AXISP1357NetworkCamera
UserManual
Aboutthisdocument
ThismanualisintendedforadministratorsandusersoftheAXISP1357
NetworkCamera,andisapplicabletormware5.70andlater.It
includesinstructionsforusingandmanagingtheproductonyour
network.Previousexperienceofnetworkingwillbeofusewhenusing
thisproduct.SomeknowledgeofUNIXorLinux-basedsystemsmayalso
bebenecial,fordevelopingshellscriptsandapplications.Laterversion
ofthisdocumentwillbepostedtotheAxiswebsite,asrequired.See
alsotheproduct’sonlinehelp,availableviatheweb-basedinterface.
Liability
Everycarehasbeentakeninthepreparationofthisdocument.Please
informyourlocalAxisofceofanyinaccuraciesoromissions.Axis
CommunicationsABcannotbeheldresponsibleforanytechnicalor
typographicalerrorsandreservestherighttomakechangestothe
productandmanualswithoutpriornotice.AxisCommunicationsAB
makesnowarrantyofanykindwithregardtothematerialcontained
withinthisdocument,including,butnotlimitedto,theimplied
warrantiesofmerchantabilityandtnessforaparticularpurpose.Axis
CommunicationsABshallnotbeliablenorresponsibleforincidentalor
consequentialdamagesinconnectionwiththefurnishing,performance
oruseofthismaterial.Thisproductisonlytobeusedforitsintended
purpose.
IntellectualPropertyRights
AxisABhasintellectualpropertyrightsrelatingtotechnologyembodied
intheproductdescribedinthisdocument.Inparticular,andwithout
limitation,theseintellectualpropertyrightsmayincludeoneormore
ofthepatentslistedatwww.axis.com/patent.htmandoneormore
additionalpatentsorpendingpatentapplicationsintheUSandother
countries.
Thisproductcontainslicensedthird-partysoftware.Seethemenuitem
“About”intheproduct’suserinterfaceformoreinformation.
ThisproductcontainssourcecodecopyrightAppleComputer,
Inc.,underthetermsofApplePublicSourceLicense2.0(see
www.opensource.apple.com/apsl).Thesourcecodeisavailablefrom
https://developer.apple.com/bonjour/
EquipmentModications
Thisequipmentmustbeinstalledandusedinstrictaccordancewiththe
instructionsgivenintheuserdocumentation.Thisequipmentcontains
nouser-serviceablecomponents.Unauthorizedequipmentchangesor
modicationswillinvalidateallapplicableregulatorycertications
andapprovals.
TrademarkAcknowledgments
AXISCOMMUNICATIONS,AXIS,ETRAX,ARTPECandVAPIXare
registeredtrademarksortrademarkapplicationsofAxisABinvarious
jurisdictions.Allothercompanynamesandproductsaretrademarksor
registeredtrademarksoftheirrespectivecompanies.
Apple,Boa,Apache,Bonjour,Ethernet,InternetExplorer,Linux,
Microsoft,Mozilla,Real,SMPTE,QuickTime,UNIX,Windows,Windows
VistaandWWWareregisteredtrademarksoftherespectiveholders.
JavaandallJava-basedtrademarksandlogosaretrademarksor
registeredtrademarksofOracleand/oritsafliates.UPnP
certicationmarkoftheUPnP
SD,SDHCandSDXCaretrademarksorregisteredtrademarksofSD-3C,
LLCintheUnitedStates,othercountriesorboth.Also,miniSD,microSD,
miniSDHC,microSDHC,microSDXCarealltrademarksorregistered
trademarksofSD-3C,LLCintheUnitedStates,othercountriesorboth.
TM
ImplementersCorporation.
TM
isa
RegulatoryInformation
Europe
ThisproductcomplieswiththeapplicableCEmarkingdirectives
andharmonizedstandards:
•ElectromagneticCompatibility(EMC)Directive2004/108/EC.See
ElectromagneticCompatibility(EMC)onpage2.
•LowVoltage(LVD)Directive2006/95/EC.SeeSafetyonpage2.
•RestrictionsofHazardousSubstances(RoHS)Directive2011/65/EU.
SeeDisposalandRecyclingonpage3.
Acopyoftheoriginaldeclarationofconformitymaybeobtainedfrom
AxisCommunicationsAB.SeeContactInformationonpage3.
ElectromagneticCompatibility(EMC)
Thisequipmenthasbeendesignedandtestedtofulllapplicable
standardsfor:
•Radiofrequencyemissionwheninstalledaccordingtothe
instructionsandusedinitsintendedenvironment.
•Immunitytoelectricalandelectromagneticphenomenawhen
installedaccordingtotheinstructionsandusedinitsintended
environment.
USA
Thisequipmenthasbeentestedusingashieldednetworkcable(STP)
andfoundtocomplywiththelimitsforaClassBdigitaldevice,
pursuanttopart15oftheFCCRules.Theselimitsaredesigned
toprovidereasonableprotectionagainstharmfulinterferenceina
residentialinstallation.Thisequipmentgenerates,usesandcanradiate
radiofrequencyenergyand,ifnotinstalledandusedinaccordance
withtheinstructions,maycauseharmfulinterferencetoradio
communications.However,thereisnoguaranteethatinterference
willnotoccurinaparticularinstallation.Ifthisequipmentdoes
causeharmfulinterferencetoradioortelevisionreception,which
canbedeterminedbyturningtheequipmentoffandon,theuseris
encouragedtotrytocorrecttheinterferencebyoneormoreofthe
followingmeasures:
•Reorientorrelocatethereceivingantenna.
•Increasetheseparationbetweentheequipmentandreceiver.
•Connecttheequipmentintoanoutletonacircuitdifferentfrom
thattowhichthereceiverisconnected.
•Consultthedealeroranexperiencedradio/TVtechnicianforhelp.
Theproductshallbeconnectedusingashieldednetworkcable(STP)
thatisproperlygrounded.
Canada
ThisdigitalapparatuscomplieswithCANICES-3(ClassB).Theproduct
shallbeconnectedusingashieldednetworkcable(STP)thatisproperly
grounded.
CetappareilnumériqueestconformeàlanormeCANNMB-3(classeB).
Leproduitdoitêtreconnectéàl'aided'uncâbleréseaublindé(STP)qui
estcorrectementmisàlaterre.
Europe
ThisdigitalequipmentfulllstherequirementsforRFemission
accordingtotheClassBlimitofEN55022.Theproductshallbe
connectedusingashieldednetworkcable(STP)thatisproperly
grounded.
Thisproductfulllstherequirementsforimmunityaccording
toEN61000-6-1residential,commercialandlight-industrial
environments.
Thisproductfulllstherequirementsforimmunityaccordingto
EN61000-6-2industrialenvironments.
Thisproductfulllstherequirementsforimmunityaccordingto
EN55024ofceandcommercialenvironments
Australia/NewZealand
ThisdigitalequipmentfulllstherequirementsforRFemission
accordingtotheClassBlimitofAS/NZSCISPR22.Theproductshall
beconnectedusingashieldednetworkcable(STP)thatisproperly
grounded.
Japan
この装置は、クラスB情報技術装置です。この装置は、家
庭環境で使用することを目的としていますが、この装置が
ラジオやテレビジョン受信機に近接して使用されると、受
信障害を引き起こすことがあります。取扱説明書に従って
正しい取り扱いをして下さい。本製品は、シールドネット
ワークケーブル(STP)を使用して接続してください。また
適切に接地してください。
Korea
이기기는가정용(B급)전자파적합기기로서주로가정에
서사용하는것을목적으로하며,모든지역에서사용할수
있습니다.적절히접지된STP(shieldedtwistedpair)케이
블을사용하여제품을연결하십시오.
Safety
ThisproductcomplieswithIEC/EN/UL60950-1,SafetyofInformation
TechnologyEquipment.Ifitsconnectingcablesareroutedoutdoors,
theproductshallbegroundedeitherthroughashieldednetworkcable
(STP)orotherappropriatemethod.
Thepowersupplyusedwiththisproductshallfullltherequirements
forSafetyExtraLowVoltage(SELV)andLimitedPowerSource(LPS)
accordingtoIEC/EN/UL60950-1.
DisposalandRecycling
Whenthisproducthasreachedtheendofitsusefullife,disposeof
itaccordingtolocallawsandregulations.Forinformationabout
yournearestdesignatedcollectionpoint,contactyourlocalauthority
responsibleforwastedisposal.Inaccordancewithlocallegislation,
penaltiesmaybeapplicableforincorrectdisposalofthiswaste.
Europe
Thissymbolmeansthattheproductshallnotbedisposedof
togetherwithhouseholdorcommercialwaste.Directive2012/19/EU
onwasteelectricalandelectronicequipment(WEEE)isapplicablein
theEuropeanUnionmemberstates.Topreventpotentialharmto
humanhealthandtheenvironment,theproductmustbedisposed
ofinanapprovedandenvironmentallysaferecyclingprocess.For
informationaboutyournearestdesignatedcollectionpoint,contact
yourlocalauthorityresponsibleforwastedisposal.Businessesshould
contacttheproductsupplierforinformationabouthowtodispose
ofthisproductcorrectly.
ThisproductcomplieswiththerequirementsofDirective201 1/65/EUon
therestrictionoftheuseofcertainhazardoussubstancesinelectrical
andelectronicequipment(RoHS).
China
Thisproductcomplieswiththerequirementsofthelegislative
actAdministrationontheControlofPollutionCausedbyElectronic
InformationProducts(ACPEIP).
ContactInformation
AxisCommunicationsAB
Emdalavägen14
22369Lund
Sweden
Tel:+46462721800
Fax:+4646136130
www.axis.com
Support
Shouldyourequireanytechnicalassistance,pleasecontactyourAxis
reseller.Ifyourquestionscannotbeansweredimmediately,your
resellerwillforwardyourqueriesthroughtheappropriatechannelsto
ensurearapidresponse.IfyouareconnectedtotheInternet,youcan:
•downloaduserdocumentationandsoftwareupdates
•ndanswerstoresolvedproblemsintheFAQdatabase.Search
byproduct,category,orphrase
•reportproblemstoAxissupportstaffbyloggingintoyourprivate
supportarea
•chatwithAxissupportstaff
•visitAxisSupportatwww.axis.com/techsup/
LearnMore!
VisitAxislearningcenterwww.axis.com/academy/forusefultrainings,
webinars,tutorialsandguides.
AXISP1357NetworkCamera
SafetyInformation
SafetyInformation
HazardLevels
DANGER
WARNING
CAUTION
NO
TICE
NO NO
TICE TICE
Indicatesahazardoussituationwhich,ifnotavoided,willresultindeathorseriousinjury.
Indicatesahazardoussituationwhich,ifnotavoided,couldresultindeathorseriousinjury.
Indicatesahazardoussituationwhich,ifnotavoided,couldresultinminorormoderate
injury.
Indicatesasituationwhich,ifnotavoided,couldresultindamagetoproperty.
OtherMessageLevels
ImportantIndicatessignicantinformationwhichisessentialfortheproducttofunctioncorrectly.
NoteIndicatesusefulinformationwhichhelpsingettingthemostoutoftheproduct.
4
AXISP1357NetworkCamera
TableofContents
SafetyInformation..........................................4
HazardLevels...................................................4
OtherMessageLevels............................................4
HardwareOverview..........................................7
ConnectorsandButtons..........................................8
LEDIndicators..................................................9
StatusLEDBehaviorforFocusAssistant.............................10
ReplacetheLens................................................10
AccesstheProduct..........................................11
AccessfromaBrowser...........................................11
AccessfromtheInternet..........................................11
SettheRootPassword...........................................12
SetPowerLineFrequency.........................................12
PTZMode......................................................12
TheLiveViewPage..............................................12
MediaStreams.............................................16
HowtoStreamH.264............................................16
MJPEG........................................................16
AXISMediaControl(AMC)........................................16
AlternativeMethodsofAccessingtheVideoStream....................17
AccessAudioStreams............................................18
SetUptheProduct..........................................19
BasicSetup....................................................19
AdjustFocus...................................................19
FocusAssistant.................................................20
VideoandAudio............................................21
SetUpVideoStreams............................................21
StreamProles.................................................23
CameraSettings................................................23
ViewArea.....................................................26
Overlay........................................................26
PrivacyMask...................................................28
Focus.........................................................29
SetUpAudio...................................................29
AudioClips....................................................31
ConguretheLiveViewPage.................................32
PTZ(PanTiltZoom).........................................34
PresetPositions.................................................34
InstallPTZDriver................................................34
GuardTour.....................................................34
Advanced......................................................35
ControlQueue..................................................35
Detectors..................................................37
CameraTampering..............................................37
MotionDetection...............................................37
AudioDetection................................................39
Applications...............................................40
ApplicationLicenses.............................................40
UploadApplication..............................................40
ApplicationConsiderations........................................40
Events....................................................42
ConvertEventTypestoActionRules................................42
SetUpActionRules.............................................42
AddRecipients..................................................44
CreateSchedules................................................46
SetUpRecurrences..............................................46
Recordings.................................................47
FindRecordings.................................................47
PlayRecording..................................................47
ExportVideoClip................................................48
ContinuousRecording............................................48
5
AXISP1357NetworkCamera
TableofContents
Languages.................................................49
SystemOptions.............................................50
Security.......................................................50
Date&Time....................................................52
Network.......................................................53
Storage.......................................................58
Ports&Devices.................................................60
Maintenance...................................................60
Support.......................................................61
Advanced......................................................61
ResettoFactoryDefaultSettings...................................62
Troubleshooting............................................63
ChecktheFirmware.............................................63
UpgradetheFirmware...........................................63
EmergencyRecoveryProcedure....................................63
Symptoms,PossibleCausesandRemedialActions.....................64
TechnicalSpecications......................................67
Connectors....................................................70
ConnectionDiagrams............................................71
PerformanceConsiderations.......................................71
6
AXISP1357NetworkCamera
1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8
9
10
12
11
13
14
15
16
HardwareOverview
HardwareOverview
1
Focuspuller
2
Zoompuller
3
Internalmicrophone
4
LEDindicator
5
SDcardslot(microSD)
6
Audioin
7
Audioout
8
NetworkconnectorPoE
9
PowerLED
10
NetworkLED
7
AXISP1357NetworkCamera
HardwareOverview
11
Controlbutton
12
I/Oterminalblock
13
Productnumber(P/N)andSerialnumber(S/N)
14
RS485/422connector
15
Powerconnector
16
Irisconnector
ConnectorsandButtons
Fortechnicalspecications,seepage67.
NetworkConnector
RJ45EthernetconnectorwithPoweroverEthernet(PoE).
NO
TICE
NO NO
TICE TICE
Theproductshallbeconnectedusingashieldednetworkcable(STP).Allcablesconnectingtheproducttothenetworkshall
beintendedfortheirspecicuse.Makesurethatthenetworkdevicesareinstalledinaccordancewiththemanufacturer’s
instructions.Forinformationaboutregulatoryrequirements,seeElectromagneticCompatibility(EMC)onpage2.
I/OConnector
Usewithexternaldevicesincombinationwith,forexample,tamperingalarms,motiondetection,eventtriggering,timelapserecording
andalarmnotications.Inadditiontothe0VDCreferencepointandpower(DCoutput),theI/Oconnectorprovidestheinterfaceto:
•Digitaloutput–ForconnectingexternaldevicessuchasrelaysandLEDs.Connecteddevicescanbeactivatedbythe
VAPIX®ApplicationProgrammingInterface,outputbuttonsontheLiveViewpageorbyanActionRule.Theoutputwill
showasactive(shownunderSystemOptions>Ports&Devices)ifthealarmdeviceisactivated.
•Digitalinput–Analarminputforconnectingdevicesthatcantogglebetweenanopenandclosedcircuit,forexample:
PIRs,door/windowcontacts,glassbreakdetectors,etc.Whenasignalisreceivedthestatechangesandtheinputbecomes
active(shownunderSystemOptions>Ports&Devices).
PowerConnector
2-pinterminalblockforpowerinput.UseaSafetyExtraLowVoltage(SELV)compliantlimitedpowersource(LPS)witheitherarated
outputpowerlimitedto≤100Woraratedoutputcurrentlimitedto≤5A.
AudioConnector
TheAxisproducthasthefollowingaudioconnectors:
•Audioin(pink)–3.5mminputforamonomicrophone,oraline-inmonosignal.
•Audioout(green)–3.5mmoutputforaudio(linelevel)thatcanbeconnectedtoapublicaddress(PA)systemoran
activespeakerwithabuilt-inamplier.Astereoconnectormustbeusedforaudioout.
Foraudioin,theleftchannelisusedfromastereosignal.
RS485/RS422Connector
TwoterminalblocksforRS485/RS422serialinterfaceusedtocontrolauxiliaryequipmentsuchaspan-tiltdevices.
8
AXISP1357NetworkCamera
HardwareOverview
SDCardSlot
NO
TICE
NO NO
TICE TICE
•RiskofdamagetoSDcard.DonotusesharptoolsorexcessiveforcewheninsertingorremovingtheSDcard.
•Riskofdataloss.Topreventdatacorruption,theSDcardshouldbeunmountedbeforeremoval.Tounmount,gotoSetup>
SystemOptions>Storage>SDCardandclickUnmount.
ThisproductsupportsmicroSD/microSDHC/microSDXCcards(notincluded).
ForSDcardrecommendations,seewww.axis.com
ControlButton
Forlocationofthecontrolbutton,seeHardwareOverviewonpage7.
Thecontrolbuttonisusedfor:
•EnablingtheFocusAssistant.PressandveryquicklyreleasetheControlbutton
•Resettingtheproducttofactorydefaultsettings.Seepage62.
•ConnectingtoanAXISVideoHostingSystemservice.Seepage54.Toconnect,pressandholdthebuttonforabout3
secondsuntiltheStatusLEDashesgreen.
•ConnectingtoAXISInternetDynamicDNSService.Seepage54.Toconnect,pressandholdthebuttonforabout3seconds.
LEDIndicators
Note
•TheStatusLEDcanbeconguredtobeunlitduringnormaloperation.Tocongure,gotoSetup>SystemOptions>Ports
&Devices>LED.Seetheonlinehelpformoreinformation.
•TheStatusLEDcanbeconguredtoashwhileaneventisactive.
•TheStatusLEDcanbeconguredtoashforidentifyingtheunit.GotoSetup>SystemOptions>Maintenance.
StatusLED
GreenSteadygreenfornormaloperation.
Amber
RedFlashesredforrmwareupgradefailure.
NetworkLEDIndication
Green
Amber
UnlitNonetworkconnection.
PowerLEDIndication
Green
Amber
Indication
Steadyduringstartupandwhenrestoringsettings.
Steadyforconnectiontoa100Mbit/snetwork.Flashesfornetworkactivity.
Steadyforconnectiontoa10Mbit/snetwork.Flashesfornetworkactivity.
Normaloperation.
Flashesgreen/amberduringrmwareupgrade.
9
AXISP1357NetworkCamera
HardwareOverview
StatusLEDBehaviorforFocusAssistant
Color
Green
AmberThecamerahasbeenmoved,oranobjecthasbeenplacedinfrontofthelens.Exitandrestartthe
RedThecamerahasbeenmoved,oranobjecthasbeenplacedinfrontofthelens.Exitandrestartthe
Indication
FocusAssistantisenabled
Thelensisoptimallyadjusted
FocusAssistant.
Thelensislessoptimallyadjusted.
FocusAssistant.
Thelensispoorlyadjusted.
ReplacetheLens
ItispossibletouseoptionallensesfortheAxisproduct.
Toreplacethelens:
1.Disconnecttheiriscable.
2.Unscrewthestandardlens.
3.Attachandscrewonthenewlens.
Tochangetheirisconguration:
1.GotoSetup>VideoandAudio>CameraSettings.Iriscongurationshowsthecurrentcongurediristype.
2.ClickEdit.
3.Selecttheinstalledirislensfromthedrop-downlistandclickOK.
TochangetheiriscongurationforP-irislensesnotlistedinthedrop-downlist:
1.Downloadtheiriscongurationlefromwww.axis.com
2.GotoSetup>VideoandAudio>CameraSettings.Iriscongurationshowsthecurrentcongurediristype.
3.InIrisconguration:ClickEdit.
4.GototheUploadtab.
5.ClickBrowseandselectthecongurationle.
6.ClickUpload.TheinstalledirislensshouldnowbeincludedintheIrisSelectiondrop-downlist.
7.Selecttheinstalledirislensfromthedrop-downlistandclickOK.
Note
•IfyouselectaDCiriscongurationleforaP-irislens,anerrormessagewillappearbelowtheiriscongurationtypeinthe
CameraSettingspage.ForcustomDCIrislenses,selectGenericDCIrisoption.
•Thereisnoneedtorestarttheproductafterchangingthelens.However,theproductmustberestartedifyouare
interchangingbetweenaP-iris,DC-Irisorxed/manualirislens.Inordertosetthefocusandpositionthelens,the
productmustbeconnectedtothenetwork.
10
AXISP1357NetworkCamera
AccesstheProduct
AccesstheProduct
ToinstalltheAxisproduct,seetheInstallationGuidesuppliedwiththeproduct.
Theproductcanbeusedwithmostoperatingsystemsandbrowsers.Therecommendedbrowsersare
•InternetExplorer
•Safari
•Chrome
SeeTechnicalSpecicationsonpage67.
ToviewstreamingvideoinInternetExplorer,allowinstallationofAXISMediaControl(AMC)whenprompted.
TheAxisproductincludesone(1)H.264decoderlicenseforviewingvideostreamsandone(1)AACaudiolicense.Thelicensesare
automaticallyinstalledwithAMC.Theadministratorcandisabletheinstallationofthedecoders,topreventinstallationofunlicensed
copies.
Note
•QuickTime
®
withOSX
TM
®
withWindows
®
orFirefox
TM
®
withotheroperatingsystems.
isalsosupportedforviewingH.264streamsandforaudio.
®
AccessfromaBrowser
1.Startawebbrowser.
2.EntertheIPaddressorhostnameoftheAxisproductinthebrowser’sLocation/Addresseld.
ToaccesstheproductfromaMaccomputer(OSX),gotoSafari,clickonBonjourandselecttheproductfromthe
drop-downlist.
IfyoudonotknowtheIPaddress,useAXISIPUtilitytolocatetheproductonthenetwork.Forinformationabout
howtodiscoverandassignanIPaddress,seethedocumentAssignanIPAddressandAccesstheVideoStreamonAxis
Supportwebatwww.axis.com/techsup
Note
ToshowBonjourasabrowserbookmark,gotoSafari>Preferences.
3.Enteryourusernameandpassword.Ifthisisthersttimetheproductisaccessed,therootpasswordmustrstbe
congured.Forinstructions,seeSettheRootPasswordonpage12.
4.Theproduct’sLiveViewpageopensinyourbrowser.
Note
ThecontrolsandlayoutoftheLiveViewpagemayhavebeencustomizedtomeetspecicinstallationrequirementsand
userpreferences.Consequently,someoftheexamplesandfunctionsfeaturedheremaydifferfromthosedisplayedin
yourownLiveViewpage.
AccessfromtheInternet
Onceconnected,theAxisproductisaccessibleonyourlocalnetwork(LAN).ToaccesstheproductfromtheInternetyoumust
congureyournetworkroutertoallowincomingdatatrafctotheproduct.Todothis,enabletheNAT-traversalfeature,which
willattempttoautomaticallyconguretheroutertoallowaccesstotheproduct.ThisisenabledfromSetup>SystemOptions>
Network>TCP/IPAdvanced.
Formoreinformation,seeNATtraversal(portmapping)forIPv4onpage56.SeealsoAXISInternetDynamicDNSServiceat
www.axiscam.net
11
AXISP1357NetworkCamera
AccesstheProduct
ForTechnicalnotesonthisandothertopics,visittheAxisSupportwebatwww .axis.com/techsup
SettheRootPassword
ToaccesstheAxisproduct,youmustsetthepasswordforthedefaultadministratoruserroot.ThisisdoneintheCongureRoot
Passworddialog,whichopenswhentheproductisaccessedforthersttime.
Topreventnetworkeavesdropping,therootpasswordcanbesetviaanencryptedHTTPSconnection,whichrequiresanHTTPS
certicate.HTTPS(HypertextTransferProtocoloverSSL)isaprotocolusedtoencrypttrafcbetweenwebbrowsersandservers.The
HTTPScerticateensuresencryptedexchangeofinformation.SeeHTTPSonpage50.
Thedefaultadministratorusernamerootispermanentandcannotbedeleted.Ifthepasswordforrootislost,theproductmustbe
resettothefactorydefaultsettings.SeeResettoFactoryDefaultSettingsonpage62.
TosetthepasswordviaastandardHTTPconnection,enteritdirectlyinthedialog.
TosetthepasswordviaanencryptedHTTPSconnection,followthesesteps:
1.ClickUseHTTPS.
Atemporarycerticate(validforoneyear)iscreated,enablingencryptionofalltrafctoandfromtheproduct,andthe
passwordcannowbesetsecurely.
2.Enterapasswordandthenre-enterittoconrmthespelling.
3.ClickOK.Thepasswordhasnowbeencongured.
SetPowerLineFrequency
PowerlinefrequencyissetthersttimetheAxisproductisaccessedandcanonlybechangedfromPlainCong(seepage62)
orbyresettingtheproducttofactorydefault.
Selectthepowerlinefrequency(50Hzor60Hz)usedatthelocationoftheAxisproduct.Selectingthewrongfrequencymaycause
imageickeriftheproductisusedinuorescentlightenvironments.
Whenusing50Hz,themaximumframerateislimitedto25fps.
Note
Powerlinefrequencyvariesdependingongeographicregion.TheAmericasusuallyuse60Hz,whereasmostotherpartsof
theworlduse50Hz.Localvariationscouldapply.Alwayscheckwiththelocalauthorities.
PTZMode
PTZmodeissetthersttimetheAxisproductisaccessedandcanonlybechangedbyresettingtheproducttofactorydefault.
DigitalPTZisthedefaultmodeandshouldbeusedwhenapan/tiltmotorisnotused.
Ifthecameraismountedtoapan/tiltmotor,selectUploadablePTZdriver.ForinformationabouthowtouploadaPTZdriver,see
InstallPTZDriveronpage34.
TheLiveViewPage
ThecontrolsandlayoutoftheLiveViewpagemayhavebeencustomizedtomeetspecicinstallationrequirementsanduser
preferences.Consequently ,someoftheexamplesandfunctionsfeaturedheremaydifferfromthosedisplayedinyourownLiveView
page.Thefollowingprovidesanoverviewofeachavailablecontrol.
12
AXISP1357NetworkCamera
AccesstheProduct
ControlsontheLiveViewPage
ClicktheViewsizebuttonstoshowtheimageinfullsize(rightbutton)ortoscaledowntheimageto
tthebrowserwindow(leftbutton).
SelectastreamprolefortheLiveViewpagefromtheStreamProledrop-downlist.Forinformation
abouthowtocongurestreamproles,seepage23.
ClickPulsetoactivatetheproduct’soutputportforadenedperiodoftime.Forinformationabouthow
toenableandcongureoutputbuttons,seepage33.Theoutputbuttonnamemaydifferdependingon
thenameenteredintheI/OPortsconguration.
ClicktheActive/Inactivebuttonstomanuallyactivateandinactivetheproduct’soutputport.For
informationabouthowtoenableandcongureoutputbuttons,seepage33.
TheManualTriggerbuttonisusedtotriggeranactionrulefromtheLiveViewpage.Forinformation
abouthowtocongureandenablethebutton,seeManualTriggeronpage13.
ClickSnapshottosaveasnapshotofthevideoimage.Thisbuttonisprimarilyintendedforusewhen
theAXISMediaControlviewertoolbarisnotavailable.EnablethisbuttonfromLiveViewCong>
ActionButtons.
TheAudioclipdrop-downlistallowsyoutoplayanaudioclipfromtheLiveViewpage.Selectthe
audioclipandclickthePlaybutton.
ManualTrigger
TheManualTriggerisusedtotriggeranactionrulefromtheLiveViewpage.Themanualtriggercanforexamplebeusedto
validateactionsduringproductinstallationandconguration.
Tocongurethemanualtrigger:
1.GotoSetup>Events.
2.ClickAddtoaddanewactionrule.
3.FromtheTriggerdrop-downlist,selectInputSignal.
4.Fromtheseconddrop-downlist,selectManualTrigger.
5.Selectthedesiredactionandconguretheothersettingsasrequired.
Formoreinformationaboutactionrules,seeEventsonpage42.
ToshowthemanualtriggerbuttonsintheLiveViewpage:
1.GotoSetup>LiveViewCong.
2.UnderActionButtons,selectShowmanualtriggerbutton.
AXISMediaControlviewertoolbar
TheAXISMediaControlviewertoolbarisavailableinInternetExploreronly.SeeAXISMediaControl(AMC)onpage16formore
information.Thetoolbardisplaysthefollowingbuttons:
13
AXISP1357NetworkCamera
AccesstheProduct
ThePlaybuttonconnectstotheAxisproductandstartsplayingamediastream.
TheStopbuttonstopsthemediastream.
TheSnapshotbuttontakesasnapshotofthevideoimage.Thelocationwheretheimageissavedcanbespecied
intheAMCControlPanel.
ClicktheViewFullScreenbuttonandthevideoimagewilllltheentirescreen.PressESC(Escape)onthecomputer
keyboardtocancelfullscreenview.
TheRecordbuttonisusedtorecordthecurrentvideostreamonyourcomputer.Thelocationwheretherecordingissaved
canbespeciedintheAMCControlPanel.EnablethisbuttonfromLiveViewCong>ViewerSettings.
AMCAudioControls
AMCaudiobuttonscontrolthespeakersandmicrophoneconnectedtotheclientcomputer.Thebuttonsareonlyvisiblewhen
audioisenabled.
Forinformationabouthowtocongureaudio,seeSetUpAudioonpage29.
Speakerbutton—Clicktoturnthespeakersonoroff.
Microphonebutton–Clicktomuteorunmutethemicrophone.InSimplex-speakeronlymode,theMicrophoneandTalk
buttonsmustbothbeactivetosendaudiototheAxisproduct.Clickeitherbuttontostopaudiotransmission.
Usetheslidertocontrolthevolumeofthespeakersandthemicrophone.
Half-duplexmode
TheTalk/Listenbuttonisusedtoswitchbetweensendingandreceivingaudio.Thebuttoncanbecongured
fromtheAudiotabintheAMCControlpanel:
Simplex–speakeronlymode
Tosendaudio,theTalkandMicrophonebuttonsmustbothbeactive.Clickeitherbuttontostopaudio
transmission.
•Push-To-Talkmode:Clickandholdthebuttontotalk/send.Releasethebuttontolisten.
•Togglemode:Clickoncetoswitchbetweentalkingandlistening.
PTZControls
Note
ThesecontrolsareavailableifdigitalPTZisenabledintheselectedviewareaorifaPTZdriverhasbeenuploaded.Formore
informationonviewareas,seeViewAreaonpage26.Formoreinformationonhowtouploadadriver,seeInstallPTZDriver
onpage34.ToswitchbetweenthetwooptionsseePTZModeonpage12.
WiththePTZControlQueueenabledthetimeeachuserisincontrolofthePTZsettingsislimited.Clickthebuttonstorequestor
releasecontrolofthePTZcontrols.ThePTZControlQueueissetupunderPTZ>ControlQueue.
ClicktheEmulatejoystickmodebuttonandclickintheimagetomovethecameraviewinthedirectionofthe
mousepointer.
ClicktheCentermodebuttonandclickintheimagetocenterthecameraviewonthatposition.
Thecentermodebuttoncouldalsobeusedtozoominonaspecicarea.Clickintheimageanddragtodrawa
rectanglesurroundingtheareatobemagnied.Tozoomout,rotatethemousewheel.
14
AXISP1357NetworkCamera
AccesstheProduct
ClicktheCtrlpanelbuttontoopenthePTZcontrolpanelwhichprovidesadditionalPTZcontrols.
User-denedbuttonscanalsoappearintheControlpanel.SeeControlsonpage35.
Toviewaspecicviewareaorpresetposition,selectitfromtheSourcelist.
ThePTZcontrolscanbedisabledunderPTZ>Advanced>Controls,seeControlsonpage35.
15
AXISP1357NetworkCamera
MediaStreams
MediaStreams
TheAxisproductprovidesseveralaudioandvideostreamformats.Yourrequirementsandthepropertiesofyournetworkwill
determinethetypeyouuse.
TheLiveViewpageintheproductprovidesaccesstoH.264andMotionJPEGvideostreams,audiostreamsandtothelistofavailable
streamproles.Otherapplicationsandclientscanaccessvideoandaudiostreamsdirectly,withoutgoingviatheLiveViewpage.
HowtoStreamH.264
H.264can,withoutcompromisingimagequality,reducethesizeofadigitalvideolebymorethan80%comparedwiththeMotion
JPEGformatandasmuchas50%morethantheMPEG-4standard.Thismeansthatmuchlessnetworkbandwidthandstoragespace
arerequiredforavideole.Orseenanotherway,muchhighervideoqualitycanbeachievedforagivenbitrate.
Decidingwhichcombinationofprotocolsandmethodstousedependsonyourviewingrequirements,andonthepropertiesof
yournetwork.TheavailableoptionsinAXISMediaControlare:
UnicastRTP
RTPoverRTSP
RTPoverRTSPoverHTTP
MulticastRTP
AXISMediaControlnegotiateswiththeAxisproducttodeterminethetransportprotocoltouse.Theorderofpriority,listedinthe
AMCControlPanel,canbechangedandtheoptionsdisabled,tosuitspecicrequirements.
Note
H.264islicensedtechnology.TheAxisproductincludesoneH.264viewingclientlicense.Installingadditionalunlicensed
copiesoftheclientisprohibited.Topurchaseadditionallicenses,contactyourAxisreseller.
Thisunicastmethod(RTPoverUDP)isused
forliveunicastvideo,especiallywhenitis
importanttohaveanup-to-datevideostream,
evenifsomeframesaredropped.
Thisunicastmethod(RTPtunneledoverRTSP)
isusefulasitisrelativelysimpletocongure
rewallstoallowRTSPtrafc.
Thisunicastmethodcanbeusedtotraverse
rewalls.Firewallsarecommonlyconguredto
allowtheHTTPprotocol,thusallowingRTPto
betunneled.
Thismethod(RTPoverUDP)shouldbeusedforlivemulticastvideo.Thevideostreamisalways
up-to-date,evenifsomeframesaredropped.
Multicastingprovidesthemostefcientusageofbandwidthwhentherearelargenumbersof
clientsviewingsimultaneously.Amulticastcannothowever ,passanetworkrouterunlessthe
routerisconguredtoallowthis.ItisnotpossibletomulticastovertheInternet,forexample.
Notealsothatallmulticastviewerscountasoneunicastviewerinthemaximumtotalof20
simultaneousconnections.
Unicastingisusedforvideo-on-demand
transmissionsothatthereisnovideotrafc
onthenetworkuntilaclientconnectsand
requeststhestream.
Notethatthereareamaximumof20
simultaneousunicastconnections.
MJPEG
ThisformatusesstandardJPEGstillimagesforthevideostream.Theseimagesarethendisplayedandupdatedataratesufcient
tocreateastreamthatshowsconstantlyupdatedmotion.
TheMotionJPEGstreamusesconsiderableamountsofbandwidth,butprovidesexcellentimagequalityandaccesstoeveryimage
containedinthestream.TherecommendedmethodofaccessingMotionJPEGlivevideofromtheAxisproductistousetheAXIS
MediaControlinInternetExplorerinWindows.
AXISMediaControl(AMC)
AXISMediaControl(AMC)inInternetExplorerinWindowsistherecommendedmethodofaccessinglivevideofromtheAxisproduct.
16
AXISP1357NetworkCamera
MediaStreams
TheAMCControlPanelcanbeusedtocongurevariousvideoandaudiosettings.PleaseseetheAXISMediaControlUser’s
Manualformoreinformation.
TheAMCControlPanelisautomaticallyinstalledonrstuse,afterwhichitcanbecongured.OpentheAMCControlPanelfrom:
•WindowsControlPanel(fromtheStartscreenorStartmenu)
•Alternatively,right-clickthevideoimageinInternetExplorerandclickSettings.
AlternativeMethodsofAccessingtheVideoStream
YoucanalsoaccessvideoandimagesfromtheAxisproductinthefollowingways:
•MotionJPEGserverpush(ifsupportedbytheclient,ChromeorFirefox,forexample).ThisoptionmaintainsanopenHTTP
connectiontothebrowserandsendsdataasandwhenrequired,foraslongasrequired.
•StillJPEGimagesinabrowser.Enterthepathhttp://<ip>/axis-cgi/jpg/image.cgi
•WindowsMediaPlayer.ThisrequiresAXISMediaControlandtheH.264decodertobeinstalled.Thefollowingpaths
canbeused:
-UnicastviaRTP:axrtpu://<ip>/axis-media/media.amp
-UnicastviaRTSP:axrtsp://<ip>/axis-media/media.amp
-UnicastviaRTSP,tunneledviaHTTP:axrtsphttp://<ip>/axis-media/media.amp
-Multicast:axrtpm://<ip>/axis-media/media.amp
•QuickTime
TM
.Thefollowingpathscanbeused:
-rtsp://<ip>/axis-media/media.amp
-rtsp://<ip>/axis-media/media.3gp
17
AXISP1357NetworkCamera
MediaStreams
Note
•<ip>=IPaddress
•TheAxisproductsupportsQuickTime6.5.1andlater.
•QuickTimemayaddlatencytothevideostream.
•ItmaybepossibletouseotherplayerstoviewtheH.264streamusingthepathsabove,althoughAxisdoesnotguarantee
this.
AccessAudioStreams
TheLiveViewpageprovidesaccesstoaudiothroughAXISMediaControl;inadditionaudiocanbeaccessedinthefollowingways:
•VAPIX®ApplicationProgrammingInterface(API)Formoreinformation,visitwww.axis.com/developer
•WindowsMediaPlayersupportssimplexaudio.Thefollowingpathscanbeused:
-UnicastviaRTP:axrtpu://<ip>/axis-media/media.amp
-UnicastviaRTSP:axrtsp://<ip>/axis-media/media.amp
-UnicastviaRTSP,tunneledviaHTTP:axrtsphttp://<ip>/axis-media/media.amp
-Multicast:axrtpm://<ip>/axis-media/media.amp
•QuickTime
TM
supportsG.7 1 1andAACaudioencoding.Thefollowingpathscanbeused:
-rtsp://<ip>/axis-media/media.amp
-rtsp://<ip>/axis-media/media.3gp
18
AXISP1357NetworkCamera
SetUptheProduct
SetUptheProduct
TheAxisproductcanbeconguredbyuserswithadministratororoperatorrights.Toopentheproduct’sSetuppages,clickSetupin
thetopright-handcorneroftheLiveViewpage.
•Administratorshaveunrestrictedaccesstoallsettings.
•OperatorshaveaccesstoallsettingsexceptSystemOptions
Seealsotheonlinehelp
.
BasicSetup
BasicSetupprovidesshortcutstothesettingsthatshouldbemadebeforeusingtheAxisproduct:
1.Users.Seepage50.
2.TCP/IP.Seepage53.
3.Date&Time.Seepage52.
4.VideoStream.Seepage21.
5.Focus.Seepage29
6.AudioSettings.Seepage29.
TheBasicSetupmenucanbedisabledfromSystemOptions>Security>Users.
AdjustFocus
Toadjustthezoomandfocusfollowtheseinstructions:
Note
•SetthefocusaspreciseaspossiblewiththefocuspullerorFocusAssistantbeforestartingautomaticnetuning.Usingthe
focuspullernormallygivesthebestresult.
•Theirisshouldalwaysbeopenedtoitsmaximumwhilefocusing.Thisgivesthesmallestdepthofeldandthusthe
bestconditionsforcorrectfocusing.
1.Opentheproduct’shomepageandgotoSetup>BasicSetup>Focus.
2.UndertheBasictab,clickOpeniris.Ifthebuttonisinactivetheirisisalreadyopen.
3.Iffocushasbeensetbefore,clickResettoresetthebackfocus.
4.Loosenthezoomandfocuspullers(seeHardwareOverviewonpage7)onthelensbyturningthemcounter-clockwise.
Movethepullerstosetzoomandfocusandcheckthequalityoftheimageintheimagewindow.
Ifthecameraismountedsothatonecannotlookattheimageandmovethepullersatthesametime,usetheFocus
Assistantinstead.SeeFocusAssistantonpage20.
5.Loosenthezoompullerandthelockscrewforthefocusring(seeHardwareOverviewonpage7)onthelensbyturning
themcounter-clockwise.Movethezoompullerandthefocusringtosetzoomandfocusandcheckthequalityof
theimageintheimagewindow.
Ifthecameraismountedsothatyoucannotlookattheimageandmovethezoompullerandthefocusringatthesame
time,usetheFocusAssistantinstead.SeeFocusAssistantonpage20.
6.Re-tightenthezoomandfocuspullers.
19
AXISP1357NetworkCamera
SetUptheProduct
7.OntheFocuspage,clickFine-tunefocusautomaticallyandwaituntilautomaticnetuningiscompleted.
8.ClickEnableiris.Ifthebuttonisinactivetheirisisalreadyenabled.
9.Ifneeded,makefurtheradjustmentsundertheAdvancedtab.Seetheonlinehelpformoreinformation.
FocusAssistant
Note
•Theviewinfrontofthecamerashouldnotbechangedduringfocusadjustment(steps5and6).Ifthecameraismoved,orif
angerorotherobjectisplacedinfrontofthelens,steps3-7willhavetoberepeated.
•Ifmovementsinfrontofthecameracannotbeavoided,theFocusAssistantshouldnotbeused.
•IfthecameraismountedsothattheFunctionbuttoncannotbeaccessed,youcanstillusetheFocusAssistant.Followthe
instructionsbelowbutmountthecameraafterstep4,pressingtheFunctionbuttoninsteadandskipstep7.
TofocusyournetworkcamerausingtheFocusAssistant,followsteps1-3underAdjustFocusonpage19beforeyoustartwiththe
stepsbelow.SeeHardwareOverviewonpage7.
1.Mountorplacethecamerasothatitcannotbemoved.
2.Loosenthezoompullerbyturningitcounter-clockwise.Movethepullertosetthezoomlevel.Re-tightenthezoompuller.
3.Setthecameratoitsextremedistant-focuspositionbylooseningthefocuspullerandturningthelensfullyclockwise.
4.PressandquicklyreleasetheFunctionbutton.WhentheStatusLEDashesgreen,theFocusAssistantisenabled.
IftheStatusLEDasheseitherredoramberbeforeyouareabletoadjustthelens,skiptostep7toexittheFocusAssistant
andrepeatsteps3-7.Seethenotesabove.SeeStatusLEDBehaviorforFocusAssistantonpage10.
5.Gentlyturnthelenscounter-clockwiseuntilitstops.
6.Turnthelensslowlyclockwiseuntilthestatusindicatorashesgreenoramber(notred).
7.Retightenthefocuspuller.
8.OpentheLiveViewpageinthewebbrowserandcheckthequalityoftheimage.
9.OntheFocuspage,clickFine-tunefocusautomaticallyandwaituntilautomaticnetuningiscompleted.
10.ClickEnableiris.Ifthebuttonisinactivetheirisisalreadyenabled.
11.Ifneeded,makefurtheradjustmentsundertheAdvancedtab.Seetheonlinehelpformoreinformation.
20
AXISP1357NetworkCamera
VideoandAudio
VideoandAudio
Thevideoandaudiosettingscanbeusedtooptimizevideoandaudioquality.Youcancongurethefollowing:
•Videostreamsettings.Seepage21.
•Streamproles.Seepage23.
•Camerasettings.Seepage23.
•Viewareas.Seepage26.
•Overlayimage.Seepage26.
•Privacymask.Seepage28.
•Focus.Seepage29.
•Audiosettings.Seepage29.
•Audioclips.Seepage31.
SetUpVideoStreams
Tosetuptheproduct’svideostreams,gotoVideo&Audio>VideoStream.
Thevideostreamsettingsaredividedintothefollowingtabs:
•Image.Seepage21.
•Audio.Seepage29.
•H.264.Seepage22.
•MJPEG.Seepage22.
PixelCounter
Thepixelcountershowsthenumberofpixelsinanareaoftheimage.Thepixelcounterisusefulinsituationswherethereis
aspecicsizerequirement,forexampleinfacerecognition.
Thepixelcountercanbeused:
•Whensettingupavideostream,seeSetUpVideoStreamsonpage21.UnderPreview,clickOpenandselecttheShow
pixelcounteroptiontoenabletherectangleintheimage.Usethemousetomoveandresizetherectangle,orenterthe
numberofpixelsintheWidthandHeighteldsandclickApply.
•Whensettingfocus,seeFocusonpage29.SelecttheShowpixelcounteroptiontoenabletherectangleintheimage.Use
themousetomoveandresizetherectangle,orenterthenumberofpixelsintheWidthandHeighteldsandclickApply.
•WhenaccessingtheLiveViewpageinInternetExplorerwithAXISMediaControl(AMC)inWindows.Right-clickinthe
imageandselectPixelcounter.Usethemousetomoveandresizetherectangle.
Image
ThedefaultimagesettingscanbeconguredunderVideo&Audio>VideoStream.SelecttheImagetab.
Thefollowingsettingsareavailable:
•Resolution.Selectthedefaultresolution.
21
AXISP1357NetworkCamera
VideoandAudio
•Compression.Thecompressionlevelaffectstheimagequality,bandwidthandlesizeofsavedimages;thelowerthe
compression,thehighertheimagequalitywithhigherbandwidthrequirementsandlargerlesizes.
•Mirrorimage.Ifrequired,theimagecanbemirrored.
•Rotateimage.Ifrequired,theimagecanberotated.
•Maximumframerate.Toavoidbandwidthproblems,theframerateallowedtoeachviewercanbeLimitedtoaxed
amount.Alternatively,theframeratecanbesetasUnlimited,whichmeanstheAxisproductalwaysdeliversthehighest
frameratepossibleunderthecurrentconditions.
•Overlaysettings.SeeOverlayonpage26.
ClickSavetoapplythenewsettings.
H.264
H.264,alsoknownasMPEG-4Part10/AVC,isavideocompressionstandardthatprovideshighqualityvideostreamsatlowbitrates.
AnH.264videostreamconsistsofdifferenttypesofframessuchasI-framesandP-frames.AnI-frameisacompleteimagewhereas
P-framesonlycontainthedifferencesfrompreviousframes.
TheH.264streamsettingscanbeconguredfromtheVideo&Audio>VideoStreampage.SelecttheH.264tab.Thesettings
denedinthispagewillapplytoallH.264streamsthatdonotuseastreamprole.
TheGOPlengthisthenumberofframesbetweentwoconsecutiveI-frames.IncreasingtheGOPlengthmaysaveconsiderablyon
bandwidthrequirementsinsomecases,butmayalsohaveanadverseaffectonimagequality.
TheAxisproductsupportsthefollowingH.264prole(s):
•Baseline.TheBaselineproleisrecommendedforclientsthatdon’tsupportCABACentropycoding.
•Main.TheMainproleprovideshighercompressionwithmaintainedvideoqualitycomparedtotheBaselineprolebut
requiresmoreprocessingpowertodecode.
ThebitratecanbesetasVariablebitrate(VBR)orMaximumbitrate(MBR).VBRadjuststhebitrateaccordingtotheimage
complexity,usingupmorebandwidthforincreasedactivityintheimage,andlessforlowerimageactivity.Whentheactivityin
thesceneincreases,thebitratewouldusuallyincreaseaswell.Ifthereisasurplusinbandwidth,thismaynotbeanissueand
selectingVariablebitrate(VBR)willbesufcient.Butifbandwidthislimited,itisrecommendedtocontrolthebitratebyselecting
Maximumbitrate(MBR).Whentheactivityinthesceneincreases,VBRadjuststhebitrateaccordingtothecomplexity,usingup
morebandwidthforincreasedactivityinthescene,andlessforlowersceneactivity.MBRallowsyoutosetatargetbitratethat
limitsthebandwidthconsumption.
TheMBRtargetbitrateworksliketheceilingofatent.Itlimitsthebitrate,whilemaintainingsomeexibility.Thebitrate
maybounceupanddownwithinthesettargetbutwhenitnearsthesettargetvalue,thelimitationkicksin.However,because
MBRwillalwaysprioritizeacontinuousvideostream,itallowstemporaryovershootsfromthetargetbitrate.Becausesettinga
targetvaluepreventsthebitratefromincreasing,framerateandimagequalityareaffectednegatively.Topartlycompensatefor
this,selectwhichvariableshallbeprioritized,framerateorimagequality.Notsettingaprioritymeansthatframerateand
imagequalityareequallyaffected.
Thecurrentbitratecanbesettoappearastextoverlay.UnderOverlaySettings,selectIncludetextandenterthemodier
#bintheeld.
Toapplythesettings,clickSave.
MJPEG
Sometimestheimagesizeislargeduetolowlightorcomplexscenery.Adjustingthemaximumframesizehelpstocontrolthe
bandwidthandstorageusedbytheMotionJPEGvideostreaminthesesituations.SettingtheframesizetotheDefaultsetting
providesconsistentlygoodimagequalityattheexpenseofincreasedbandwidthandstorageusageinlowlight.Limitingtheframe
sizeoptimizesbandwidthandstorageusage,butmaygivepoorimagequality.Topreventincreasedbandwidthandstorageusage,
themaximumframesizeshouldbesettoanoptimalvalue.
22