Boonton Electronics 4400A, 4500A User Manual

INSTRUCTION MANUAL
RF PEAK POWER METER
ANALYZER
RF PEAK POWER METER
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INSTRUCTION MANUAL
RF PEAK POWER METER ANALYZER
RF PEAK POWER METER
This manual covers instrument serial #s:
ELECTRONICS CORPORATION
ALL
REV DATE 9/97
MANUAL P/N 98404700A
25 EASTMANS ROAD, PARSIPPANY, NJ 07054
TELEPHONE: 973-386-9696
FAX: 973-386-9191
BOONTON ELECTRONICS CORPORATION
4400A/4500A MANUAL ADDENDUM
OPTION 05 - TTL EXTERNAL TRIGGER LEVEL
(BEC PRODUCT NUMBER 99102115A)
DESCRIPTION
This option replaces the standard 50 ohm external trigger input(s) and has a resistance of approximately 5k ohms to ground with no pull-up resistor. Most TTL and CMOS sources can easily drive this load. The input is also useful as a general purpose trigger input and is adaptable to ECL logic operating at either +5 volts or –5.2 volts as well as newer low voltage saturated logic families.
FUNCTIONAL CHANGES
With the TTL Trigger Level Option 05 installed, additional menu choices for trigger source will appear in the Trig>Trig Source menu box. When selected the 1 EXT TTL and 2 EXT TTL sources automatically set and fix the trigger level to +1.40 volts. The 1 EXT and 2 EXT sources provide a variable trigger level range of -3.00 to +3.00 volts with a 5k ohm load resistance. A minimum signal level of 400 mV peak-to-peak within the trigger level range is required for
triggering. To avoid damage DO NOT APPLY a signal level greater than !30 volts combined DC plus peak AC.
Additional GPIB bus commands have been added to control the trigger source:
TR1EXTTL - selects the number 1 external trigger input BNC connector and forces the trigger level to the TTL threshold +1.40 volts.
TR2EXTTL - selects the number 2 external trigger input BNC connector and forces the trigger level to the TTL threshold +1.40 volts.
TESTING
After installation verify that the Trig>Trig Source menu box will select CH1 Int, 1 EXT, 1 EXT TTL and the same for channel 2 if the instrument is a 2 channel configuration. If this test fails the program version may be too old or the instrument is not licensed for this option or both.
Use an ohmmeter to measure the input resistance of the external trigger input(s). The input impedance should be 5.00 kohms ( 4.90 – 5.10 kohms ) .
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Using a pulse generator apply a minimum TTL pulse signal (0.8 v to 2.0 v) at 10 kHz to the 1(2) Trigger input BNC connector and to the EXT PULSE input BNC connector on the rear panel simultaneously. Using the Spcl>Calibrator>Pulse>Source menu set the calibrator for External pulse modulation and verify that the 1(2) EXT TTL trigger setting will automatically trigger with this source. Change to 1(2) EXT and adjust the trigger level over its range. Using the Chan1(2)>Extensions>Display>Pwr and Chan1(2)>Extensions>Display>Trig menu settings verify that triggering occurs at approximately 1.4 volts trigger level.
Return the settings to Chan1(2)>Extensions>Display>Pwr.
1. Revised 18 DEC 1999
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BOONTON ELECTRONICS CORPORATION
4400A/4500A MANUAL ADDENDUM
OPTION 04 – DELAY by EVENTS TRIGGER QUALIFIER
(BEC PRODUCT NUMBER 99102114A)
Description
Option 04 adds an additional qualifier to the 4400A/4500A trigger system to permit trigger d ela y by events rather than by time only, and by a combination of time delay and events delay. This capability is useful for selecting a particular pulse in a burst of pulses.
Dly by Events is turned On or Off from the instruments that have the necessary hardware installed. When Trig>Dly by Events is turned On,
TRIG
the Counter.
The EvTrig Delay menu box replaces Trig Mode { Auto Norm }. Th e selected Auto or Normal setting will remain effective when Dly by Events is active. The Auto mode supplies a trace when the trigger condition is not met.
The EvTrig Delay time can be set f rom 1 microsecond to 65.534 milliseconds in 1 microsecond steps and from 66 milliseconds to 65.534 seconds in 1 millisecond steps. To use this mode for burst measurements the delay time is made longer than the burst time, but less than the burst cycle time. This will result in stable triggering of the burst.
The Event Count menu box repl aces Holdoff. When Dly by Events is active the sweep generator holdoff is forced to its minimum value and all holdoff functions are performed via the EvTrig Delay setting.
The Event Count is adjusted from 1 to 65,534 to select the desired trigger event within the burst. The count is not reset at the end of the delay time. If a number lar ger than the number of events in a single burst is chosen, counting will continue into the next burst.
ger menu selections will change to include Trig>EvTrig Delay (time) and Trig>Event
TRIG
ger menu. This menu selection appears only in
The source, level and slope qualifications of the trigger are the same for the burst and the events. Any internal or external trigger source may be used. The Model 4400A contains a single sampling time base, but the Events Delay time base is independent of the Trig Delay setting in
TIME
the setting can be used to align the trigger point of the expanded delayed trace with the display graticule.
menu. Time>Trig Delay along with the Time>Position { L M R } trigger position
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In order to provide maximum flexibility, separate Delay by Events circuits and parameters are maintained for each trigger source group. Trig>Trig Source { CH 1 INT, 1 EXT and 1 EXT TTL } sources comprise group 1 and { CH 2 INT, 2 EXT and 2 EXT TTL } make up group 2. Only group 1 sources are functional in single channel configurations.
New GPIB commands control the Delay by Events trigger qualifier. The following commands are trigger source vectored and are directed to the trigger source group ( 1 or 2 ) currently selected. This allows the delay by events conditions to be different for the two measurement channels or the two external trigger sources.
TREVON - select delay by events operation.
TREVOF - select standard trigger system operation.
TREVDELY - set the Events Trigger Delay in seconds. For example, to set the delay to 501 microseconds, send TREVDELY 501E-6. The range is 1E-6 to 65534E-3.
TRECOUNT - set the Event Counter to the desired event number for trigger generation. The range is 1 to 65534.
Software
Option 04 operates only with software revision 20000127 and later. This software will detect the presence of the optional circuits and respond by enabling the option 04 features.
To test for this condition, press the TRIG function key. The bottom menu box should be labeled Dly by Events and contain selections ON and Off. If the bottom menu box is blank, the optional circuitry has not been detected.
Operational Check
With Option 04 successfully detected, set TRIG>Dly by Events to Off. Note that the top five menu boxes of function TRIG are the same as for a standard instrument but arranged in a different order. In this mode the trigger system operates in exactly the same manner as a standard instrument without option 04.
Now set TRIG>Dly by Events to On. Note that the two middle menu boxes change to EvTrig Delay and Event Counter. In this mode the TRIG>EvTrig Delay operates in a similar manner to the Holdoff function in the standard configuration. It sets the minimum time between cycles of the event counting system and is used to obtain synchronization with a pulse burst or equivalent waveform. Once this is done, the TRIG>Event Counter is used to select by number the particular event within the burst that triggers the horizontal sweep. The time base can then be expanded and the Time>Trig Delay function operates on the expanded waveform as it would normally on a
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non-expanded waveform. The two delay functions are completely independent.
In this way you can synchronize and observe the nth pulse of a burst even if its time position is highly variable.
Testing
Delay by events requires a pulse burst signal for testing. A TTL test signal consisting of a burst of 50 or so 5 microsecond pulses repeated every 1 millisecond is recommended. Use this signal to externally modulate the 1 GHz Calibrator. Connect a peak sensor to the Calibrator and Channel 1. Use the following setup:
CALIBRATOR
Source Ext Polarity + Mode Pulse Level 0.0 dBm Output On
TRIGger
Dly by Events On Trig Slope + Event Counter 1 Ev Trig Delay 800 us Trig Level -3.00 dBm Trig Source CH1 Int
TIME
Timebase 200 us/div Position M Trig Delay 0.0 us
Adjust the Channel 1 controls to view the pulse burst on the display. Change the timebase to 5 us/div and observe the first pulses of the burst beginning in the center of the display. Change the event counter to 2 and observe the second pulse, etc. Slowly advance the Event Counter and verify that you can scan all the way across the burst, pulse by pulse, to the last pulse. Advancing the counter beyond the last pulse displays the first pulse of the next burst, etc.
Repeat the test for Channel 2 in a two channel configuration.
Revised 2 March 2000
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98404702A
BOONTON ELECTRONICS
A subsidiary of Noise/Com a Wireless Telecom Group Company
4400A/4500A MANUAL ADDENDUM
Applies to
Meter,
Instruction Manual Model 4500A RF Peak Power Meter /Analyzer, Model 4400A RF Peak Power
Part Number 98404700A, revised 09/97.
Effective for Control Software Revision
20010119
and later.
1. NEW FEATURES
1.1 Power vs Tim e Data Output Capability
Data Buffer Configuration.
derived from a 501-element data buffer. Each element is a measurement value for one pix el in the display. The elements are numbered from zero through 500. The element zero lies on the left­most vertical gridline; the element 500 lies on the right-most gridline and element 250 lies on the center gridline.
Data Buffer Output.
or Reference 2. The data is adjusted for V ertical Offset, calibrati on factors and averagin g. If the display Units are set to “Linear”, power will be in watts with 5 decimal digits of resolution. The
real number format is: (-d.ddddE!dd , -dd.dddE!dd or –ddd.ddE!dd where the positive sign is omitted and the exponent is mod 3) watts. Negative power values indicate underflow of the
system “zero”. If the display units are set to “Log”, power will be in dBm (decibels relative to 1 milliwatt) with a resolution of !0.01 dB. Negative linear power values will return –70.00 dBm excluding offsets if not clipped.
Data can be output for Channel 1, Channel 2, Channel Math, Referenc e 1
Each trace display of the 4400A/4500A Peak Power Meter is
In the Pulse mode with Log units a clip level is applied which establishes a minimum power level based on the sensor calibration data. This level will vary depending upon the sensor type and offsets.
For Channel 1 or 2 in the Trigger View mode the data will be returned in volts with a resolution of !0.01 volts.
GPIB Data Buffer Output.
TKFPDISP talk mode command. This is a permanent talk mode that remains in effect until replaced by a different permanent talk mode. TKFPDISP should be followed by an index argument in the range 0 to 500 inclusive that specifies the number of the first element of the data
Data buffer contents can be read over the GPIB using the
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buffer to be sent. The total number of elements requested is specified by the BUFCOUNT command. BUFCOUNT is followed by an argument in the range 1 to 501 inclusive.
After the TKFPDISP command and argument are sent, the first time the 4400A/4500A is addressed to talk (MTA is sent), a string of comma delimited elements will be returned beginning with the index value followed by BUFCOUNT measurement values as described above.
Each successive time the power meter is addressed to talk the index value will be automatically advanced by BUFCOUNT number of elements and a new string returned. If the incremented pointers reach beyond the last element in the buffer the string is truncated and fewer than BUFCOUNT values are returned. At least one index and one element is always returned.
Example: BUFCOUNT 10 TKFPDISP 0 [MTA] Returns 0, p0, p1, p2, p3, p4 … p9 [MTA] Returns 10, p10, p11, p12, p13 …p19
Example: BUFCOUNT 501 TKFPDISP 0 [MTA] Returns 0, p0, p1, p2 …….p500 (entire buffer) [MTA] Returns 500, p500 (truncated to one element)
Example: BUFCOUNT 5 TKFPDISP 496 [MTA] Returns 496, p496, p497, p498, p499, p500
The source buffer is selected using the CH1, CH2, CHM, REF1 and REF2 commands. The units are selected using LIN or LOG. TKFPDISP does not interrupt sampling and data collection while sending data. For this reason buffer data will not remain stable during a transfer. If this behavior is undesirable, issue the STOP command to stop data capture when appropriate.
Front Panel Data Buffer Output.
Front panel data buffer output is controlled by the Prgm>Trace Data> menu. An entire data buffer can be sent to a Floppy Disk file, the COM1 serial port or the LPT1 line printer. No index value is used. The delimiter separating data elements can be selected to be a comma, LF (line-feed or NL), CR (carria ge return) or ASCII space. This is useful if the data file is to imported directly into a spreadsheet.
Prgm>Trace Data>Select A number, nn, 0 to 99 which specifies the filename B4500Ann.TXT. Applies only to Disk output.
Prgm>Trace Data>Source Select the data buffer: CH1, CH2, CH Math, Ref1, Ref2
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Prgm>Trace Data>Destination Select the output device: LPT1, COM1 Disk
Prgm>Trace Data>Delimiter Select the data element delimiter: comma, LF, CR, Space
Prgm>Trace Data>Send Data Press to START data transfer from buffer to device.
GPIB Control of Front Panel Output Controls.
In addition to the direct GPIB output via the TKFPDISP and BUFCOUNT commands, the alternate device outputs can also be controlled over the bus. The specific commands are given below.
FILENO Sets the filename B4500Ann.TXT for Disk output where nn is the argument of FILENO. Valid range is 0 to 99.
BUFDELCO Set buffer delimiter to comma. BUFDELLF Set buffer delimiter to linefeed (NL) BUFDELCR Set buffer delimiter to carriage return BUFDELSP Set buffer delimiter to space.
Note: The delimiters do not apply to data returned using TKFPDISP. They apply only to output using DATASEND.
DATACOM1 Select COM1 serial port output. DATADISK Select the floppy disk output with filename selected with FILENO DATALPT1 Select the printer port LPT1 for output. Delimiter will affect printed format.
DATASOCH1 Select the Channel 1 buffer. DATASOCH2 Select the Channel 2 buffer. DATASOCHM Select the Channel Math buffer. DATASORF1 Select the Reference 1 buffer. DATASORF2 Select the Reference 2 buffer.
Note: These source selections do not apply to data returned by TKFPDISP. They apply only to output using DATASEND.
DATASEND Action command which causes the data buffer to be sent to the selected output.
Unlike output to the GPIB data capture is interrupted during transfers to output ports and the disk.
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1.2 Statistical Data Output Capability
The following data output capability is applicable only to the Model 4500A.
4500A Statistical Histogram GPIB Output.
The 4500A statistical histogram count array accumulated by running a CDF, 1-CDF or PDF function is output in two arrays of 4096 values each.
1. The X-axis array consists of up to 4096 power values in watts or dBm as described above. The bus commands LIN and LOG are used to set the units. The Channel 1 array is selected by the command SELDATTBL 6 and the Channel 2 array by SELDATTBL 7. The array is returned by the talk mode command TK-TBLDAT n, where n is the starting index number. The BUFCOUNT command followed by a count argument of 1 to 4096 operates as described above for the TKFPDISP command.
2. The Y-axis array consists of up to 4096 count values. The count value is the number of times the power sample value has fallen within the bin located by the index number. The power in watts or dBm for the center of each bin or index number is given by the X-axis array above. The ratio of each bin count to the total sample count is the probability of occurrence for that bin. The Channel 1 count array is selected b y the command SELDATTBL 8 and the Channel 2 count array by SELDATTBL 9. The array is returned by the talk mode command TK-TBLDAT n, where n is the starting index number. The BUFCOUNT command followed by a count argument of 1 to 4096 operates as described above for the TKFPDISP command.
4500A Front Panel Histogram Output.
Front panel histogram output is controlled by the Prgm>Trace Data> menu. An entire data buffer can be sent to a Floppy Disk file, the COM1 serial port or the LPT1 line printer. No index value is used. The delimiter separating data elements can be selected to be a comma, LF (line-feed or NL), CR (carriage return) or ASCII space. This is useful if the data file is to be imported directly into a spreadsheet.
For the Model 4500A, additional source choices will appear in the menu as follows:
Prgm>Trace Data>Source Select the data buffer: CH1, CH2, CH Math, Ref1, Ref2,Cal Tbl 1,Cal Tbl 2,Histogram 1,Histogram2
Cal Tbl 1 and 2 are the x-axis power value arra ys and Histogram 1 and 2 are the count arra ys for Channel 1 and 2 respectively. All other front panel controls and associated GPIB commands operate as described above except that the SELDATTBL n, command is used instead of the dat a source commands.
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1.3 Screen Saver
A screen saver feature has been added to increase CRT phosphor life in system applications. The display will be dimmed after a specified time during which there is no front panel control activity. The delay time in minutes is set in the Disp>Scrn Saver Delay menu window. The delay can be varied from 1 to 240 minutes via the front panel keyboard, knob or increment /decr ement buttons. To disable the feature select the increment above 240 which is “infinite” or enter 241 minutes. The CRT display will then remain bright at all times.
The display when dimmed will be restored to full brightness by any front panel key or knob operation. The delay/infinite setting is non-volatile and will be restored after power off/on. There are no related bus commands for this feature.
1.4 New Auto-Measure function, EdgeDly
A new auto-measure function, number 15, Edge Delay, has been added to the TEXT display. Edge delay shows the time delay between the left edge of the display window and the first waveform edge of either slope. This allows the display window to be used as a mask to select or exclude portions of a waveform. Trigger delay adjusts the position of the display window with respect to the trigger. Edge Delay should be added as item 15 in Table 4-19. It appears as a selection in the Meas > Param Meas > Param Top {Middle and Bottom} menus. The GPIB PARAM___ commands will accept the value 15 as an argument and allow Edge Delay to be selected remotely.
1.5 New GPIB Commands
Additions to Table 5-3 Mode 4400A/4500A Talk Mode Bus Mnemonics.
Code Arg Function
TKATEMP --
channels. For the status flag 0 = valid, 1 = no sensor, 2 = no channel card. The auto-cal temperatures are returned in tenths of a degree Celsius (##.#). After returning data the instrument returns to the previous Talk mode. Format: status1, auto-cal temp1, status2, auto-cal temp2 Examples: send TKATEMP read 0, 34.0, 0, 39.0 valid both channels or read 0, 34.0, 1, -23.0 valid ch1; no sensor in ch2 or read 0, 34.0, 2, -23.0 valid ch1; no ch2 installed
Returns a status flag and the sensor auto-cal temperature for both
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TKEJD --
and the time delay in seconds between the left edge of the display window and the first waveform edge of either slope. Trigger delay can be used to move the window with respect to the trigger to select or exclude portions of a long string of pulses. This command works only with TKAMEAS active. After returning data the instrument returns to the previous Talk mode, normally TKAMEAS. Examples: send TKAMEAS send only once send TKEJD “send TKEJD read” may be repeated read 1, 1.163e-7 valid edge delay in seconds or read 0, 0 no valid result
For the currently selected measurement channel returns a status flag
TKMMODE --
flag. For the run/stop flag 0 = STOP, 1 = RUN. For the mode identifier 0 = Pulse, 1 = CW, 2 = CDF, 3 = 1-CDF, 4 = PDF. For the units flag 0 = log (dBm) and 1 = linear (watts). After returning data the instrument returns to the previous Talk mode. Examples: send TKMMODE read 1, 0, 0 running in pulse mode with log units or read 0, 3, 1 stopped in 1-CDF mode with linear units
Returns a measurement mode run/stop flag, mode identifier and units
1.6 EOI Only Talk mode Terminator
In the Util > IEEE-488 > Bus Setup > Talk Term menu a new choice, This allows return strings to be terminated only by the EOI signal of the GPIB, simplifying setup with controllers which use this as their default.
EOI only
, has been added.
1.7 Reference Lines in Linear Unit s mode
Reference Lines and Reference Line Tracking now work in the Linear as well as Logarithmic units modes. Reference line level readout is always in dBm.
2. CORRECTIONS
2.1 Sensor Temperature Readings
All previous versions and revisions of Model 4400/4500/4400A and 4500A report sensor temperature approximately 10 degrees Celsius lower than the actual internal sensor temperature. This characteristic has been of little consequence since only delta temperature values are used.
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For future developments it is desirable to use the actual internal sensor temperature. Effective with this revision (20010119) all sensor temperatures are the actual internal temperature.
Compatibility with previous software revisions.
The effect of this change is expected to be minimal because delta temperature values are not affected. Some GPIB programs may use absolute sensor temperature values and expect the old style values for correct operation. To accommodate this situation, a new GPIB command
OLD_TEMP#
has been included in the new revision. To use the old style temperatures, issue the GPIB command OLD-TEMP# in the initialization part of the program. This will cause all sensor temperature values to appear as in earlier revisions. The effect of this command is volatile and it must be re-issued after a power off/on cycle.
2.2 Failure to resume in Statistical mode on power up (4500A only).
Some previous software revisions contain a bug that causes statistical measurements not to resume correctly on power up. This occurs only when the instrument was powered down in one of the statistical modes. Normal operation will resume if the menu selection or a GPIB measure mode command is sent. This revision (20010119) corrects the error and under the above conditions statistical measurements will resume automatically at power up.
2.3 Inability to use reque st for service (SRQ) on settled measurement in CW mode with averaging > 1.
In all previous revisions in CW measurement mode with the SRQ mask set to 2, no service request would be issued unless the Averaging was set to 1. This bug has been fixed in this revision (20010119). Since CW is a continuous mode it is necessary to stop and start the measurement in order to obtain repeated service requests with settled readings. Stopping the continuous measurement resets the averaging system. After a restart and after the averaging time has expired, the service request will be issued if the mask for settled measurement (2) is enabled. The serial poll issued by the GPIB controller reads and resets the service request, but not the settled measurement flag. To restore synchronization between the controller and the measurement process, it is necessary to issue the STOP command. When the desired signal is present at the power sensor input, issue the RUN command. When the selected averaging is completed, the service request will again be made. This sequence can be repeated indefinitely.
Revised 20010126
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98404704A
BOONTON ELECTRONICS
a Wireless Telecom Group Company
4400A/4500A MANUAL ADDENDUM
Applies to Instruction Manual Model 4500A RF Peak Power Meter /Analyzer, Model 4400A RF Peak Power Meter, Part Number 98404700A, revised 09/97.
Effective for Control Software Revision 20020511 and later.
1.0 NEW FEATURES
1.1 Peak Sensor Temperature Compensation
When used with a peak sensor that contains a valid temperature compensation table, the model 4400A and 4500A Peak Power Meters can provide temperature compensated power measurements. The default mode for temperature compensation is active. The Chan n > Calibration>Temp Comp menu box will be visible with “Sensor Tbl” displayed. To turn off temperature compensation press the menu button and “Off” will be displayed. The “Off” setting is volatile and not preserved through power cycles or major mode changes. If the sensor in use does not have a temperature compensation table the Temp Comp menu box will not appear at all.
The Spcl>Chan n Sensor report will include the message “Sensor has Temperature Compensation Table” when appropriate. The Spcl>Servicing>Configuration report shows TC system status if either channel has a sensor with a valid table. The format of this message if present is:
TC System Status 1:[err code] #### 2:[err code] ####
The error codes are:
0 No error. 145 TC # of Temps Err Table parameter error 146 TC # of Powers Err Table parameter error 147 TC Interp Err Table interpolation error 148 TC Expand Err Table expansion error 149 TC Extend Err Table extension error 150 TC Chksum Err Table read checksum error 151 TC Table Length Error 152 TC Temp Value Err A temperature value is out of range
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153 TC Temp Non-mono A temperature array is non-monotonic 154 TC Power Value Err A power value is out of range 155 TC Power Non-mono A power array is non-monotonic 156 TC Corr Value Err A correction value is out of range
Use CH1 or CH2 to specify to which channel the following temperature compensation related GPIB commands apply:
TCON Turn on temperature compensation if available. If not, ignore.
TCOFF Turn off temperature compensation. This is a volatile setting if compensation is available.
1.2 Sensor Auto-calibration File Retention
Sensor auto-calibration files are now saved by channel as .AC1 and .AC2 files in non­volatile (flash) memory. This avoids the need to perform auto-cal every time a sensor is removed and replaced by a different one, provided the sensors are known to the channel(s) involved. When a sensor is plugged-in a search is made to find an existing auto-cal file. If one is found, it is installed. If not, the “Needs Auto-cal” message will appear. When auto-cal is performed the existing file is overwritten with the new result. If no previous file exists, one is created. Sensor filenames have the form SEN#####.AC n, where ##### is the serial number and n is the channel number.
The file directory system is expanded to display auto-calibration files in flash memory as well as the previous files on the floppy disk. The Utility>Disk>Flash Disk path lists sensor auto-cal files by channel. The Select File <> menu contains a sequence number which refers to the position of the file in the list. The selected file is shown in RED and may be deleted by pressing the menu button next to the “Delete” box. Deletion of files must be confirmed or cancelled.
There are no GPIB operations on the file directory.
1.3 Color *.bmp File of Display
The Hardcopy section now includes a color *.bmp file of the current display that can be saved to the floppy disk, sent to the COM1 port or the GPIB. To select this feature set the Util>Hardcopy>Device menu to “Plotter”. Then select Util>Hardcopy>Model “.BMP”. Choose the Plot Label, Output Port and File Select number if the output is the floppy disk. Graph & Text is not applicable. Note that the “IEEE-488” output selection applies to the listen only (lon) GPIB addressing mode only. For controller directed GPIB output
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see below. Press the PLOT key to send the file to the selected output. The .bmp extension is added to the floppy disk file directory to allow viewing the filenames saved on disk. The GPIB commands for controller directed return of the .bmp file contents are:
Send the sequence PLOTTER PLOT.BMP to select the bit-map mode. Send TKPLOT to set the talk mode that returns the file when addressed to talk.
The GPIB commands to send the plot file contents to an output other than the GPIB are:
Send the sequence PLOTTER PLOT.BMP to select the bit-map mode. Send PLOTSER1, PLOTCOM1, PLOTLPT1 or PLOTDISK to select the output. {Use PLOT488 only with the front panel PLOT
key manually to send in the talk only (ton) mode to a listen only (lon) device}. For PLOTDISK send FILENO ## to select a filename. Send PLOT to simulate pressing the PLOT
key to send the file to the selected
output.
1.4 External Trigger Input Calibration
A provision to zero and calibrate the external trigger inputs has been added to provide better accuracy for voltage measurements made with the trigger inputs. The following procedure is used to calibrate each external trigger input:
Set Time>Timebase to “5 ms/Div” Set Trig>Trig Mode to “Auto” Select the external trigger input in the Trig>Trig Source menu corresponding to the selected measurement channel (CH1 to 1EXT or CH2 to 2EXT). Set the Chan#>Extensions>Display to “Trig” (Trigger View Mode) Set the Chan#>Vert Scale to 1.00 V/Div
Set the Spcl>Servicing>Cal Mode “On”
With Cal Mode “On” two boxes labeled Ext Trig Zero and Ext Trig Cal will appear in the Chan#>Extensions menu. Ext Trig Zero will have a bright “Start” label.
With no input to the selected external trigger input, press the menu button for Ext Trig Zero “Start”. The input will be zeroed and the Ext Trig Cal “Start” label will be bright.
With +3.00 volts applied to the selected external trigger input, press the menu button for Ext Trig Cal “Start”. The input will be calibrated for 3 divisions of deflection at 1 V/Div.
Set the Spcl>Servicing>Cal Mode “Off”
The results of the calibration are stored in non-volatile memory with file extension .TRV. Absent a file, default data is supplied automatically and simulates the existing software. External trigger level calibration is not available on the GPIB.
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1.5 UNDIM Command.
A GPIB command, UNDIM, is added to reset the screen saver without touching the panel or re-loading the color table. This is helpful in remotely controlled applications.
2.0 Changes
2.1 Instrument Setup Save/Recall change.
The instruments setup save and recall system has been modified to save a binary file instead of an ASCII file. The binary file is smaller and more comprehensive and is identical to the internal save/recall format. The new file has the extension .ISU. For customers with existing .INS files the ability to read an .INS file is still present, but new features will not be available using this method. Existing files should be converted by reading the .INS files and saving them as .ISU. The file directory is modified to display .ISU files. The GPIB commands are not affected.
2.2 GPIB command *OPT? change.
An installed hardware options list has been appended to the *OPT? GPIB command format previously used. For example, a single channel instrument with Option 04 hardware installed and a sensor plugged-in returns:
1,1,0,0,4
2.3 Configuration report change.
Installed options are now identified in the Configuration Report. For example:
The Spcl>Servicing>Configuration Report for Option 04 installed reports:
Opt 04 – Trigger Delay by Events installed
2.4 Sensor Temperature Reporting change.
Sensor auto-cal temperature and current temperature readings have been moved from the Utility>Report to the Spcl>Ch 1 Sensor>Report and Spcl>Ch 2 Sensor>Report.
4
98404706A
3.0 Corrections
1. Remove glitches that occur when in Triggered mode (as opposed to Auto) and certain commands are executed. Also, measurement traces can now be moved and re-scaled when Waiting for Trigger on the slow time bases.
2. Calculate the auto-measure parameter “OFF TIME”. This function has always been enabled but there was no calculation method included.
3. Correct an overflow error in the cal table expansion that overwrites the first position of the channel 2 table when channel 1 is expanded. This may cause the channel 2 PDF to not appear.
4. GPIB command TKBMEAS now reports the sign of Pk/Avg ratio correctly.
5. Marker math mode changes now occur immediately even in wait for trigger.
6. When both markers are in trigger view mode the marker math functions MK1-MK2, MK2-MK1, MAX-MIN and MIN-MAX are computed as voltage difference and appear in the middle window with voltage difference units. The PK/AVG mode is not recognized in trigger view mode but is not an error. This correction also appears in the parameters of GPIB commands TKMEAS, TKBMEAS and TKUNITS when appropriate.
7. The trigger pointer is now removed when the direct set of a statistical mode occurs.
8. Restore the legacy GPIB command MKDELTA to set the marker math to power difference in the linear units mode only. This command was deleted by mistake in the “A” series.
9. Update the RUN/STOP message in the recall stored setup function to avoid out of sync messages.
10. Change the linear mode reference lines to track vertical offset in “divisions” rather than watts, which is incorrect.
Revised 20020513
5
98404706A
SAFETY SUMMARY
The following general safety precautions must be observed during all phases of operation and maintenance of this instru­ment. Failure to comply with these precautions or with specific warnings elsewhere in this manual violates safety standards of design, manufacture, and intended use of the instrument. Boonton Electronics assumes no liability for the customer’s fail-
ure to comply with these requirements.
THE INSTRUMENT MUST BE GROUNDED
To minimize shock hazard the instrument chassis and cabinet must be connected to an electrical ground. The instrument is equipped with a three conductor, three prong a.c. power cable. The power cable must either be plugged into an approved three-contact electrical outlet or used with a three-contact to a two-contact adapter with the (green) grounding wire firmly connected to an electrical ground in the power outlet.
DO NOT OPERATE THE INSTRUMENT IN AN EXPLOSIVE ATMOSPHERE
Do not operate the instrument in the presence of flammable gases or fumes.
KEEP AWAY FROM LIVE CIRCUITS
Operating personnel must not remove instrument covers. Component replacement and internal adjustments must be made by qualified maintenance personnel. Do not replace components with the power cable connected. Under certain conditions dangerous voltages may exist even though the power cable was removed, therefore; always disconnect power and discharge circuits before touching them.
DO NOT SERVICE OR ADJUST ALONE
Do not attempt internal service or adjustment unless another person, capable or rendering first aid and resuscitation, is pre­sent.
DO NOT SUBSTITUTE PARTS OR MODIFY INSTRUMENT
Do not install substitute parts or perform any unauthorized modifications or the instrument. Return the instrument to Boon­ton Electronics for repair to ensure that the safety features are maintained.
SAFETY SYMBOLS
This safety requirement symbol (located on the rear panel) has been adopted by the International Electro­technical Commission, Document 66 (Central Office) 3, Paragraph 5.3, which directs that an instrument be so labeled if, for the correct use of the instrument, it is necessary to refer to the instruction manual. In this case it is recommended that reference be made to the instruction manual when connecting the instru­ment to the proper power source. Verify that the correct fuse is installed for the power available.
The CAUTION symbol denotes a hazard. It calls attention to an operation procedure, practice, or the like, which, if not correctly performed or adhered to, could result in damage to or destruction of part or all of the equipment. Do not proceed beyond a CAUTION symbol until the indicated conditions are fully understood and met.
The NOTE symbol is used to mark information which should be read. This information can be very use­ful to the operating in dealing with the subject covered in this section.
The HINT symbol is used to identify additional comments which are outside of the normal format of the manual, however can give the user additional information about the subject.
Contents
Illustrations v Tables vii
Paragraph Page
1 General Information
1.1 Organization 1-1
1.2 Description 1-2
1.3 Features 1-3
1.4 Accessories 1-5
1.5 Optional Configurations 1-6
1.6 Specifications 1-6
2 Installation
2.1 Unpacking & Repacking 2-1
2.2 Power Requirements 2-2
2.3 Connections 2-2
2.4 Preliminary Check 2-3
3 Getting Started
3.1 Organization 3-1
3.2 Operating Controls, Indicators and Connections 3-1
3.3 Monitor Display 3-6
3.4 Initialize 3-8
3.5 Calibration 3-11
3.6 Practice Exercises for Pulse Power M easurements 3-13
3.7 Practice Exercises for Statistical Power Measurements(4500A) 3-22
4 Operation
4.1 Calibration 4-1 CF in dB 4-1
4.2 Manual Operation 4-3
4.3 Menu Conventions 4-3
4.4 Data Entry Controls 4-12
4.5 Display Data 4-13
4.6 Top Level Menu 4-15
4.7 System Keys 4-18
4.8 Function Keys 4-20
4.9 CHAN Key and Chan # > Menu 4-20 Menu Configuration 4-21 Figures and Tables 4-21 Calibration 4-25 Channel Math 4-30 Reference Traces 4-32
4.10 TIME Key and Time > Menu 4-34
4.11 TRIG Key and Trig > Menu 4-36
4.12 MARK Key and Mark > Menu 4-39 Procedure 4-40
4.13 REF Key and Ref > Menu 4-45
4.14 MEAS Key and Meas > Menu 4-48
Contents i
Paragraph Page
4.15 UTIL Key and Util > Menu 4-54
Inst Status 4-55 IEEE-488 Bus 4-55 Serial Menu 4-59 Serial Port 1 4-60 Serial Port 2 4-60 Disk Utilities 4-61 Hardcopy 4-63 Clock 4-64
4.16 SPCL Key and Spcl > Menu 4-66
Self-Test 4-68 Configuration 4-68 Cal Mode 4-68 Extensions 4-71
4.17 PRGM Key and Prgm > Menu 4-73
4.18 DISP Key and Disp > Menu 4-80
Set Colors 4-84 Color Conventions 4-84
4.19 Automatic Operation 4-88
4.20 Advanced Procedures 4-90
5 Remote Operation
5.1 Setup for Remote Operation 5-1
5.2 Listen Mode 5-2 Program Function 5-2 Number Formatting 5-2 Data String Format 5-2 Data String Errors 5-3
5.3 Talk Mode 5-22
5.4 SRQ Operation 5-27 Using “Service Request” 5-27
SRQ Operation 5-28 Bus Command Responses 5-29
6 Application Notes
6.1 Introduction to Pulse Measurements 6-1 Power Measurements 6-1 Diode Detection 6-3 Model 4400A/4500A Features 6-4
6.2 Pulse Definitions 6-5 Standard IEEE Pulse Definitions 6-5 Automatic Measurement Terms 6-6
6.3 Automatic Measurements 6-7 Automatic Measurement Criteria 6-7 Automatic Measurement Sequence 6-7 Average Power Over an Interval 6-10
6.4 Statistical Mode Automatic Measurements (4500A) 6-11
6.5 Measurement Accuracy 6-13 Error Contributions 6-13 Typical Measurement Error Calculations 6-14
6.6 Model 4500A Statistical Measurements 6-17
ii Contents
Paragraph Page
7 Maintenance
7.1 Safety 7-1
7.2 Cleaning 7-1
7.3 Inspection 7-1
7.4 Software Upgrade 7-2
7.5 Test Equipment 7-3 Performance Verification 7-3 Calibration 7-3
7.6 Performance Verification 7-4 Checklist 7-4 Fuse Type and Rating 7-4 Instrument Serial Number 7-4 Control Software Version 7-4 Time and Date 7-4 Sensor Serial Number 7-4 Calibrator Frequency Verification 7-5 Calibrator Linearity Verification 7-6 Calibrator 0 dBm Verification 7-7 Sensor Return Loss Verification 7-8 Sensor Linearity Performance Verification 7-9 Sensor Frequency Calibration Factor Verification 7-14 Sensor Rise Time Verification 7-18 Calibrator External Pulse Verification 7-20 IEEE-488 Bus Verification 7-20 Serial Port 1 Verification 7-21
7.7 Calibration 7-21 Calibrator 0 dBm Setting 7-22
Appendix
A. Error Messages
B. Plotter Operation
B.1 Plotter Installation B -1 B.2 Plotter Operation B-2
Pre-Plot Checks B-2 Operations B-2 Post-Plot B-3 Date/Time B-3
B.3 Sample Plot B-3 HP Model 7475A Plotter connections B-4 Fujitsu FP6-310 Plotter connections B-5 HP LaserJet II Printer connections B-6 HP ThinkJet Printer IEEE-488 connections B-7 HP ThinkJet Printer RS-232 connections B-8
C. Repair and Warranty Policies
C.1 Repair Policy C-1
Model 4400A/4500A Instrument C-1 Boonton Peak Power Sensors C-1 Contacting Boonton C-1
C.2 Warranty C-2
Contents iii
Paragraph Page
D. Sensor Performance Specifications
E. End User License Agreem ent
Appendix Warranty and Special Provisions E-2
iv Contents
Illustrations
Figure Page
1-1 Model 4500A RF Peak Power Meter Analyzer 1-3 2-1 Packaging Diagram 2-1 2-2 Power-On Display 2-3 2-3 Util > Inst Status Display 2-4 3-1 Standard Model 4500A RF Peak Power Meter Analyzer
Front Panel 3-2
3-2 Model 4400A/4500A Rear Panel, Shown with
Optional Rear Panel Connectors 3-4 3-3 Monitor Display 3-6 3-4 Front Panel Controls Used in Calibration Procedures 3-12 3-5 Chan 1 > Menu 3-14 3-6 Chan 1 > Extensions Menu 3-15 3-7 Time > Menu 3-16 3-8 Trig > Menu 3-17 3-9 Mark > Menu 3-18 3-10 Split-Screen Display 3-18 3-11 Waveform Display with Time Marks 3-19 3-12 Using Mark > Set Vertical Center 3-20 3-13 CDF Display 3-24 3-14 1-CDF Display 3-25 3-15 PDF Display 3-25 4-1 Chan 1 > Menu and Associated Submenus 4-2 4-2 Control Menu Structure 4-4 4-3 Disp > Menu and Associated Submenu 4-9 4-4 Spcl > Menu and Associated Text Report 4-10 4-5 Mark > Menu 4-10 4-6 Data Entry Keypad 4-12 4-7 Top Level Menu 4-15 4-8 System Keys 4-19 4-9 Text Mode Display in Power Mode 4-19 4-10 Typical Help Screen 4-19 4-11 Function Keys 4-20 4-12 Chan # > Menu 4-20 4-13 Chan # > Calibration > Submenu 4-25 4-14 Chan # > Extensions > Submenu 4-27 4-15 Illustration of Measurement (L1) and Calibration (L2)
Paths 4-29 4-16 Chan Math > Menu 4-30 4-17 Generating a Difference Waveform Using Channel Math 4-32 4-18 Chan Ref # > Menu 4-32 4-19 Time > Menu 4-34 4-20 Trig > Menu 4-36 4-21 Mark > Menu 4-40 4-22 Mark > Extensions > Submenu 4-42 4-23 Ref > Menu 4-45 4-24 Ref > Extensions > Menu 4-45
Contents v
Figure Page
4-25 Meas > Menu 4-48 4-26 Util > Menu Inst Status Report 4-55 4-27 Util > IEEE-488 > Submenu 4-56 4-28 Util > IEE-488 > Bus Setup > Submenu 4-58 4-29 Util > Serial > COM 2 Submenu 4-61 4-30 Util > Clock > Submenu 4-64 4-31 Spcl > Menu 4-67 4-32 Spcl > Servicing > Submenu 4-67 4-33 Spcl > CH # Sensor Report 4-69 4-34 Spcl > Calibrator > Menu 4-69 4-35 Spcl > Calibrator > Pulse Submenu 4-70 4-36 4400A/4500A Calibrator Report 4-72 4-37 Prgm > Menu 4-73 4-38 Disp > Menu 4-80 4-39 Disp > Forma t > Submenu 4-81 4-40 Disp > Forma t > Trace Type > Submenu 4-83 4-41 Disp > Forma t > Assign Trace > Submenu 4-83 4-42 Disp > Forma t > Set Colors > Submenu 4-85 4-43 Text Mode Display 4-88 4-44 Text Mode Display (Stat Mode) 4-89 6-1 Pulsed RF Signal 6-2 6-2 Distorted Pulse Signal 6-2 6-3 Ideal Diode Response 6-3 6-4 IEEE Standard Pulse 6-5 6-5 Step Waveforms 6-8 6-6 Time Interpolation 6-9 6-7 Sampling Intervals 6-11 6-8 Statistical Mode Text Display (Model 4500A only) 6-11 B-1 Sample Output Plot B-3
vi Contents
Tables
Table Page
1-1 Accessories for the Model 4400A/4500A 1-5 1-2 Model 4400A/4500A Performance Specifications 1-7 2-1 Model 4400A/4500A Packing List 2-2 3-1 Operating Controls, Indicators and Connections 3-2 3-2 Monitor Display Fields 3-6 3-3 Initialized Parameters 3-9 4-1 Top Level Menu 4-15 4-2 Chan # > Menu 4-22 4-3 Chan # Calibration > Submenu 4-25 4-4 Chan # > Extensions > Submenu 4-27 4-5 Chan Math > Menu 4-30 4-6 Chan Math > Expression > Submenu 4-31 4-7 Chan Ref # > Menu 4-33 4-8 Time > Menu 4-34 4-9 Trig > Menu 4-36 4-10 Autotrigger Delay Times 4-39 4-11 Mark > Menu 4-41 4-12 Mark > Extensions > Submenu 4-42 4-13 Ref > Menu 4-46 4-14 Ref > Extensions > Submenu 4-47 4-15 Meas > Menu 4-49 4-16 Ratio Conversion Chart 4-50 4-17 Meas > Define Pulse > Submenu 4-50 4-18 Meas > Parameter Meas > Submenu 4-51 4-19 Numerical Equivalency of Automatic Measurements 4-53 4-20 Util > Menu 4-54 4-21 Util > IEEE-488 > Submenu 4-56 4-22 Util > IEEE-488 > Bus Setup > Submenu 4-58 4-23 Util > Serial > Submenu 4-59 4-24 Util > Serial > COM 1 > Submenu 4-60 4-25 Util > Serial > COM 2 > Submeu 4-61 4-26 File Information 4-62 4-27 Util > Disk Utilities > Submenu 4-62 4-28 Util > Hardcopy Submenu 4-63 4-29 Util > Clock Submenu 4-65 4-30 Spec > Menu 4-66 4-31 Self-Test Parameters 4-68 4-32 Spcl > Calibrator > Menu 4-70 4-33 Spcl > Calibrator > Pulse > Submenu 4-71 4-34 Spcl > Calibrator > Extentions > Menu 4-72 4-35 Prog > Instr Store > Submenu 4-75 4-36 Prog > Instr Recall > Submenu 4-76 4-37 Prog > Ref Save > Submenu 4-77 4-38 Prog > WFM Store > Submenu 4-78 4-39 Prog > WFM Recall > Submenu 4-79
Contents vii
Table Page
4-40 Disp > Menu 4-81 4-41 Disp > Forma t > Submenu 4-82 4-42 Disp > Forma t > Set Colors > Submenu 4-85 4-43 Numeric Equivalent of Display Items 4-86 5-1 Setup for Remote Operation 5-1 5-2 Model 4400A/4500A Listen Mode Bus Mnemonics 5-3 5-3 Model 4400A/4500A Talk Mode Bus Mnemonics 5-22 5-4 SRQ Mask, Bit Assignments 5-29 5-5 Bus Command Responses 5-29 6-1 IEEE Pulse Terms 6-5 6-2 Automatic Measurement Terms 6-6 7-1 Verification Checklist 7-5 7-2 Calibrator Output Frequency 7-6 7-3a Calibrator Linearity - High Power Range 7-6 7-3b Calibrator Linearity - Low Power Range 7-7 7-4 Sensor Return Loss 7-8 7-5 56018 Sensor Linearity (Pulse) 7-9 7-6 56218, 56318, 56326, 56340 Sensor Linearity (Pulse) 7-10 7-7 56418 Sensor Linearity (Pulse) 7-10 7-8 56518, 56526 Sensor Linearity (Pulse) 7-11 7-9 56018 Sensor Linearity (CW) 7-12 7-10 56218, 56318, 56326, 56340 Sensor Linearity (CW) 7-12 7-11 56418 Sensor Linearity (CW) 7-13 7-12 56518, 56526, 56540 Sensor Linearity (CW) 7-13 7-13 56018 Sensor Frequency Calibration Factor Accuracy 7-15 7-14 56218, 318, 418, 518 Sensor Frequency Calibration Factor Accuracy 7-15 7-15 56326, 56526 Sensor Frequency Calibration Factor Accuracy 7-16 7-16 56340, 56540 Sensor Frequency Calibration Factor Accuracy 7-17 7-17 Sensor Rise Time 7-18 B-1 Printer/Plotter Interfaces B-1 D-1 Model 56218 Sensor Performance Specifications D-2 D-2 Model 56218-S/1 Sensor Performance Specifications D-3 D-3 Model 56218-S/3 Sensor Performance Specifications D-4 D-4 Model 56218-S/4 Sensor Performance Specifications D-5 D-5 Model 56218-S/5 Sensor Performance Specifications D-6 D-6 Model 56318 Sensor Performance Specifications D-7 D-7 Model 56318-S/1 Sensor Performance Specifications D-8 D-8 Model 56326 Sensor Performance Specifications D-9 D-9 Model 56340 Sensor Performance Specifications D-10 D-10 Model 56340-S/1 Sensor Performance Specifications D-11 D-11 Model 56340-S/3 Sensor Performance Specifications D-12 D-12 Model 56418 Sensor Performance Specifications D-13 D-13 Model 56518 Sensor Performance Specifications D-14 D-14 Model 56518-S/1 Sensor Performance Specifications D-15 D-15 Model 56518-S/2 Sensor Performance Specifications D-16 D-16 Model 56526 Sensor Performance Specifications D-17 D-17 Model 56540 Sensor Performance Specifications D-18 D-18 Sensor Cable Length Effect on Risetime Specifications D-19
viii Contents
General Information
This instruction manual provides you with the information you need to install, operate and maintain the Boonton mODEL 4400A RF Peak Power Meter and the Model 4500A RF Peak Power Meter Analyzer. Section 1 is an introduction to the manual and the instrument.
1.1 Organization
The manual is organized into seven sections and three Appendices, as follows:
Section 1 - General Information presents summary descriptions of the instrument and its principal features, accessories and opt ions. Also included are specifications for the instrument and the 56000 Series sensors.
Section 2 - Installation provides instructions for unpacking the instrument, setting it up for operation, connecting power and signal cables, and initial power-up.
Section 3 - Getting Started describes the controls and indicators and the initialization of operating parameters. Several practice exercises are provided to familiarize you with essential setup and control procedures.
1
Section 4 - Operation describes the display menus and procedures for operating the instrument locally from the front panel.
Section 5 - Remote Operation explains the command set and procedures for operating the instrument remotely over an IEEE-488 bus.
Section 6 - Applicatio n Notes describes automatic measurement procedures and presents an analysis of measurment accuracy. Definitions are provided for key terms used in this manual and on the screen displays.
Section 7 - Maintenance includes procedures for installing software and verifying fault-free operation.
Appendix A - Error Messages defines t he messages that are displayed when errors occur.
Appendix B - Plotter Operation describes how to record the Model 4400A/4500A output on a plotter or printer.
Appendix C - Warranty and Repair Policy states the policies governing the return and replacement of modules and instruments during and after the warranty period.
Appendix D - Sensor Performance Specificati ons
Appendix E - End User Li cense Agreement
General Information 1-1
1.2 Description
The Model 4500A RF Peak Power Meter Analyzer and the Model 4400A Peak Power Meter are new generation RF power meters. These instruments, when operated with 56000 series power sensors, comprise the most versatile power measuring systems available, with capability to make over 25 different measurements on captured signals. The instruments can measure the peak and average power of signals in the frequency range of 30 MHz to 40 GHz with a dynamic range of over 60 dB.
The two models provide performance which previously required multiple instruments, and they provide that performance faster, with in creased accuracy; while adding functionality not previously available. The speed is visible during the screen update process, waveform response rate and the IEEE-488 performance. The Model 4400A and Model 4500A are the fastest power meters available with the ability to talk two marker meas urements over eighty times a second.
The Model 4400A has two measurement modes - pulse power and CW power. The Model 4500A adds to these a third mode - statistical power. Each mode is targeted towards a specific type of measurement.
In the pulse power mode the instrument functions as an enhanced peak power meter. It can be configured as a single or dual channel instrument. This mode provides the functionality of an random repetitive sampling oscilloscope for viewing the RF envelope of signals in the frequency range of 30 MHz to 40 GHz. Its accuracy approaches that of average power meters, but with the abil ity to capture power versus time data. With the requirement of an internal or external trigger event it can automatically measure up to 14 characteristi cs of the RF envelope. These are peak power, average power, pulse width, risetime, falltime, overshoot, pulse period, pulse repetition rate, duty cycle, top amplitude, bottom amplitude, offtime, and the delay between two RF pulses or an RF pulse with an external trigger signal. In addition to the automatic measurements, the instrument offers a powerful set of marker measurements which includes the ability to make marker measurements at full accuracy, independent of vertical scale or offset. This is possible because of t he use of logarithmic amplifiers, and a 12 bit analog to digital converter, which provide rangeless operation. In addition, the markers can be used to define regions of the waveform for analysis. This analysis includes average power of a portion of the waveform, minimum power, and maximum power.
In the CW mode the instrument’s low end performance is improved by approximately 10 dB, which provides a signal measurement range of up to 70 dB (-50 to +20 dBm). This is accomplished by automatically limiting the input bandwidth of the instrument and using a second, low bandwidth internal measurement channel.
In the statistical mode the Model 4500A offers many new features. This mode does not require a trigger event to make measurements like the pulse power mode. The instrument continuously samples the RF signal at approximately half a million samples per second, without discarding or losing any data. All of this data can be processed statistically to determine peak power, average power, minimum power, peak to average power ratio, and dynamic range, while reporting the sampling time, total samples captured and the statistical tolerance of the data. In addition, this data can be displayed using three different graphical representations. These are probability density function (PDF), cumulative distribution function (CDF), and one minus cumulative distribution function (1-CDF). This mode is very useful in applications where the signal is random in nature; such as digital communication and multiple carrier systems.
1-2 General Information
Figure 1-1. Model 4500A RF Peak Power Meter Analyzer
1.3 Featur es
Software Programmable A dedicated microprocessor performs random repetitive sampling, shaping,
filtering, calibration, offset compensation, and conversion of the RF signal. The control software is stored in EEPROM and is updated, as necessary, by loading upgrade software from a standard DOS 3.5" diskette. Software can be loaded in the field by inserting the diskette in the front panel disk drive and turning the instrument on. There is no need to remove the cover or change parts.
Auto-Setup The instrument will automatically select a verti cal scale, vertical offset,
timebase, holdoff and trigger level to display at least one pulse period at full amplitude of the full waveform.
Menu-Driven Operation Setup and control of the instrument is menu-driven to simplify operation.
User-selected parameters appear in a menu to the right of the waveform, together with applicable variables. Selections are arranged opposite adjacent
“softkeys” that select parameters and activate data entry control s. Required numerical values are entered through the keypad, arrow keys or spin knob.
Help Displays C ontext-sensitive HELP screens are accessible at the t ouch of a key
for all function menus. The HELP information guides the user step-by-step to assure accurate instrument setup.
General Information 1-3
High-Resolution Color Waveforms, control menus, measurement values and related text Display are displayed on a 7-inch diagonal, 640 x 480 pixel, VGA color CRT.
Display element colors are user-selectable to maximize clari ty.
Dual Independent When equipped with the optional second measurement channel, the Channels instrument can display two pulsed signals or a pulsed signal on
one channel and a trigger waveform on the other. Each channel is calibrated and all channel parameters are channel-independent.
Balanced Diode The balanced diode sensor configuration provides high sensitivity and Sensors even-order harmonic suppression. Low VSWR minimizes mismatch
errors. Frequency Calibration factors traceable to NIST standards are st ored in on-board EEPROMs and downloaded to the instrument. A thermistor in each sensor tracks temperature variations.
Waveform Persistence The waveform display can be placed i n the infinite persistence mode.
Built-In Precision A 1 GHz calibrator, traceable to NIST, enhances measurement relia- Calibrator bility. The user-selectable automatic calib ration routine calibrates
the sensor and instrument in steps over the full dynamic range.
Adjustable Averaging Random repetitive sampling and averaging with an exponential filter
(performed on each point of the waveform) reduce noise contribution and provide accurate, stable measurements. The number of repe­titions to be averaged can be adjusted to the small est value that achieves the desired noise suppression, thereby avoiding excessive averaging delays.
Automatic Waveform The instrument can measure fourteen pulse parameters related to power, Analysis time and/or frequency. All programmed measurements are made automatically
and displayed in text mode. Measurement information is available directly, eliminating the need for interpretation by the user.
Single-Shot The 1 MHz sampling rate yields a 100 kHz single-shot bandwidth Measurements (10 samples per pulse) for capturing and analyzing infrequent events.
Disk Drive The disk drive uses a 1.44MB DOS compatible 3.5 inch diskette. The instrument
can store its setup configuration, reference waveforms, screen printouts, or screen plots to the disk. The instrument setups are st ored as ASCII files that use the IEEE-488 bus commands. The waveform can be recalled into a reference channel and used for channel math or marker measurements. The print or plot files can be read by a PC and output to a device connected to the computer.
Hard Copy Output A permanent copy of the instrument’s screen can be spooled to a plotter
or printer. The output can be sent to the serial, parallel or IEEE-488 ports or to disk.
Self-Test and An automatic self-diagnostic routine can be initiated at any time to Diagnostics isolat e and identify a faulty module. Error reports direct the user
to the instrument module or sensor that requires replacement.
IEEE-488 Bus Control All instrument functions except power on/off can be controlled
remotely via the parallel IEEE-488 bus interface. Setup of interface parameters is menu driven; front panel indicators keep the user informed of bus activity.
1-4 General Information
Stored Configurations For applications in which the same instrument configurations are used repetitively,
up to ten complete setups can be stored and recalled at the touch of a key.
1.4 Accessories
The table lists optional accessories and sensors which may be ordered from Boonton Electronics.
Table 1-1 Accessories for the Model 4500A/Model 4400A
Selection Part Number Description
Standard
568106000 Line Cord 96401201A Fuse Kit, Metric 54554900A Fuse, USA (1.6A 250V SLO-BLO) 98404700A Instruction Manual 53304500A Operating Software (on 1.44M diskette) 95105501A Type N to SMA Adaptor (for 56X26 and 56X40 sensors)
Optional
95005591B Rack Mounting Bracket 95600005A Sensor Cable - 5 ft. 95600010A Sensor Cable - 10 ft. 95600020A Sensor Cable - 20 ft. 95600025A Sensor Cable - 25 ft. 95600050A Sensor Cable - 50 ft. 95005592B Rack Handle Kit 95600201A Trigger Delay Calibration Adapter 95600501A 4500 Driver for VEE 95600601A 4500 Driver for LABVIEW
Sensor Options
56018 Sensors are no longer available, but are compatible with the Model 4400A/4500A.
Frequency (GHz) Pulse Power Range (dBm) 56218 0.03 to 18 -24 to +20 56318 0.5 to 18 -24 to +20 56326 0.5 to 26.5 -24 to +20 56340 0.5 to 40 -24 to +20 56418 0.5 to 18 -34 to +5 56518 0.5 to 18 -40 to +20 56526 0.5 to 26.5 -40 to +20 56540 0.5 to 40 -40 to +20
General Information 1-5
1.5 Optional Configurations
-01 Second measurement channel; the channel, trigger and calibrator connectors are located on the front panel.
-02 One measurement channel; the channel, trigger and calibrator connectors are located on the rear panel.
-03 Second measurement channel; the channel, trigger and calibrator connectors are located on the rear panel.
1.6 Specifications
Performance specifications for the Model 4400A/4500A are listed in Table 1-2. Performance specifications for the Model 56218 Sensor are listed in Appendix D. Performance specifications for the Model 56218-S/1 Sensor are listed inAppendix D. Performance specifications for the Model 56218-S/3 Sensor are listed in Appendix D. Performance specifications for the Model 56218-S/4 Sensor are listed in Appendix D. Performance specifications for the Model 56218-S/5 Sensor are listed in Appendix D. Performance specifications for the Model 56318 Sensor are listed in Appendix D. Performance specifications for the Model 56318-S/1 Sensor are listed in Appendix D. Performance specifications for the Model 56326 Sensor are listed in Appendix D. Performance specifications for the Model 56340 Sensor are listed in Appendix D. Performance specifications for the Model 56340-S/1 Sensor are listed in Appendix D. Performance specifications for the Model 56418 Sensor are listed in Appendix D. Performance specifications for the Model 56518 Sensor are listed in Appendix D. Performance specifications for the Model 56518-S/1 Sensor are listed in Appendix D. Performance specifications for the Model 56526 Sensor are listed in Appendix D. Performance specifications for the Model 56540 Sensor are listed in Appendix D. Cable length effects are listed in Appendix D.
1-6 General Information
Table 1-2 Model 4400A/4500A Performance Specifications*
Parameter Specifica tion
Sensor Inputs
Frequency Range 30 MHz to 40 GHz, selectable Pulse Measur ement Ran ge -40 to +20 dB CW Measurem ent Range -50 to +20 dB
1
1
Risetime (10 - 90%) See sensor specifications Single-Shot Bandwidth 100 kHz (based on 10 samples per pulse) Pulse Repetitio n Rate 25 MHz Minimum Pulse Width 30 ns
1
Vertical Scale
Pulse and Statistical Mode
Relative Offset Range
Log ±99.99 dB
Linear 0 to 99 divisions Vertical Scale Log 0.1 to 20 dB/div in 1-2-5 sequence
Linear 1 nW to 50 MW in 1-2-5 sequence
Time Base Pulse Mode
Time Base Range 10 ns to 1 s/div Time Base Accuracy 0.01% Time Base Resolution 200 ps
Statistical Mode (Model 4500A only)
X-Axis .1, .2, .5, 1, 2, 5, 10% per division Percent Offset Range 0 - 99% (x-axis dependent) Percent Resolution 0.002%
Trigger Pulse Mode Only
Trigger Source Channel 1 internal or external; or
Channel 2 internal or external
5
Trigger Slope + or -
2 2
Pre-Trigger Delay:
Time Base Setting Delay Range
10 ns to 50 µs -500 µs
100 µs to 1 sec -10 div
Post-Trigger Delay:
Time Base Setting Delay Range
10 ns to 1 µs 10,000 div
2 µs to 50 µs2 ms
100 µs to 1 sec 200 div
Trigger Delay Resolution 0.02 divisions Trigger Holdoff Range 65 ms Trigger Holdoff Resolution 62.5 ns Trigger View
Vertical Scale 0.1V to 1V in 1-2-5 sequence Relative Offset ±3 volts Internal Trigger Range -27 to +20 dBm
1
External Trigger Range ±3 volts External Trigger Input 50 ohms, dc coupled
General Information 1-7
Table 1-2 Model 4400A/4500A Performance Specifications (continued)
Parameter Specification
Statistical Processing (Model 4500A only) CDF, 1-CDF, PDF Modes
Sampling Rate 500,000 samples per second Number of Sample Bins 4096 Size of Sample Bins 32 bits Bin Power Resolution <0.02 dB Percent Resolution 0.002% Display Modes CDF, 1-CDF in log or linear scales and plots normalized to average power
PDF log or linear scales and plots normalized to average power
Automatic Measurements Peak max. power, average power, peak t o average ratio, minimum power,
total samples, sampling time, confidence band of measurements, dynamic range, and tolerance.
Calibration Source
Operating Modes CW, internal or external pulse Frequency 1.024 GHz ± .01%
Level Range -40.0 to +20.0 dBm Resolution 0.1 dB Output SWR (Refl. Coeff.) 1.20, (0.091) Accuracy (NIST traceable)
4
(-30 to +20 dBm)
Absolute ±0.065 (1.5%) at 0 dB and 25 Linearity +0.03 dB per 5 dB
Internal Pulse Period 100 µs, 1 ms or 10 ms Internal Pulse Duty Cycle 10% to 90% in 10% i ncrements Internal/External Pulse Polarity + or ­Connector Type N
1
3
o
C, ±0.001 dB per oC
Power Measurement Accuracy
Measurement Uncertainty Total measurement uncertainty (worst case) is the sum of
the calibrator uncertainty, source mismatch error, sensor calibration factor uncertainty, sensor temperature coefficient, sensor shaping, noise and drift.
Mismatch Uncertainty ±2 x sensor refle ction coeffic ient x sour ce refl ection
coefficient x 100 %
SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION
Measurement Characteristics
Measurement Technique Stat Mode (4500A only) : Continuous sampling 0.5 M Samples /sec
Power Mode: Random repetitive sampling system which provides
pre- and post-trigger data Maximum Sample Rate 1 MHz Memory Depth 4 K Vertical Resolution 0.025%, 12 bit A/D converter Waveform Averaging 1 to 10,000 samples per data point Waveform Storage Two reference waveforms in internal non-volatile memory Trigger Channel Bandwidth > 30 MHz typical
1-8 General Information
Table 1-2 Model 4400A/4500A Performance Specifications (continued)
Parameter Specification
Sensor Characteristics
Power Detection Technique Dual diode with selectable detector bandwidth
Log Amplifier The logarithmic amplifier in the sensor enables the
instrument to measure and analyze changes in power exceeding 60 dB in a single display range.
Internal Data Sensor calibration factors, frequency range, power range,
sensor type, serial number and other sensor dependent information are stored in EEPROM within the peak power sensor.
Sensor Cable The sensor cable is detachable from both the sensor and
instrument. The standard cable length is 5 feet. Other cable lengths are 10 ft., 20 ft., 25 ft., and 50 ft.
Rear Panel Connections
External Calibrator Pulse Input Provides a means of applying an external TTL level signal
to control the pulse rate and duty cycle of the calibrator output. (50 ohm input impedance)
IEEE-488 Interface Complies with IEEE-488-1978. Implements AH1, SH1, T6,
RS-232 Interface
1 Serial Printer / Plotter interface RS-232 Interface 2 Diagnostic interface Parallel Port Parallel Printer/plotter interface Optional Connectors
5
LE0, SR1, RL1, PP0, DC1, DT1, C0, and E1
Rear Panel Channel 1 and 2, Trigger 1 and 2, calibrator output
Physical and Environmental
General Manufactured to the intent of MIL-T-28800E, Type III,
Class 5, Style E Disk Drive 3.5", 1.44MB (DOS compatible) Display VGA compatible 7" diagonal color CRT with 640 x 480
pixel resolution. Waveform display area resolution is
501 x 281. Operating Temperature 0 to 50 Storage Temperature -40 to 75 Humidity 95%
o
C
o
C
+ 5% maximum (non-condensing)
Altitude Operating: 10,000 Feet (3000 Meters)
Non-operating: 15,000 Feet (4600 Meters) Power Requirements 90 to 260 V AC, 47 to 440 Hz, 200 VA maximum Dimensions 17.25 inches (43.8 cm) wide, 7 inches (17.8 cm) high,
22 inches (55.9 cm) deep Weight 38 lbs. (17.2 kg.) with second channel installed Hard Copy Output The screen can be output to a printer or plotter on the
RS-232, parallel, IEEE-488 devices, or to a file on disk.
HPGL Plotters: HP7475 HP7470 ATT 435
Printers: ThinkJet LaserJet II
Sensors
See Appendix D or the Boonton Electronics Sensor Data Manual for detailed specifications for Boonton Peak Power Sensors.
General Information 1-9
Table 1-2 Model 4400A/4500A Performance Specifications (continued)
Parameter Specification
Notes
1
Sensor dependent
2
Sensitivities are decreased by a factor of two in the split-s creen mode.
3
CW mode
4
CW mode, 0 to 40o C
5
Available with optional second channel.
*Specifications subject to change without notice.
1-10 General Information
Installation
This section contains unpacking and repacking instructions, power requirements, connection descriptions and preliminary checkout procedures.
2.1 Unpacking & Repacking
The Model 4400A/4500A is shipped complete and is ready to use upon receipt. Figure 2-1 shows you the various pieces included in the packaging and the order in which they are loaded into the container.
Save the packing material and container to ship the instrument, if neces sary. If the original materials (or suitable substitute) are not available, contact Boonton
Note
Electronics to purchase replacements. Store materials in a dry environment. Refer to the Physical and Environmental Specifications in Table 1-2. for futher information.
2
Figure 2-1. Packaging Diagram
Installation 2-1
Table 2-1 Model 4400A/4500A Packing List
INSTRUMENT SENSORS (packaged separately)
Model 4400A RF Peak Power Meter Sensor
-or­Model 4500A RF Peak Power Meter/Analyzer Sensor Power Cord Sensor Cable, 5-foot Fuse Kit, metric Fuse, USA (1.6A 250V SLO-BLO) Operating Software (on 72 0k, 3.5" diskette) Type N to SMA Adapter (for 56X26 and Instruction Manual 56X40 Sensors)
For bench-top use, choose a clear, uncluttered area. Ensure that there is at least 6" of clearance at each air vent on the top and sides of the case. Pull -down feet are located on the bottom of the instrument. Rack mounting instructions are provided with the (optional) rack mount kit.
2.2 Power Requirements
The Model 4400A/4500A is equipped with a switching power supply that permits operation from a 90 to 260 volt, 47 to 440 Hz, single-phase, AC power source. Power consumption is 200 VA maximum. For metric fuse sizes, use the metric fuse kit supplied.
Cautions
2.3 Connecti ons
Sensor(s)
Note
Connect the power cord supplied with the instrument to the power receptacle on the rear panel. See Figure 3-2.
Before connecting the instrument to the power source, make certain that a 1.6 ampere slo-blow fuse is installed in the fuse holder on the rear panel.
Before removing the instrument cover or any of the circuit boards, position the power switch to off (0 = OFF; 1 = ON) and disconnect the power cord.
Connect the sensor that covers the frequency range of the measurement to the CHANNEL 1 sensor connector on the front (Standard) or rear (Optional) panel, as follows. Connect the sensor to the sensor cable by aligning the red mark on each part and pressing the connectors together firmly. Connect the sensor cable to the CHANNEL 1 Input, holding the red mark on the cable connector up. For two-channel measurements, use the same procedures to connect the second sensor to the CHANNEL 2 Input.
If the sensor connector is not a Type N, install the appropriate adapter (from the accessories kit) on the calibrator output connector..
2-2 Installation
Trigger
For measurements requiring external triggering, connect the external tri gger signal to TRIGGER Input 1. For two-channel measurements requiring two external triggers, connect the Channel 2 trigger signal to TRIGGER Input 2.
Printer / Plotter
Maintenance Terminal
IEEE-488
If a printer or plotter is to be used to record measurement data, connect the device to the RS-232 connector 1, parallel port, or IEEE-488 port on the rear panel, with an appropriate cable.
If a (user furnished) remote terminal is to be used for maintenance purposes, connect the terminal to RS-232 Connector 2 on the rear panel.
If the instrument is to be operated remotely, using the IEEE-488 bus, connect the instrument to the bus using the rear panel IEEE-488 connector and appropriate cable.
2.4 Preliminary Check
The following preliminary check verifies that the instrument is operational and has the correct software installed. It should be performed before the instrument is placed into service. To perform the preliminary check, proceed as follows:
1. Connect the AC power cord to a suitable AC power source.
2. Press the upper half (marked "1") of the power switch mounted on the
3. If the ON/SBY LED on the front panel is not lit, press the ON/SBY key.
4. Aft er a self-check, the instrument will execute the application program. A brief initialization screen should appear, which shows the instrument name, model number, and software version. After several moments a screen similar to Figure 2-2 should be displayed.
rear panel immediately above the power receptacle.
Figure 2-2. Power-On
Display
Installation 2-3
Note
5. On th e front panel, press the UTIL function key followed by the Util > Inst Status > REPORT menu key. A display similar to Figure 2-3
should appear.
6. Verify that the message "Channel 1 is installed with Sensor Connected" appears. If the optional second channel is installed and a sensor is connected to it, a similar message should appear for Channel 2.
If any of the steps above do not produce the expected action, try reinstalling the instrument software as shown in Section 7.4 "Software Upgrade". If this does not correct the problem, contact Boonton Electronics for technical support.
Figure 2-3. Util > Inst
Status Display
7. Veri fy that the Instrument Serial Number matches the number on the rear panel label adjacent to the power connector assembly. See Figure 3-2.
8. Compare the Control Software Version numbers on the display to those on the diskette; verify that they are identical.
If either an improper serial number or incorrect software version numbers appear on the screen, contact Boonton Electronics for technical support.
2-4 Installation
Note
9. Follow Steps in Sections 3.4 and 3.5 to initialize and calibrate the instrument.
You will not be able to perform measurements with the Model 4400A/4500A until an AutoCal procedure (see Subsection 3.5, Step 8) has been performed on the measurement channel. However, AutoCal data is saved when power is removed, so AutoCal need not be repeated with each power-on.
Installation 2-5
Getting Started
This chapter will introduce the user to the Model 4400A/4500A. The chapter will identify objects on the front and rear panels, indentify display organization, list the initial configuration of the instrument after reset, demonstrate how to calibrate the sensors, and provide practice exercises for front panel operation. For additional information you should see Chapter 4 "Operation."
3.1 Organization
Subsection 3.2 Operating Controls, Indicators and Connections identifies the control features and connections on the front and rear panels.
Subsection 3.3 Monitor Display describes the data fields in the standard (graphic mode) monitor display.
Subsection 3.4 Initialization explains how to turn the instrument on for the first time, connect a sensor, set the instrument up for operation, and initialize it to a known state. See Table 3-3. for initialized parameters and their values.
3
Subsection 3.5 Calibration is critical to the proper operation of an instrument. The Model 4400A/4500A comes with a 1 GHz level programmable calibrator. Before making any measurement the sensor(s) must be calibrated.
Subsection 3.6 Practice Exercises for power measurements, in pulse mode. Pulse mode operation requires an internal or external trigger event.
Subsection 3.7 Practice Exercises for statistical power measurement.
3.2 Operating Controls, Indicators a nd Connections
Figures 3-1 and 3-2 illustrate the controls, indicators and connectors on the front and rear panels, respectively, of the standard instrument. Refer to Table 3-1 for a description of each of the illustrated items. Connectors indicated by an asterisk (*) may be front or rear-mounted, depending on the option selected. The function and operation of all controls, indicators and connectors are the same on the standard and optional models.
Getting Started 3-1
Figure 3-1. Standard Model 4500A RF Peak Power Meter Analyzer - Front Panel
Table 3-1 Operating Controls, Indicators and Connections
Ref. No.
Front Rear Nom enclature Fun ction
1 Display screen VGA color display for the measurement and trigger
channels, screen menus, status messages, text reports and help screens.
2 Menu keys Six keys which en able the user to make a selectio n or
choose a subme nu.
3 PREV key Returns control to the next higher menu in the
hierarchy or to the previous menu displayed, depending on whethe r the current and previou s menu are from the same or different branches of the menu tree.
3-2 Getting Started
Table 3-1 Operating Controls, Indicators and Connections (continued)
Ref. No.
Front Rear Nom enclature Func tion
4 System keys ESC/LOCAL key. When the instrument is remote-
enabled, pressing this key returns the instrument to the Local mode. In Local mode, this key returns control to the Top Level Menu, exits operations in process, and clears reports.
TEXT/GRAPH key. Sele cts eith er the standard (grap hics) display of waveforms, menus and messages, or a text report of automatic waveform measurement results.
HELP key. Presents a Help screen containing brief operating instructions for all menu functions.
PLOT key. Outputs the current image on the display screen to selected output device.
INIT key. Initializes the measurement/display selections and parameters to a set of default values.
5 FUNCTION keys CHAN key. Enables the display and adjustment of level
parameters on each channel; selects video bandwidth; initiates automatic calibration and zeroing function.
TIME key. Selects timebase and horizontal position of
displayed waveforms.
TRIG key. Specifies source, threshold, mode and other parameters for the trigger function.
MARK key. Positions the selected marker on the horizontal axis and selects the top or bottom window .
REF key. Positions the selected reference lines on the vertical axis.
DISP key. Selects full or split-screen mode; controls
the appearance of the displays; and selects linear or logarithmic level display, or persistence.
MEAS key. Enters frequency, defines the amplitudes of the distal, mesial and proximal , and displays automatic me asure­ments in parameter fields.
UTIL key. Sets up the IEEE-488 bus, RS-232C serial ports, and HPGL plotter; sets the internal clock. Includes disk utilities.
SPCL key. Initiates internal self-tests, calibrator controls and reports sensor parameters.
PRGM key. Stores and recalls instrument setup data, saves reference waveforms, and stores and recalls reference waveforms to disk.
Getting Started 3-3
Table 3-1 Operating Controls, Indicators and Connections (continued)
Ref. No.
Front Rear Nomenclature Function
6 IEEE-488 bus REM annunciator. Indicates that the instrument is
annunciators addressed an d remote on the IEEE-4 88 bus.
LSN annunciator. Indicates the instrument is addressed to listen on the IEEE-488 bus.
TLK annunciator. Indicates the instrument is addressed to talk on the IEEE-488 bus.
SRQ annunciator. Indicates that the instrument is requesting service from the bus controller.
7 Inputs parameters and selections to the instrument;
duplicates the spin knob and data entry keypad; increments/decrements in single steps or repeats if held down.
8 Diskette drive DOS com patible 3.5" (1.44MB) diskette drive for loading
the operating program and storing/recalling data.
Figure 3-2. Model 4400A/4500A - Rear Panel
Shown with Optional Rear Panel Connectors
3-4 Getting Started
Table 3-1 Operating Controls, Indicators and Connections (con tinued)
Ref. No.
Front Rear Nomenclature Function
9* 9* Calibrator output Type-N output port for the calibrator signal.
10 Spin knob Inputs control parameters and selections to the
instrument. Input values are automatically limited to their allowab le minimums an d maximums. Du plicates the and data entry keypad.
11* 11* Trigger input BNC connector for Channel 1 and 2 trigger signals.
12 Data entry keypad Inputs parameters and selections to the instrument.
Includes keys to specify units and to clear display errors. Duplicates the spin knob and .
13* 13* Measurement channel Multipin connector for Channel 1 and (optional) Channel 2
input connectors sensors.
14 Power ON/SBY switch In SBY (Standby) mode, calibrator remains powered to
Indicator LED enhance accuracy and stability; other modules are off.
LED is off in the standby mode.
15 RS-232C Connectors
#1 Output Port Interface to serial output device.
#2 Diagnostic Port Reports operational and error status to an external
user-furnished maintenance terminal.
16 Parallel Printer Port Connector for parallel printer.
17 Fuse holder Holds two 250 Volt fuses (See Table 1-1).
18 Coolin g fan Circulates air inside the instrument.
19 Power cord connector Sup plies AC power to the instrument (see Subsection 2.2).
20 Power switch Connects or disconnects all power to the instrument;
overrides ON/SBY switch.
21 External pulse For external control of calibrator pulse characteristics
connector and synchronization.
22 IEEE-488 bus Interconnects instrument to the bus controller or output
connector device.
*May be front or rear-mounted , depending on the optio n selected.
Getting Started 3-5
3.3 Monitor Di splay
This subsection includes a picture (Figure 3-3) and a table (Table 3-2) of descriptions of the display layout of the Model 4400A/4500A. Figure 3-3. shows the principal display mode of the instrument. The other display modes are just text displays with a common menu structure. See Section 4.5 for more information on the display format.
Figure 3-3. Monitor Display
Table 3-2 Monitor Display Fields
Ref. No. Field Name Description
1 Header Displays the Boonton logo, date/time, sensor temperature,
or else remains blank.
2 Path name Lists the higher menus in the path of the current menu.
3 Menu Th e current men u.
4 Error field Identifies errors as they occur.
5 Timebase Indicates the timebase per division selected for the waveform display.
6 Message line Describes ongo ing operations.
3-6 Getting Started
Table 3-2 Monitor Display Fields (continue d)
Ref. No. Field Name Description
7 Priority message Displays status on a priority basis. Messages include
Measuring Stopped, No Sensor, AutoCal Needed, and Temperature Drift, AutoTriggering, Waiting for Trigger, and Capturing Data.
When multiple messages are active, the message having the highest priority is displaye d. For example, if no sensor was connected, only the “No Sensor”
message would be displayed; the lower priority AutoCal and temperature messag es would be suppressed .
8 Marker measurements The two outside fields display the absolute power levels
at Time Marks 1 and 2. (Marker 1 is on the left; Marker 2 is on the right.) The field above the centerline may display either the ratio of the two power levels (expressed in dB), or the average power in the waveform segment located between the Time Marks (in dBm).
9 Vertical Markers There are two vertical markers per window which allows
level measurements at specific times relative to the trigger event.
10 Parameters Displays a table of measurement status para meters for
the currently selected channel or any selected automatic measurement.
11 Active Marker Indicator This indicator show the marker that is active in the marker
menu and is the measurement at the marker with the triangle located on the vertical markers in the waveform display.
12 Time Base Limits These fields show the timebase limits. In the pulse mode the time is
relative to the trigger event.
Getting Started 3-7
3.4 Initialize
Caution
The procedures presented in this section will initialize the Model 4400A/4500A and prepare it for operation. Steps 1 through 3 should be performed every time you turn on the instrument. Step 4 only needs to be performed when you wish to return the instrument operation to a known state. This usually occurs after turning the instrument on or at the beginning of a new test. If you have completed Subsection 2.4 Preliminary Check, you may skip this section and continue to Subsection 3.6 Practice Ex ercises.
STEP PROCEDURE
1. If the main power is off, press the power switch located on the rear panel. See Figure 3-2. If the ON/SBY indicator LED on the front panel is off, press the ON/SBY key. See Figure 3-1.
After a self-check, the instrument will execute the applicat ion program. A brief initialization screen should appear, which shows the instrument name, model number, and software version. After several moments the main measurement screen will appear.
If it is necessary to change the sensor installed on the inst rument, perform Steps 2, 3 and 4.
When selecting a sensor for an exercise or a measurement, be sure you know the power range of the sensor. Extended operation beyond the sensor’s specified upper power limit may result in permanent change of characteristics or burnout.
Note
2. Connect the sensor to the sensor cable by aligning the red mark on each part and pressing the connectors together firmly.
3. Connect the sensor cable to the Channel 1 input (holding the red mark UP).
When the sensor is connected, the instrument will download the factory installed calibration data from the sensor memory. While the download is in process, the message “CH 1 Sensor Data Loading” will appear on the display.
If the sensor is disconnected during the download, either the “Sensor Data Error” or “I clear the error; reconnect the sensor.
In general, when any sensor error message occurs, disconnect and reconnect the sensor and press CLR. If the message persists, refer the problem to Boonton Electronics for technical support.
The INIT key does not affect parameters selected for the IEEE Bus, Serial 1, Serial 2, display colors, or the printer/plotter configurations.
4 . Press the INIT function key to initialize the operating parameters listed in
Table 3-3. This table represents all the parameters that are affected by initialization. This table lists the value or the option to which the
2
C Error” message will appear. When this occurs, (press CLR) to
3-8 Getting Started
Table 3-3. Initialized Parameters
Parameter Default
Graph/Text/Help Mode Select Graph
Top Level Menu
Measurement Run Measurement Mode Pulse
Parameters Related to the Chan # > Menu App lies to:
Select CH 1 Channel CH1, On
CH2, CH Math
REF 1, REF 2 Off Vertical Sca le (active ma rker) Log A ll Channels 20 dB/Div Linear All Channels 20 mW/Div Trig display CH 1, CH 2 0.5 V/Div Vertical Center Log A ll Channels 0.00 dB Linear All Channels 0 Divs Trig display CH 1, CH 2 0 Volts Extensions (Menu) Display CH 1, CH 2 Pwr dB Offset CH 1, CH 2 0.00 dB Cal-Factor in dB CH 1, CH2 0.00 dB Power Mode CH 1, CH2 Pulse Stat Mode CH 1 CDF Video Bandwidth High Averaging CH 1, CH 2 5 Expression CH Math Argument A CH 1 Operator ­ Argument B CH 2
Parameters Related to the Disp > Menu Applies to:
Screen Full Units Log Persistence Off Format (Me nu) Grid Type Crosshair Trace Type All Channels Line Assign Trace CH 1, CH Math, REF 1 Bottom CH 2, REF 2 Top Disp Header Logo Set Colors not altered by init.
Parameters Related to the Mark > Menu
Window Bottom Marker 1 (active marker) Power Mode 5 ms Marker 2 -10 ms Marker 1 (active marker) Stat Mode 0.00 % Marker 2 50.00 % Extensions (Menu) MK Group Both Mk 1 CH CH 1 Mk 2 CH CH 1 Delta Marker Power Mode Ratio Stat Mode Ratio Mk Math Power Mode MK2-MK1
Stat Mode MK1-MK2 MK Group Each Mk 1 CH CH 1 Mk 2 CH CH 2
Getting Started 3-9
Table 3-3. Initialized Parameters (continued)
Parameter Default
Parameters Related to the Ref > Menu Applies to:
Window Bottom REF Line 1 0.00 dBm REF Line 2 0.00 dBm Extensions (Menu) REF CH Sel Off REF Track Power Mode Off
Parameters Related to the Trig > Menu App lies to:
Trig Mode Power Mode Auto
Stat Mode Continuo us Trig Source CH 1 Int Trig Level CH 1 Int -3.00 dBm
CH 2 Int 0.00 dBm
CH 1, CH 2 Int 0.00 V HoldOff 0 µs Trig Slope +
Parameters Related to the Time > Menu Ap plies to:
Timebase Power Mode 50 µs/Div Position M
Τrig Delay 0 µs X-axis Stat Mode 1.0 0%/Div % Offset 0.0 %
Paramters Related to the Meas > Menu Applies to:
Freq Group Each Freq CH 1 Freq Group Each & Bo th 1.00 GHz Freq CH 2 Freq Group Each & Bo th 1.00 GHz Define Pulse (Menu) Power Mode Distal 90% Mesial 50% Proximal 10% Meas Mode PWR Param Meas (Menu) Power Mod e Select CH 1 Param Mode Status Param Column L Param Top (active menu) Pulse Width Param Middle Risetime Param Bottom Falltime Confidence Stat Mode 80%
Parameters Related to the SPCL > Menu Applies to:
Calibrator (Menu) Cal Output Off Set Level (active menu) 0.0 dBm Max Power 20.0 dBm Cal Mode Pulse Pulse (Menu) Source Int Polarity + Duty Cycle 10%
Pulse Period 100 µs Extensions (Menu) Level Step (active menu) 0.1 dBm Peaking Mode Off Auto CENTER Off
3-10 Getting Started
3.5 Calibration
Before any measurements can be aquired with the Model 400A/4500A, a sensor must be connected from the instrument to the built-in calibrat or, and calibrated. The following steps will guide the operator through the calibration process. This explanation covers a single channel configuration. If a second channel and sensor is available, repeat the steps for channel 2.
Note
If the sensor was just connected to the instrument or the instrument was just turned on, please wait at least 15 minutes for the instrument to warm up before autocalibration.
STEP PROCEDURE
1. Connect a Boonton Model 56xxx Series sensor to the instrument’s CHANNEL input using the supplied cable. The cable will have a silver multipin connector on each end. To connect the cable, align the red dots between the connector and sensor and insert. Once the connector clicks into place, the cable will not pull out without sliding the barrel of the connector away from the connection point. The other end of the cable connects to the measurement channel (1) input connector as identified in Figure 3-1 item 13.
2. Connect the sensor to the "N" connector for the internal cali brator as identified by Figure 3-1 item 9. If the sensor has a "K" style connector use the "K" to "N" adapter (95105501A) provided. The 56326, 56525, 56340 and 56540 sensors will need the adapter.
3. Press INIT key. This sets the instrument to pulse mode. However, a pulse waveform will not appear unless the calibrator is turned on.
4. Press MEAS key.
5. Select Meas > Frequency CH1> by pressing the menu key associated with it. The box around the menu will be highlighted. This indicates that the frequency function is selected for number entry. Frequency is given in hertz. To select a frequency value of 1 GHz, press the "1" key followed by the "G" (for giga) key.
This causes the frequency correction factor for the sensor to be read from the sensor’s internal memory and automatically be applied to the measurement.
Although in this case the value should have already been set to 1 GHz by the INIT key, it is good practice for learning the operation of the instrument.
6. Press the CHAN function key.
7. Press the Chan 1 > Calibration menu key.
8. Press the Chan 1 > Calibration > AutoCal menu key to initiate the automatic zeroing and sensor calibration routine.
The AutoCal routine will calibrate the entire dynamic range of the sensor in approximately 1.5 minutes while reporting status via screen messages. AutoCal will not start if there are any pending errors. Press CLR to clear errors before initiating AutoCal. A listing of error messages appears in Appendix A Error Messages.
Getting Started 3-11
Figure 3-4. Front Panel Controls Used in Calibration Procedures
function will be assigned after initialization.
STEP PROCEDURE
9. If an error message appears after you have initiated AutoCal, verify the following:
a. Is the sensor that is connected to the calibrator also connected to the channel
indicated in the Chan 1 > Select menu?
b. Are the sensor cable connections secure at both the sensor and instrument
input channels? c. Were any errors pending before you initiated AutoCal? d. Does the instrument pass its self-test (no errors reported when you pressed
ON/SBY)?
To repeat the self-test, press Spcl > Servicing > Self Test. e. Has an improper value been entered into the CF in dB window?
(Refer to the discussion of the Chan 1 > Extensions menu later in this section.)
f. Are any at tenuators or other devices that are connected between the sensor and
the calibrator not accounted for in the CF in dB value? (Refer to the
discussion of the Chan 1 > Extensions menu later in this section.)
This completes the Calibration exercise. When you have accomplished these
steps, the instrument’s zero level will be properly adjusted, the sensor will be calibrated, the calibrator must be manually turned on and a pulsed waveform display will appear. The instrument will be ready for the practice exerci ses presented in the next subsection.
3-12 Getting Started
3.6 Practice Exercise for Pulse Power Measurements
In the following exercises you will practice adjusting the display settings and pulse train parameters to become familiar with the Model 4400A/4500A controls. Complete instructions for each control function are present ed in Section 4 OPERATION.
It is suggested that you review the front panel control conventions presented in Subsection 4.3 Menu Conventions before proceeding.
Before beginning the exercise connect a sensor to the calibrator from channel 1. In the SPCL > CALIBRATOR > menu set the level to +5 dBm, set Cal Mode to Pulse, and turn the calibrator output "On".
MENU ITEM EXERCISE
CHAN
Chan 1 > Select Press the Chan 1 > Select key to select a channel. Each time the button is pressed, the
Chan 1 > Channel Press the Chan > Chan nel menu key to toggle the CH 1 display off and
Press the CHAN function key and perform the following exercises to become familiar with the items in the Chan 1 > menu.
next available channel is selected. Pressing repeatedly will cycle through the following channels:
CH 1, CH 2, CH Math, Ref 1, Ref 2
Observe how the menu changes as you step through the items offered in the Chan > Select window.
When CH Math is current in the Chan > Select window, those instruments equipped with the optional Channel 2 will display the difference between the sig nals applied to Channels 1 and 2. Use the Chan (CH Math) > Expression window to set the operation of the (CH Math) display.
Use the Chan 1 > Select function to reselect CH 1 before proceeding.
on. The waveform shou ld disappear and reap pear. (Leave it on.)
Chan 1 > Vert Scale If the Chan 1 > Vert Scale selection is not active, press the Chan # > Vert
Scale menu key. Use the spin kn ob or to step the v ertical sensitivity
of the display through the range from 0.1 dB/Div to 20 dB/Div. Observe the resulting changes in the pulse height, and note that the VertScale parameter changes at each step to match the selected sensitivity. Note also that the display is rescaled without recapture of data, and that the markers continu e to make full-resolution measurements on waveforms that are off the screen.
Getting Started 3-13
Figure 3-5.
Chan 1 > Vert Center Press the Chan 1 > Vert Center menu key. Use any of the data entry
controls to shift the vertical center of the display to correspond to po wer levels of -10, 0 and +10 dBm. Observe the position o f the display at each setting and n ote that the VertCenter parameter changes to match the selected level. Note also that the display is rescaled without recapture of data.
Chan 1 > Extensions > Press the Chan 1 > Extensions menu key to access th e Extensions submenu
(Figure 3-7).
Chan 1 > Extensions > Press the Chan 1 > Extensions > Display menu key to toggle between the Display Pwr and Trig functions. Selecting the Pwr function displays the waveform
that is connected to the sensor; selecting the Trig function displays the waveform connected to the external trigger input. Because there is no external connection to the trigger input for this exercise, the waveform display will be show a flat trace if Trig is selected.
Chan 1 > Extensions > This selection will be highligh ted. Use any of the data entry controls to shift the waveform dB Offset vertically on the display. (Positive offsets move the waveform up; negative offsets move
it down.)
In practice, dB Offset is used to compensate for attenuators or amplifiers inserted between the sensor and the device under test. CF in dB is used to compensate for
Note
losses in cables, adapters, switches and other li ne equipment inserted between the sensor and the calibrator output, or between the sensor and the device under test, but
not both.
Chan 1 >
Menu
Chan 1 > Extensions Press th e Chan 1 > Extensions > CF in dB menu key. Use any of the data CF in dB entry controls to shift the waveform vertically.
3-14 Getting Started
MENU ITEM EXERCISE
Chan 1 > Extensions > Press the Chan 1 > Extensions > Video BW menu key to toggle between Video BW the “Low” (narrowband) and “High” (wideband) sensor bandwidths. The
bandwidths and risetimes corresponding to the “Low” and “High” sensor selections are presented in the sensor specifications, Tables 1-3, through 1-17. The “Low” position reduces the RF noise level. The “High” position is useful for displaying pulses with fast rise and falltimes.
Chan 1 > Extensions > Press the Chan 1 > Extensions > Averaging menu key. Use any of the Averaging data entry controls to select the number of samples to be averaged at
each point of the waveform to prod uce the waveform display.
TIME
Time > Timebase This selection will be highlighted. Use the spin knob to step the timebase
Time > Position Press the Time > Position menu key to shift the start of the waveform
Note
Press the TIME function key and perform the following exercises to become familiar with the items in the Time > menu (Figure 3-8):
through the range from 10 ns/Div to 1 s/Div. Observe the changes in th e display and note that for each selection, the Time > Tr Dly reading remains consistent with the limits set by the resolution of the display.
to the left (L) edge, middle (M) or right (R) edge of the display area.
In practice, this feature is used to observe a specific segment of the w aveform. Select “L” to observe the waveform immediately after the trigger occurs; “R” to observe the waveform immediatetely before; and “M” to observe segments of the waveform just before and after the trigger.
Figure 3-6. Chan 1 > Extension s > Menu
Getting Started 3-15
Figure 3-7.
MENU ITEM EXERCISE
Time > Trig Delay Press the Time > Trig Delay menu key. Use any of the data entry con trols to adjust the
time delay between the trigger and the start of the data capture display. The instrument adjusts the limits of the Trig Delay parameter based on the timebase selection to reflect an appropriate resolution for that timebase.
Time >
Menu
TRIG
Trig > Trig Mode Press the Trig > Trig Mode menu key to toggle between Auto and Norm(al).
Trig > Trig Source Press the Trig > Trig Source menu key to toggle between Ch 1 Int(ernal) and Ch 1 Ext(ernal).
Trig > Trig Level Use any of the data entry controls to adjust th e trigger level, which may be set to any
Press the TRIG function key and perform the following exercises to become familiar with the items in the Trig > menu (Figure 3-9) :
In the Norm mode, the data capture and waveform display are triggered when the internal or external trigger pulse reaches the trigger level. In Auto mode, if no trigger pulse is present at or above the trigger level, the measurement is triggered automatically after a prespecified timeout period. The Au to mode is preferred for measurement of unmodulated (CW) carriers.
The latter choice is valid only if an external trigger source is connected. The Ch 2 selections will be activated only if the optional Channel 2 is installed.
positive or negative value, up to the peak power of the trigger signal. For these exercises, the trigger waveform is the calibrator signal, which has been set to a peak power level of +10 dBm. Accordingly, the Trig Level control may be set to any level in the range from
-5 to +9 dBm.
3-16 Getting Started
Figure 3-8.
MENU ITEM EXERCISE
Trig > HoldOff This control cannot be used effectively when the calibrator is the source of th e test signal.
Consequently, it is not used for these exercises. See Table 4-9 for a discussion of the HoldOff parameter.
Trig > Trig Slope Press the Trig > Trig Slope menu k ey to toggle between rising edge trigg ering and falling
edge triggering. Note that in the Status parameter field at the top of the graph mode display the trigger slope is indicated by the sign of the trigger channel.
> Menu
Trig
MARK
Mark > Window This key enables you to select the time marks in the top or bottom window of a split-screen
Getting Started 3-17
Press the MARK function key and perform the following exercises to become familiar with the items in the Mark > menu (Figure 3-10):
display available with two-channel instruments (Figure 3-11). (To establish a split-scree display, press the DISP function key; then press the Disp > Screen menu key and select Split.)
To switch between the top and bottom windows of the split screen display, press the MARK function key followed by the Mark > Window menu key. The active marker is indicated by the highlighted menu b ox in the Mark > menu and by small triangles at the top and bottom of the markers. See Figure 3-12 .
Figure 3-9.
Mark >
Menu
Figure 3-10. Split-Screen Display
3-18 Getting Started
MENU ITEM EXERCISE
To return to a full screen, press the DISP function key, followed by the Disp > Screen menu key. Select Full.
Press the MARK function key to continue the exercise.
Mark > Time Mark 1 If Time Mark 1 is inactive, press the Mark > Time Mark 1 menu key to
activate it. Use the spin knob or to move Time Mark 1 to the leading edge of any pulse in the display. Move the time mark across the pulse and observe the power reading (in dBm) loca ted above th e left-han d side of the waveform d isplay wind ow. This r eading refers to the peak power level at Time Mark 1 and will be displayed in the same color as the measured waveform. Also observe that the Time Mark 1 display box shows the time delay of the marker position relative to the trigger event. Use this feature to determine the relative time of any point on the measured waveform.
Mark > Time Mark 2 If Time Mark 2 is inactive, press the Mark > Time Mark 2 menu key to
activate it. Use the spin knob to move Time Mark 2 a few divisions away from Time Mark 1. Observe that the active marker is designated by triangles at to p and bottom. Note that the power reading ab ove the right-hand side of the wave form display window corresponds to Time Mark 2. Note also that the ratio of the waveform power levels at Time Mark 1 and Time Mark 2 (which is equivalent to the difference of the two levels expressed in “dBm”) is displayed above the centerline of the waveform.
Figure 3-11. Waveform Display With Time Marks
Getting Started 3-19
Mark > Delta Time Move eith er time marker a nd obse rve tha t the Mark > Delta Time box
displays the difference in time between the two time marks.
Mark > Set Vrt Cntr Press the Mark > Set Vrt Cntr menu key to move the display window so
that the signal level at the active marker crossing will be displayed at the center of the
screen.
For example, pr essing the Set Vrt Cntr menu key when the active marker is on a pulse
measuring +10 dBm will shift the display up or d own, so that the center of the vertical
scale correspond s to +10 dBm (see Figure 3-13a). I f you mo ve the active marker off the
pulse so that its power reading is -15 dBm, for example, pressing the Set Vrt C ntr key will
shift the display so the vertical center corresponds to -15 dBm (Figure 3-13b).
When you press the Mark > Set Vrt Cntr menu key, the Vertical Center parameter is
automatically adjusted in the applicable Chan # > menu.
Figure 3-12a
Figure 3-12b
Figure 3-12. Using Mark >Set Vertical Center
3-20 Getting Started
MENU ITEM EXERCISE
MEAS
Meas > Frequency Group Th is selection toggles between BOTH and EACH. The BOTH option links both
Meas > Frequency Use any of the data entry con trols to adjust the frequency for Channel 1 Channel 1 operation. This frequency selection is used to calculate the required
Meas > Frequency This only applies to Channel 2 operation. The operation is the same as Channel 2 discussed abov e.
Press the MEAS function key, and perform the following exercises to become familiar with frequency entry.
Use any of the data entry controls to select the measurement frequency
(in GHz). The instrument will automatically read the frequency correction
data from the sensor and apply the correction to the measurement.
Because the sensor is connected to the calibrator output for these exercises, the measurement frequenc y must be set to 1.0 GHz (the freque ncy of the calibrator signal) to obtain a valid reading.
channels together with the same frequency. The EACH option allows each channel to be set to different frequencies.
correction f actor.
Note
Hint
The Model 4400A/4500A readings are always full scale, so data is not lost when vertical settings are changed. Thus, there is no danger of losing data related to events that occur during adjustment of Vertical Scale, Vertical Center, dB Offset, CF in dB, or Frequency.
This concludes the Practice Pulse Power Exercis es. Press the INIT function key to clear the practice parameter settings and the instrument will be ready to use.
For best results, read the rest of this Instruction Manual through Section 6 APPLICATION NOTES before using the Model 4400A/4500A to make operational measurements.
Getting Started 3-21
3.7 Practice Exercise for Statistical Power Measurements (4500A only)
In the following exercises you will practice adjusting settings for the Model 4500A Digital Sampling Power Analyzer in the statistical power mode. In statistical power measurements, the instrument does not require a t rigger event to make level measurements. The signal is continuously sampled at approximately half a million samples per second
Before beginning the exercise, turn the instrument power on and connect a sensor to channel 1. Press the INIT key to initialize the instrument to a known state. Then connect the sensor to the built-in calibrator. If a s ensor requires calibration see Section 3.5 for instructions.
In the SPCL >CALIBRATOR menu set the calibrator level to +5 dBm, cal mode to pulse and turn the output power level on.
For more information on the statistical power measure mode definitions, see
Chapter 6 - Applications.
MENU ITEM EXERCISE
Top Level
> Measure Mode Press > Measure Mode to cycle through the available measurement modes. On the
Model 4500A these are:
Pulse, CW, CDF, 1-CDF, PDF
The last three modes set the 4500A for continuous data acquisition and with statistical display formats. Select the CDF measurement mode.
> Measurement Toggle > Measurement from RUN to STOP. This will stop the instrument from measuring.
>Display Press > Display: CLEAR to clear all data and display. All readings will go to dashes
(invalid). Use this function any time old data needs to be cleared and new data
captured.
Now toggle the > Measure menu to RUN to start acqu iring data.
As the instrument captures data a cumulative distribution function plot will appear on the
display (Figure 3-14). This plot represents all data points captured by the instrument.
The plot shows the percentage of points that have been accumulated at or below a selected
power level.
Parameter and There are 9 parame ter fields abo ve the wavefor m display in the graph mode. Th ese are: Marker fields
Peak Power - The ma ximum power l evel sampled
Average Power - The calculated average power based on all samples
Peak to Average Ratio - Peak power minus the average power in dB
Total Time - This is the total time over which readings are captured
Total Points - This is the actual number of samples captured in 0.1 mega sample resolution
Tolerance - This is a measure of the statistical relevance of the data and is related to the
selected confidence band.
Ref 1, 2 and Delt a - These are the values retu rned as readi ngs from the horizonta l
reference lines. The reference lines are set in power and return a value in percent.
3-22 Getting Started
MENU ITEM EXERCISE
Press the TEXT button and the screen changes to the text mode to show markers, reference lines, and all the automatic measurements on one screen.
Press the TEXT button again to change the screen back to the graph display.
CHAN
Chan 1 > Select Press the Chan 1 > Select key to select a channel. Each time the button is pressed, the next
Chan 1 > Channel Press the Chan > Chan nel menu key to toggle the CH 1 display off and
Chan 1 > Vert Scale If the Chan 1 > Vert Scale selection is not active, press the Chan # > Vert
Press the CHAN function key and perform the following exercises to become familiar with the items in the Chan 1 > menu.
available channel is selected. Pressing repeatedly will cycle through the following channels:
CH 1, CH Math, Ref 1, Ref 2
Observe how the menu changes as you step through the items offered in the Chan # > Select window.
In the channel selection menu Channel 2 is n ot available in the Stat m easurem ent mod e.
Use the Chan # > Select function to reselect CH 1 before proceeding.
on. The waveform shou ld disappear and reap pear. (Leave it on.)
Scale menu key. Use the spin kn ob or to step the v ertical sensitivity of the display through the range from 0.1 dB/Div to 20 dB/Div. Observe the resulting changes in the CDF plot. Note also that the d isplay is rescaled without recapture of data.
Chan 1 > Vert Center Press the Chan 1 > Vert Center menu key. Use any of the data entry
controls to shift the vertical center of the display to correspond to po wer levels of -10, 0 and +10 dBm. Observe the position o f the display at each setting and n ote that the Center parameter changes to match the selected level. Note also that the display is rescaled without recapture of data.
Chan 1 > Extensions > Press the Chan 1 > Extensions menu key to access th e Extensions submenu.
Getting Started 3-23
MENU ITEM EXERCISE
Chan 1 > Extensions > The selection will be highlighted as it is the default active function for the extensions dB Offset submenu. Use any of the data entry controls to shift the waveform vertically on the
display. (Positive offsets move the waveform up; negative offsets move it down.)
In practice, dB Offset is used to compensate for attenuators or amplifiers inserted between the sensor and the device under test. CF in dB is used to compensate for
Note
Chan 1 > Extensions Press th e Chan 1 > Extensions > CF in dB menu key. Use any of the data CF in dB entry controls to shift the waveform vertically.
Chan 1 > Extensions > Press the Chan 1 > Extensions > Video BW menu key to toggle between the “Low” Video BW (narrowband) and “High” (wideband) sensor bandwidths. The bandwidths and risetimes
losses in cables, adapters, switches and other li ne equipment inserted between the sensor and the calibrator output, or between the sensor and the device under test, but
not both.
corresponding to the “Low” and “High” sensor selections are presented in the sensor
specifications, Tables 1-3, through 1-17. The “Low” position reduces the RF noise level.
MEAS
Meas > Stat Mode This menu selection offers three choices on how the captured data is plotted. They are
Figure 3-13.
CDF Display
Press the MEAS function key and perform the following exercises to become familiar with selecting statistical measurement modes.
cumulative distribution function (CDF) the default mode, 1- cumula tive distribution
function (1-CDF), and probability density function (PDF).
The CDF plot presents the data in a running total by level which can be read by markers
or reference lines as the percent of total readings at or below a selected power level.
3-24 Getting Started
Figure 3-14.
1-CDF Display
The 1-CDF plot presents the data as the percent of total reading at or above a selected power level.
Figure 3-15. PDF Display
The PDF mode plots the quantity of samples. Only the reference lines are functional and return the percent of total readings at a specific power level.
Getting Started 3-25
MENU ITEM EXERCISE
As an extra exercise, stop the measurement acquisition and use the reference lines to
record a reading at +5dBm in CDF mode. Then use the total number of samples and
calculate the total number of points that these percentages represent.
Meas > # of Samples This selection sets a limit for the number of samples to be acquired. This acquisition takes
place at about 500 kSa/sec for a single channel, and 250 kSa/sec for two channels running. When the total number of points has been reached, the instrument will enter STOP mode.
When finished, leave the Meas > Stat Mode in 1-CDF.
TIME
Time > X- Axis This selection changes the horizontal scale to display all or only a portion of the waveform.
Time > % Offset Select the % Offset an d use the knob to move the expanded disp lay along the waveform.
Note
TRIG
Press the TIME function key and perform the following exercises to become familiar with
the items in the Time > menu.
Expand the X-axis using the knob until it reads 0.1% per division. This will expand the
waveform data to its maximum resolution.
With the instrument in the Chan > Extensions > Stat Mode: 1-CDF display mode, the
maximum detail around the peak power will be shown at the left edge of the display.
The instrument will not accept an invalid combination of X-A xis and % Offset. The % Offset is automatically adjusted to a val id limit for the selected X-Axis. For example, when the X-Axis is set to 10% per division, the horizontal axis covers the range from 0% to 100%. On this setting the only valid % Offset is 0%. The % Offset is automatically limi ted when the X-axis is chan ged.
This menu has no active functions in th e statistical mode. One menu displays the message
Trig > Trig Mode: Continuous as a reminder that the instrument is continuously sampling
the power envelope in the stat mode.
Press the REF function key and perform the following exercises to become familiar with
REF
Ref > Extensions > In the REF menu select the extension submenu. In this menu press the Ref CH Sel menu Ref CH Sel key until the selection reads Channel 1. The reference lines are now available and are
3-26 Getting Started
the items in the Ref > menu .
The first step in using the reference lines is to enable them and assign them to a channel.
positioned on the screen based on the vertical scale and vertical center selections for the
selected channel; in this case channel 1.
Press the PREV key to return one level up (Ref >), where the ne xt command is located.
MENU ITEM EXERCISE
Ref > Ref Line 1 If Ref Line 1 is inactive, press the Ref > Ref Li ne 1 menu key to activate it. Use the spin
knob or to move Ref Line 1 to the power level where the desired measurement is to be made. Move the Ref Lin e around the wavef orm and observe the pe rcentage of occurence shown above the left-hand side of the waveform display in the parameter field. In 1-CDF this reading refers to the percentage of the total readings that are at or above the power level for the reference line and are displayed in the same color as the measured waveform.
Ref > Ref Line 2 If Ref Line 2 is inactive, press the Ref > Ref Li ne 2 menu key to activate it. Use the spin
knob to move Ref Line 2 a few divisions away from Ref Line 1. Observe that the active reference line is designated by triangles at left and right. Note that the reading above the right-hand side of the waveform display window corresponds to Ref Line 2. Note also that the absolute delta of the percent of Ref Line 1 and Ref Line 2 is disp layed above the centerline of the waveform.
This concludes the Practice Statistical Pow er Exercises. Press the INIT function key to clear the practice parameter settings and the Model 4500A will be ready to use.
Hint
For best results, read the rest of this Instruction Manual through Section 6 APPLICATION NOT ES before using the Model 4400A/4500A to make
operational measurements.
Getting Started 3-27
Operation
4.1 Calibration
Note
4
This section presents the control menus and procedures for operating the Model 4400A/4500A in the manual mode. All the display menus that control the instrument are illustrated and accompanied by instructions for using each menu item.
The operation section of the manual begins with instructions on h ow to calibrate the sensors that will be used with the instrument. This calibration is required to begin taking measures using the Digital Sampling Power Analyzer.
The Model 4400A/4500A features a built-in automatic calibration (AutoCal) process, which calibrates both the peak power and CW measurement channels. An internal programmable calibrator outputs discrete incremental power levels covering the dynamic rang e of the sensor. Zeroing is adjusted f or the High and Low vid eo bandwidths and for the CW measurement mode.
You must calibrate the instrument using the AutoCal routine whenever the Priority Message field reads “CH # Needs AutoCal.”* At Power-On, the instrument checks its
data buffers and will not perform measurements if a valid set of calibration data is not present.
CF in dB
Before beginning calibration a warm-up period may be required. If the instrument is not connected to main power or the rear panel power switch is off, a 30 m inute warm-up period will be required before the sensors can be calibrated to full accuracy. The front panel switch is a standby switch, and the calibrator is always powered. If the sensors are not connected or the standby switch is off, the sensors will require 15 minutes to temperature stabilize.
Before initiating AutoCal, clear any pending errors by pressing CLR. To initiate
AutoCal, press the CHAN function key, followed by the Chan # > Calibration > AutoCal menu keys. See Figure 4-1b. During AutoC al, progress is reported on the
display status line. If necessary , you can halt AutoCal by pressing the ESC key.
If cables, adapters or other devices are in the signal path between the calibrator output and the sensor during the AutoCal procedur e, but are not to be used in the measurement path, you must set the Chan # > Extensions > CF in dB parameter to assure proper instrument calibration. Do this by adding up the losses of the cables, adapters or other devices and entering the sum in to the Chan # > Extensions > CF in dB window (Figure 4-1c) before initiating AutoCal. After AutoCal has run, reset the CF in dB parameter to zero and remove the cables and adapters before performing the measurement.
Calibration accuracy varies with signal power, as described in Subsection 1.6
Specifica tions. An analysis of calibration accuracy is presented in Section 6.0 Application Notes.
*The # symbol designates the numerals 1 or 2.
Operation 4-1
Inset. Menu Terminology
Figure 4-1.
and Associated Submenus
Chan 1 >
Menu
Figure 4-1a.
Figure 4-1b.
Chan 1 >
Chan 1 > Calibration >
Menu
Submenu
Figure 4-1c. Chan 1 > Extensions > Submenu
4-2 Operation
4.2 Manual Operation
In the manual mode, the instrument is controlled from the front panel by selecting items from a system of screen menus. The menu structure is illustrated in Figure 4-2. To properly input commands and data using these menus, you must be familiar with the menu conventions descri bed in the next subsection. Subseq uent subsections provide detailed instructions for the control keys and menus:
4.6 Top Level Menu
4.7 System Keys
4.8 - 4.18 Function Keys and Associated Menus
4.19 Automatic Operation
4.3 Menu Conventions
This section of the manual describes the menu conventions used throughout Chapter 4 "Operation" and the rest of the manu al. The control menu conventions are summarized as follows:
1. Path description is a notation to indicate the entry location in the menu structure. The greater than ">" symbol is used to indicate each indented level of the menu. The first name should be one of the function keys. If the ">" symbol is the first character then the top level menu is being referenced. The top level can be accessed by pressing the "ESC" key. If a colon ":" symbol is part of the description, the value that follows the colon ":" is the choice of value in that menu.
In the top level menu of the Model 4500A, > Measure Mode offers CW, Pulse,
and three statistical measurement modes (CDF, 1-CDF and PDF). The Model 4400A does not support the statistical modes, so only CW and Pulse measurement modes are available. The following sections of this manual will use the symbol Pwr to indicate that a menu selection is only applicable when the instrument is in Pulse or CW power measurement modes. The symbol Stat will be used to indicate functions or menu selections that are only available in one of the three statistical modes, and are not applicable on the Model 4400A. Pwr & Stat ➮ indicates that the selection is available in any measurement mode. In a 4500A, the CHAN, MEAS, TIME, TRIG, MARK, and REF menus all have slight differences depending upon whethe r the instrument is set to a power or a statistical mode. The UTIL, SPCL, PRGM and DISP menus operate the same in any mode.
2. Entries in the menu selection boxes (see Figu re 4-1 Inset) can be any of the following types:
Actions, Toggles or Parameter Values
3. A single word or abbreviation in a selection box written in upper/lower case letters indicates an entry or selection menu; when the word in the selection box is written in all upper case, it indicates an Action or a secondary menu (submenu). Examples are pr esented in Fi gures 4-1.
The Chan 1 > Calibration > Fixed Cal window in Figure 4-1b is an example of an Action. To initiate the indicated action, s imply press the associated menu key.
Operation 4-3
%RRQWRQ 0RGHO $$
Power Mode
Top Level
Menu Measurement Single Sweep
Display
Measure Mode
Auto-Setup
CHAN Button
Select
Channel
Vert Scale
Vert Center
Calibration
Autocal
Fixed Cal
CW Zeroing
Extensions
Display
dB Offset
CF in dB
Video BW
Averaging
CHAN Button
Select
Channel
Vert Scale Vert Offset Calibration
Autocal
Fixed Cal
CW Zeroing
Extensions
Display
dB Offset
CF in dB
Video BW
Averaging
LOG
CH1
LIN
CH1
CHAN Button Select
Channel
Vert Scale
Vert Center
Calibration
Autocal
Fixed Cal
CW Zeroing
Extensions
Display
dB Offset
CF in dB Video BW Averaging
CHAN Button Select
Channel
Vert Scale
Vert Offset Calibration
Autocal
Fixed Cal
CW Zeroing
Extensions
Display
dB Offset
CF in dB Video BW Averaging
LOG
CH2
LIN
CH2
CHAN Button Select
Channel
Vert Scale
Vert Center
Expression
Argument A
Operator
Argument B
CHAN Button Select
Channel Vert Scale Vert Offset
Expression
Argument A
Operator
Argument B
LOG
CHM
LIN
CHM
CHAN
Button
Select
Channel
Vert Scale
Vert Center
Waveform
CHAN
Button
Select
Channel Vert Scale Vert Offset Waveform
LOG
REF1
LIN
REF1
CHAN Button Select
Channel
Vert Scale
Vert Center
Waveform
CHAN Button Select
Channel Vert Scale Vert Offset Waveform
LOG
REF2
LIN
REF2
TIME
Button
Timebase
Position
Trig Delay
TRIG
Button
Trig Mode
Trig Source
Trig Level
Holdoff
Trigger Slope
Figure 4-2. Control Menu Structure
4-4 Operation
%RRQWRQ0 RGHO $$
Power Mode
MARK Button
Window
Time Mark 1
Delta Time
Time Mark 2
Set Vrt Cntr
Extensions
Window
Mk Group
Mk 1 CH Mk 2 CH
Delta Marker
Mk Math
REF
Button
Window
Ref Line 1
Ref Delta
Ref Line 2
Refs to MKs
Extensions
Window
Ref CH Sel
Ref Tracking
MEAS Button
Freq Group
Freq CH 1 Freq CH 2
Define Pulse
Distal
Mesial
Proximal Power Mode Param Meas
Chan Select Param Mode
Param Col Param Top Param Mid
Param Bot
UTIL
Button
Inst Status
IEEE-488
Bus Setup
Address
Listen Term
Talk Term
EOI on Talk
SRQ Mask
Set SRQ
View Buffers
Mnemonics
Serial
Serial 1
Baud Rate
Stop Bits Parity Bit
Handshake
Length
Xon Xoff
Serial 2
Baud Rate
Length Stop Bits Parity Bit
Handshake
Disk
Select
Extension
Page
Delete
Bytes Free
SPCL
Button
Servicing
Self Test
Configuration
Tdelay Cal Tdelay Adj
Cal Mode
CALIBRATOR
Cal Output
Set Level
Max Power
Cal Mode
Pulse
Source Polarity
Duty Cycle
Pulse Period
Extensions
Calibrator
Level Step
CH 1 Sensor CH 2 Sensor
Peaking Mode
Auto Center
PRGM Button
Instr Store
Select
Source
Destination
Instrument
Bytes Free
Instr Recall
Select
Source
Destination
Instrument Bytes Free
Ref Save
Source
Destination
Waveform
WFM Store
Select
Source
Destination
Waveform
Bytes Free
WFM Recall
Select
Source
Destination
.WFM File Waveform
Bytes Free
DISP
Button
Screen
Units
Persistence
Format
Grid Type
Trace Type
CH 1 CH 2
CH Math
Ref 1 Ref 2
Trace Assign
CH 1 CH 2
CH Math
Ref 1 Ref 2
Disp Header
Set Colors Item Color
Red
Green
Blue
Init Colors
Hardcopy
Device
Model
Output Port
File Select
Plot Label
Graph & Text
Clock
Year
Month
Day of Month
Hour
Minutes
Day of Week
Figure 4-2. Control Menu Structure
Operation 4-5
%RRQWRQ0 RGHO $
Stat Mode
Top Level
Menu
Measurement
Display
Measure Mode
CHAN Button Select
Channel
Vert Scale
Vert Center
Calibration
Autocal
Fixed Cal
CW Zeroing
Extensions
dB Offset
CF in dB
Video BW
CHAN Button Select
Channel
Vert Scale Vert Offset Calibration
Autocal
Fixed Cal
CW Zeroing
Extensions
dB Offset
CF in dB
Video BW
LOG LOG
CH1 CH2
CHAN Button
Select
Channel
Vert Scale
Vert Center
Calibration
Autocal
Fixed Cal
CW Zeroing
Extensions
dB Offset
CF in dB
Video BW
LIN LIN
CH1
CHAN
Button
Select
CH2
Channel Vert Scale Vert Offset Calibration
Autocal
Fixed Cal
CW Zeroing
Extensions
dB Offset
CF in dB
Video BW
CHAN Button Select
Channel
Vert Scale Vert Center Expression
Argument A
Operator
Argument B
CHAN Button Select
Channel Vert Scale Vert Offset
Expression
Argument A
Operator
Argument B
LOG
CHM
LIN
CHM
CHAN Button Select
Channel
Vert Scale
Vert Center
Waveform
CHAN Button Select
Channel
Vert Scale
Vert Offset
Waveform
LOG
REF1
LIN
REF1
CHAN Button Select
Channel
Vert Scale
Vert Center
Waveform
CHAN Button Select
Channel
Vert Scale
Vert Offset
Waveform
LOG
REF2
LIN
REF2
TIME Button X-Axis
% Offset
TRIG
Button
Continuous
Figure 4-2. Control Menu Structure
4-6 Operation
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Stat Mode
MARK Button
Window
Marker 1
Delta Time
Marker 2
Set Vtr Cntr
Extensions
Window
Mk Group
Mk 1 CH Mk 2 CH
REF
Button
Window
Ref Line 1
Ref Delta
Ref Line 2
Refs to MKs
Extensions
Window
Ref CH Sel
MEAS Button
Freq Group
Freq CH 1 Freq CH 2 Stat Mode
# of Samples
Confidence
UTIL
Button
Inst Status
IEEE-488
Bus Setup
Address
Listen Term
Talk Term
EOI on Talk
SRQ Mask
Set SRQ
View Buffers
Mnemonics
Serial
Serial 1
Baud Rate
Stop Bits
Parity Bit
Handshake
Length
Xon Xoff
Serial 2
Baud Rate
Length Stop Bits Parity Bit
Handshake
Disk
Select
Extension
Page
Delete
Bytes Free
SPCL
Button
Servicing
Self Test Tdelay Cal Tdelay Adj
Cal Mode
CALIBRATOR
Cal Output
Set Level
Max Power
Cal Mode
Pulse
Source Polarity
Duty Cycle
Pulse Period
Extensions
Calibrator
Level Step
CH 1 Sensor CH 2 Sensor
Auto Center
PRGM Button
Instr Store
Select
Source Destination Instrument
Bytees Free
Instr Recall
Select
Source
Destination
Instrument
Bytees Free
Ref Save
Source
Destination
Waveform
WFM Store
Select
Source
Destination
Waveform
Bytees Free WFM Recall
Select
Source
Destination
.WFM File Waveform
Bytes Free
DISP Button Screen
Units
Persistence
Format
Grid Type
Trace Type
CH 1
CH 2
CH Math
Ref 1 Ref 2
Trace Assign
CH 1 CH 2
CH Math
Ref 1 Ref 2
Disp Header
Set Colors
Item Color
Red
Green
Blue
Init Colors
Hardcopy
Device
Model
Output Port
File Select
Plot Label
Graph & Text
Clock
Year
Month
Day of Month
Hour
Minutes
Day of Week
Figure 4-2. Control Menu Structure
Operation 4-7
4. Two entries (one of which is highlighted) appearing side-by-side within a menu indicate a Toggle. See, for example, the Chan 1 > Channel selection box in Figure 4-1a. Press the associated menu key to toggle the selection between
“Off” and “On .”
5. A Parameter Value in a selection box represents the current value of that parameter. See the Chan 1 > Vert Center selection box in Figure 4-1a. To change a Parameter Value, highlight the selection by pressing th e associated menu key. Normally one of the selection boxes will be highlighted automatically each time a menu is activated. Highlighting is indicated by a color change of the selection box.
When a parameter entry w indow is highligh ted, you may use any of the data entry controls (spin knob , , or keypad) to adjust the parameter va lue.
Pressing the menu key of a highlighted item deactivates the item and disables data entry.
6. Parameter Values can either be continuously variable throughout a rang e, or restricted to a predefined set of discrete values. For discrete sets, the spin knob and arrow keys are programmed to select only valid values in the set. For discrete ranges, if you key in an incorrect value, the instrum ent will automatically select the nearest correct value. If you input a value outside the range of the parameter, the instrument will respond with the error message “Number Entry Over ( Under) Lim it.”
7. The word “MENU” appearing in a selection box indicates that there is a submenu of additional selections at the next lower menu level. In the menu shown in Figure 4-3a, for exam ple, when you press the Disp > Tra ce Type menu key, y ou will call up the Disp > Trace Type > submenu illustrated in Figure 4-3b.
8. The word “REPORT” in a selection box indicates that a text display of data related tothe associated item is available. In the example of Figure 4-4a, pressing the Spcl > CH 1 Sensor menu key will display the text report illustrated in Figure 4-4b.
9. Pressing the CLR data en try key (see Figure 3-1) clears errors, text reports an d any entry in process.
10. Pressi ng a men u key asso ciated w ith th e Action entry “CENTER”, causes the instrument to center the waveform at the active Time Mark. See the Mark > Set Vert Cntr window in Figure 4-5.
These ten rules apply generally to all the Model 4400A/45 00A control menus. By becoming familiar with them, you will expedite instrument operations and avoid errors.
4-8 Operation
Figure 4-3a.
Disp >
Menu
Figure 4-3b.
Operation 4-9
Disp > Trace Type >
Figure 4-3.
Menu and Associated Submenu
Disp >
Submenu
Figure 4-4a.
SPCL >
Menu
Figure 4-4.
and Associated Text
Report
Spcl >
Menu
Figure 4-4b. Chan 1 Sensor Configuration Report
Figure 4-5.
4-10 Operation
Mark >
Menu
Note
Help screens for each menu describe the menu items. See Subsection 4-7 System Keys. Press the HELP key to access the help screen for the current menu. Press ESC or press the HELP key again to return to the previous display mode.
In following subsections you will be introduced to the Top Level Menu and operating procedures for the three primar y key groups: System, Function , and Data Entry.
Operation 4-11
4.4 Data Entry Controls
The numeric keypad illustrated in Figure 4-6 is one of the three data entry controls that enable you to enter parameters for the various control functions. The keypad is subdivided into three areas: numerals, units of measure and controls. The ten numerals, the minus sign and the d ecimal point are used to enter numerical data. Six “units of measure” keys are provided for you to use to complete nu merical
entries. When entering time intervals, press the “m” after entering the numbers to indicate milliseconds or milliseconds/division; p ress “µ” to indicate microseconds or
microseconds/division; and press “n” to indicate nanoseconds or nanoseconds/division. Press ENT to indicate seconds or seconds/di vision. Pressing any one of these “units” keys enters the numerical data.
When entering numbers that are not time intervals (dBm for example), press the ENT key after keying the number. Pressing one of the units keys after entering a non-time-related number has the same effect as pressing ENT.
The units keys labeled G, M, and k are used to enter frequencies in Gigahertz, Megahertz, and kilohertz, respectively. They operate in a manner similar to the time-related units keys.
You may cancel a value before it is entered by pressing the CLR key. The CLR key is also used to clear status and error messages from the d isplay.
Two alternative controls are provided for entering selections and numeric data. These are spin knob and the right/left arrow keys [ ]. Rotate the sp in knob clockwise to decrease the value in the active display window; clockwise to increase it. Detents in the knob rotation mark discrete values in th e selection range. The arrow k eys also select discrete values: the left arrow increases the value in the selected display window; the right arrow decreases it. Holding down an arrow key causes it to repeat.
Figure 4-6. Data Entry
Keypad
4-12 Operation
4.5 Display Data
The 4400A/4500A has four display modes. These are the Graph mode, Text mode, Report mode, and the Help mode. Whichever mode the display is in, the menu p ortion of the display is always present and active.
The HELP mode is activated by pressing the HELP key. When in this mode the instrument will display up to three lines of information related to the active menu. The menus are active in the help mode. This allows the operator to move to any menu level and make multiple instrument configuration changes without leaving the help mode. To leave the help mode press the HELP key again or the ESC key.
The REPORT mode is active when a report is requested by a menu selection or an IEEE-488 command. Each report is formatted to provide the specifically requested information. The report mode is exited by pressing the ESC key or selecting another menu option.
The TEXT mode presents a tabular display of measurement values for channels 1 and
2. In Pulse measurement mode, this table consists of all 14 automatic pulse measurements. In all three Stat statistics, marker and reference line values and global measurement status parameters are shown. TEXT m ode does not displa y any va lues when the measu rement mode is set to CW.
The GRAPH mode is the primary display mode for the instrument. After initalization the display is in the graph mode. The graph mode includes a 501 by 281 waveform display ar ea, head er fi eld, me nu path field , pri ority messag e field, error message field and general message field.
measurement modes (M odel 45 00A only ), power
The header field is in the top left corner. Its options include model number, time and date, sensor temperature and no message.
The menu path is located in the upper right of the display. It shows the current menu location in the menu indentation structure. See Figure 4-2 for menu information.
The error message is below the waveform display on the right. The default color is red. Errors are cleared by pressing the ESC or CLR key.
The general message field is at the bottom of the display. It shows temporary information about the status of the instrument.
Operation 4-13
Priority Messages
The priority message is a field l ocated below the waveform dis play in the graph mode. This field displays a series of m essages based on a pre-assigned priority. If mu ltiple condit ions exist on ly the highest priority messa ge is displayed. This approach is used since for normal operation no messages should be displayed. If a message is disp layed, corrective action should be taken to address the source of the problem, at which time t he messages will be cleared. In the case where only one channel is being used, the other channel should be turned off which will disable any error conditions associated with that channel. The priory is:
Measuring Stopped!! Highest CH 1 & 2 No Sensor CH 1 No Sensor CH 2 No Sensor CH 1 & 2 Need Autocal CH 1 Needs Autocal CH 2 Needs Autocal CH 1 & 2 Temp Drift CH 1 Temp Drift CH 2 Temp Drift Auto Triggering Waiting for Trigger Capturing New Data (Blank Field) Lowest
The "No Sensor" messages indicate that the instrument cannot detect a sensor connected on the specified channel.
The "Autocal" message indicates the need to perform a new calibration before measurements can be taken. This is required when a different sensor is connected to the selected channel .
The "Temperature Drift" message indicates that the sensor has drifted more than ±4°C from the original autocalibration temperature. For maximum accuracy a new
autocal should be performed on the channel. If not, a small additional error can be introduced into the measurements.
The "Auto Triggering" message indicates that the instrument is in the auto-triggering mode. When in this mode the instrument expects that a valid trigger event will occur
at regular intervals or the instrument will time-out and generate it’s own trigger event. The autotrigger table ( Table 4-10) shows the typical time-out period for each timebase. This mode is useful when the signal being measured drops below the trigger level, the signal is a CW level or is not known. The auto-trigger will give the operator a snap shot of the signal that the instrument is capturing. If this is an undesired effect then switch the instrument to the trigger-normal mode in the TRIG > TRIG MODE menu.
The "Waiting for Trigger" message indicates that there is no valid measurement data, the instrument is in the trigger-normal mode, and waiting for the first valid trigger event. Once any valid trigger event occurs the message will be cleared.
The "Capturing New Data" message indicates that the instrument is triggering and capturing new measurements, but there is not enough data captured for the instrument to complete the assigned averaging. If two channels are active the channel with the largest averaging value is used to determine when the message is cleared.
4-14 Operation
4.6 Top Level Menu
Figure 4-7. Top Level
Menu
The commands in the To Level Menu (Figure 4-7) enable you to control the measurement modes. These funct ions a re deta iled in Tabl e 4-1. A ll co mmands affect both measurement Cha nnels 1 and 2.
Table 4-1. Top Level Menu
Menu Item (Type) Selections Function
Measurement
(Toggle)
Single Sweep
(Action)
Pwr & Stat Run, Stop
Pwr
START
Controls the capture of new data
Press the Measurement menu key to stop the capture of data by the measurement channel(s). Press it again to restart the data capture. Marker and Ref Line measu rements continue to be ma de whendata capture is stopped.
Captures data for one trigger event
When data capture has been stop ped (see previous d iscussion o f the Measurement menu key), you can press the Si ngle Sweep me nu key to capture the data gathered from one trigger event. Pressing the key repeatedly a dds new data for ea ch cap ture. The nu mber o f data points captured varies with the timebase. To optimize the disp lay, use the Disp > Trace Type menu key to select “Points .”
Operation 4-15
Table 4-1. Top Level Menu
Menu Item (Type) Selections Function
(continued)
Display (Action)
Pwr & Stat CLEAR
Clears the waveform display and the internal data buffers
Press the Display > menu key to clear the waveform display and any data in the measurement data buffers. If the instrument is in the Run mode, capture of new data begins immediately. If the instrument is in the Stop mode, the measurement data buffers are cleared and the waveform display is blanked. Data capture will resume when Measurement > Run is initiated.
SRQ support is inclulded when measurement is ready and priority message indicates data being captured. SRQ support is covered in detail in the Remote Operation Section (Section 5.4). The display clear function is used to clear the existing measurement data. This function will clear the 02h bit which is used for measurement ready but not the active service request. To clear the service request use the ESC key or the IFC bus command . If the servi ce request oc curs after the display clear command is executed the bus controller will read a 64 (40h) which will clear the SRQ but does not instruct the computer that measurement data is ready.
When in the Pwr ➮ mode, clearing accumulated data is recommended when the Chan # > Extensions > Averaging parameter is large. This causes much data to be accumulated and slows the computation o f the average signal. Pressing Display clears that data so that old information does not influence the data display.
When in the Stat ➮ mode, the Clear key will discard old information and begin capturing new data. This also includes resetting the total time and the total points counters to zero.
4-16 Operation
Menu Item (Type)
Table 4-1. Top Level Menu
Selections Function
(continued)
Measure Mode
(Toggle)
Pwr ➮
Pulse, CW
Stat
CDF, 1-CDF, PDF
Selects the measurement mode for the entire instrument.
Pressing the measurement mode menu key toggles the instrument between the pow er mode and th e stat mode. Th is chang e affects the entire instrument. The measurement capture, processing , channel selection, data displays and menu structure all change.
In the pulse mode (Pwr ➮) the instrum ent ope rates as a peak power meter. The instrument requires a valid trigger event. Instantaneous power measurements are taken at random intervals. Points are tracked in time relative to the trigger event. The instrument reconstructs the
waveform from points that fall within the screen’s time window. This window is defined by the timebase and trigger delay. All data that is not on the screen is discarde d. Mark ers return measurem ents of power at specific time offsets from the trigger point. All automatic measurements are limited to the instrument’s time window.
In CW mode ( Pwr ➮) the instrument operates as a CW power meter, measuring the average power of an unmodulated (CW) carrier. This mode uses an internal high-gain, low-noise signal path to permit accurate CW power measurements to be made with peak power sensors, and typically offers about 10dB more dynamic range than Pulse mode.
In the three stat modes (Stat ➮) the instrument operates different ly. There is no requirement for a trigger signal. The instrument continuously samples the RF signal and processes all of th e samples. The data is used to determine the peak, aver age and min imum pow er levels. In addition, the data can be organized into a cumulative distribution function plot or a probability density function plot. See Chapter 6, Applications for more information on the statistical relationship of the captured da ta.
Auto-Setup
(Action)
Note
Operation 4-17
Pwr
START
You cannot obtain the average value of a pulse waveform by selecting the CW measure mode. To obtain av erage po wer, use th e average po wer in th e automati c measurement mo de or averag e the power be tween mark ers (see Tabl e 4-11).
Initiates the auto-setup process.
Auto-setup will adjust the vertical scale, vertical offset, trigger level, timebase and trigger holdoff for channel 1 and 2. The instrument uses the currently selected trigger source to search for the trigger event.
The setup will display the full amplitude of the pulse with at least one full cycle.
4.7 System Keys
The system keys are located at the top of the front panel control area. See Figure 4-8. They control functions related to the operating mode, display mode, hard copy o utput and configuration.
PREV
LOCAL
ESC
GRAPH
TEXT
HELP
Pressing PREV returns control to th e next higher menu in the menu structure (Figure 4-2), unless the last menu displayed was from a different branch. In that case, pressing PREV returns to the last menu displayed.
In the Local mode: Pressing ESC/LOCAL halts a process, clears repo rts and displays the To p Level Menu.
In Remote mode: Pressing ESC/LOCAL returns the instrument to the Local mode.
The LOCAL key is effective only when the analyzer is remote-enabled over the IEEE-488 bus and the REM annunciator is illuminated. In Remote mode, all other front panel controls are deactivated, except the LOCAL and ON/SBY key.
Pressing TEXT/GRAPH togg les the display between the g raphic mode and a text screen summarizing results of automatic signal measurements. The text display is shown in Figure 4-9.
Pressing the HELP key enables the Help mode and displays the Help screen associated with the current menu. See Figure 4-10. In the Help mode the instrument continues to operate and all controls remain active. The HELP key operates as a toggle; press it to deactivate the Help mode and return to the graphic display. You may also press the ESC key to deactivate the Help mode.
PLOT
INIT
4-18 Operation
After the plotter parameters are set using the UTIL menu, pressing PLOT will direct the Model 4400A/4500A to output the current display image to a (user furnished) output device. See Appendix B, for a description of printer/plotter features and operating instructions. The output device is selec ted under UT IL > PLOTTER > MENU.
Press INIT to initialize the parameters in Table 3-3 to their default values. Use INIT to cancel an undesired set of configuration parameters, or whenever you are uncertain of the instrument configuration.
Figure 4-8. System Keys
Figure 4-9. Text Mode
Display in Powe r Mode
Figure 4-10. Typical Help
Screen
Operation 4-19
4.8 Function Keys
Figure 4-11. Function Keys
The ten function keys illustrated in Figure 4-11 access the principal control menus of the Model 4400A/4500A. Together with associated submenus, they enable you to establish the measurement display modes and analyzer configurations; qu ery the processor database; perform and record measurements; perform internal diagnostics; and communicate w ith othe r devices over the IEEE-488 bus an d serial commun ication ports.
The next ten subsections (4.9 through 4.18) discuss the ten function keys and describe the selections in their associated menus and submenus.
4.9 CHAN Key and Chan # > Menu
The CHAN key activates the Chan # > menu and associated submenus, which enable you to calibrate the instrument, specify its display parameters, measurement offset, and detector bandwidth. See Figure 4-12.
Figure 4-12.
Chan # >
Menu
4-20 Operation
Menu Configuration
The configuration of the Chan # > menu depends on th e item selected in the Chan # > Select window.
Figure 4-12 presents the Chan # > menu, which is displayed when the instrument is initialized. (Chan 1 > is the default menu.) The Chan # > menu items enable you to control the display of the measurement channel. Instructions for using the Chan # > menu are present ed in Table 4-2.
Figure 4-16 illustrates a second version of the Chan > menu that appears when “CH Math” has been selected. A submenu of the Chan Math >
menu enables you to control the display of the calculated sum or difference of the detected Channel 1 and/or Channel 2 signals. Instructions for the Chan Math > menu are presented i n Tables 4-5 and 4-6.
Figure 4-18 shows the Chan > Ref1 1 menu, which appears when “Ref 1” has been selected. The Ref # waveform is a “snapshot” of either the Channel 1 or Channel 2 waveforms, which is created and stored for later reference. The menu items that enable you to control the display of the reference waveform are explained in Table 4-7.
The default Chan # > menu (Figure 4-11) contains two submenus of additional functions:
Figures and Tables
Figure 4-13 illustrates the Chan # > Calibration > submenu, which is used to initiate the calibration and zeroing functions. Instructions for using the Chan # > Ca libration > submenu are presented in Table 4-3.
Figure 4-14 illustrates the Chan # > Extensions > submenu, which provides access to a number of additional setup functions. Instructions for using the Chan # > Extensions > submenu are presented in Table 4-4.
The figures and tables which describe the Chan # > family of menus ar e summa rized as follows.
Menu or Submenu Figure Table
(Default) Chan # > 4-12 4-2 Chan > Calibration > 4-13 4-3 Chan > Extensions > 4-14,15 4-4 Chan Math > 4-16,17 4-5,6 Chan > Ref # > 4-18 4-7
Operation 4-21
Table 4-2. Chan # > Menu
Menu Item (Type) Selections Function and Operation
Select
(Toggle)
Channel
(Toggle)
Pwr & Stat CH1, CH2 CH Math Ref 1, Ref 2
Pwr & Stat Off, On
Selects the channel or function that will be affected by the rest of the menu selections.
You select “CH 1,” “CH 2,” “CH Math,” “Ref 1” or “Ref 2” by
pressing the Chan # > Select menu key to select the desire d channe l. Any display parameters you set while “CH 1” is current will apply to the signal connected to the Channel 1 input. Similarly, any changes you make to the display parameters while “CH 2,” “Ref 1,” “Ref 2,” or “CH Math” are current will affect the display of that signal or function.
Turns the measurement channel off or on
Disable the measuremen t by pressi ng the Chan > Channel menu key. Press it again to restore the display.
Disabling the measurement channel inhibits temperature monitoring and any priority messages related to sensor disconnection, sensor replacement, AutoCal required, and frequency downloading status. Disabling the channel will turn off the display of the power and trigger waveforms, but will not affect the internal or external triggering of the channel.
Vert Scale Log
(Numeric)
Pwr & Stat
Discrete Range: Full Screen
0.1 to 20 dB/Div
Split Screen
0.2 to 40 dB/Div
Sets the vertical sensitivity of the display in log mode
Use this control to size the vertical amplitude of the waveform display to fit the display area, or to magnify a waveform segment of particular interest.
Press the Chan # > Vert Scale menu key to activate this window. Then use any number entry to step the vertical sensitivity of the display to any 1-2-5 sequence value in the sp ecified range. Larger sensitivity values reduce the height of the display; smaller values increase it.
4-22 Operation
Table 4-2. Chan # > Menu
Menu Item (Type) Selections Function and Operation
Vert Scale Linear Pwr & Stat
Discrete Range: Full Screen 1 nW to 50 MW/Div
Split Screen 2 nW to 1 MW/Div
Vert Scale Trig View
Vert. Center Lo g
(Numeric)
Pwr
Discrete Range: Full Screen 100 mV to 1 v/Div
Split Screen 200 mV to 2 v/Div
Pwr & Stat Continuous Range:
-99.99 to +99.99 dB
Sets the vertical sensitivity of the display in linear mode
Press the Chan # > Vert Scale menu key to activate this window. Then use any number entry to step the vertical sensitivity of the display to any 1-2-5 sequence value in the specified range. Larger sensitivity values reduce the height of the display; smaller values increase it.
Linear values are always positive. The bottom of the screen is zero power or the offset level.
Sets the vertical sensitivity of the display for trigger view
Press the Chan # > Vert Scale menu key when the channel is in the trigger view mode to activate this window. Then use any number entry scheme to adjust the value in a 1-2-5 sequence in the specified range. Larger sensitivity values reduce the height of the display; smaller values increase it.
Number entry is always truncated to the lower value. Entering 199 mV will set the vertical scale to the 100mV scale.
Sets the power level at the vertical center of the display
Use this control to shift the waveform display vertically to the desired position in the window. Press the Chan 1 > Vert Center menu key to activate this window. Then use the keypad to shift the vertical center of the display to the desired power level. Increasing the power level moves the waveform down; decreasing the power level moves it up.
Vert Offset Linear Pwr & Stat
Continuous Range 0 to 99.99 Divs:
Operation 4-23
Sets the power level at the bottom of the display for the selected channel.
When the offset is zero, the bottom of the screen is zero power. Changing the offset allows the viewing of data at larger power levels. Markers continue to make readings on the waveform when it is off the screen.
The exact value of the offset is related to the selected vertical scale. If the vertical scale is 1 mW/Div then a vertical offset of 1 division is an offset of 1 mW and a vertical offset of 99 divisions is an offset of 99 mW.
Table 4-2. Chan # > Menu (continued)
Menu Item (Type) Selections Function and Operation
Vert Offset Trig View
Calibration
(Submenu)
Extensions
(Submenu)
Pwr
Continuous Range:
-3 to +3 V
Pwr & Stat MENU
Pwr & Stat MENU
Use this control to shift the waveform display vertically to the desired position in the window.
Press the Chan 1 > Vert Center menu key to activate this window. Then use the keypad to shift the vertical center of the display to the desired voltage level. Increasing the voltage level moves the waveform down; decreasing the voltage level moves it up.
Accesses the Chan 1 > Calibration > submenu. See Table 4 -6.
Accesses the Chan 1 > Extensions > submenu. See Table 4-7.
4-24 Operation
Calibration
Figure 4-13.
Chan # > Calibration >
Submenu
A discussion of the internal calibration capability is presented in Subsection 4.1 Calibration. Figure 4-15 illustrates the Chan # > Calibration > submenu and Table
4-3 provides instructions for its use.
Table 4-3. Chan # > Calibration > Submenu
Menu Item (Type) Selections Function and Ope ration
AutoCal Pwr & Stat
(Action)
START
Initiates the automatic calibration routine
You should initiate AutoCal:
a. Each time you chan ge sensors. Allow 15 minutes for the se nsor to
stabilize before initiating AutoCal.
b. When the “CH # needs Autocal” message appears in the Priority
Message area of the display.
c. When a temperature drift warning appears in the Priority Message area.
The Model 4400A/4500A records the ambient sensor temperature when AutoCal is run. If the ambient sensor temperature changes significantly, a temperature drift warning is displayed. The warning message will clear automatically when the temperature returns to the measured range.
The AutoCal routine takes approximately 1-1/2 minutes to zero and calibrate both the High and Lo w video bandwidth s. While these activities are in progress, the display reports the AutoCal status on the Message Line. When the proc ess is finish ed, “Aut ocal Compl ete” is displayed.
Operation 4-25
Table 4-3. Chan # > Calibration > Submenu (continued)
Menu Item (Type) Selections Function and Ope ration
The Chan # > Calibration > Start selection will only be highlighted when an AutoCal can be selected. AutoCal is not available if the channel is off or a sensor is n ot connected.
Note
Fixed Cal Pwr & Stat
(Action)
Zeroing Pwr & Sta t
(Action) START measurements
START
If the SRQ annunciator illuminates at the end of the Aut oCal proc edure, proce ed as instructed in Subsection 5.4 SRQ Operation. If an error message appears on the display during the Autocal procedure, refer to Appendix A Error Messages.
Pressing the ESC key will halt the Autocal process.
Sets the sensor 0 dBm point precisely using an external standard.
The Model 4400A/4 500A allows the op erator to perfor m a 0 dBm fixed calibration using a customer-provided source. The Chan # >
Calibration > Fixed Cal Start selection will only be highlighted when Fixed Cal can be activated. To activate Fixed Cal the channel mus t be
turned on, have a sensor connected, and have completed a valid
AutoCal.
The correction range of the sensor 0 dBm point by the Fixed Cal procedure is limited to
Initiates the automatic internal zero adjustment routin e for CW
The instrument will automatically adjust its indication of the zero input power level.
+ 1 dB.
Disable any signal source connected to the sensor before initiating the Zeroing procedure. If the sensor is connected to the internal calibrator, the calibrator output signal will be turned off automatcially when Zeroing is initiated and will resume when zeroing is complete.
Initiate Zeroing by pressing the Chan # > Calibration > Zeroing menu key. During the Zeroing process, the message line will read “Zeroing
CW Channel #.” When complete, the message line reads “Zeroing CW Complete.” Reactivate any external signal applied to the sensor.
If the SRQ annunciator illuminates at the end of the Zeroing procedure,
Note
4-26 Operation
proceed as instructed in Subsection 5.4 SRQ Operation.
Pressing the ESC k ey will halt the Zeroing process.
Figure 4-14.
Chan # > Extensions >
Submenu
Table 4-4. Chan # > Extensions > Submenu
Menu Item (Type) Selections Function and Operation
Display Pwr (Toggle) Pwr, Trig waveform display
dB Offset Pwr & Stat (Numeric) Continuous Range:
(-99.99 to +99.99 dB) This function is used to account for attenuator(s) or amplifier(s)
Selects either a measurement channel or a trigger input for the
Press Chan # > Extensions > Pwr to display the waveform on the measurement channel. Press Chan # > Extensions > Trig to display the trigger input waveform.
The trigger waveform display is useful for evaluating the trigger signal characteristics and for making time measurements involving the trigger and power channels. For instruments equipped with the optional second channel, it is recommended that you connect the trigger signal to the channel that is not measuring the RF signal. For single channel instruments, store the trigger in a reference channel.
Inputs the value of the offset attenuator
inserted at the instrument’s input to adjust high or lo w signal levels to the input range of the instrument.
The value for offset correction factor is always entered in dB but is still applied to the signal in the linear mode.
The offset entered in this function will be reflected in the trigger level value.
Operation 4-27
Table 4-4. Chan # > Extensions > Submenu (contin ued)
Menu Item (Type) Selections Function and Operation
To display the unattenuated sign al power, press the “dB Offset” menu key and use any of the data entry contro ls to input the known value of the offset attenuator.
If necessary, determine the exact value of the attenuator by connecting the sensor with the attenuator to the calibrator output and following these steps:
1. Use Spec > Calibrator > Cal Mode to select “CW.” Se e Subsection 4-16.
2. Set the calibrator output to +20 dBm using the Spec > Calibrator > Set Level menu key and the keypad.
3. Select Chan > Extensions > dB Offset and use the spin kn ob to adjust the dB Offset parameter to the value (approximately 20 dB) until the power readout at the active time marker reads
20.00 dBm.
The exact value of the attenuator is indicated by the dB Offset parameter.
CF in dB Pwr & Stat (Numeric) Continuous Range: and the measurement circuit
(-3 to +3 dB)
Compensates for any differences between the Autocal circuit
To preserve me asuremen t accuracy , it is nece ssary to acco unt for circuit losses in the AutoC al path that do not appear in the measurement circuit path and vice versa.
The value for correction factor offset is always entered in dB but is still applied to the signal in the linear mode.
The offset entered in this function will be reflected in the trigger level value.
During the AutoCal process, the instrument creates a table in memory that correlates the calibrator output power levels to the corresponding sensor output voltage. When the sensor is connected directly to the calibrator output during AutoCal, this table is precise. However, if the sensor is connected to the calibrator indirectly through lossy circuit elements (cables, adapters, switches, etc.), the loss in these elements is a potential source of measurement inaccuracy.
However, if the same circuit losses occur in the measurement path between the sensor and the device under test, the potential error is cancelled. Thus, it is necessary to determine the difference in circuit loss in the calibrator path and the measurement path. See Figure 4-15.
To compensate for path lo ss differen ces, press th e “CF in dB” me nu key and use any of the data entry contro ls to input the circuit loss differen ce in dB.
4-28 Operation
Table 4-4. Chan # > Extensions > Submenu (continued)
Menu Item (Type ) Selections Function and Operatio n
Video Bandwidth Pwr & Stat (Toggle) Low, High
Averaging
(Numeric)
Pwr
Continuous Range (1 to 10000)
Selects either the narrowband or wideband detector response
Press Chan # > Extensions > Video BW > Low to select a narrowband sensor detector respon se that is use ful for displa ying noisy, low frequency signals or to reduce carrier feed through.
Press Chan # > Extensions > Video BW > High to select a wideband response that is useful for measuring short pulses. The actual detector bandwidths vary with the sensor selected. Note that High Bandwidth is not available if CW Measurement mode is selected.
Selects the number of s amples t hat are aver aged at ea ch point
Press Chan # > Extensions > Averaging to activate this function. Use any of the data entry controls to select the number of samples to be averaged at each point of the waveform to produce the waveform display.
Figure 4-15. Illustration of
Measurement (L1) and
Calibration (L2) Paths
Operation 4-29
Channel Math
The Channel Math function enab les you to display a plot of the sum or difference of two waveforms. See Figure 4-17. Plotting difference waveforms is useful for comparing t he chang e in a signal as it passes th rough a cir cuit elem ent, suc h as an amplifier or filter. For two-channel instruments, connect the Channel 1 sensor at the input to the device (through a coupler) and connect the Channel 2 sensor at the output.
Figure 4-16.
Chan Math >
Menu
Table 4-5. Chan Math> Menu
Menu Item (Type ) Selections Function and Operatio n
Select Pwr & Stat
See Table 4-2
Channel Pwr & Stat
See Table 4-2
Identical to Chan # > menu. See Tabl e 4-2.
Identical to Chan # > menu. See Tabl e 4-2
Vert Scale Pwr & Stat
See Table 4-2
Vert Center Pwr & Stat Identical to Chan # > menu. See Table 4-2
See Table 4-2
Expression Pwr & Stat Accesses the Chan Math > Ex pression > sub menu.
MENU
4-30 Operation
Identical to Chan # > menu. See Tabl e 4-2
Use the Chan Math > Expression > submenu to generate and disp lay the sum or difference of two wa veforms. See Table 4-6 .
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