are displayed flush right, except in
the ALGBR Mode.
kk
k Graphic Display and Text Display
kk
The unit uses both a graphic display and a text display. The graphic display is
used for graphics, while the text display is used for calculations and instructions.
The contents of each type of display are stored in independent memory areas.
uu
uTo switch between the graphic display and text display
uu
Press !6(G)T). You should also note that the key operations used to clear
each type of display are different.
uu
uTo clear the graphic display
uu
Press !4(Sketch) 1(Cls) w.
an+1.
uu
uTo clear the text display
uu
Press A.
kk
k Editing Calculations
kk
Use the d and e keys to move the cursor to the position you want to change,
and then perform one of the operations described below. After you edit the
calculation, you can execute it by pressing w, or use e to move to the end of
the calculation and input more.
uu
uTo change a step
uu
ExampleTo change cos60 to sin60
cga
ddd
s
20
Before Starting Calculations...1 - 1
uu
uTo delete a step
uu
ExampleTo change 369 " " 2 to 369 " 2
dgj**c
ddD
uu
uTo insert a step
uu
ExampleTo change 2.362 to sin2.36
c.dgx
ddddd
![
s
• When you press ![ the insert location is indicated by the symbol ‘‘t’’.
The next function or value you input is inserted at the location of ‘‘t’’. To abort
the insert operation without inputting anything, move the cursor, press ![
again, or press d, e or w.
2
21
1-2Memory
kk
k Variables
kk
This calculator comes with 28 variables as standard. You can use variables to
store values to be used inside of calculations. Variables are identified by singleletter names, which are made up of the 26 letters of the alphabet, plus r and #.
The maximum size of values that you can assign to variables is 15 digits for the
mantissa and 2 digits for the exponent. Variable contents are retained even when
you turn power off.
uu
uTo assign a value to a variable
uu
ExampleTo assign 123 to variable A
ExampleTo add 456 to variable A and store the result in variable B
uu
uTo display the contents of a variable
uu
ExampleTo display the contents of variable A
[value] a [variable name] w
AbcdaaAw
AaA+efgaaBw
AaAw
uu
uTo clear a variable
uu
ExampleTo clear variable A
Aa a aAw
• To clear all variables, select “Memory Usage” from the SYS Mode.
uu
uTo assign the same value to more than one variable
ExampleTo assign a value of 10 to variables A through F
Abaa!aA
3(~)Fw
” as a variable name in the above operation.
22
Memory1 - 2
kk
k Function Memory[OPTN]-[FMEM]
kk
Function memory is convenient for temporary storage of often-used expressions.
For longer term storage, we recommend that you use the GRAPH Mode for
expressions and the PRGM Mode for programs.
P.27
•{STO}/{RCL}/{fn}/{SEE} ... {function store}/{function recall}/{function area
specification as a variable name inside an expression}/{function list}
uu
uTo store a function
uu
ExampleTo store the function (A+B) (A–B) as function memory number 1
K6(g)6(g)3(FMEM)A
(aA+aB)
(aA-aB)
1(STO) 1(f
• If the function memory number you assign a function to already contains a
function, the previous function is replaced with the new one.
uu
uTo recall a function
uu
ExampleTo recall the contents of function memory number 1
K6(g)6(g)3(FMEM)A
2(RCL)1(f
• The recalled function appears at the current location of the cursor on the
display.
1)
1)
uu
uTo display a list of available functions
uu
K6(g)6(g)3(FMEM)
4(SEE)
23
1 - 2 Memory
uu
uTo delete a function
uu
ExampleTo delete the contents of function memory number 1
K6(g)6(g)3(FMEM)A
1(STO) 1(f
• Executing the store operation while the display is blank deletes the function in
the function memory you specify.
uu
uTo use stored functions
uu
Once you store a function in memory, you can recall it and use it for a calculation.
This feature is very useful for quick and easy input of functions when programming
or graphing.
1)
P.111
ExampleTo store x3 + 1, x2 + x into function memory, and then graph:
!Zc1(Y=)JK6(g)6(g)3(FMEM)
AvMd+b1(STO)1(f
Avx+v1(STO)2(f2)(stores (x2 + x))
A!4(Sketch)1(Cls)w
!4(Sketch)5(GRPH)1(Y=)
K6(g)6(g)3(FMEM)
3(f
• For full details about graphing, see “8. Graphing”.
kk
k Memory Status
kk
You can check how much memory is used for storage for each type of data. You
can also see how many bytes of memory are still available for storage.
uu
uTo check the memory status
uu
1. In the Main Menu, select the SYS icon and
press w.
3
y = x
+ x2 + x + 1
Use the following View Window parameters.
Xmin = –4Ymin = –10
Xmax = 4Ymax = 10
Xscale = 1Yscale =1
1)(stores (x
n)1(f1)+2(f2)w
3
+ 1))
24
Memory1 - 2
2. Press cw to display the memory status
screen.
Number of bytes still free
3. Use f and c to move the highlighting and view the amount of memory (in
bytes) used for storage of each type of data.
The following table shows all of the data types that appear on the memory status
screen.
Data TypeMeaning
ProgramProgram data
StatisticsStatistical calculations and graphs
MatrixMatrix memory data
List FileList data
Y=Graph functions
Draw MemoryGraph drawing conditions (View Window,
enlargement/reduction factor, graph screen)
Graph MemoryGraph memory data
View WindowView Window memory data
PictureGraph screen data
Dynamic GraphDynamic Graph data
TableFunction Table & Graph data
RecursionRecursion Table & Graph data
EquationEquation calculation data
Alpha MemoryAlpha memory data
Function MemFunction memory data
FinancialFinancial data
25
1 - 2 Memory
kk
k Clearing Memory Contents
kk
Use the following procedure to clear data stored in memory.
1. In the memory status screen, use f and c to move the highlighting to the
data type you want to clear.
If the data type you select in step 1 allows deletion of specific data
2. Press 1 (DEL).
123456
* This menu appears when you
select List File.
3. Press the function key that corresponds to the data you want to delete.
1 23456
• The above example shows the function menu that appears when you highlight
{List File} in step 1.
4. Press 1 (YES).
If the data type you select in step 1 allows deletion of all data only
2. Press 1 (DEL).
3. Press 1 (YES) to delete all of the data.
1 23456
26
1-3Option (OPTN) Menu
The option menu gives you access to scientific functions and features that are not
marked on the calculator’s keyboard. The contents of the option menu differ
according to the mode you are in when you press the K key.
See the Command List at the back of this user’s guide for details on the option
(OPTN) menu.
uu
uOption Menu in the RUN and PRGM Modes
uu
P.237
P.88
P.68
P.271
P.43
P.43
P.43
P.44
P.44
P.139
P.23
P.51
•{LIST} ... {list function menu}
•{MAT} ... {matrix operation menu}
•{CPLX} ... {complex number calculation menu}
•{CALC} ... {functional analysis menu}
•{STAT} ... {paired-variable statistical estimated value menu}
The following are the items that appear in the above menu.
• {Strt}/{End} ... {table range start value}/{table range end value}
• {a
0}/{a1}/{a2} ... {zero term ao value}/{first term a1 value}/{second term a2
value}
• {b
0}/{b1}/{b2} ... {zero term bo value}/{first term b1 value}/{second term b2
value}
• {anSt}/{bnSt} ... origin of {an }/{bn} recursion formula convergence/divergence
graph (WEB graph)
uu
u {Reslt} ... {matrix of table contents}
uu
Selecting {Reslt} displays a matrix that shows the contents of the recursion table.
• This operation is available only in the RUN and PRGM modes.
ExampleTo recall the contents of the numeric table for recursion formula
an = 2n + 1, while the table range is Start=1 and End=6
3(Reslt)w
31
1 - 4 Variable Data (VARS) Menu
• The table contents recalled by the above operation are stored automatically in
Matrix Answer Memory (MatAns).
• An error occurs if you perform the above operation when there is no function or
recursion formula numeric table in memory.
kk
k EQUA — Recalling Equation Coefficients and Solutions
kk
Selecting {EQUA} from the VARS menu displays the equation coefficient and
solution recall menu.
P.101
P.104
•{S-Rlt}/{S-Cof} ... matrix of {solutions}/{coefficients} for linear equations with
two through six unknowns
•{P-Rlt}/{P-Cof} ... matrix of {solution}/{coefficients} for a quadratic or cubic
equation
Example 1 To recall the solutions for the following linear equations with two
unknowns
2
x + 3y =8
3x + 5y = 14
1(S-Rlt)w
Example 2 To recall the coefficients for the following linear equations with
three unknowns
4
x + y –2z = –1
x +6y +3z =1
–5x +4y + z = –7
2(S-Cof)w
Example 3 To recall the solutions for the following quadratic equation
2
2
x
+ x – 10 = 0
3(P-Rlt)w
Example 4 To recall the coefficients for the following quadratic equation
2
2
x
+ x – 10 = 0
4(P-Cof)w
32
Variable Data (VARS) Menu1 - 4
• The coefficients and solutions recalled by the above operation are stored
automatically in Matrix Answer Memory (MatAns).
• When the solutions for a linear equation with 2 through 6 unknowns contain
complex numbers, only the real number parts are stored in Matrix Answer
Memory (MatAns).
• Coefficient and solution memory data for a linear equation with 2 though 6
unknowns cannot be recalled at the same time.
• The following conditions cause an error to be generated.
— When there are no coefficients input for the equation
— When there are no solutions obtained for the equation
kk
k TVM — Recalling Financial Calculation Data
kk
Selecting {TVM} from the VARS menu displays the financial calculation data recall
menu.
•{
n}/{I%}/{PV}/{PMT}/{FV} ... {payment periods (installments)}/{interest (%)}/
{present value}/{payment amount}/{future value}
•{P/Y}/{C/Y} ... {number of installment periods per year}/{number of
compounding periods per year}
33
1-5Program (PRGM) Menu
To display the program (PRGM) menu, first enter the RUN or PRGM Mode from
the Main Menu and then press ! W. The following are the selections
available in the program (PRGM) menu.
The function key menu appears if you press ! W in the RUN Mode or the
PRGM Mode while binary, octal, decimal, or hexadecimal is set as the default
number system.
• {Prog}/{JUMP}/{?}/{
The functions assigned to the function keys are the same as those in the Comp
Mode.
For details on the commands that are available in the various menus you can
access from the program menu, see “21. Programming”.P.365
^^
^}/{REL}/{:}
^^
34
Chapter
Manual Calculations
2-1Basic Calculations
2-2Special Functions
2-3Function Calculations
2
2-1Basic Calculations
kk
k Arithmetic Calculations
kk
• Enter arithmetic calculations as they are written, from left to right.
• Use the - key to input the minus sign before a negative value.
• Calculations are performed internally with a 15-digit mantissa. The result is
rounded to a 10-digit mantissa before it is displayed.
• For mixed arithmetic calculations, multiplication and division are given priority
over addition and subtraction.
ExampleOperationDisplay
23 + 4.5 – 53 = –25.523+4.5-53w–25.5
56 ! (–12) ÷ (–2.5) = 268.856*-12/-2.5w268.8
(2 + 3) ! 102 = 500(2+3)*1E2w*
1 + 2 – 3 ! 4 ÷ 5 + 6 = 6.61+2-3*4/5+6w6.6
100 – (2 + 3) ! 4 = 80100-(2+3)*4w80
2 + 3 ! (4 + 5) = 292+3*(4+5w*
(7 – 2) ! (8 + 5) = 65(7-2)(8+5)w*
1
2
3
500
29
65
P.6
P.43
6
= 0.36/(4*5)w*
4 ! 5
*1“(2+3)E2” does not produce the correct result. Be sure to enter this calculation as
shown.
2
Final closed parentheses (immediately before operation of the w key) may be omitted, no
*
matter how many are required.
3
*
A multiplication sign immediately before an open parenthesis may be omitted.
4
*
This is identical to 6 / 4 / 5 w.
kk
k Number of Decimal Places, Number of Significant Digits,
kk
4
Exponential Notation Range
• These settings can be made while setting up the display format (Display) with
the set up screen.
• Even after you specify the number of decimal places or the number of significant digits, internal calculations are still performed using a 15-digit mantissa,
and displayed values are stored with a 10-digit mantissa. Use Rnd (4) of the
Numeric Calculation Menu (NUM) to round the displayed value off to the
number of decimal place and number of significant digit settings.
0.3
36
P.321
Basic Calculations2 - 1
• Number of decimal place (Fix) and number of significant digit (Sci) settings
normally remain in effect until you change them or until your change the
exponential display range (Norm) setting. Note also, however, that Sci setting
is automatically initialized to Norm 1 whenever you enter the Financial Mode.
• To change the exponential display range (Norm) setting, press 3 (Norm)
while the display format (Display) menu is on the screen. Each time you
perform this operation, the range toggles between the following two settings.
Norm 1 ........... exponential display for values outside the range of 10–2 to 10
Norm 2 ........... exponential display for values outside the range of 10–9 to 10
Example100 ÷ 6 = 16.66666666...
ConditionOperationDisplay
100/6w16.66666667
10
10
4 decimal places!Z
ccccccccc
1(Fix)5(4)Jw16.6667
5 significant digits!Z
Cancels specification !Z
ccccccccc
2(Sci)6(g)1(5)Jw1.6667E+01
1
*
ccccccccc
3(Norm)Jw16.66666667
*1Displayed values are rounded off to the place you specify.
Example200 ÷ 7 ! 14 = 400
ConditionOperationDisplay
200/7*14w400
3 decimal places!Z
ccccccccc
1(Fix)4(3)Jw400.000
Calculation continues
using display capacity200/7w28.571
of 10 digits* Ans ! _
14w400.000
• If the same calculation is performed using the specified number of digits:
200/7w28.571
The value stored
internally is cut off toK6(g)
the number of4(NUM)4(Rnd)w28.571
decimal places you* Ans ! _
specify.14w399.994
1
*
37
2 - 1 Basic Calculations
kk
k Calculations Using Variables
kk
193.2 ÷ 23 = 8.4aA/23w8.4
193.2 ÷ 28 = 6.9aA/28w 6.9
ExampleOperationDisplay
193.2aaAw193.2
38
2-2Special Functions
kk
k Answer Function
kk
The unit’s Answer Function automatically stores the last result you calculated by
pressing w(unless the w key operation results in an error). The result is stored
in the answer memory.
uu
uTo use the contents of the answer memory in a calculation
uu
Example123 + 456 = 579
789 – 579 = 210
Abcd+efgw
hij-!Kw
• The largest value that the answer memory can hold in any mode besides the
ALGBR Mode is one with 15 digits for the mantissa and 2 digits for the
exponent.
• Answer memory contents are not cleared when you press the A key or when
you switch power off.
• Note that answer memory contents are not changed by an operation that
assigns values to value memory (such as: faaAw).
P.16
kk
k Performing Continuous Calculations
kk
The unit lets you use the result of one calculation as one of the arguments in the
next calculation. To do so, use the result of the previous calculation, which is
currently stored in Answer Memory.
Example1 ÷ 3 =
1 ÷ 3 ! 3 =
Ab/dw
(Continuing)*dw
2
Continuous calculations can also be used with Type A functions (x
^(xy), x, ° ’ ”.
, x-1, x!), +, –,
39
2 - 2 Special Functions
kk
k Using the Replay Function
kk
The Replay Function automatically stores the last calculation performed into
replay memory. You can recall the contents of the replay memory by pressing d
or e.
If you press e, the calculation appears with the cursor at the beginning. Pressing
d causes the calculation to appear with the cursor at the end. You can make
changes in the calculation as you wish and then execute it again.
ExampleTo perform the following two calculations
• A calculation remains stored in replay memory until you perform another
calculation or change modes.
• The contents of the replay memory are not cleared when you press the A
key, so you can recall a calculation and execute it even after performing the all
clear operation. Note, however, that replay memory contents are cleared
whenever you change to another mode or menu.
• After you press A, you can press f or c to recall previous calculations, in
sequence from the newest to the oldest (Multi-Replay Function). Once you
recall a calculation, you can use e and d to move the cursor around the
calculation and make changes in it to create a new calculation. Note, however,
that multi-replay memory contents are cleared whenever you change to
another menu.
4.12 ! 6.4 = 26.368
4.12 !
7.1 = 29.252
Ae.bc*g.ew
dddd
h.b
w
Example
Abcd+efgw
cde-fghw
A
f (One calculation back)
f (Two calculations back)
40
Special Functions2 - 2
kk
k Making Corrections in the Original Calculation
kk
Example14 ÷ 0 ! 2.3 entered by mistake for 14 ÷ 10 ! 2.3
Abe/a*c.dw
Press d or e.
Cursor is positioned automatically at the
location of the cause of the error.
Make necessary changes.
d![b
Execute it again.
w
kk
k Using Multistatements
kk
Multistatements are formed by connecting a number of individual statements for
sequential execution. You can use multistatements in manual calculations and in
programmed calculations. There are two different ways that you can use to
connect statements to form multistatements.
• Colon (:)
Statements that are connected with colons are executed from left to right, without
stopping.
• Display Result Command (
When execution reaches the end of a statement followed by a display result
command, execution stops and the result up to that point appears on the display.
You can resume execution by pressing the w key.
^^
^)
^^
41
2 - 2 Special Functions
Example6.9 ! 123 = 848.7
• Note that the final result of a multistatement is always displayed, regardless of
whether it ends with a display result command.
• You cannot construct a multistatement in which one statement directly uses the
result of the previous statement.
Example123 ! 456: ! 5
123 ÷ 3.2 = 38.4375
AbcdaaA!W6(g)
5(:)g.j*aA!W
5(^)aA/d.cw
w
Invalid
Intermediate result at point
where “
^
” is used.
42
2-3Function Calculations
kk
k Function Menus
kk
This calculator includes five function menus that give you access to scientific
functions that are not printed on the key panel.
• The contents of the function menu differ according to the mode you entered
from the Main Menu before you pressed the K key. The following examples
show function menus that appear in the RUN or PRGM Mode.
•{ENG}/{ENG} ... shifts the decimal place of the displayed value three digits to
• The {ENG} and {ENG} menu options appear only when there is a calculation
"#
the {left}/{right} and {decreases}/{increases} the exponent by three.
When you are using engineering notation, the engineering symbol is
also changed accordingly.
result shown on the display.
-15
)}
"#
-3
)}/{micro (10-6)}/{nano (10-9)}/{pico (10
[OPTN]-[ANGL]
-12
)}/
P.5
kk
k Angle Units
kk
• Once you specify an angle unit, it remains in effect until you specify a different
one. The specification is retained even if you turn power off.
• Be sure to specify “Comp” for Calculation/binary, octal, decimal, hexadecimal
mode.
ExampleOperationDisplay
To convert 4.25 rad to degrees:
47.3° + 82.5rad = 4774.20181°
!Zcccc
1(Deg)J4.25K6(g)
5(ANGL)2(r)w243.5070629
47.3+82.52(r)w4774.20181
44
P.5
P.5
Function Calculations2 - 3
kk
k Trigonometric and Inverse Trigonometric Functions
kk
• Be sure to set the angle unit before performing trigonometric function and
inverse trigonometric function calculations.
$
(90° = ––– radians = 100 grads)
2
• Be sure to specify “Comp” for Calculation/binary, octal, decimal, hexadecimal
mode.
ExampleOperationDisplay
sin 63° = 0.8910065242!Zcccc
1(Deg)J
s63w0.8910065242
$
cos (
rad) = 0.5!Zcccc
3
2(Rad)J
c(!7/d)w0.5
tan (– 35gra) =
– 0.6128007881!Zcccc
3(Gra)J
t-35w–0.6128007881
2 • sin 45° ! cos 65°
= 0.5976724775!Zcccc
1(Deg)J
2*s45*c65w*
1
0.5976724775
cosec 30° =
1
= 21/s30w2
sin 30°
sin-10.5 = 30°
(x when sinx = 0.5)!S0.5*2w
*1* can be omitted.
2
*
Input of leading zero is not necessary.
30
45
2 - 3 Function Calculations
kk
k Logarithmic and Exponential Functions
kk
P.5
• Be sure to specify “Comp” for Calculation/binary, octal, decimal, hexadecimal
mode.
ExampleOperationDisplay
log 1.23 (log
101.23)
= 8.990511144 ! 10
In 90 (loge90) = 4.49980967I90w4.49980967
1.23
10
= 16.98243652
(To obtain the antilogarithm
of common logarithm 1.23)!01.23w16.98243652
4.5
e
= 90.0171313
(To obtain the antilogarithm
of natural logarithm 4.5)!e4.5w90.0171313
(–3)4 = (–3) ! (–3) ! (–3)
! (–3) = 81(-3)M4w81
–34 = –(3 ! 3 ! 3 ! 3) = –81-3M4w– 81
7
(= 1237)123
= 1.9886477957!q123w1.988647795
2 + 3 ! 3 – 4 = 102+3*3!q64-4w*
*1^ (xy) and x take precedence over multiplication and division.
64
–2
1
l1.23w0.08990511144
1
10
P.5
kk
k Hyperbolic and Inverse Hyperbolic Functions
kk
• Be sure to specify “Comp” for Calculation/binary, octal, decimal, hexadecimal
mode.
ExampleOperationDisplay
sinh 3.6 = 18.28545536K6(g)2(HYP)
1(sinh)3.6w18.28545536
cosh 1.5 – sinh 1.5K6(g)2(HYP)
= 0.22313016012(cosh)1.5-1(sinh)1.5w0.2231301601
–1.5
= e
(Proof of cosh x± sinh x = e±x)
20
cosh–1
= 0.7953654612
15
5(cosh–1)(20/15)w0.7953654612
I!Kw– 1.5
K6(g)2(HYP)
Determine the value ofx
when tanh 4 x = 0.88
-1
0.88
tanh
x =
4
K6(g)2(HYP)
= 0.34394191416(tanh–1)0.88/4w0.3439419141
46
P.5
Function Calculations2 - 3
kk
k Other Functions
kk
• Be sure to specify “Comp” for Calculation/binary, octal, decimal, hexadecimal
mode.
ExampleOperationDisplay
+ =
3.65028154!92+!95w3.6502815425
(–3)2 = (–3) ! (–3) = 9(-3)xw9
–32 = –(3 ! 3) = –9-3xw– 9
1
––––––––––– = 12
11
––– – –––
34
8! (= 1 ! 2 ! 3 ! .... ! 8)8K6(g)3(PROB)
= 403201(x!)w40320
3
Random number generationK6(g)3(PROB)
(pseudo random number4(Ran#)w (Ex.) 0.4810497011
between 0 and 1)
What is the absolute value of
the common logarithm of3?
3
log
|
4
= 42
= 0.1249387366
|
(3!X-4!X)
!Xw12
!#(36*42*49)w
4
K6(g)4(NUM)
1(Abs)l(3/4)w0.1249387366
4236 ! 42 ! 49
What is the integer part ofK6(g)4(NUM)
– 3.5?2(Int)-3.5w– 3
What is the decimal part ofK6(g)4(NUM)
– 3.5?3(Frac)-3.5w– 0.5
What is the nearest integerK6(g)4(NUM)
not exceeding – 3.5?5(Intg)-3.5w– 4
47
2 - 3 Function Calculations
kk
k Coordinate Conversion
kk
uu
u Rectangular Coordinates
uu
• With polar coordinates, % can be calculated and displayed within a range of
–180°< % < 180° (radians and grads have same range).
uu
u Polar Coordinates
uu
P.5
• Be sure to specify “Comp” for Calculation/binary, octal, decimal, hexadecimal
mode.
ExampleTo calculate r and %° when x = 14 and y = 20.7
3-5Maximum/Minimum Value Calculations
3-6! Calculations
3
3-1Before Performing a Calculation
The following describes the items that are available in the menus you use when
performing Solve, differential/ quadratic differential, integration, maximum/
minimum value, and ! calculations.
P.27
P.408
P.107
P.355
When the option menu is on the display, press 4 (CALC) to display the function
analysis menu. The items of this menu are used when performing specific types of
calculations.
The following is the syntax for using the Solve function in a program.
Solve( f(x), n, a, b)
` • There are two different input methods that can be used for Solve calcula-
tions: direct assignment and variable table input.
With the direct assignment method (the one described here), you assign
values directly to variables. This type of input is identical to that used with
the Solve command used in the PRGM Mode.
Variable table input is used with the Solve function in the EQUA Mode. This
input method is recommend for most normal Solve function input.
• Note that the Solve function can also be used in the ALGBR Mode to display
results using natural display notation.
To perform differential calculations, first display the function analysis menu, and
then input the values shown in the formula below.
d/dx) f(x),a,A x)
2(
Increase/decrease of
Point for which you want to determine the derivative
d/dx ( f (x), a, Ax) % ––– f (a)
The differentiation for this type of calculation is defined as:
f '(a) = lim –––––––––––––
In this definition,
in the neighborhood of f ' (a) calculated as:
f '(a)
In order to provide the best precision possible, this unit employs central difference
to perform differential calculations. The following illustrates central difference.
f (a + Ax) – f (a)
Ax$0
infinitesimal
f (a + Ax) – f (a)
–––––––––––––
d
dx
Ax
is replaced by a
Ax
AA
A
sufficiently small
A
A
x
Ax, with the value
AA
The slopes of point a and point a + Ax, and of point a and point a – Ax in function
y = f(x) are as follows:
f (a + Ax) – f (a)Ayf (a) – f (a – Ax)#y
––––––––––––– = ––– , ––––––––––––– = –––
AxAxAx#x
In the above, A
difference. To calculate derivatives, the unit takes the average between the value
of Ay/Ax and #y/#x, thereby providing higher precision for derivatives.
y/Ax is called the forward difference, while #y/#x is the backward
55
3 - 2 Differential Calculations
This average, which is called the
1f (a + Ax) – f (a)f (a) – f (a – Ax)
f '(a) = –– ––––––––––––– + –––––––––––––
2AxAx
f (a + Ax) – f (a – Ax)
= –––––––––––––––––
uu
uTo perform a differential calculation
uu
ExampleTo determine the derivative at point x = 3 for the function
Input the function
AK4(CALC)2(
Input point x = a for which you want to determine the derivative.
d,
Input A
x, which is the increase/decrease of x.
bE-f)
w
3
y = x
+ 4 x2 + x – 6, when the increase/decrease of x is defined
AA
as
Ax = 1E – 5
AA
f(x).
central difference
2Ax
d/dx)vMd+evx+v-g,
, is expressed as:
• In the function f(x), only X can be used as a variable in expressions. Other
variables (A through Z, r, &) are treated as constants, and the value currently
assigned to that variable is applied during the calculation.
• Input of Ax and the closing parenthesis can be omitted. If you omit Ax, the
calculator automatically uses a value for Ax that is appropriate for the derivative value you are trying to determine.
• Discontinuous points or sections with drastic fluctuation can adversely affect
precision or even cause an error.
56
Differential Calculations3 - 2
kk
k Applications of Differential Calculations
kk
• Differentials can be added, subtracted, multiplied and divided with each other.
dd
––– f (a) = f '(a), ––– g (a) = g'(a)
dxdx
Therefore:
f '(a) + g'(a), f '(a) ' g'(a), etc.
• Differential results can be used in addition, subtraction, multiplication, and
division, and in functions.
2 ' f '(a), log ( f '(a)), etc.
• Functions can be used in any of the terms (
d
––– (sin
x + cosx, sin0.5), etc.
dx
• Note that you cannot use a Solve, differential, quadratic differential, integration,
maximum/minimum value or ! calculation expression inside a differential
calculation term.
• Pressing A during calculation of a differential (while the cursor is not shown
on the display) interrupts the calculation.
• Always use radians (Rad Mode) as the angle unit when performing trigonometric differentials.
f (x), a, Ax) of a differential.
57
3-3Quadratic Differential Calculations
After displaying the function analysis menu, you can input quadratic differentials
using either of the two following formats.
3(d2/dx2)f(x),a,n)
Final boundary (n = 1 to 15)
Differential coefficient point
2
d
––– ( f (x), a, n) % ––– f (a)
2
dx
Quadratic differential calculations produce an approximate differential value using
the following second order differential formula, which is based on Newton's
polynomial interpretation.
In this expression, values for “sufficiently small increments of x” are sequentially
calculated using the following formula, with the value of m being substituted as m
= 1, 2, 3 and so on.
1
h = ––––
m
5
The calculation is finished when the value of f"(x) based on the value of h
calculated using the last value of m, and the value of f"(x) based on the value of
h calculated using the current value of m are identical before the upper n digit is
reached.
2
d
2
dx
2
12h
[OPTN]-[CALC]-[d2/dx2]
• Normally, you should not input a value for n. It is recommended that you only
input a value for n when required for calculation precision.
• Inputting a larger value for n does not necessarily produce greater precision.
uu
uTo perform a quadratic differential calculation
uu
ExampleTo determine the quadratic differential coefficient at the point
where x = 3 for the function y = x3 + 4x2 + x – 6
Here we will use a final boundary value of n = 6.
Input the function f(x).
2
d
AK4(CALC)3(
/dx2) vMd+
evx+v-g,
58
Quadratic Differential Calculations3 - 3
Input 3 as point
a, which is differential coefficient point.
d,
Input 6 as n, which is final boundary.
g)
w
• In the function f(x), only X can be used as a variable in expressions. Other
&
variables (A through Z, r,
) are treated as constants, and the value currently
assigned to that variable is applied during the calculation.
• Input of the final boundary value n and the closing parenthesis can be omitted.
• Discontinuous points or sections with drastic fluctuation can adversely affect
precision or even cause an error.
kk
k Quadratic Differential Applications
kk
• Arithmetic operations can be performed using two quadratic differentials.
2
d
––– f (a) = f ''(a), ––– g (a) = g''(a)
2
dx
2
d
2
dx
Therefore:
f ''(a) + g''(a), f ''(a) ' g''(a), etc.
• The result of a quadratic differential calculation can be used in a subsequent
arithmetic or function calculation.
2 ' f ''(a), log ( f ''(a) ), etc.
• Functions can be used within the terms ( f(x), a, n) of a quadratic differential
expression.
2
d
––– (sin x + cos x, sin 0.5), etc.
2
dx
• Note that you cannot use a Solve, differential, quadratic differential, integration,
maximum/minimum value or ! calculation expression inside of a quadratic
differential calculation term.
• Use only integers within the range of 1 to 15 for the value of final boundary n.
Use of a value outside this range produces an error.
• You can interrupt an ongoing quadratic differential calculation by pressing the
A key.
• Always use radians (Rad Mode) as the angle unit when performing trigonometric quadratic differentials.
59
3-4Integration Calculations[OPTN]-[CALC]-[
To perform integration calculations, first display the function analysis menu and
then input the values in one of the formulas shown below.
Gauss-Kronrod Rule
4("dx) f(x) ,
( f(x), a, b, tol) %
"
a , b , tol )
b
f(x)dx
"
a
Tolerance
End point
Start point
"
dx]
P.6
Area of
Simpson’s Rule
4("dx) f(x) , a , b , n )
( f(x), a, b, n) %
"
As shown in the illustration above, integration calculations are performed by
calculating integral values from a through b for the function y =f (x) where a<x<
b, and f (x)> 0*. This in effect calculates the surface area of the shaded area in
the illustration.
* If f (x) < 0 where a<x<b, the surface area calculation produces negative
values (surface area ' – 1).
b
f(x)dx, N = 2
"
a
n
b
f(x)dx is calculated
"
a
Number of divisions (value for
n
is an integer from 1 through 9)
End point
Start point
n
in N = 2n,
k Changing Integration Calculation Methods
This calculator can use either Gauss-Kronrod Rule or Simpson’s Rule to perform
integration calculations. To select a method, display the set up screen and select
either “Gaus” (for Gauss-Kronrod Rule) or “Simp” (for Simpson’s Rule) for the
Integration item.
All of the explanations in this manual use Gauss-Kronrod Rule.
60
Integration Calculations3 - 4
uu
uTo perform an integration calculation
uu
ExampleTo perform the integration calculation for the function shown
below, with a tolerance of “tol” = 1E - 4
5
(2x2 + 3x + 4) dx
"
1
Input the function
Input the start point and end point.
Input the tolerance value.
• In the function f(x), only X can be used as a variable in expressions. Other
variables (A through Z, r, &) are treated as constants, and the value currently
assigned to that variable is applied during the calculation.
• Input of “tol” in Gauss-Kronrod Rule, “n” in Simpson’s Rule, and closing
parenthesis with both rules can be omitted. If you omit “tol”, the calculator
automatically uses a value of 1E - 5. In the case of “n”, the calculator automatically selects the most appropriate value.
• Integration calculations can take a long time to complete.
kk
k Application of Integration Calculation
kk
• Integrals can be used in addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.
• Integration results can be used in addition, subtraction, multiplication and
division, in functions.
f (x).
AK4(CALC)4("dx)cvx+dv+e,
b,f,
bE-e)w
b
f(x) dx +
"
a
2 '
d
g (x) dx, etc.
"
c
b
f(x) dx, etc. log (
"
a
b
f(x) dx), etc.
"
a
• Functions can be used in any of the terms ( f(x), a, b, n) of an integral.
cos 0.5
(sin x + cos x) dx = "(sin x + cos x, sin 0.5, cos 0.5, 5)
"
sin 0.5
• Note that you cannot use a Solve, differential, quadratic differential, integration,
maximum/minimum value or ! calculation expression inside of an integration
calculation term.
61
3 - 4 Integration Calculations
• Pressing A during calculation of an integral (while the cursor is not shown
on the display) interrupts the calculation.
• Always use radians (Rad Mode) as the angle unit when performing trigonometric integrations.
• Factors such as the type of function being used, positive and negative values
within divisions, and the division where integration is being performed can
cause significant error in integration values and erroneous calculation results.
Note the following points to ensure correct integration values.
(1) When cyclical functions for integration values become positive or negative for
different divisions, perform the calculation for single cycles, or divide between
negative and positive, and then add the results together.
Positive
part (S)
Negative part (S)
b
f(x)dx =
"
a
(2) When minute fluctuations in integration divisions produce large fluctuations in
integration values, calculate the integration divisions separately (divide the
large fluctuation areas into smaller divisions), and then add the results
together.
b
f(x)dx =
"
a
"
c
f(x)dx + (–
"
a
Positive part (S)Negative part (S)
x1
f(x)dx +
a
x2
"
x1
b
f(x)dx)
"
c
f(x)dx +.....+
b
"
x4
f(x)dx
62
3-5Maximum/Minimum Value Calculations
[OPTN]-[CALC]-[FMin]/[FMax]
After displaying the function analysis menu, you can input maximum/minimum
calculations using the formats below, and solve for the maximum and minimum of
a function within interval a<x<b.
uu
uMinimum Value
uu
6(g)1(FMin) f(x) ,
uu
uMaximum Value
uu
6(g)2(FMax) f(x),
uu
uTo perform maximum/minimum value calculations
uu
Example 1 To determine the minimum value for the interval defined by start
point a = 0 and end point b = 3, with a precision of n = 6 for the
function y = x
Input
f(x).
AK4(CALC)6(g)1(FMin) vx-ev+j,
a , b , n )
a , b , n )
2
– 4x + 9
Precision (n = 1 to 9)
End point of interval
Start point of interval
Precision (n = 1 to 9)
End point of interval
Start point of interval
Input the interval
Input the precision n = 6.
a = 0, b = 3.
a,d,
g)
w
63
3 - 5 Maximum/Minimum Value Calculations
Example 2 To determine the maximum value for the interval defined by start
Input
point a = 0 and end point b = 3, with a precision of n = 6 for the
function y = –x
f(x).
AK4(CALC)6(g)2(FMax) -vx+cv+c,
2
+ 2x + 2
Input the interval
Input the precision
• In the function f(x), only X can be used as a variable in expressions. Other
variables (A through Z, r, &) are treated as constants, and the value currently
assigned to that variable is applied during the calculation.
• Input of n and the closing parenthesis following the precision value can be
omitted.
• Discontinuous points or sections with drastic fluctuation can adversely affect
precision or even cause an error.
• Note that you cannot use a Solve, differential, quadratic differential, integration,
maximum/minimum value or ! calculation expression inside of a maximum/
minimum calculation term.
• Inputting a larger value for
also increases the amount of time required to perform the calculation.
• The value you input for the end point of the interval (b) must be greater than
the value you input for the start point (a). Otherwise an error is generated.
• You can interrupt an ongoing maximum/minimum calculation by pressing the
A key.
• You can input an integer in the range of 1 to 9 for the value of
value outside this range causes an error.
a = 0, b = 3.
a,d,
n = 6.
g)
w
n increases the precision of the calculation, but it
n. Using any
64
3-6! Calculations[OPTN]-[CALC]-[!(]
To perform ! calculations, first display the function analysis menu, and then input
the values shown in the formula below.
6(g)3(!()
(ak, k, (, ), n) % ! ak
!
! calculation is the calculation of the partial sum of sequence
following formula.
S = a( + a
kk
k Example ! Calculation
kk
ExampleTo calculate the following:
6
!
k = 2
Use n = 1 as the distance between partitions.
Input sequence
AK4(CALC)6(g)3(!()aKx-daK+f,
ak , k ,
+1
(
+........+ a) = ! ak
(k2 – 3k + 5)
ak.
k = (
(
, ) , n )
Distance between partitions
Last term of sequence
Initial term of sequence
Variable used by sequence
)
)
k = (
ak
ak
ak
ak, using the
Input variable used by sequence
aK,
Input the initial term of sequence
c,g,
Input
n.
b)
w
ak.
ak and last term of sequence ak.
65
3 - 6 ! Calculations
• You can use only one variable in the function for input sequence ak.
• Input integers only for the initial term of sequence ak and last term of sequence
ak .
• Input of n and the closing parentheses can be omitted. If you omit n, the
calculator automatically uses n = 1.
kk
k ! Calculation Applications
kk
• Arithmetic operations using ! calculation expressions
• Arithmetic and function operations using ! calculation results
• Function operations using ! calculation terms (ak, k)
• Note that you cannot use a Solve, differential, quadratic differential,
integration, maximum/minimum value or ! calculation expression inside of a !
calculation term.
Expressions:
Possible operations:
2 ' Sn, log (Sn), etc.
! (sink, k, 1, 5), etc.
nn
Sn = ! ak, Tn = ! bk
k = 1k = 1
Sn + Tn, Sn – Tn, etc.
• Make sure that the value used as the final term ) is greater than the value
used as the initial term (. Otherwise, an error will occur.
• To interrupt an ongoing ! calculation (indicated when the cursor is not on the
display), press the A key.
66
Chapter
Complex Numbers
This calculator is capable of performing the following operations
using complex numbers.
Binary, Octal, Decimal,
and Hexadecimal
Calculations
This calculator is capable of performing the following operations
involving different number systems.
• Number system conversion
• Arithmetic operations
• Negative values
• Logical operations
5
5-1Before Beginning a Binary, Octal, Decimal, or
Hexadecimal Calculation
5-2Selecting a Number System
5-3Arithmetic Operations
5-4Negative Values and Logical Operations
5-1Before Beginning a Binary, Octal, Decimal, or
Hexadecimal Calculation
You can use the RUN Mode and binary, octal, decimal, and hexadecimal settings
to perform calculations that involve binary, octal, decimal and hexadecimal values.
You can also convert between number systems and perform logical operations.
• You cannot use scientific functions in binary, octal, decimal, and hexadecimal
calculations.
• You can use only integers in binary, octal, decimal, and hexadecimal calculations, which means that fractional values are not allowed. If you input a value
that includes a decimal part, the unit automatically cuts off the decimal part.
• If you attempt to enter a value that is invalid for the number system (binary,
octal, decimal, hexadecimal) you are using, the calculator displays an error
message. The following shows the numerals that can be used in each number
system.
Binary: 0, 1
Octal: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
Decimal: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
Hexadecimal: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F
• The alphabetic characters used in the hexadecimal number appear differently
on the display to distinguish them from text characters.
Normal Text: A, B, C, D, E, F
Hexadecimal Values: u, v, w, x, y, z
• Negative binary, octal, and hexadecimal values are produced using the two’s
complement of the original value.
• The following are the display capacities for each of the number systems.
Number SystemDisplay Capacity
Binary16 digits
Octal11 digits
Decimal10 digits
Hexadecimal8 digits
74
Loading...
+ hidden pages
You need points to download manuals.
1 point = 1 manual.
You can buy points or you can get point for every manual you upload.