Bird Technologies 5015 User Manual

INSTRUCTION BOOK

Terminating Power Sensors

&

Extended Frequency

Terminating Power Sensors

Models 5011, 5011-EF,

5015 and 5015-EF

©Copyright 2009 by Bird Electronic Corporation

Instruction Book Part Number 920-5011S Rev. A

Safety Precautions

The following are general safety precautions that are
not necessarily related to any specific part or procedure,
and do not necessarily appear elsewhere in this publica
tion. These precautions must be thoroughly understood
and apply to all phases of operation and maintenance.

WARNING

Keep Away From Live Circuits

Operating Personnel must at all times observe

general safety precautions. Do not replace

components or make adjustments to the inside of the

test equipment with the high voltage supply turned

on. To avoid casualties, always remove power.

WARNING

Shock Hazard

Do not attempt to remove the RF transmission line

while RF power is present.

WARNING

Do Not Service Or Adjust Alone

Under no circumstances should any person reach

into an enclosure for the purpose of service or

adjustment of equipment except in the presence of

someone who is capable of rendering aid.

-

0

WARNING

Safety Earth Ground

An uniterruptible earth safety ground must be supplied

from the main power source to test instruments.

Grounding one conductor of a two conductor power cable

is not sufficient protection. Serious injury or death can

occur if this grounding is not properly supplied.

WARNING

Resuscitation

Personnel working with or near high voltages

should be familiar with modern methods of

resuscitation.

Safety Symbols

WARNING

Warning notes call attention to a procedure, which if

not correctly performed, could result in personal

injury.

CAUTION

Caution notes call attention to a procedure, which if

not correctly performed, could result in damage to

the instrument.

 Note: Calls attention to supplemental

information.

i

Warning Statements

The following safety warnings appear in the text
where there is danger to operating and maintenance
personnel, and are repeated here for emphasis.

Caution Statements

The following equipment cautions appear in the text
and are repeated here for emphasis.

CAUTION

Do not exceed 2 W average or 125 W peak power for

5 µs when using the TPS or the TPS-EF. Doing so

will render the sensor inoperative.

On page 1 and 3.

CAUTION

Discharge all static potentials before connecting the

TPS(-EF). Electrostatic shock could damage the sensor.

On page 3.

CAUTION

When connecting the TPS or the TPS-EF, only turn

the connector nut. Damage may occur if torque is

applied to the sensor body.

On page 3.

ii

Safety Statements

USAGE

ANY USE OF THIS INSTRUMENT IN A MANNER
NOT SPECIFIED BY THE MANUFACTURER MAY
IMPAIR THE INSTRUMENT’S SAFETY
PROTECTION.

USO

EL USO DE ESTE INSTRUMENTO DE MANERA
NO ESPECIFICADA POR EL FABRICANTE, PUEDE
ANULAR LA PROTECCIÓN DE SEGURIDAD DEL
INSTRUMENTO.

BENUTZUNG

WIRD DAS GERÄT AUF ANDERE WEISE
VERWENDET ALS VOM HERSTELLER
BESCHRIEBEN, KANN DIE GERÄTESICHERHEIT
BEEINTRÄCHTIGT WERDEN.

UTILISATION

TOUTE UTILISATION DE CET INSTRUMENT QUI
N’EST PAS EXPLICITEMENT PRÉVUE PAR LE
FABRICANT PEUT ENDOMMAGER LE DISPOSITIF
DE PROTECTION DE L’INSTRUMENT.

IMPIEGO

QUALORA QUESTO STRUMENTO VENISSE
UTILIZZATO IN MODO DIVERSO DA COME
SPECIFICATO DAL PRODUTTORE LA PROZIONE
DI SICUREZZA POTREBBE VENIRNE
COMPROMESSA.

iii

SERVICE

SERVICING INSTRUCTIONS ARE FOR USE BY
SERVICE - TRAINED PERSONNEL ONLY. TO AVOID
DANGEROUS ELECTRIC SHOCK, DO NOT PERFORM
ANY SERVICING UNLESS QUALIFIED TO DO SO.

SERVICIO

LAS INSTRUCCIONES DE SERVICIO SON PARA
USO EXCLUSIVO DEL PERSONAL DE SERVICIO
CAPACITADO. PARA EVITAR EL PELIGRO DE
DESCARGAS ELÉCTRICAS, NO REALICE NINGÚN
SERVICIO A MENOS QUE ESTÉ CAPACITADO
PARA HACERIO.

WARTUNG

ANWEISUNGEN FÜR DIE WARTUNG DES
GERÄTES GELTEN NUR FÜR GESCHULTES
FACHPERSONAL. ZUR VERMEIDUNG
GEFÄHRLICHE, ELEKTRISCHE SCHOCKS, SIND
WARTUNGSARBEITEN AUSSCHLIEßLICH VON
QUALIFIZIERTEM SERVICEPERSONAL
DURCHZUFÜHREN.

ENTRENTIEN

L’EMPLOI DES INSTRUCTIONS D’ENTRETIEN
DOIT ÊTRE RÉSERVÉ AU PERSONNEL FORMÉ
AUX OPÉRATIONS D’ENTRETIEN. POUR
PRÉVENIR UN CHOC ÉLECTRIQUE DANGEREUX,
NE PAS EFFECTUER D’ENTRETIEN SI L’ON N’A
PAS ÉTÉ QUALIFIÉ POUR CE FAIRE.

iv

ASSISTENZA TECNICA

LE ISTRUZIONI RELATIVE ALL’ASSISTENZA
SONO PREVISTE ESCLUSIVAMENTE PER IL
PERSONALE OPPORTUNAMENTE ADDESTRATO.
PER EVITARE PERICOLOSE SCOSSE ELETTRICHE
NON EFFETTUARRE ALCUNA RIPARAZIONE A
MENO CHE QUALIFICATI A FARLA.

v

RF VOLTAGE MAY BE PRESENT IN RF ELEMENT
SOCKET - KEEP ELEMENT IN SOCKET DURING
OPERATION.

DE LA TENSION H.F. PEAT ÊTRE PRÉSENTE DANS
LA PRISE DE L'ÉLÉMENT H.F. - CONSERVER
L'ÉLÉMENT DANS LA PRISE LORS DE L'EMPLOI.

HF-SPANNUNG KANN IN DER HF-ELEMENT­BUCHSE ANSTEHEN - ELEMENT WÄHREND DES
BETRIEBS EINGESTÖPSELT LASSEN.

PUEDE HABER VOLTAJE RF EN EL ENCHUFE DEL
ELEMENTO RF - MANTENGA EL ELEMENTO EN EL
ENCHUFE DURANTE LA OPERACION.

IL PORTAELEMENTO RF PUÒ PRESENTARE
VOLTAGGIO RF - TENERE L'ELEMENTO NELLA
PRESA DURANTE IL FUNZIONAMENTO.

vi

About This Manual

This manual covers the operating and maintenance
instructions for the following models:

5011 5011-EF
5015 5015-EF

Changes to this Manual

We have made every effort to ensure this manual is
accurate. If you discover any errors, or if you have sug
gestions for improving this manual, please send your
comments to our Solon, Ohio factory. This manual
may be periodically updated. When inquiring about
updates to this manual refer to the part number and
revision on the title page.

Literature Contents

Chapter Layout

-

Introduction

ing Power Sensor and Element Types.
Installation — Describes how to connection and install

the Terminating Power Sensor into the system that is
being monitored.

Operation — Describes how to run and maintain the
Terminating Power Sensor.

Specifications - Describes the basic information, set­tings, and ranges of the Terminating Power Sensor.

— Describes the features of the Terminat-

vii

viii

Table of Contents

Safety Precautions 0

Safety Symbols. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i

Warning Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii

Caution Statements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii

Safety Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii

About This Manual vii

Changes to this Manual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii

Literature Contents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii

Chapter Layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii

Chapter 1 Introduction 1

Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Chapter 2 Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Connecting Terminating Power Sensor (TPS) . . . 3

Chapter 3 Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Zeroing Sensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Power Measurement Accuracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Accuracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Sensor Uncertainty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Mismatch Uncertainty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Chapter 4 Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

5011 Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

5011-EF Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

5015 Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

5015-EF Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Limited Warranty 19

ix

x

Chapter 1 Introduction

Description

The Bird 5015 Terminating Power Sensor (TPS) is a
diode-based power sensor that measures true average
power from 40 MHz to 4
+10 dBm.

For best results, wait 5 minutes after applying power
to the sensor before taking readings.

Do not exceed 2 W average or 125 W peak power for 5

µs when using the TPS or the TPS-EF. Doing so will

render the sensor inoperative.

GHz and from –20 dBm to

CAUTION

1

2

Chapter 2 Installation

Connecting Terminating Power Sensor (TPS)

CAUTION

Discharge all static potentials before connecting the

TPS(-EF). Electrostatic shock could damage the sensor.

CAUTION

When connecting the TPS or the TPS-EF, only turn

the connector nut. Damage may occur if torque is

applied to the sensor body.

CAUTION

Do not exceed 2 W average or 125 W peak power for 5

µs when using the TPS or the TPS-EF. Doing so will

render the sensor inoperative.

 Note: Connections are the same for the

Bird 5011 and 5011-EF.

3

1. Do one of the following:

z To connect to a Digital Power Meter:

z For Models 5011 and 5011EF:

Connect the Bird TPS to the “Sensor”
serial port on the DPM using the sensor
cable provided.

z For Models 5015 and 5015-EF:

Connect the Bird TPS to the “Sensor” USB
port on the DPM using the sensor cable
provided.

 Note: An attenuator or directional coupler

should be used with the TPS in most applications.

 Note: For an RF source with output between

0.1 and 50 W, use a 40 dB, 50 W attenuator.

z To connect to a PC with VPM2 software (5015

and 5015-EF ONLY):
z Connect the Bird TPS to the a USB port on

the PC using the sensor cable provided.

2. Connect the TPS RF input to the source (using an
attenuator, if appropriate).

 Note: Only connect the TPS directly to a

source if the RF power will be less than 10 mW.

4

Chapter 3 Operation

Zeroing Sensor

Over time, the sensor’s “zero value” (reading with no
applied RF power) can drift, making all readings inac
curate by this value. For example, if the zero value is –

0.02

W, measuring a 50 W signal will give a reading of

49.98

W, a 0.04% error. Measuring a 1 W signal will
give a reading of 0.98
be a significant error, rezero the sensor:

1. Ensure the sensor has reached a stable operating

temperature.

2. Ensure no RF power is applied to the sensor.

3. Press “Zero” to begin Calibration.

 Note: Calibration will take about 40 sec-

onds. Do not interrupt the calibration! A bar on
the screen will display calibration progress.

Power Measurement Accuracy

W, a 2% error. If the drift would

-

Accuracy

The Bird power sensors are highly accurate. Accuracy is
specified for each sensor type is typically given as a per
cent of reading or of full-scale.

-

5

Example - If a sensor has a specified accuracy
of 5% of reading + 1.0 uW, then for a 10 mW
signal the uncertainty is ± 0.501 mW. For a 1
mW signal the measurement uncertainty is
± 0.051 mW.

Sensor Uncertainty

While this value is a good estimate, the sensor is actu­ally more accurate. The sensor’s accuracy also depends
on the temperature, and the power and frequency of
the source;

Table 1 lists some examples of uncertainty
factors. If an uncertainty is given as a power, divide
this value by the measured RF power and convert to a
percentage. For example, an uncertainty of ±

0.25 µW
with a RF power of 10 µW is a 2.5% uncertainty.
Table 2 lists external factors, such as using attenua­tors or using a cable to connect the TPS to the trans­mitter, which could affect the measurement
uncertainty.

Table 1 - Example Uncertainty Factors

Error Source Conditions Uncertainty

Calibration
Uncertainty

Frequency
Response

Temperature
Linearity

40 MHz to 4 GHz ± 3.42%

–10 to +50 °C ± 3.43%

± 1.13%

6

a

Other
Resolution ± ½ smallest displayed digit

†

Zero Set
Noise

± 0.125 µW

b

a. Above 40 °C, when making measurements at frequencies

between 40 and 100 MHz, add 1.1%.

b. After a 5 minute warm-up, measured over a 5 minute

interval and 2 standard deviations

< 40 °C or > 100 MHz ± 0.50%

(e.g. for a mW scale, three decimal
places are displayed. ½ the smallest is

0.5 µW)

above 1.05 mW ± 0.7 µW
105 µW to 1.05 mW ± 0.4 µW
below 105 µW ± 0.2 µW

Table 2 - External Factors

Error Source Conditions

Attenuator
Uncertainty
Cable Uncertainty Frequency and length dependent

Frequency dependent

(± 5% at 1 GHz for a ‘reasonable’

1.5 m cable)

The root sum square (RSS) uncertainty is the industry
standard met

hod for combining independent uncer-

tainties. To determine the TPS's RSS uncertainty:

1. Square each uncertainty factor.

Add these values together.

2.
a. Take the square root of this sum.

7

Table 3 has two examples of uncertainty calculations.
The first is a 10 mW signal at room temperature. The
second is a 10 µW, 40 MHz signal at 50°C. Since this
measurement is at both low frequency and high tem

­perature, the uncertainty will be increased. Note that
the RSS uncertainties are smaller than the values
from the rough estimate. This will always be the case.

Table 3 - Uncertainty Examples

Example 1

(10 mW,

Room Temp)

Error

Source

Cal. Uncert. 1.13 % 1.28 1.13 % 1.28
Freq. Resp. 3.42 % 11.70 3.42 % 11.70
Temp. Lin. 3.43 % 11.76 3.43 % 11.76
Other 0.5 % 0.25 1.6 % 2.56
Res. 0.005 % 0.00 0.5 % 0.25
Zero Set 0.00125 % 0.00 1.25 % 1.56
Noise 0.007 % 0.00 2 % 4.00
Sum Uncert. 24.99 33.1 1
RSS Uncert. 5.00 % 5.75 %
Quick Uncert. 5.01 % 16 %

Percent

Uncert.

RSS

Term

Example 2

(10 µW,

40 MHz, 50°C)

Percent

Uncert.

Term

RSS

8

Mismatch Uncertainty

Another factor of measurement accuracy is mismatch
uncertainty. When a source and a load have different
impedances, some signal will be reflected back to the
source. This uncertainty depends on both the VSWR of
the TPS and the VSWR of the rest of the system. For a
system VSWR of 1.0, the mismatch uncertainty would be

0. For a VSWR of 5.0, the mismatch uncertainty would
be 12.5%. Given the VSWR of the TPS and the source,
the mismatch uncertainty can be calculated as follows.

Mismatch uncertainty (MU) is related to the reflection
coefficient (

ρ) by the formula:

MU percent()1 ρ

 Note: where ρ

source, and ρ

= reflection coefficient of the load

l

+()21–[]100×=

sρ1

= reflection coefficient of the

s

(the TPS)

The reflection coefficients can be calculated from the VSWR
by the formula:

ρ VSWR 1–()VSWR 1+()⁄=

Example - If a source with a 1.50:1 VSWR with
the Terminating Power Sensor was used, which
has a max VSWR of 1.20:1, the mismatch uncer­tainty would be calculated as follows:

ρ

1.50 1–()1.50 1+()⁄ 0.200==

s

ρ

1.20 1–()1.20 1+()⁄ 0.091==

1

2

MU 1 0.200 0.091×+()

1–[]100 3.67±=×=

9

 Note: If a source with a 1.30:1 VSWR was

used instead, the mismatch uncertainty would be:

ρ

1.30 1–()1.30 1+()⁄ 0.130==

s

1.20 1–()1.20 1+()⁄ 0.091==

ρ

1

MU 1 0.130 0.091×+()

Using a lower VSWR source can drastically reduce the
mismatch uncertainty. Keep in mind that the typical
VSWR of the Model 5011 is 1.03:1, which gives a much
lower mismatch uncertainty.

Example - With the 1.50:1 source, the mis­match uncertainty would be:

1.50 1–()1.50 1+()⁄ 0.200==

ρ

s

ρ

1.03 1–()1.03 1+()⁄ 0.015==

1

MU 1 0.200 0.015×+()

To determine the total uncertainty of the measure­ment, combine the RSS uncertainty with the mis­match uncertainty using the RSS method. Square the
RSS uncertainty, add it to the square of the mismatch
uncertainty, and take the square root.

Using Example 1 in Table 3 with a source VSWR of

1.50 and a TPS VSWR of 1.20, the total uncertainty
would be:

2

1–[]100 2.39±=×=

2

1–[]100 0.59±=×=

2

5.00

2

3.67

+6.20percent()=

For example 2, the total uncertainty would be 6.82 %.

10

Chapter 4 Specifications

5011 Specifications

Power Measurement Characteristics

General Terminated average power
Frequency Range 40 MHz to 4 GHz
Power Measurement

Range
Maximum Power 2 W avg., 125 W pe ak for 5 µs
Peak/Average Ratio 12 dB maximum
Accuracy ± (5% of reading

Input Impedance 50 Ohms (nominal)
Input VSWR:

Typical
Maximum

Input Connector Precision N Male
Output Connector Male DB-9 to host instrument
Power Supply From host instrument via cable

–20.0 to +10.0 dBm (10 µW to 10
mW)

a

+ 1.0 µW)
(excluding mismatch uncertainty)
No correction factors necessary

1.03 (36.6 dB return loss)

1.20 (20.8 dB return loss)

connection

a. Above 40 °C, when measuring frequencies between 40

and 100 MHz, add 1%.

11

Physical and Environmental Specification s

Operating Temp. –10 to +50 °C (+14 to +122 °F)
Storage Temp. –40 to +80 °C (–40 to +176 °F)
Mechanical Shock IAW MIL-PRF-28800F class 3
Vibration IAW MIL-PRF-28800F class 3
Humidity 95% maximum (non-condensing)
Altitude 15,000 ft. operating
Dimensions 6” long max (including connectors);

1.5” diameter nominal

Weight 3/4 lb. max.
Recommended

Calibration Interval

12 months

5011-EF Specifications

Power Measurement Characteristics

General Terminated average power
Frequency Range 40 MHz to 12 GHz
Power Measurement

Range
Maximum Power 2 W avg., 125 W peak for 5 µs
Peak/Average Ratio 12 dB maximum
Accuracy After Correction ± (5% of reading

–20.0 to +10.0 dBm
(10 µW to 10 mW)

a

± 1.0 µW)
(excluding mismatch
uncertainty)

12

Input Impedance 50 Ohms (nominal)
Input VSWR:

Typical
Maximum

Input Connector Precision N Male
Output Connector Male DB-9 to host instrument
Power Supply From host instrument via cable

a. Above 40 °C or below 10 °C add 1%.

1.05 (32.0 dB return loss)

1.25 (19.1 dB return loss)

connection

Physical and Environmental Specifications

Operating Temp. –10 to +50 °C (+14 to +122 °F)
Storage Temp. –40 to +80 °C (–40 to +176 °F)
Mechanical Shock IAW MIL-PRF-28800F class 3
Vibration IAW MIL-PRF-28800F class 3
Humidity 95% maximum (non-condensing)
Altitude 15,000 ft. operating
CE CE compliant
ROHSS ROHSS compliant
Dimensions 6” long max (including connectors);

1.5” diameter nominal

Weight 3/4 lb. max.
Recommended

Calibration Interval

12 months

13

[

]

S

PRECISION "N"

MALE CONNECTOR

4 1/4"

[108 mm]

MALE DB-9

CONNECTOR

®

Series 5011™
Terminating Power Sensor

6”

152 mm

Bird Electronic Corp., Sol on, Ohio USA

Web: http://www.bird-electronic.co m

1 3/8”

[36 mm]

ACROSS FLAT

14

5015 Specifications

Power Measurement Characteristics

General Terminated average power
Frequency Range 40 MHz to 4 GHz
Power

Measurement
Range

Maximum Power 2 W avg., 125 W peak for 5 µs
Peak/Average Ratio 12 dB maximum
Accuracy ± (5% of reading

Input Impedance 50 Ohms (nominal)
Input VSWR:

T ypical
Maximum

Input Connector Precision N Male
Output Connector SeaLatch

Power Supply From host instrument via cable

–20.0 to +10.0 dBm (10 µW to 10 mW)

a

+ 1.0 µW)
(excluding mismatch uncertainty)
No correction factors necessary

1.03 (36.6 dB return loss)

1.20 (20.8 dB return loss)

®

USB type to host

instrument

connection

a. Above 40 °C, when measuring frequencies between 40

and 100 MHz, add 1%.

15

Physical and Environmental Specification s

Operating Temp. –10 to +50 °C (+14 to +122 °F)
Storage Temp. –40 to +80 °C (–40 to +176 °F)
Mechanical Shock IAW MIL-PRF-28800F class 3
Vibration IAW MIL-PRF-28800F class 3
Humidity 95% maximum (non-condensing)
Altitude 15,000 ft. operating
Dimensions 6” long max (including connectors);

1.5” diameter nominal

Weight 3/4 lb. max.

5015-EF Specifications

Power Measurement Characteristics

General Terminated average power
Frequency Range 40 MHz to 12 GHz
Power Measurement

Range
Maximum Power 2 W avg., 125 W peak for 5 µs
Peak/Average Ratio 12 dB maximum
Accuracy After Correction ± (5% of reading

Input Impedance 50 Ohms (nominal)

–20.0 to +10.0 dBm
(10 µW to 10 mW)

a

± 1.0 µW)

(excluding mismatch uncertainty)

16

Input VSWR:

Typical
Maximum

Input Connector Precision N Male
Output Connector SeaLatch USB type to host

Power Supply From host instrument via

a. Above 40 °C or below 10 °C add 1%.

1.05 (32.0 dB return loss)

1.25 (19.1 dB return loss)

instrument

cable connection

Physical and Environmental Specifications

Operating Temp. –10 to +50 °C (+14 to +122 °F)
Storage Temp. –40 to +80 °C (–40 to +176 °F)
Mechanical Shock IAW MIL-PRF-28800F class 3
Vibration IAW MIL-PRF-28800F class 3
Humidity 95% maximum (non-condensing)
Altitude 15,000 ft. operating
CE CE compliant
ROHSS ROHSS compliant
Dimensions 6” long max (including connectors);

1.5” diameter nominal

Weight 3/4 lb. max.
Recommended

Calibration Interval

12 months

17

18

Limited Warranty

All products manufactured by Seller are warranted to be free from
defects in material and workmanship for a period of one (1) year,
unless otherwise specified, from date of shipment and to conform to
applicable specifications, drawings, blueprints and/or samples.
Seller’s sole obligation under these warranties shall be to issue credit,
repair or replace any item or part thereof which is proved to be other
than as warranted; no allowance shall be made for any labor charges
of Buyer for replacement of parts, adjustment or repairs, or any other
work, unless such charges are authorized in advance by Seller.

If Seller’s products are claimed to be defective in material or
workmanship or not to conform to specifications, drawings, blueprints
and/or samples, Seller shall, upon prompt notice thereof, either
examine the products where they are located or issue shipping
instructions for return to Seller (transportation charges prepaid by
Buyer). In the event any of our products are proved to be other than as
warranted, transportation costs (cheapest way) to and from Seller’s
plant, will be borne by Seller and reimbursement or credit will be made
for amounts so expended by Buyer. Every such claim for breach of
these warranties shall be deemed to be waived by Buyer unless made
in writing within ten (10) days from the date of discovery of the defect.

The above warranties shall not extend to any products or parts
thereof which have been subjected to any misuse or neglect, damaged
by accident, rendered defective by reason of improper installation or
by the performance of repairs or alterations outside of our plant, and
shall not apply to any goods or parts thereof furnished by Buyer or
acquired from others at Buyer’s request and/or to Buyer’s
specifications. Routine (regularly required) calibration is not covered
under this limited warranty. In addition, Seller’s warranties do not
extend to the failure of tubes, transistors, fuses and batteries, or to
other equipment and parts manufactured by others except to the
extent of the original manufacturer’s warranty to Seller.

The obligations under the foregoing warranties are limited to the
precise terms thereof. These warranties provide exclusive remedies,
expressly in lieu of all other remedies including claims for special or
consequential damages. SELLER NEITHER MAKES NOR
ASSUMES ANY OTHER WARRANTY WHATSOEVER, WHETHER
EXPRESS, STATUTORY, OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING
WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS, AND NO
PERSON IS AUTHORIZED TO ASSUME FOR SELLER ANY
OBLIGATION OR LIABILITY NOT STRICTLY IN ACCORDANCE
WITH THE FOREGOING.

19