Avaya Data Encryption User Manual

Configuring Data Encryption Services

BayRS Version 12.10 Site Manager Software Version 6.10

Part No. 117386-B Rev 00 February 1998

4401 Great America Pa rkw ay 8 Federal S treet Santa Clara, CA 95054 Billerica, MA 01821

and recommendations in this document are believed to be accurate and reliable, but are presented without express or implied warranty. Users must take full responsibility fo r th eir a pplic a tio ns of any products specified in this document. The information in this document is proprietary to Bay Networks, Inc.

The software described in this document is furnished under a license agreement and may only be used in accordance with the terms of that licen se. A summary of the Software License is included in this document.

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All other trademarks and registered trademarks are t he property of their respective owners.

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Use, duplication, or disclosure by the United States Government is subject to restrictions as set forth in subparagraph (c)(1)(ii) of the Rights in Technical Data and Computer Sof tware clause at DFARS 252.227-7013.

Notwithstanding any other license agreement that may pertain to, or accompany the delivery of, this computer software, the rights of the United States Government regarding its use, reproduction, and disclosure are as set forth in the Commercial Computer Software-Restricted Rights cl ause at FAR 52. 227-19.

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Bay Networks, Inc. Software License Agreement

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117386-B Rev 00

About This Guide

Before You Begin .............................................................................................................. xi

Conventions ................................................. ............................................. ........................xii

Acronyms ........................... .......................... .......................... ......................... .................xiii

Bay Networks Technical Publications ..............................................................................xiii

Bay Networks Customer Service .....................................................................................xiv

How to Get Help ..............................................................................................................xiv

Bay Networks Educational Ser v ic es ..... ....................................... ...... ....... ...... ....... .......... xv

Chapter 1 Data Encryption Overview

Data Encryption Architecture ..........................................................................................1-1

Data Encryption Standard (DES) .............................................................................1-2

40-Bit and 56-Bit Encryption Strengths .............................................................1-2

Message Digest 5 (MD5) .........................................................................................1-3

WAN Encryption Protocol (WEP) .............................................................................1-3

Security and Data Encryption .........................................................................................1-3

Site Security .............................................................................................................1-4

Configuration Security ..............................................................................................1-4

Encryption Keys ..............................................................................................................1-4

Random Number Generator (RNG) .........................................................................1-5

Node Protection Key (NPK) ......................................................................................1-6

Generating an NPK ...........................................................................................1-6

Entering the NPK on the Router ........................ ....... ...... ...... .............................1-6

Choosing a Secure Shell Password ...................................................................1-7

Entering the NPK into Site Manager ..................................................................1-7

Long-Term Shared Secret (LTSS) ............................................................................1-7

Master Encryption Key (MEK) ..................................................................................1-8

Traffic Encryption Key (TEK) ....................................................................................1-8

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Chapter 2 Considerations Before You Enable Encryption

Requirements for Enabling Encryption ...........................................................................2-1

Selecting Encr yp tio n Strengt h ........................................ ....... ...... ...................................2-1

Synchronizing Router Clocks .........................................................................................2-2

Using Encryption with AN Routers ...........................................................................2-2

Encryption and Performance ..........................................................................................2-2

Maintenance Considerations for the NPK .......................................................................2-3

Using Floppy Disks to Store Key Files ............................................................................2-3

Reading Key Files on PC Floppy Disk from UNIX ....................................................2-3

Configuring Encryption with Dial Backup ........................................................................2-4

Chapter 3 Enabling Encryption

Before You Begin ............................................................................................................3-1

Modifying Encryption Parameters Using Technician Interface ........................................3-1

Starting Encryption .........................................................................................................3-2

Creating Seeds ...............................................................................................................3-2

Creating Seeds on a PC ..........................................................................................3-3

Changing the Path to the Key Files ...................................................................3-3

Changing the Length of the LTSS Key Generator ..............................................3-3

Running the wfkseed Command ......................................................................3-3

Creating Seeds on a UNIX Platform ........................................................................3-5

Each of these steps is detailed in the following sections. ..................................3-5

Setting a Path to the Key Files ...........................................................................3-5

Changing the Length of the LTSS Key Generator ..............................................3-5

Running the WEP wfkseed Command .............................................................3-6

Creating Seeds on the Router ..................................................................................3-7

Creating NPKs and LTSSs .............................................................................................3-7

Creating NPKs .........................................................................................................3-7

Creating LTSSs ........................................................................................................3-8

Entering an NPK on a Router .........................................................................................3-9

Changing NPKs ............................................................................................................3-10

Monitoring NPKs ...........................................................................................................3-10

Changing an NPK on a Router ...............................................................................3-11

Changing an NPK in the MIB .................................................................................3-11

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Changing LTSSs ...........................................................................................................3-11

Creating TEKs ..............................................................................................................3-11

Starting Encryption for PPP ..........................................................................................3-13

Starting Encryption for Frame Relay .............................................................................3-16

Configuring WEP Parameters .......................................................................................3-19

Configuring WEP Line Parameters ........................................................................3-19

Configuring WEP Interface Parameters .................................................................3-21

Disabling Encryptio n ................ .............................................. ...... ...... ...........................3-23

Deleting Encryption from an Interface ..........................................................................3-24

Deleting Encryption from a Router ...............................................................................3-25

Appendix A Encryption Parameters

PPP and Frame Relay Encryption Parameters .............................................................. A-1

WEP Line Parameters ................................................................................................... A-4

WEP Circuit Interface Parameters ................................................................................. A-5

Appendix B Definitions of k Commands

Index

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Figures

Figure 1-1. Hierarchy of Encryption Keys ...................................................................1-5

117386-B Rev 00

About This Guide

If you are responsible for configuring and managing Bay Networks® routers, read this guide to learn how to configure data encryption.

If you want to Go to

Learn about data encryption services Chapter 1 Read implementation notes Chapter 2 Start encryption services Chapter 3 Obtain information about Site Manager parameters (this is the same

information you obtain using Site Manager online Help) Learn about k commands Appendix B

Appendix A

Before You Begin

Before using this guide, you must complete the following procedures. For a new router:

• Install the router (refer to the installation guide that came with your router).

• Connect the router to the network and create a pilot configuration file (see

Quick-Starti ng Router s , Conf igur ing BaySt ac k Remote Acc ess , or Connecting ASN Routers to a Network).

Make sure that you are running the latest version of Bay Networks Site Manager and router software. For instructions, refer to Upgrading Routers from Version

7–11.xx to Version 12.00.

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Configuring Data Encryption Se rvices

. .

Conventions

angle brackets (< >) Indicate that you choose the text to enter based on the

description inside the brackets. Do not type the brackets when entering the command.

ping

Example: if command syntax is you enter

ping 192.32.10.12

<ip_address>

bold text

Indicates text that you need to enter, command names, and buttons in menu paths. Example: Enter

Example: Use the

wfsm &

dinfo

command.

Example: ATM DXI > Interf ace s > PVCs identifies the PVCs button in the window that appears when you select the Interfaces option from the ATM DXI menu.

brackets ([ ]) Indicate optional elements. You can choose none, one,

or all of the options.

ellipsis points Horizontal (. . .) and ve rtic al ellipsis points indicat e

()

omitted info rmation.

italic text Indicates variable values in command syntax

descriptions, new terms, file and directory names, and book titles.

quotation marks (“ ”) Indicate the title of a chapter or section within a book.

screen text Indicates data that appears on the screen.

Example:

Set Bay Networks Trap Monitor Filters

separator ( > ) Separates menu and option names in instructions and

internal pin-to-pin wire connections. Example: Protocols > AppleTalk identifies the AppleTalk option in the Protocols menu.

Example: Pin 7 > 19 > 20

vertical line (

) Indicates that you enter only one of the parts of the

command. The vertical line separates choices. Do not type the vertical line when entering the command. Example: If the command syntax is

show at routes show at routes

xii

nets

, you enter either

show at nets

, but not both.

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Acronyms

About This Guide

ANSI American National Standards Institute DES Data Encryption Standard DLCI data link connection identifier IETF Internet Engineering Task Force ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network LTSS long-term shared secret MD5 Message Digest 5 MEK Master Encryption Key MIB management information base NPK Node Protection Key NTP Network Time Protocol pcfs personal computer file system PPP Point-to-Point Protocol PVC permanent virtual circuit PRI Primary Rate Interface RNG random number generator SEO strong encryption option TEK Traffic Encryption Key WAN wide area network WEP WAN Encryption Protocol

Bay Networks Technical Publications

You can now print technical manuals and release notes free, directly from the Internet. Go to products for which you need documentation. The n locate the s pecific c ategory and model or version for your hardware or software product. Using Adobe Acrobat Reader, you can open the manuals and release notes, search for the sections you need, and print them on most s tandard prin ters. You can do wnload Ac robat Reader free from the Adobe Systems Web site,

Documentation sets and CDs are a vailable through your local Bay Networ ks sales office or account representative.

117386-B Rev 00

support.baynetworks.com/library/tpubs

www.adobe.com

. Find the Bay Networks

xiii

Configuring Data Encryption Se rvices

Bay Networks Customer Service

You can purchase a support contract from your Bay Networks distributor or authorized reseller, or directly from Bay Ne tworks Services. For information about, or to purchase a Bay Networks service contract, either call your local Bay Networks field sales office or one of the following numbers:

Region Telephone number Fax number

United States and Canada

Europe 33-4-92-96-69-66 33-4-92-96-69-96 Asia/Pacific 61-2-9927-8888 61-2-9927-8899 Latin America 561-988-7661 561-988-7550

Information about customer service is also available on the World Wide Web at support.baynetworks.com.

How to Get Help

If you purchased a service contract for your Bay Networks product from a distributor or authorized reseller, contact the technical support staff for that distributor or reseller for assistance.

If you purchased a Bay Networks service program, call one of the following Bay Networks Technical Solutions Centers:

800-2LANW AN; th en enter Expr ess Routing Code (ERC) 290, when prompted, to purchase or renew a service contract

978-916-8880 (direct)

978-916-3514

xiv

Technical Solutions Center Telephone number Fax number

Billerica, MA 800-2LANWAN 508-916-3514 Santa Clara, CA 800-2LANWAN 408-495-1188 Valbonne, France 33-4-92-96-69-68 33-4-92-96-69-98 Sydney, Australia 61-2-9927-8800 61-2-9927-8811 Tokyo, Japan 81-3-5402-0180 81-3-5402-0173

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Bay Networks Educational Services

Through Bay Networks Educa tional Services , you can attend cl asses and purcha se CDs, videos, and computer-based training programs about Bay Networks products. Training programs can take place at your site or at a Bay Networks location. For more information about training programs, call one of the following numbers:

Region Telephone number

United States and Canada 800-2LANWAN; then enter Express Routing Code (ERC)

282 when prompted 978-916-3460 (direct)

Europe, Middle East, and Africa

Asia/Pacific 61-2-9927-8822 Tokyo and Japan 81-3-5402-7041

33-4-92-96-15-83

About This Guide

117386-B Rev 00

Chapter 1

Data Encryption Overview

Bay Networks data encryption services enable you to protect sensitive traffic on your network. Encryption prevents unauthorized persons from reading, changing, or replaying data that travels between Bay Networks routers.

Data encryption services include:

• Software-based enc ryption for PPP dedicated links for the BN ASN™, System 5000™ router modules, and all serial interfaces. This includes encryption on multiline and multilink.

, AN®, ARN

™,

• Software-based encryption for frame relay circuits that have one permanent virtual circuit (PVC) per service record. This includes encryption on multiline.

• Encryption configurable on a line or circuit basis.

• Encryption independent or combined with data compression.

You can configure PPP dial backup for a frame relay circuit that uses data encryption. Be aware, however, that if the primary circuit fails, data that travels over the backup circuit is unencrypted.

Data Encryption Architecture

Bay Networks uses the following standards and protocols to provide encryption services:

• Data Encryption Standard (DES)

• Message Digest 5 (MD5)

• WAN Encryption Protocol (WEP), proprietary to Bay Networks

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1-1

Configuring Data Encryption Se rvices

Data Encryption Standard (DES)

Bay Networks bases encryption services on DES, which the United States government has ado pte d to protect sen si ti v e b ut nonclas sif i ed data. The Ameri can National Standards Institute (ANSI), the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), and various banking and financial standards groups have also incorporated DES into security standards.

DES describes the process that transforms 64-bit blocks of data from readable plaintext to scrambled ciphertext. A 40-bit or 56-bit number that you generate, known as a key, controls the scrambling and unscrambling. Both ends of a link must use the same key value for one end to be able to decipher the data that the other end sends.

DES is designed so that e ven if someone knows some of the plai nte xt da ta and t he corresponding ciphertext, there is no way to determine the key without trying all possible keys. The strength of encryption-based security rests on the size of the key, and on properly protecting the key.

Because DES is a public standard, the encryption is secure only if the communicating routers and the management station keep the DES key secret and protected from unauthorized change.

1-2

40-Bit and 56-Bit Encryption Strengths

Bay Networks offers two encryption strengths:

• The standard router software includes encryption that uses 40-bit DES keys. This version provides reasonably strong security.

• A strong encryption option (SEO) for router software that uses 56-bit DES keys.

SEO software is generally available only in the United States and Canada. U.S. law allows export of the SEO only with a U.S. export license. For more information on the export, import, and use of SEO outside the United States and Canada, refer to the SEO software license agreement.

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Message Digest 5 (MD5)

MD5 is a secure hash algorithm, and is a componen t in a number of IETF standard protocols. MD5 opera te s o n data of varying lengths, and produces from it a single 128-bit output called the digest. It is very difficult, given one message and its digest, to fabricate another message that has the same digest.

This property enables MD5 to function like a checksum to detect errors in the integrity of a message. When a message that contains a secret key is hashed, the resulting digest also authenticates the origin of the message: only a source that possesses the secret key could have calculated the digest. This technique is called

keyed MD5.

Bay Networks encryption uses MD5 to:

• Authenticate the originator of the message, that is, to verify that the source possesses the secret key.

• Verify the integrity of the DES keying material.

• Create new keys as part of a process that changes key values.

Data Encryption Overview

WAN Encryption Protocol (WEP)

WEP employs the DES algorithm, combined with MD5 and the appropriate key, to encrypt data and add protocol information the receiver requires to identify the data as encrypted. This encryption protocol is proprietary to Bay Networks.

WEP begins by establishing the security of the link and verifying that both ends have the same key. The two sides of the link issue connection request and acknowledgment messages. They use keyed MD5 to exchange and authenticate these messages. If the negotiation fails, data communication does not occur on that circuit.

Security and Data Encrypti on

To use data encryption effectively, you must take precautions to protect the security of your network equipment and the configuration process.

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Configuring Data Encryption Se rvices

Site Security

Carefully r estrict unauthorized access to rout ers that encrypt data and the workstations you use to configure encryption. Because DES is a public standard, data is secure only if you properly protect the encryption keys. The configuration files that contain these keys include safeguards to prevent unauthorized access. However, a good strategy is to physically protect your equipment.

Configuration Security

You store the k e y managemen t f il es th at Bay Ne tw orks encrypt ion se rvice s use o n removable media, such as floppy disks, and you should store this media in a secure place. Thi s is the eas iest way t o prevent unauthorized per sons f rom gain ing access to these files.

You should always configure the node protection keys (NPKs) locally, not over a network. When you connect a computer to a router’s console port to configure encryption, use a computer that is not connected to any other equipment.

You can, however, configure long term shared secrets (LTSSs) remotely because LTSSs are encrypted.

Follow recommendations about network security in this guide.

Encryption Keys

Figure 1-1 illustrates the hierarchy of keys that Bay Networks encryption uses to

protect and transmit data.

1-4

117386-B Rev 00

Data Encryption Overview

LTSS LTSS LTSS

NPK

23 24

Santa Clara

Site Manager

MEK=(LTSS , TIME)

FR or PPP

TEK Data

Billerica: NPK Santa Clara: NPK Billerica-SC: LTSS Billerica-NY: LTSS

.....

Billerica

1 2

12 13

NPK

LTSS LTSS LTSS

WEP0001A

13 14

Figure 1-1. Hierarchy of Encryption Keys

The keys are the:

• Node Protection Key (NPK). It encrypts the LTSS.

• Long-Term Shared Secret (LTSS). It is the source for the Master Encryption Key.

• Master Encryption Key (MEK). It encrypts the Traffic Encryption Key.

• Traffic Encryption Key (TEK). The TEK encrypts the data that travels across the network.

Random Number Generator (RNG)

The Bay Networks key management software uses an RNG in Site Manager to generate values for the keys. These values are statistically random. An RNG uses as its source a seed that you supply. For instructions, see “Creating Seeds” on page 3-2.

Site Manager also uses its RNG to generate NPKs, and LTSSs. The router software uses the RNG to generate TEKs.

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+ 49 hidden pages

Avaya Data Encryption User Manual

Configuring Data Encryption Services

Contents

Figures

About This Guide

Before You Begin

Conventions

Acronyms

Bay Networks Technical Publications

Bay Networks Customer Service

How to Get Help

Bay Networks Educational Services

Data Encryption Architecture

Data Encryption Standard (DES)

40-Bit and 56-Bit Encryption Strengths

Message Digest 5 (MD5)

WAN Encryption Protocol (WEP)

Security and Data Encrypti on

Site Security

Configuration Security

Encryption Keys

Random Number Generator (RNG)