APC Battery Management System User Manual

Contents

Features of the System--1

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Battery Management Capabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

System capacity 2 Battery management features 3

Network Management Features

Supported network management applications 4 Supported Web browsers 5

Getting Started--6

Initial Setup. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Configuring TCP/IP settings 6 Useful terms 7

Accessing the User Interfaces--8

Access Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Access priorities among the interfaces 8 Access priority for logging on 8 Web interface 9 Control console interface 10 SNMP interface 12

Password-protected Accounts

Account types and access 13 How to recover from a lost password 14

Watchdog Features

Network interface watchdog mechanism 16 Resetting the network timer 16

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

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Battery Management--17

Main Screen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

General system information 17

Battery System and Device Manager Menus

Displaying data and alarms 19 Viewing details on alarms 22 Interpreting alarm details 23 Configuration menu 27 Calibration menu 29 Modbus 30 Reset Discharge Voltages 31 Reset Charge Current Deviation Benchmark 31

Network Menu--32

Access Restrictions and Menu Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

Access 32 Menu options 32

Option Settings

TCP/IP 33 DNS 37 Ping utility (control console) 38 FTP Server 39 Telnet/SSH 40 SNMP 47 Email 48 Syslog 49 Web/SSL 52

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System Menu--61

Access Restrictions and Menu Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

Purpose and access 61 Menu options 62

Option Settings

User Manager 63 RADIUS 64 Identification 67 Date & Time 67 Tools 69 Preferences (Web interface) 71 Links (Web interface) 72 About System (control console) 73

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

Event-related Menus--74

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

Overview 74 Menu options 75

Event Log

Actions Option (Web interface only)

Recipients Option

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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

Overview 76 Logged events 76 Accessing the log 77 How to use FTP or SCP to retrieve log files 78

Enabling and disabling event actions 81 Severity levels of events 81 Event Log action 81 SNMP Traps action 81 Email action 82 Related topics 82

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

Trap Receivers 83 Email Recipients 84 Email Test 85

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

III

Email Option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86

Requirements for using SMTP 86 DNS servers 87 SMTP settings 87

How to Configure Individual Events

Options to configure individual events 88 Event list access 88 Event list format 89 Event mask settings 89 Event mask example 91

Management Card and Battery Manager Events

Event generation 92 Discharge cycle counter 92 Severity levels defined 93 Management Card events 94 Battery Management System events 97

Data Logging (Web interface)--99

Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92

Boot Mode--101

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101

Overview 101 DHCP & BOOTP boot process 102

DHCP Configuration Settings

Management Card settings 104 DHCP response options 106

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104

Security--110

Security Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110

Planning and implementing security features 110 Summary of access methods 110 Changing default user names and passwords

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immediately 112 Port assignments 112 User names, passwords, community names (SNMP) 113

Authentication. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114

Authentication versus encryption 114

Encryption

Creating and Installing Digital Certificates

Firewalls

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115

Secure SHell (SSH) and Secure CoPy (SCP) 115 Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) 117

Purpose 119 Choosing a method for your system 120

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126

Using the APC Security Wizard--127

Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127

Authentication 127 Files you create for SSL and SSH security 129

Create a Root Certificate & Server Certificates

Summary 131 The procedure 132

Create a Server Certificate and Signing Request

Summary 137 The procedure 138

Create an SSH Host Key

Summary 142 The procedure 142

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131

. . . . . . . . . . . . . 137

How to Export Configuration Settings--145

Retrieving and Exporting the .ini file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145

Summary of the procedure 145 Contents of the .ini file 146 Detailed procedures 147 The event and its error messages 150 Messages in config.ini 151 Errors generated by overridden values 151

Using the Device IP Configuration Wizard

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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152

APC Device IP Configuration Wizard--153

Purpose and Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153

Purpose: configure basic TCP/IP settings 153 System requirements 153

Install the Wizard

Download the wizard 154

Use the Wizard

Launch the Wizard 155 Configure the basic TCP/IP settings remotely 155 Configure or reconfigure the TCP/IP settings locally 157

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155

File Transfers--158

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158

Overview 158

Upgrading Firmware

Firmware defined 159 Benefits of upgrading firmware 159 Obtain the latest firmware version 160 Firmware files (Battery Management System) 161 Firmware file transfer methods 162 Use FTP or SCP to upgrade one Battery Management

System Management Card 163 Use FTP or SCP to upgrade multiple Battery Management

System Management Cards 166 Use XMODEM to upgrade one Battery Management

System Management Card 166

Verifying Upgrades and Updates

Overview 168 Last Transfer Result codes 168

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168

Alarms--169

Fault Alarm Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169

Alarm Relay and LED Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170

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Troubleshooting--171

Management Card . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171

Access problems (Battery Management System

Management Card) 171 SNMP issues (Battery Management System Management

Card) 173

Product Information--174

Limited warranty 174 Warranty limitations 174

Obtaining service (service contracts)

Life-Support Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176

General policy 176 Examples of life-support devices 176

Index--177

APC Worldwide Customer Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175

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Battery Management System

VII

Features of the System

Introduction

The APC Battery Management System provides automated monitoring of large battery systems that supply backup for 120-, 240-, and 480-volt power systems. The Battery Management System provides battery management for nominal 2 V, 4 V, 8 V, or 12 V lead-acid batteries; or 1.2 V or 2.4 V nickelcadmium batteries.

The Battery Management System is controlled through a network interface provided by a Network Management Card built into the master controller (the first unit in a group of up to 6 total units). This card uses the open standards Telnet, SSH, HTTP, SSL, RS-485 Modbus, RS-232 serial connection, e-mail, and SNMP to manage the Battery Management System.

For more information see Network Management Features and Network Menu.

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Battery Management Capabilities

System capacity

Using the APC Battery Management System, you can monitor and maintain the batteries of one master unit and up to five expansion units, each unit handling up to 64 individual batteries.

Five battery management expansion units can be connected in a group to one master unit. The master unit provides the network connection through its built-in management card so that the entire group can be managed remotely through either one IP address or a serial connection.

The Battery Management System will support up to 244 lead-acid batteries or up to 375 nickel-cadmium batteries.

To install and connect the system, see the Installation and Quick Start manual

(.\doc\en\insguide.pdf), provided in

See also

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Battery Management System

Portable Document Format (PDF) on the APC Battery Management System Utility CD and in printed form.

Battery management features

The system enables you to do the following:

• Identify weak or defective batteries that need replacement.

• Optimize the charge state of batteries within a string by automated charging of individual batteries with a lower voltage. Charging these batteries causes the batteries with high voltage to normalize. All the batteries in the string become properly charged. This extends the useful life of overcharged batteries and achieves full capacity of undercharged batteries.

• Be alerted to alarm conditions that are displayed and logged to warn of battery system or Battery Management System conditions.

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Network Management Features

Supported network management applications

An APC Network Management Card (AP9517SQD) is built into the master controller (AP9921X) that provides the network connection. It is the first battery management unit in a group of one master unit and up to 5 expansion units (AP9921XS).

The Battery Management System supports the following access methods:

Network Connection Access Description

Telnet & SSH APC control

console interface

HTTP & SSL Web browser A graphical user interface to the Battery

SNMP MIB browser Uses MIB II OIDs to configure the built-in

FTP Device IP

Configuration Wizard

Display interface (optional)

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LCD display Remote LCD interface through which you

A non-graphical interface through which you can configure network, system, and battery management parameters, and display and monitor battery management data.

Management System through a standard Web browser. With this Web interface, you can configure network, system, and battery management parameters, and display and monitor battery management data.

management card, and use SNMP traps to report Battery Management System events.

Consecutively discovers each unconfigured controller on the same network segment and enables you to configure its basic TCP/IP settings remotely.

can configure network, system, and battery management data.

Supported Web browsers

As your browser, you can use Microsoft® Internet Explorer (IE) 5.x or Netscape interface. Other commonly available browsers also may work but have not been fully tested by APC.

Data verification, the event log, and the data log authentication require that you enable the following for your Web browser:

• JavaScript

•Java

• Cookies

In addition, the Battery Management System cannot work with a proxy server. Therefore, before you can use a Web browser to access its Web interface, you must do one of the following:

• Configure the Web browser to disable the use of a proxy server for the

7.x to access the Battery Management System through its Web

Battery Management System.

• Configure the proxy server so that it does not proxy the specific IP address of the Battery Management System.

USER’S GUIDE

Battery Management System

Getting Started

Initial Setup

Configuring TCP/IP settings

You must define three TCP/IP settings for the Battery Management System’s built-in Management Card before the Battery Management System can be managed over the network:

• IP address of the Battery Management System

• Subnet mask

• IP address of the default gateway

Choose one of the following methods to configure the TCP/IP settings:

• With the Device IP Configuration Wizard, which you install from the CD. This method is available only for Windows Windows 2003, and Windows XP.

NT, Windows 2000,

• By a direct serial connection from the Network Configuration port on the controller to a serial port on your computer.

• Using ARP and Telnet, if your computer is on the same subnet as the Battery Management System.

• Through a BOOTP or DHCP server.

For detailed instructions on these methods of configuring the TCP/IP settings, see “Quick Configuration” in the Installation and

See also

USER’S GUIDE

Battery Management System

Quick Start manual (.\doc\en\insguide.pdf), provided in Portable Document Format (PDF) on the APC Battery Management System for High Voltage Applications Utility CD and in printed form.

‘

To configure multiple Battery Management Systems, see

How to Export Configuration Settings.

Useful terms

Batteries: Single or multi-cell lead-acid or nickel-cadmium blocks that are

connected together in series to create a string.

Battery Management System: One complete Battery Management

System that is composed of one master unit and up to five expansion units.

Battery Management Unit: A single enclosure within a group of enclosures

that operate together as a system.

Current acceptance: The amount of current that flows into an individual

battery from the Battery Management System’s electrically isolated DC boost supply.

Float charge: The power provided to a battery by the battery charger to

sustain the charge.

Jar: An individual battery.

Management Controller: The Battery Management System and

associated sensors, wiring, fuses, and cables.

Pilot battery: A single battery that is monitored as a representation of the

entire string of batteries.

String current: The common current flowing through the string of batteries.

The current polarity can be positive when flowing into the string, as during a charge, or negative when flowing from the string, as during a discharge.

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This current has the same value throughout the string.

Accessing the User Interfaces

Access Procedures

Access priorities among the interfaces

After the Battery Management System network settings are configured (as described in the Installation and Quick Start Manual), you can use the Battery Management System remotely through its Web, control console (Telnet or SSH), and SNMP interfaces.

Access priority for logging on

Only one user at a time can log on to the Battery Management System to use its internal user interface features. The priority for access is as follows:

• Local access to the control console from a computer with a direct serial connection to the Battery Management System always has the highest priority.

• Telnet or Secure SHell (SSH) access to the control console from a remote computer has priority over Web access.

• Web access, either directly or through the InfraStruXure Manager, has the lowest priority.

For information about how SNMP access to the Battery Management System is controlled, see SNMP.

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Web interface

To access and log on to the Battery Management System’s Web interface:

1. In the URL Location field, do one of the following.

– If the Battery Management System port is set to the default value of

80, type http:// followed by the Battery Management System IP address. The following example shows a typical IP address:

http://170.241.17.51 if HTTP is your access mode

https://170.241.17.51 if HTTPS (SSL/TLS) is your access

mode

– If the Battery Management System Web port is set to a value other

than the default of 80, enter the System IP address (the IP address of the Battery Management System) followed by a colon and the configured Web Port value (8000 in the following example):

http://170.241.17.51:8000 if HTTP is your access mode

https://170.241.17.51:8000 if HTTPS (SSL/TLS) is your

access mode

– If there is a DNS server entry for the Battery Management System,

you can enter the DNS name. For example:

http://DeviceNumber25 if HTTP is your access mode

https://DeviceNumber25 if HTTPS (SSL/TLS) is your access

mode

2. Respond to the User Name and Password prompts. The default Administrator user name and password are both apc, all lowercase.

In the Web interface, data verification requires that you enable JavaScript or Java.

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Control console interface

You can manage the Battery Management System through the control console, using either Telnet or the RS-232/485 port.

Structure. The control console provides menu options to manage the

Battery Management System over the network.

To use an option, type its number and press

On menus that allow you to change a setting, you must use the Accept

Changes option to save changes.

While using a menu, you can also use the following keystrokes:

Keystrokes Actions

Press ? and then

Press

ENTER Refreshes the menu.

ESC Returns to the previous menu.

CTRL+C Returns to the first menu.

CTRL+L Accesses the Battery Management System event log.

ENTER Provides brief menu option descriptions (if the menu has

help available).

ENTER.

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Local access to the control console. You can use a local computer, a

computer that connects to the Battery Management System through the serial port, to access the control console.

1. Select a serial port at the local computer and disable any service which uses that port.

2. Connect the serial cable (940-0103) that came with the Battery Management System to the RS-232/485 port on the Battery Management Unit and a serial port on your local computer.

Modbus and the control console share a common serial port. You can use either one or the other to access the Battery Management System. If you reconfigure the DIP switches to switch from Modbus to the control console, you must restart the computer for the changed to take effect.

If you are using Modbus to access the Battery Management System, you must configure the DIP switches. For DIP switch configuration, see “Configure the DIP Switches” in the Installation

See also

3. Run a terminal program (such as HyperTerminal) and configure the selected port for 9600 bps or 19200 (depending on the speed configured for Modbus), 8 data bits, no parity, 1 stop bit, and no flow control. Save the changes.

4. Press

5. Enter your user name and password (apc by default).

USER’S GUIDE

Battery Management System

and Quick Start Manual (.\doc\en\insguide.pdf), provided in Portable Document Format (PDF) on the APC Battery Management System Utility CD and in printed form.

ENTER twice to display the User Name prompt.

Tel ne t. To access the Battery Management System’s control console using

Telnet:

1. Use the command telnet and the IP address of the Battery Management System. For example:

telnet 170.215.6.49

2. Press the ENTER key to open the Telnet session and display the User

Name prompt.

Logging on. To log on to the control console, respond to the User Name

and Password prompts. The default user name and password for the Administrator account are both apc, all lowercase. You can change the user name, password, and time-out values through the System menu.

See User Manager.

SNMP interface

To use SNMP to configure the Management Card or to use the Battery Management System traps for event notification, you must use version

3.6.9 (or later) of the APC PowerNet MIB.

See the APC MIB Reference Guide (.\doc\en\mibguide.pdf) provided on the APC Battery Management System Utility

See also

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CD.

Password-protected Accounts

Account types and access

The Battery Management System has three types of accounts, Administrator, Device Manager and Read-Only User.

• The Administrator account can use all the menus in the control console and in the Web interface. The default password and user name are both apc.

• The Device Manager account can use only the following menus:

– In the Web interface, the Battery System menu and read-only

access for the Log option of the Events menu.

– In the control console, the Device Manager menu.

The default user name is device, and the default password is apc.

• A Read-Only User has the following restricted access:

– Access through the Web interface only.

– Access to the same menus as a Device Manager, but without the

capability to change configurations, control devices, or delete data. Links to configuration options may be visible but are disabled, and

the event and data logs display no Delete button. The Read-Only User’s default user name is readonly, and the default password is apc.

To set the user names and passwords for the three account types, see User Manager.

You must use the Web interface to configure values for the Read-Only User.

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How to recover from a lost password

You can use a local computer that connects to the Battery Management System through the serial port on the rear of the master unit.

1. Select a serial port at a local computer, and disable any service that uses the port.

2. Reset the DIP switch #6 and #7 to the OFF postion.

3. Use the configuration cable (APC part number 940-0103) to connect the selected port to the serial port on the rear panel of the master unit.

If you are using Modbus to access the Battery Management System, you must configure the DIP switches. For DIP switch configuration, see “Configure the DIP Switches” in the

See also

4. Run a terminal program (such as HyperTerminal and configure the selected port as follows:

– 9600 bps (or 19200 bps, if you are using Modbus configured at that

rate)

– 8 data bits

– no parity

– 1 stop bit

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– no flow control

Installation and Quick Start Manual (.\doc\en\insguide.pdf), provided in Portable Document Format (PDF) on the APC Battery Management System Utility CD and in printed form.

) on your computer

Modbus runs at 9600 or 19200 bps. To use the control console when Modbus is enabled, your computer’s serial port must communicate at the same serial protocol rate as Modbus.

5. Press ENTER, repeatedly if necessary, to display the User Name prompt. If you are unable to display the User Name prompt, verify the following:

– The serial port is not in use by another application.

– The terminal settings are correct as specified in step 4.

– The correct cable is being used as specified in step 3.

6. Press the Battery Management System. The Status LED will flash alternately orange and green. Press the while the LED is flashing to reset the user name and password to their defaults temporarily

7. Press ENTER as many times as necessary to redisplay the User Name prompt, then use the default, apc, for the user name and password. (If you take longer than 30 seconds to log on after the User Name prompt is redisplayed, you must repeat step 6 and log on again.)

8. From the Control Console menu, select System, then User

Manager.

9. Select Administrator, and change the User Name and Password settings, both of which are now defined as apc. Select Accept

Changes to save your settings.

10. Press and restart any service you disabled.

11. Reset the DIP switches to the configuration you had prior to step 2.

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You must restart the Battery Management System if any changes are

RESET button on the rear panel of the master unit of the

RESET button a second time immediately

CTRL-C, log off, reconnect any serial cable you disconnected,

made to the DIP switches.

Watchdog Features

Network interface watchdog mechanism

The master unit’s built-in Management Card implements internal watchdog mechanisms to protect itself from becoming inaccessible over the network. For example, if the management card does not receive any network traffic for 9.5 minutes (either direct traffic, such as SNMP, or broadcast traffic, such as an Address Resolution Protocol [ARP] request), it assumes that there is a problem with its network interface and reboots itself.

Resetting the network timer

To ensure that the Management Card does not reboot if the network is quiet for 9.5 minutes, the Management Card attempts to contact the default gateway every 4.5 minutes. If the gateway is present, it responds to the Management Card, and that response restarts the 9.5-minute timer.

If your application does not require or have a gateway, specify the IP address of a computer that is running on the network most of the time and is on the same subnet. The network traffic of that computer will restart the seven-minute timer frequently enough to prevent the Management Card from rebooting.

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Battery Management System

Battery Management

Main Screen

General system information

When you log on to the Web interface or control console, the main screen provides basic information about the Battery Management System:

Information displayed in both interfaces. Both the Web and control

console interfaces display the following information:

• System Name, Contact, and Location for the Battery Management System. To set these values, use the Identification option of the

System menu.

• Date and Time: The date and time at which you logged on. To change the system date and time, use the System menu option, Date & Time.

• User: Whether you logged on as an Administrator, Device Manager, or Read-Only User.

• Up Time: How long the Management Card has been running since it was last turned on or reset.

• Status: The status of the master controller’s built-in Management Card.

For information on the display interface, see “How to use the display interface” in the Installation and Quick Start Manual (.\doc\en\insguide.pdf), provided in Portable Document

See also

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Format (PDF) on the APC Battery Management System Utility CD and in printed form.

Information displayed in the control console only. The main screen of

the control console displays the following additional information.

• Version information: (In the Web interface, select About System from the Help menu.)

– Battery Manager III APP: The version of the application (APP).

– Network Management Card AOS: The version of the APC

operating system (AOS) of the master unit’s built-in management card.

• Status: The status of the master unit’s built-in Management Card.

The status codes are displayed in the control console only.

P+ The APC operating system (AOS) is functioning properly.

N+ The network is functioning properly.

A+ The application firmware is functioning properly.

A- The application firmware has a bad checksum.

A? The application firmware is initializing.

A! The application firmware is not compatible with the AOS.

If you can access the control console through Telnet, the AOS reports P+, and the network reports N+.

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Battery System and Device Manager Menus

Displaying data and alarms

You can display battery information and view alarms and their causes in the Web interface, control console, or display interface.

To configure values related to the batteries, such as changing the threshold values that define whether data are in-range (OK) or out-of-range (Alarm), you can use either the Web interface or the control console.

See Configuration menu.

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Web interface.

Alarm

Viewing details on alarms

You can display detailed information on active alarms for any battery string. The alarm message text displayed for a category indicates which alarm details to select.

Silcon battery systems have a maximum of two strings.

All other battery systems have only one string.

Web interface example.

1. On the main screen, the Charger column for a battery string displays a red ALARM icon. Click on that icon or on the String Details option in the Battery System menu to display the String Details screen.

2. For the battery string, the alarm message text is String voltage is high. Under Individual Battery Details, click on Volta ge (the reason for the alarm).

Control console example.

1. On the main screen, the Charger row in the column for the battery string displays S, indicating an active severe alarm for the category.

2. From the control console main screen, type 1 to select the Device

Manager menu.

3. For the battery string, the alarm message text is String voltage is high. Type 1, for Battery Voltage (the reason for the alarm).

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Interpreting alarm details

For an alarm category:

• The Web interface displays detailed alarm data and any configured threshold values on a single page. For the three types of battery alarms, bar graphs are displayed. To view or change the threshold values, you must use the Configuration menu option of the Battery

System menu in the Web interface.

• The control console displays detailed alarm data through numbered menus.

– Values below the low threshold are indicated by the < character, and

values above the high threshold are indicated by the > character.

– To view or change the threshold values, select Device Manager and

then select String Details in the control console.

See Configuration menu to configure alarm details.

Environment alarms.

Category Details Diagnostics

Ambient Temperature

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Input Contacts Activation of input

The air temperature in the battery string environment is above or below configured thresholds.

Default:

50.0° F (10° C): low threshold

95.0° F (35° C): high threshold.

contacts triggers an alarm.

Problem:

• Uncorrected high temperature can cause

• Uncorrected low temperature can cause a

Response: Check temperature control and

ventilation systems in the room, and check for overheated batteries (usually caused by overcharging).

Check the status of the external monitoring device that sent the input signal.

permanent damage to the batteries.

reduction in battery runtime.

+ 164 hidden pages