ANALOG DEVICES W4.5 Started Guide

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W4.5

Getting Started Guide

Analog Devices, Inc. One Technology Way Norwood, Mass. 02062-9106

Revision 2.0, April 2006

Part Number

82-000420-01

Printed in the USA.

Disclaimer

Analog Devices, Inc. reserves the right to change this product without prior notice. Information furnished by Analog Devices is believed to be accurate and reliable. However, no responsibility is assumed by Analog Devices for its use; nor for any infringement of patents or other rights of third parties which may result from its use. No license is granted by implication or otherwise under the patent rights of Analog Devices, Inc.

Trademark and Service Mark Notice

The Analog Devices logo, the CROSSCORE logo, VisualDSP++, Blackfin, SHARC, TigerSHARC, and EZ-KIT Lite are registered trademarks of Analog Devices, Inc.

All other brand and product names are trademarks or service marks of their respective owners.

PREFACE

Purpose of This Manual ................................................................. vii

Intended Audience ......................................................................... vii

Manual Contents .......................................................................... viii

What’s New in This Manual .......................................................... viii

Technical or Customer Support ....................................................... ix

Supported Processors ....................................................................... ix

Product Information ....................................................................... xi

MyAnalog.com .......................................................................... xi

Processor Product Information ................................................... xi

Related Documents .................................................................. xii

Online Technical Documentation ............................................ xiii

Accessing Documentation From VisualDSP++ ...................... xiv

Accessing Documentation From Windows ............................ xiv

Accessing Documentation From the Web ............................... xv

Printed Manuals ........................................................................ xv

VisualAudio or VisualDSP++ Documentation Set .................. xv

Hardware Tools Manuals ....................................................... xv

Processor Manuals ................................................................. xv

VisualDSP++ 4.5 Getting Started Guide iii

CONTENTS

Data Sheets ......................................................................... xvi

Contacting DSP Publications ................................................... xvi

Notation Conventions ................................................................... xvi

FEATURES AND TOOLS

VisualDSP++ Features .................................................................. 1-1

Code Development Tools .............................................................. 1-5

Connecting to a Debug Session ..................................................... 1-6

BASIC TUTORIAL

Overview ...................................................................................... 2-1

Exercise One: Building and Running a C Program ......................... 2-3

Step 1: Start VisualDSP++ and Open a Project ......................... 2-3

Step 2: Build the dotprodc Project ........................................... 2-7

Step 3: Run the Program ....................................................... 2-10

Step 4: Run dotprodc ............................................................ 2-15

Exercise Two: Modifying a C Program to Call an Assembly Routine 2-16

Step 1: Create a New Project ................................................. 2-17

Step 2: Add Source Files to dot_product_asm ........................ 2-24

Step 3: Modify the Project Source Files .................................. 2-25

Step 4: Use the Expert Linker to Modify dot_prod_asm.ldf .... 2-28

Step 5: Rebuild and Run dot_product_asm ............................ 2-31

Exercise Three: Plotting Data ...................................................... 2-33

Step 1: Load the FIR Program ............................................... 2-33

Step 2: Open a Plot Window ................................................. 2-35

iv VisualDSP++ 4.5 Getting Started Guide

CONTENTS

Step 3: Run the FIR Program and View the Data ................... 2-38

Exercise Four: Linear Profiling ..................................................... 2-47

Step 1: Load the FIR Program ................................................ 2-47

Step 2: Open the Profiling Window ....................................... 2-48

Step 3: Collect and Examine the Linear Profile Data ............... 2-50

ADVANCED TUTORIAL

Overview ...................................................................................... 3-1

Exercise One: Using Profile-Guided Optimization ......................... 3-2

Step 1: Load the Project ........................................................... 3-4

Step 2: Configure a Data Set .................................................... 3-5

Step 3: Attach an Input Stream .............................................. 3-10

Step 4: Configure Additional Data Sets .................................. 3-15

Step 5: Create PGO Files and Optimize the Program .............. 3-17

Step 6: Compare Execution Times ......................................... 3-18

Exercise Two: Using Background Telemetry Channel ................... 3-22

Adding BTC to Your DSP Application ................................... 3-22

Running the BTC Assembly Demo ........................................ 3-24

Step 1: Load the BTC_AsmDemo Project .......................... 3-25

Step 2: Examine the BTC Commands ................................ 3-26

Step 3: Set Up the BTC Memory Window and View Data . 3-29

Running the BTC FFT Demo ................................................ 3-37

Step 1: Build the FFT Demo ............................................. 3-38

Step 2: Plot BTC Data ...................................................... 3-39

Step 3: Record and Analyze BTC Data ............................... 3-44

VisualDSP++ 4.5 Getting Started Guide v

CONTENTS

INDEX

vi VisualDSP++ 4.5 Getting Started Guide

PREFACE

Thank you for purchasing Analog Devices, Inc. development software for signal processing applications.

Purpose of This Manual

The VisualDSP++ 4.5 Getting Started Guide provides basic and advanced tutorials that highlight many VisualDSP++ features. By completing the step-by-step procedures, you will become familiar with the VisualDSP++ environment and learn how to use these features in your own digital signal processing (DSP) development projects.

Intended Audience

This manual is intended for DSP programmers who are familiar with Analog Devices processors. The manual assumes that the audience has a working knowledge of Analog Devices processor architecture and instruction set.

DSP programmers who are unfamiliar with Analog Devices processors should refer to their processor’s Hardware Reference and Instruction Set Reference, which describe the processor architecture and instruction set. Note that the ADSP-BF533 Blackfin Processor Hardware Reference includes information about the ADSP-BF531 and ADSP-BF532 processors.

VisualDSP++ 4.5 Getting Started Guide vii

Manual Contents

This manual consists of:

• Chapter 1, “Features and Tools”

Provides an overview of VisualDSP++ features and code development tools

• Chapter 2, “Basic Tutorial”

Provides step-by-step instructions for creating sessions, and for building and debugging projects by using examples of C/C++ and assembly sources

The tutorial is organized to follow the steps that you take in developing a typical programming project. Before you begin actual programming, you should be familiar with the architecture of your particular processor and the other software development tools.

• Chapter 3, “Advanced Tutorial”

Provides step-by-step instructions for using profile-guided optimization (PGO) and background telemetry channel (BTC)

What’s New in This Manual

This manual contains updated example screens and procedures for the 4.5 Integrated Development and Debugging Environment (IDDE).

viii VisualDSP++ 4.5 Getting Started Guide

Technical or Customer Support

You can reach Analog Devices, Inc. Customer Support in the following ways:

• Visit the Embedded Processing and DSP products Web site at

http://www.analog.com/processors/technicalSupport

• E-mail tools questions to

processor.tools.support@analog.com

• E-mail processor questions to

embedded.support@analog.com dsp.support@analog.com

• Phone questions to 1-800-ANALOGD

• Contact your Analog Devices, Inc. local sales office or authorized distributor

Preface

• Send questions by mail to:

Analog Devices, Inc. One Technology Way P.O. Box 9106 Norwood, MA 02062-9106 USA

Supported Processors

The name “Blackfin®” refers to a family of Analog Devices 16-bit, embedded processors. VisualDSP++ currently supports the following Blackfin processors:

VisualDSP++ 4.5 Getting Started Guide ix

Supported Processors

ADSP-BF531 ADSP-BF532 (formerly ADSP-21532) ADSP-BF533 ADSP-BF535 (formerly ADSP-21535) ADSP-BF534 ADSP-BF536 ADSP-BF537 ADSP-BF538 ADSP-BF539 ADSP-BF561 AD6903 AD6531 AD6901 AD6902

The names “SHARC

” and “TigerSHARC®” refer to the family of Analog Devices 32-bit, digital signal processors. VisualDSP++ currently supports the following SHARC processors.

ADSP-21020 ADSP-21261 ADSP-21060 ADSP-21262 ADSP-21061 ADSP-21266 ADSP-21062 ADSP-21267 ADSP-21065L ADSP-21363 ADSP-21160 ADSP-21364 ADSP-21161 ADSP-21365

VisualDSP++ currently supports the following TigerSHARC processors.

ADSP-TS101 ADSP-TS202 ADSP-TS201 ADSP-TS203

x VisualDSP++ 4.5 Getting Started Guide

Preface

Product Information

You can obtain product information from the Analog Devices website, from the product CD-ROM, or from the printed publications (manuals).

Analog Devices is online at www.analog.com. Our website provides information about a broad range of products—analog integrated circuits, amplifiers, converters, and digital signal processors.

MyAnalog.com

MyAnalog.com is a free feature of the Analog Devices website that allows

customization of a webpage to display only the latest information on products you are interested in. You can also choose to receive weekly email notification containing updates to the webpages that meet your interests.

MyAnalog.com provides access to books, application notes, data sheets,

code examples, and more.

Registration:

Visit www.myanalog.com to sign up. Click Register to use MyAnalog.com. Registration takes about five minutes and serves as means for you to select the information you want to receive.

If you are already a registered user, just log on. Your user name is your email address.

Processor Product Information

For information on embedded processors and DSPs, visit our Web site at

www.analog.com/processors, which provides access to technical publica-

tions, data sheets, application notes, product overviews, and product announcements.

VisualDSP++ 4.5 Getting Started Guide xi

Product Information

You may also obtain additional information about Analog Devices and its products in any of the following ways.

• E-mail questions or requests for information to

embedded.support@analog.com dsp.support@analog.com

• Fax questions or requests for information to

1-781-461-3010 (North America) +49-89-76903-157 (Europe)

• Access the FTP Web site at

ftp ftp.analog.com (or ftp 137.71.25.69) ftp://ftp.analog.com

Online Technical Documentation

Online documentation comprises VisualDSP++ Help system and tools manuals, Dinkum Abridged C++ library and FlexLM network license manager software documentation. You can easily search across the entire VisualDSP++ documentation set for any topic of interest. For easy printing, supplementary .PDF files for the tools manuals are also provided.

Preface

A description of each documentation file type is as follows.

File Description

.CHM Help system files and VisualDSP++ tools manuals.

.HTML Dinkum Abridged C++ library and FlexLM network license manager software doc-

umentation. Viewing and printing the net Explorer 5.01 (or higher).

.PDF VisualDSP++ tools manuals in Portable Documentation Format, one .PDF file for

each manual. Viewing and printing the Adobe Acrobat Reader (4.5 or higher).

.HTML files require a browser, such as Inter-

.PDF files require a PDF reader, such as

VisualDSP++ 4.5 Getting Started Guide xiii

Product Information

If documentation is not installed on your system as part of the software installation, you can add it from the VisualDSP++ CD-ROM at any time by running the VisualDSP++ installation. Access the online documentation from the VisualDSP++ environment, Windows

Explorer, or the

Analog Devices Web site.

Accessing Documentation From VisualDSP++

From the VisualDSP++ environment:

• Access VisualDSP++ online Help from the Help menu’s Contents, Search, and Index commands.

• Open online Help from context-sensitive user interface items (toolbar buttons, menu commands, and windows).

Accessing Documentation From Windows

In addition to any shortcuts you may have constructed, there are other ways to open VisualDSP++ online Help or the supplementary documentation from Windows.

Help system files (.CHM) are located in the Help folder, and .PDF files are located in the Docs folder of your VisualDSP++ installation CD-ROM.

Using Windows Explorer

• Double-click the vdsp-help.chm file, which is the master Help system, to access all the other

.CHM files.

• Double-click any file that is part of the VisualDSP++ documentation set.

xiv VisualDSP++ 4.5 Getting Started Guide

Preface

Accessing Documentation From the Web

Download manuals at the following Web site:

http://www.analog.com/processors/resources/technicalLibrary/manuals

Select a processor family and book title. Download archive (.ZIP) files, one for each manual. Use any archive management software, such as WinZip, to decompress downloaded files.

Printed Manuals

For general questions regarding literature ordering, call the Literature Center at 1-800-ANALOGD (1-800-262-5643) and follow the prompts.

VisualAudio or VisualDSP++ Documentation Set

To purchase VisualDSP++ manuals, call 1-603-883-2430. The manuals may be purchased only as a kit.

If you do not have an account with Analog Devices, you are referred to Analog Devices distributors. For information on our distributors, log onto

http://www.analog.com/salesdir/continent.asp.

Hardware Tools Manuals

To purchase EZ-KIT Lite

and In-Circuit Emulator (ICE) manuals, call

1-603-883-2430. The manuals may be ordered by title or by product number located on the back cover of each manual.

Processor Manuals

Hardware reference and instruction set reference manuals may be ordered through the Literature Center at 1-800-ANALOGD (1-800-262-5643), or downloaded from the Analog Devices Web site. Manuals may be ordered by title or by product number located on the back cover of each manual.

VisualDSP++ 4.5 Getting Started Guide xv

Notation Conventions

Data Sheets

All data sheets (preliminary and production) may be downloaded from the Analog Devices Web site. Only production (final) data sheets (Rev. 0, A, B, C, and so on) can be obtained from the Literature Center at 1-800-ANALOGD (1-800-262-5643); they also can be downloaded from the Web site.

To have a data sheet faxed to you, call the Analog Devices Faxback System at 1-800-446-6212. Follow the prompts and a list of data sheet code numbers will be faxed to you. If the data sheet you want is not listed, check for it on the Web site.

Contacting DSP Publications

Please send your comments and recommendations for improving our manuals and online Help. You can contact us by sending an email to

dsp.techpubs@analog.com:

Notation Conventions

Text conventions used in this manual are identified and described as follows.

Example Description

Close command (File menu)

{this | that} Alternative required items in syntax descriptions appear within curly

[this | that] Optional items in syntax descriptions appear within brackets and

xvi VisualDSP++ 4.5 Getting Started Guide

Titles in reference sections indicate the location of an item within the VisualAudio environment’s menu system (for example, the Close command appears on the File menu).

brackets and separated by vertical bars; read the example as

that. One or the other is required.

separated by vertical bars; read the example as an optional this or

that

this or

Preface

Example Description

[this,…] Optional item lists in syntax descriptions appear within brackets

delimited by commas and terminated with an ellipse; read the example as an optional comma-separated list of

.SECTION Commands, directives, keywords, and feature names are in text with

letter gothic font.

filename Non-keyword placeholders appear in text with italic style format.

Note: For correct operation, ... A Note provides supplementary information on a related topic. In the

[

online version of this book, the word Note appears instead of this symbol.

Caution: Incorrect device operation may result if ... Caution: Device damage may result if ...

A Caution identifies conditions or inappropriate usage of the product that could lead to undesirable results or product damage. In the online version of this book, the word Caution appears instead of this symbol.

Warn in g: Injury to device users may result if ... A Warning identifies conditions or inappropriate usage of the product that could lead to conditions that are potentially hazardous for devices users. In the online version of this book, the word Wa rnin g appears instead of this symbol.

this.

VisualDSP++ 4.5 Getting Started Guide xvii

Additional conventions, which apply only to specific chapters, may appear throughout this document.

Notation Conventions

xviii VisualDSP++ 4.5 Getting Started Guide

1 FEATURES AND TOOLS

This chapter contains the following topics.

• “VisualDSP++ Features” on page 1-1

• “Code Development Tools” on page 1-5

• “Connecting to a Debug Session” on page 1-6

VisualDSP++ Features

VisualDSP++ provides these features:

• Extensive editing capabilities. Create and modify source files by

using multiple language syntax highlighting, drag-and-drop, bookmarks, and other standard editing operations. View files generated by the code development tools.

• Flexible project management. Specify a project definition that

identifies the files, dependencies, and tools that you use to build projects. Create this project definition once or modify it to meet changing development needs.

VisualDSP++ 4.5 Getting Started Guide 1-1

VisualDSP++ Features

• Easy access to code development tools. Analog Devices provides these code development tools: C/C++ compiler, assembler, linker, splitter, and loader. Specify options for these tools by using dialog boxes instead of complicated command-line scripts. Options that control how the tools process inputs and generate outputs have a one-to-one correspondence to command-line switches. Define options for a single file or for an entire project. Define these options once or modify them as necessary.

• Flexible project build options. Control builds at the file or project level. VisualDSP++ enables you to build files or projects selectively, update project dependencies, or incrementally build only the files that have changed since the previous build. View the status of your project build in progress. If the build reports an error, double-click on the file name in the error message to open that source file. Then correct the error, rebuild the file or project, and start a debug session.

• VisualDSP++ Kernel (VDK) support. Add VDK support to a project to structure and scale application development. The Kernel page of the Project window enables you to manipulate events, event bits, priorities, semaphores, and thread types.

• Flexible workspace management. Create up to ten workspaces and quickly switch between them. Assigning a different project to each workspace enables you to build and debug multiple projects in a single session.

• Easy movement between debug and build activities. Start the debug session and move freely between editing, build, and debug activities.

1-2 VisualDSP++ 4.5 Getting Started Guide

Features and Tools

Figure 1-1 shows the Integrated Development and Debugging

Environment (IDDE).

Figure 1-1. The VisualDSP++ IDDE

VisualDSP++ 4.5 Getting Started Guide 1-3

VisualDSP++ Features

VisualDSP++ reduces debugging time by providing these key features:

• Easy-to-use debugging activities. Debug with one common, easy-to-use interface for all processor simulators and emulators, or hardware evaluation and development boards. Switch easily between these targets.

• Multiple language support. Debug programs written in C, C++, or assembly, and view your program in machine code. For programs written in C/C++, you can view the source in C/C++ or mixed C/C++ and assembly, and display the values of local variables or evaluate expressions (global and local) based on the current context.

• Effective debug control. Set breakpoints on symbols and addresses and then step through the program’s execution to find problems in coding logic. Set watchpoints (conditional breakpoints) on registers, stacks, and memory locations to identify when they are accessed.

• Tools for improving performance. Use the trace, profile, and linear and statistical profiles to identify bottlenecks in your DSP application and to identify program optimization needs. Use plotting to view data arrays graphically. Generate interrupts, outputs, and inputs to simulate real-world application conditions.

1-4 VisualDSP++ 4.5 Getting Started Guide

Code Development Tools

Code development tools include:

• C/C++ compiler

• Run-time library with over 100 math, DSP, and C run-time library routines

•Assembler

•Linker

• Splitter

•Loader

• Simulator

Features and Tools

• Emulator (must be purchased separately from VisualDSP++)

These tools enable you to develop applications that take full advantage of your processor’s architecture.

The VisualDSP++ linker supports multiprocessing, shared memory, and memory overlays.

VisualDSP++ 4.5 Getting Started Guide 1-5

Connecting to a Debug Session

The code development tools provide these key features:

• Easy-to-program C, C++, and assembly languages. Program in

C/C++, assembly, or a mix of C/C++ and assembly in one source. The assembly language is based on an algebraic syntax that is easy to learn, program, and debug.

• Flexible system definition. Define multiple types of executables for

a single type of processor in one Linker Description File ( Specify input files, including objects, libraries, shared memory files, overlay files, and executables.

• Support for overlays, multiprocessors, and shared memory executables. The linker places code and resolves symbols in multiprocessor memory space for use by multiprocessor systems. The loader enables you to configure multiple processors with less code and faster boot time. Create host, link port, and PROM boot images.

.LDF).

Software and hardware tool kits include context-sensitive Help and manuals in PDF format.

For details about assembly syntax, refer to the VisualDSP++ 4.5 Assembler and Preprocessor Manual for your target processor.

Connecting to a Debug Session

From the Windows Start menu, navigate to the VisualDSP++ environment via the Programs menu. After a second or two, the main VisualDSP++ window appears on the screen. When VisualDSP++ launches for the first time, it does not connect to any session (Figure 1-2).

1-6 VisualDSP++ 4.5 Getting Started Guide

Features and Tools

Figure 1-2. VisualDSP++ Main Window

VisualDSP++ is able to connect to a number of different debug sessions, where each session has its own application and benefits. The session types available with VisualDSP++ are

• EZ-KIT Lite. This is the dedicated USB connection between the

PC and EZ-KIT Lite. An EZ-KIT connection is simple to manage and is part of the EZ-KIT Lite. However, the connection is available with the kit only. Once your custom hardware board is available for development, you use an emulator session (described below) to connect to the custom hardware.

• Simulator. This is a software model of the processor. Simulators

offer unique advantages, the first is that no external hardware is required, a great benefit when using VisualDSP++ on the road.

Third-party software may add additional session types.

VisualDSP++ 4.5 Getting Started Guide 1-7

Connecting to a Debug Session

Furthermore, simulators offer a unique insight to the internal workings of the processor (pipelines, caches, and more), which is not possible with hardware-based sessions. The downside is that a simulator is several orders of magnitude slower than actual hardware. The software model simulates only the processor, making it difficult to accurately simulate a complex system that involves more than the processor.

VisualDSP++ includes two types of Blackfin simulators: a cycle-accurate interpreted and a functional compiled one. A cycle-accurate simulator is a completely accurate model of the Blackfin processor and allows you to fully visualize the inner-workings of the processor. The compiled simulator sacrifices the detailed view but allows you to simulate much more quickly, millions of cycles per second, depending on the speed of your PC.

• Emulator. This is a JTAG emulator, the ideal device for connect- ing to hardware, giving the best performance and maximum flexibility. A separate module from the PC and EZ-KIT Lite, an emulator provides a high-bandwidth connection between the PC and device being debugged. Currently, Analog Devices offers USBand PCI- based emulators. An emulator is required to connect to any non-EZ-KIT Lite hardware.

• Legacy target. This is a target created in VisualDSP++ 4.0 or a prior version.

1-8 VisualDSP++ 4.5 Getting Started Guide

2 BASIC TUTORIAL

This chapter contains the following topics.

• “Overview” on page 2-1

• “Exercise One: Building and Running a C Program” on page 2-3

• “Exercise Two: Modifying a C Program to Call an Assembly Rou-

tine” on page 2-16

• “Exercise Three: Plotting Data” on page 2-33

• “Exercise Four: Linear Profiling” on page 2-47

Overview

The Basic Tutorial demonstrates key features and capabilities of the VisualDSP++ Integrated Development and Debugging Environment (IDDE). The exercises use sample programs written in C and assembly for Blackfin processors.

You can use different Blackfin processors with only minor changes to the Linker Description Files (.LDFs) included with each project. VisualDSP++ includes basic Linker Description Files for each processor type in the folder. For Blackfin processors, the folder’s default installation path is:

Program Files\Analog Devices\VisualDSP 4.5\Blackfin\ldf

The source files for these exercises are installed during the VisualDSP++ software installation.

VisualDSP++ 4.5 Getting Started Guide 2-1

ldf

Overview

The tutorial contains four exercises:

•In Exercise One, you start up VisualDSP++, build a project

containing C source code, and profile the performance of a C function.

•In Exercise Two, you create a new project, create a Linker

Description File to link with the assembly routine, rebuild the project, and profile the performance of the assembly language routine.

•In Exercise Three, you plot the various waveforms produced by a

Finite Impulse Response (FIR) algorithm.

•In Exercise Four, you use linear profiling to examine the efficiency

of the FIR algorithm used in Exercise Three. Using the collected linear profile data, you pinpoint the most time-consuming areas of the algorithm, which are likely to require hand tuning in the assembly language.

The ADSP-BF5xx Family Simulator and ADSP-BF533 processor are used for all exercises.

Tip: Become familiar with the VisualDSP++ toolbar buttons, shown in

Figure 2-1. They are shortcuts for menu commands such as Open a file

and Run a program. Toolbar buttons and menu commands that are not available for tasks are disabled and displayed in gray.

Figure 2-1. VisualDSP++ Toolbar Buttons

2-2 VisualDSP++ 4.5 Getting Started Guide

Basic Tutorial

VisualDSP++ is a licensed software product. To run the software, you must have a valid license installed on your system. If you try to run VisualDSP++ and a license is not installed, a message window opens to let you add a license. For details about license management, see the VisualDSP++ 4.5 User’s Guide or VisualDSP++ online Help.

Exercise One: Building and Running a C Program

In this exercise, you:

• Start up the VisualDSP++ environment

• Open and build an existing project

• Examine windows and dialog boxes

• Run the program

The sources for this exercise are in the dot_product_c folder. The default installation path is:

Program Files\Analog Devices\VisualDSP 4.5\Blackfin\Examples\ Tutorial\dot_product_c

Step 1: Start VisualDSP++ and Open a Project

To start VisualDSP++ and open a project:

1. Click the Windows Start button and select Programs, Analog Devices, VisualDSP++ 4.5, and VisualDSP++ Environment.

If you are running VisualDSP++ for the first time, you will not be connected to a debug target. In VisualDSP++ 4.5, it is possible to edit and build your code without being connection to a debug tar-

VisualDSP++ 4.5 Getting Started Guide 2-3

Exercise One: Building and Running a C Program

get through a debug session. When you are ready to run and debug your program, you can quickly connect to a target and disconnect when you are finished. Doing so eliminates the overhead associated with the target connection, resulting in a smoother and more responsive experience.

• When you need to connect to a debug session, click the Connect to Target toolbar button or choose from the available sessions listed under Select Session in the Session menu. To create a debug session, select New Session from the Session menu. This will launch the Session Wizard, which is covered in more detail later. See

Figure 2-7.

If you have already run VisualDSP++ and the Reload last project at

startup option is selected on the Project page under Settings and Preferences, VisualDSP++ opens the last project that you worked on. To close this project, choose Close and then Project from the File menu, and then click No when prompted to save the project.

2. From the File menu, choose Open and then Project.

VisualDSP++ displays the Open Project dialog box.

3. In the Look in box, open the folder and double-click the following subfolders in succession.

VisualDSP 4.5\Blackfin\Examples\Tutorial\dot_product_c

This path is based on the default installation.

Program Files\Analog Devices

2-4 VisualDSP++ 4.5 Getting Started Guide

Basic Tutorial

4. Double-click the

dotprodc project (.dpj) file.

VisualDSP++ loads the project in the Project window, as shown in

Figure 2-2. The environment displays messages in the Output

window as it processes the project settings and file dependencies.

Figure 2-2. Project Loaded in the Project Window

The dotprodc project comprises two C language source files,

dotprod.c and dotprod_main.c, which define the arrays and

calculate their dot products.

VisualDSP++ 4.5 Getting Started Guide 2-5

Exercise One: Building and Running a C Program

5. From the Settings menu, choose Preferences to open the Preferences dialog box, shown in Figure 2-3.

Figure 2-3. Preferences Dialog Box

6. On the General page, under General Preferences, ensure that the following options are selected.

• Run to main after load

• Load executable after build

7. Click OK to close the Preferences dialog box.

The VisualDSP++ main window appears. You are now ready to build the project.

2-6 VisualDSP++ 4.5 Getting Started Guide

Step 2: Build the dotprodc Project

To build the dotprodc project:

1. From the Project menu, choose Build Project.

VisualDSP++ first checks and updates the project dependencies and then builds the project by using the project source files.

As the build progresses, the Output window displays status messages (error and informational) from the tools. For example, when a tool detects invalid syntax or a missing reference, the tool reports the error in the Output window.

If you double-click the file name in the error message, VisualDSP++ opens the source file in an editor window. You can then edit the source to correct the error, rebuild, and launch the debug session. If the project build is up-to-date (the files, dependencies, and options have not changed since the last project build), no build is performed unless you run the Rebuild All command. Instead, you see the message “Project is up to date.” If the build has no errors, a message reports “Build completed

successfully.”

Basic Tutorial

VisualDSP++ 4.5 Getting Started Guide 2-7

Exercise One: Building and Running a C Program

In this example (Figure 2-4) notice that the compiler detects an undefined identifier and issues the following error in the Build view of the Output window.

Figure 2-4. Example of Error Message

2. Double-click the error message text in the Output window.

VisualDSP++ opens the C source file

dotprod_main.c in an editor

window and places the cursor on the line that contains the error (see Figure 2-5).

The editor window in Figure 2-5 shows that the integer variable declaration int has been misspelled as itn.

2-8 VisualDSP++ 4.5 Getting Started Guide

Basic Tutorial

Figure 2-5. Output Window and Editor Window

3. In the editor window, click on itn and change it to int. Notice that int is now color coded to signify that it is a valid C keyword.

4. Save the source file by choosing File dotprod_main.c from the File→Save menu.

5. Build the project again by choosing Build Project from the Project menu. The project is now built without any errors, as reported in the Build view of the Output window.

VisualDSP++ 4.5 Getting Started Guide 2-9

Exercise One: Building and Running a C Program

Now that you have built your project successfully, you can run the example program.

Step 3: Run the Program

In this procedure, you:

• Set up the debug session before running the program

• View debugger windows and dialog boxes

Since you enabled Load executable after build on the General page in the Preferences dialog box, the executable file dotprodc.dxe is automatically downloaded to the target. If you are not connected to a debug target, VisualDSP++ will prompt you to connect to one using an existing debug session, or create a new debug session. Choose the Select a session or cre- ate a new session option as shown in Figure 2-6.

Figure 2-6. No Session Selected

Click OK to create a new session. This will launch the Session Wizard, shown in Figure 2-7.

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Figure 2-7. Session Wizard

VisualDSP++ 4.5 Getting Started Guide 2-11

Exercise One: Building and Running a C Program

The Session Wizard guides you through the process of specifying your debug session, including the processor, connection type, and platform. To set up the debug session:

1. On the Select Processor page, select the ADSP-BF533 processor from the Blackfin family. Click Next to continue.

2. On the Select Connection Type page, select Simulator, and click Next to continue.

3. On the Select Platform page, select ADSP-BF5xx Single Processor Simulator. You can either use the default Session name, or give it a more meaningful name of your choosing. Click Next to review your choices, then click Finish

VisualDSP++ closes the Session Wizard dialog box, automatically loads your project’s executable file (

dotprodc.dxe), and advances to

the main function of your code (see Figure 2-8).

4. Look at the information in the open windows.

The Output window’s Console page contains messages about the status of the debug session. In this case, VisualDSP++ reports that the dotprodc.dxe load is complete.

The Disassembly window displays the assembly code for the executable. Use the scroll bars to move around the Disassembly window.

Note that a solid red circle and a yellow arrow appear at the start of the program labeled “

main”. The solid red circle ( ) indicates that

a breakpoint is set on that instruction, and the yellow arrow ( ) indicates that the processor is currently halted at that instruction. When VisualDSP++ loads your C program, it automatically sets several breakpoints. Most of the breakpoints set are used as part of advanced features of VisualDSP++. There are two breakpoints of

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Figure 2-8. Loading dotprodc.dxe

interest for this tutorial, one at the beginning and one at the end of code execution. Your breakpoint locations may differ slightly from those shown in the examples in this book.

5. From the Settings menu, choose Breakpoints to view the breakpoints set in your program. VisualDSP++ displays the Breakpoints dialog box, shown in Figure 2-9.

VisualDSP++ 4.5 Getting Started Guide 2-13

Exercise One: Building and Running a C Program

Figure 2-9. Breakpoints Dialog Box

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The two breakpoints of interest are set at these C program locations:

•

at main + 0x04

• at __lib_prog_term

The active page of the Breakpoints dialog box enables you to view, add, and delete breakpoints and to browse for symbols. The automatic page allows you to choose which breakpoints to set automatically each time your program is loaded. In the Disassem- bly and editor windows, double-clicking on a line of code toggles (adds or deletes) breakpoints. In the editor window, however, you must place the mouse pointer in the gutter before double-clicking.

These tool buttons set or clear breakpoints:

Toggles a breakpoint for the current line

Clears all breakpoints

6. Click OK or Cancel to exit the Breakpoints dialog box.

Step 4: Run dotprodc

To run dotprodc, click the Run button or choose Run from the Debug menu.

VisualDSP++ 4.5 Getting Started Guide 2-15

Exercise Two: Modifying a C Program to Call an Assembly Routine

VisualDSP++ computes the dot products and displays the following results on the Console view (Figure 2-10) of the Output window.

Dot product [0] = 13273595 Dot product [1] = –49956078 Dot product [2] = 35872518

Figure 2-10. Results of the dotprodc Program

You are now ready to begin Exercise Two.

Exercise Two: Modifying a C Program to Call an Assembly Routine

In Exercise One, you built and ran a C program. In this exercise, you:

• Modify the C program to call an assembly language routine

• Create a Linker Description File to link with the assembly routine

• Rebuild the project

The project files are largely identical to those of Exercise One. Minor modifications illustrate the changes needed to call an assembly language routine from C source code.

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Step 1: Create a New Project

To create a new project:

1. From the File menu, choose Close and then Project dotprodc to close the dotprodc project.

Click Yes when prompted to close all open source windows.

If you have modified your project during this session, you are prompted to save the project. Click No.

Basic Tutorial

VisualDSP++ 4.5 Getting Started Guide 2-17

Exercise Two: Modifying a C Program to Call an Assembly Routine

2. From the File menu, choose New and then Project to open the Project Wizard, shown in Figure 2-11.

Figure 2-11. Project Wizard – General Page

3. In the Name field, type

dot_product.asm.

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4. Click the browse button to the right of the Directory field to open the Browse For Folder dialog box. Locate the

dot_product_asm

tutorial folder and click OK. By default this directory is in the following location.

Program Files\Analog Devices\VisualDSP 4.5\Blackfin\ Examples\Tutorial\dot_product_asm

5. Click Next to bring up the Output Type page.

6. Verify that the Processor type is ADSP-BF533, the Silicon Revi- sion is Automatic, and the Project output file is Executable file. Click Next to display the Add Startup Code/LDF page.

7. Read the displayed text, and scroll down to the bottom of the page. Select the Add an LDF and startup code option. When this project is created, startup code that initializes and configures the processor will be added to the project, as will a Linker Description File that defines the target memory map and the placement of program sections within processor memory. The options available to configure the startup code and LDF are beyond the scope of this tutorial. Make sure the Add an LDF and startup code option is selected, and click Finish. The new project is created and is shown in the Project window of the IDDE.

VisualDSP++ 4.5 Getting Started Guide 2-19

Exercise Two: Modifying a C Program to Call an Assembly Routine

8. From the Project menu click the Project Options command to display the Project Options dialog box (Figure 2-12).

Figure 2-12. Project Options Dialog Box – Project Page

This dialog box enables you to specify project build information.

9. Take a moment to view the various pages in the Project Options dialog box by selecting them from the tree on the left: Project,

General, Compile, Assemble, Link, Load, Pre-Build, and Post-Build. On each page, you specify the tool options used to

build the project.

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10.On the Project page (Figure 2-12), verify that the values shown in

Table 2-1 are entered here.

Table 2-1. Completing the Project Page

Field Value

Processor ADSP-BF533

Revision Automatic

Type Executable file

Name dot_product_asm

Settings for configuration Debug

These settings specify information for building an executable file for the ADSP-BF533 processor. The executable contains debug information, so you can examine program execution.

11.Click the Compile tab to display the General page, shown in

Figure 2-13.

VisualDSP++ 4.5 Getting Started Guide 2-21

Exercise Two: Modifying a C Program to Call an Assembly Routine

Figure 2-13. Project Options Dialog Box – Compile Page

12.Specify these settings in the Code Generation group box:

a. Select the Enable optimization check box to enable

optimization.

b. Select the Generate debug information check box, if it is

not already selected, to enable debug information for the C source.

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These settings direct the C compiler to optimize code for the ADSP-BF533 processor. Because the optimization takes advantage of DSP architecture and assembly language features, some of the C debug information is not saved. Therefore, debugging is performed through debug information at the assembly language level.

13. Click OK to apply changes to the project options and to close the Project Options dialog box.

You are now ready to add the source files to the project.

VisualDSP++ 4.5 Getting Started Guide 2-23

Exercise Two: Modifying a C Program to Call an Assembly Routine

Step 2: Add Source Files to dot_product_asm

To add the source files to the new project:

1. Click the Add File button , or from the Project menu, choose Add to Project, and then choose File(s).

The Add Files dialog box (Figure 2-14) appears.

Figure 2-14. Add Files Dialog Box – Adding Source Files to the Project

2. In the Look in box, locate the project folder,

dot_product_asm.

3. In the Files of type box, select All Source Files from the drop-down list.

4. Hold down the Ctrl key and click dotprod.c and dotprod_main.c. Then click Add.

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To display the files that you added in step 4, open the

Files folder in the Project window.

Source

5. Click the Rebuild All button ( ) to build the project. The C

source file opens in an editor window, and execution halts.

The C version of the project is now complete. You are now ready to modify the sources to call the assembly function.

Step 3: Modify the Project Source Files

In this procedure, you:

•Modify dotprod_main.c to call a_dot_c_asm instead of a_dot_c

• Save the modified file

To modify dotprod_main.c to call the assembly function:

1. Resize or maximize the editor window for better viewing.

2. From the Edit menu, choose Find to open the Find dialog box,

shown in Figure 2-15.

Figure 2-15. Find Dialog Box: Locating Occurrences of /*

VisualDSP++ 4.5 Getting Started Guide 2-25

Exercise Two: Modifying a C Program to Call an Assembly Routine

3. In the Find What box, type

/*, and then click Mark All.

The editor bookmarks all lines containing /* and positions the cursor at the first instance of /* in the extern int a_dot_c_asm declaration.

4. Select the comment characters /* and use the Ctrl+X key combination to cut the comment characters from the beginning of the

a_dot_c_asm declaration. Then move the cursor up one line and

use the Ctrl+V key combination to paste the comment characters at the beginning of the a_dot_c declaration. Because syntax coloring is turned on, the code changes color as you cut and paste the comment characters.

Repeat this step for the end-of-comment characters */ at the end of the a_dot_c_asm declaration. The a_dot_c declaration is now fully commented out, and the a_dot_c_asm declaration is no longer commented.

5. Press F2 to move to the next bookmark.

The editor positions the cursor on the /* in the function call to

a_dot_c_asm, which is currently commented out. Note that the

previous line is the function call to the a_dot_c routine.

6. Press Ctrl+X to cut the comment characters from the beginning of the function call to

a_dot_c_asm. Then move the cursor up one

line and press Ctrl+V to paste the comment characters at the beginning of the call to

a_dot_c.

Repeat this step for the end-of-comment characters */. The main() function is now calling the a_dot_c_asm routine instead of the

a_dot_c function (previously called in Exercise One).

Figure 2-16 shows the changes made in step 6.

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Figure 2-16. Modifying dotprod_main.c to Call a_dot_c_asm

7. From the File menu, choose Save and then File dotprod_main.c to

save the changes to the file.

8. Place the cursor in the editor window. Then, from the File menu,

choose Close and then File dotprod_main.c to close the

dotprod_main.c file.

You are now ready to modify

dotprodasm.ldf.

VisualDSP++ 4.5 Getting Started Guide 2-27

Exercise Two: Modifying a C Program to Call an Assembly Routine

Step 4: Use the Expert Linker to Modify dot_prod_asm.ldf

In this procedure you:

• View the Expert Linker representation of the

.LDF file that you

created

• Modify the

.LDF file to map in the section for the a_dot_c_asm

assembly routine

To examine and then modify dot_prod_asm.ldf to link with the assembly function:

1. Click the Add File button .

2. Select dotprod_func.asm and click Add.

3. Build the project by performing one of these actions:

• Click the Build Project button .

• From the Project menu, choose Build Project.

4. Notice the error in the Output window (Figure 2-17).

Figure 2-17. Output Window: Linker Error

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5. In the Project window, double-click in the

dot_prod_asm.ldf file.

The Expert Linker window (Figure 2-18) opens with a graphical representation of your file.

Resize the window to expand the view and change the view mode. To display the tree view shown in Figure 2-18, right-click in the right pane, choose View Mode, and then choose Memory Map Tree.

The left pane (Input Sections) contains a list of the input sections that are in your project or are mapped in the .LDF file. A red X is over the icon in front of the section named “my_asm_section” because Expert Linker has determined that the section is not mapped by the .LDF file.

The right pane (Memory Map) contains a representation of the memory segments that Expert Linker defined when it created the

.LDF file.

Figure 2-18. Expert Linker Window

VisualDSP++ 4.5 Getting Started Guide 2-29

Exercise Two: Modifying a C Program to Call an Assembly Routine

6. Map

my_asm_section into the memory segment named MEM_PROGRAM

as follows.

In the Input Sections pane, open my_asm_section by clicking on the plus sign in front of it. The input section expands to show that the linker macros $COMMAND_LINE_OBJECTS and $OBJECTS and the object file dotprod_func.doj have a section that has not been mapped. In the Memory Map pane, expand MEM_L1_CODE and drag the icon in front of $OBJECTS onto the program_ram output section under MEM_L1_CODE.

As shown in Figure 2-19, the red X should no longer appear because the section my_asm_section has been mapped.

Figure 2-19. Dragging $OBJECTS onto Program Output Section

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7. From the Tools menu, choose Expert Linker and Save to save the modified file. Then close the Expert Linker window.

If you forget to save the file and then rebuild the project, VisualDSP++ will see that you modified the file and will automatically save it.

You are now ready to rebuild and run the modified project.

Step 5: Rebuild and Run dot_product_asm

To run dot_product:

1. Build the project by performing one of these actions:

• Click the Build Project button .

• From the Project menu, choose Build Project.

At the end of the build, the Output window displays this message in the Build view:

“Build completed successfully.”

VisualDSP++ loads the program, runs to main, and displays the Output, Disassembly, and editor windows (shown in Figure 2-20).

VisualDSP++ 4.5 Getting Started Guide 2-31

Exercise Two: Modifying a C Program to Call an Assembly Routine

Figure 2-20. Windows Left Open from the Previous Debugger Session

2. Click the Run button to run

dot_product_asm.

The program calculates the three dot products and displays the results in the Console view of the Output window. When the program stops running, the message “Halted” appears in the status bar at the bottom of the VisualDSP++ main window. The results, shown below, are identical to the results obtained in Exercise One.

Dot product [0] = 13273595 Dot product [1] = –49956078 Dot product [2] = 35872518

You are now ready to begin Exercise Three.

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Exercise Three: Plotting Data

In this exercise, you:

• Load and debug a prebuilt program that applies a simple Finite Impulse Response (FIR) filter to a buffer of data

• Use VisualDSP++’s plotting engine to view the different data arrays graphically, both before and after running the program

Step 1: Load the FIR Program

To load the FIR program:

1. Keep the Disassembly window and Console page (of the Output window) open, but close all other windows.

2. From the File menu, choose Load Program or click . The Open a Processor Program dialog box appears.

Basic Tutorial

3. Select the FIR program to load as follows.

a. Open the Analog Devices folder and double-click:

VisualDSP 4.5\Blackfin\Examples\Tutorial\fir

b. Double-click the Debug subfolder.

c. Double-click FIR.DXE to load the program.

If VisualDSP++ does not open an editor window (shown in

Figure 2-21), right-click in the Disassembly window and

select View Source.

VisualDSP++ 4.5 Getting Started Guide 2-33

Exercise Three: Plotting Data

Figure 2-21. Loading the FIR Program

4. Look at the source code of the FIR program.

You can see two global data arrays:

•

• OUT

You can also see one function, fir, that operates on these arrays.

2-34 VisualDSP++ 4.5 Getting Started Guide

You are now ready to open a plot window.

Step 2: Open a Plot Window

To open a plot window:

1. From the View menu, choose Debug Windows and Plot. Then choose New to open the Plot Configuration dialog box, shown in

Figure 2-22.

Here you add the data sets that you want to view in a plot window.

Basic Tutorial

Figure 2-22. Plot Configuration Dialog Box

VisualDSP++ 4.5 Getting Started Guide 2-35

Exercise Three: Plotting Data

2. In the Plot group box, specify the following values.

•In the Type box, select Line Plot from the drop-down list.

•In the Title box, type

fir.

3. Enter two data sets to plot by using the values in Table 2-2.

Table 2-2. Two Data Sets: Input and Output

Box Input Data

Set

Name Input Output Data set

Memory BLACKFIN

Memory

Address IN OUT The address of this data set is that of the

Count 128 128 The array is 260 elements long, but you are

Stride 1 1 The data is contiguous in memory.

Data short short Input and Output are arrays of int values.

Output Data Set

BLACKFIN Memory

Description

Data memory

Input or Output array. Click Browse to select the value from the list of loaded symbols.

plotting the first 128 elements.

After entering each data set, click Add to add the data set to the Data sets list on the left of the dialog box.

The Plot Configuration dialog box should now look like the one in

Figure 2-23.

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Figure 2-23. Plot Configuration Dialog Box with Input/Output Data Sets

4. Click OK to apply the changes and to open a plot window with these data sets.

The plot window now displays the two arrays. By default, the simulator initializes memory to zero, so the Output data set appears as one horizontal line, shown in Figure 2-24.

VisualDSP++ 4.5 Getting Started Guide 2-37

Exercise Three: Plotting Data

Figure 2-24. Plot Window: Before Running the FIR Program

Resizing the plot window changes the scale on the x and y axis.

5. Right-click in the plot window and choose Modify Settings. On the General page, in the Options group box, select Legend and click OK to display the legend box.

Step 3: Run the FIR Program and View the Data

To run the FIR program and view the data:

1. Press F5 or click the Run button to run to the end of the program.

When the program halts, you see the results of the FIR filter in the Output array. The two data sets are visible in the plot window, as shown in Figure 2-25.

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Figure 2-25. Plot Window After Running the FIR Program to Completion

Next you will zoom in on a particular region of interest in the plot window to focus in on the data.

VisualDSP++ 4.5 Getting Started Guide 2-39

Exercise Three: Plotting Data

2. Click the left mouse button inside the plot window and drag the mouse to create a rectangle around the area of interest. Then release the mouse button to magnify the selected region.

Figure 2-26 shows the selected region, and Figure 2-27 shows the

magnified result.

Figure 2-26. Plot Window: Selecting a Region to Magnify

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Figure 2-27. Plot Window: Magnified Result

To return to the previous view (before magnification), right-click in the plot window and choose Reset Zoom from the pop-up menu. You can view individual data points in the plot window by enabling the data cursor, as explained in the next step.

3. Right-click inside the plot window and choose Data Cursor from

the pop-up menu. Move to each data point in the current data set by pressing and holding the Left (←) or Right (→) arrow key on the keyboard. To switch data sets, press the Up (↑) or Down (↓) arrow key. The value of the current data point appears in the lower-left corner of the plot window, as shown in Figure 2-28.

VisualDSP++ 4.5 Getting Started Guide 2-41

Exercise Three: Plotting Data

Figure 2-28. Plot Window: Using the Data Cursor Feature

4. Right-click in the plot window and choose Data Cursor from the pop-up menu.

Next you will look at data sets in the frequency domain.

5. Right-click in the plot window and choose Modify Settings to open the Plot Settings dialog box.

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6. Complete these steps:

a. Click the Data Processing tab to display the Data Process-

ing page, shown in Figure 2-29.

Basic Tutorial

Figure 2-29. Data Processing Page

b. In the Data Sets box, ensure that Input (the default) is

selected. In the Data Process box, choose FFT Magnitude. c. In the Sample rate (Hz) box, type 10000. d. In the Data Sets box, select Output. In the Data Process

box, choose FFT Magnitude

VisualDSP++ 4.5 Getting Started Guide 2-43

Exercise Three: Plotting Data

e. Click OK to exit the Plot Settings dialog box.

VisualDSP++ performs a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) on the selected data set before it is plotted. The FFT enables you to view the signal in the frequency domain, as shown in

Figure 2-30.

Figure 2-30. FFT Performed on a Selected Data Set

Now, complete the following steps to look at the FIR filter’s response in the frequency domain.

1. From the View menu, choose Debug Windows and Plot. Then choose New to open the Plot Configuration dialog box.

2. Set up the Filter Frequency Response plot by completing the Plot and Data Setting group boxes as shown in Figure 2-31.

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Figure 2-31. Filter Frequency Response Data Set

3. Click Add to add the data set to the Data sets box.

4. Click OK to apply the changes and to open the plot window with

this data set.

5. Right-click in the plot window and choose Modify Settings to open the Plot Settings dialog box.

VisualDSP++ 4.5 Getting Started Guide 2-45

Exercise Three: Plotting Data

6. Click the Data Processing tab to display the Data Processing page,

shown in Figure 2-29 on page 2-43. Complete this page as follows.

a. In the Data Sets box, select h.

b. In the Data Process box, choose FFT Magnitude.

c. In the Sample rate (Hz) box, type 10000.

d. Click OK to exit the Data Processing page.

VisualDSP++ performs a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) on the selected data set, and enables you to view the filter response plot in the frequency domain, as shown in Figure 2-32.

Figure 2-32. Filter Frequency Response Plot

This plot shows that the low-pass FIR filter cuts off all frequency components above 4,000 Hz. When you apply a low-pass filter to the input signal, the resulting signal has no output above 4,000 Hz.

You are now ready to begin Exercise Four.

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Exercise Four: Linear Profiling

In this exercise, you:

• Load and debug the FIR program from the previous exercise

• Use linear profiling to evaluate the program’s efficiency and to determine where the application is spending the majority of its execution time in the code

VisualDSP++ supports two types of profiling: linear and statistical.

• You use linear profiling with a simulator. The count in the Linear Profiling Results window is incremented every time an assembly instruction is executed.

• You use statistical profiling with a JTAG emulator connected to a processor target. The count in the Statistical Profiling Results window is based on random sampling of the program counter.

Basic Tutorial

Step 1: Load the FIR Program

To load the FIR program:

1. Close all open windows except the Disassembly window and the Output window.

2. From the File menu, choose Load Program, or click . The Open a Processor Program dialog box appears.

VisualDSP++ 4.5 Getting Started Guide 2-47

Exercise Four: Linear Profiling

3. Select the program to load as follows.

a. Open the

VisualDSP 4.5\Blackfin\Examples\Tutorial\fir

Analog Devices folder and double-click:

b. Double-click the Debug subfolder.

c. Double-click FIR.DXE to load and run the FIR program.

If VisualDSP++ does not open an editor window (shown in

Figure 2-34), right-click in the Disassembly window and

select View Source.

You are now ready to set up linear profiling.

Step 2: Open the Profiling Window

To open the Linear Profiling Results window:

1. From the Tools menu, choose Linear Profiling and then choose New Profile.

Figure 2-33. Setting Up Linear Profiling for the FIR Program

The Linear Profiling Results window opens without any data.

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2. Click in the profiling window’s title bar and then drag and drop the window to the top of the VisualDSP++ main window, as shown in Figure 2-34. You will have a better view of the profile data.

Figure 2-34. Linear Profiling Results Window (Empty)

The Linear Profiling Results window is initially empty. Linear profiling is performed when you run the FIR program. After you run the program and collect data, this window displays the results of the profiling session.

You are now ready to collect and examine linear profile data.

VisualDSP++ 4.5 Getting Started Guide 2-49

Exercise Four: Linear Profiling

Step 3: Collect and Examine the Linear Profile Data

To collect and examine the linear profile data:

1. Press F5 or click to run to the end of the program.

When the program halts, the results of the linear profile appear in the Linear Profiling Results window.

2. Examine the results of your linear profiling session.

The Linear Profiling Results window is divided into two three-column panes.

The left pane shows the results of the profile data. You can see the percentages of total execution time consumed, by function and by address.

Double-clicking a line with a function enables you to display the source file that contains that function. For example, double-click the fir function to display the assembly source file (fir.asm) in the right pane, as shown in Figure 2-35.

Figure 2-35. Linear Profiling Results, FIR Program Performance Analysis

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The field values in the left pane are defined as follows.

Histogram A graphical representation of the percentage of time

spent in a particular execution unit. This percentage is based on the total time that the program spent running, so longer bars denote more time spent in a particular execution unit. The Linear Profiling Results window always sorts the data with the most time-consuming (expensive) execution units at the top.

% The numerical percent of the same data found in

the Histogram column. You can view this value as an absolute number of samples by right-clicking in the Linear Profiling Results window and by select- ing View Sample Count from the pop-up menu.

Execution Unit The program location to which the samples belong.

If the instructions are inside a C function or a C++ method, the execution unit is the name of the function or method. For instructions that have no corresponding symbolic names, such as hand-coded assembly or source files compiled without debugging information, this value is an address in the form of

PC[xxx], where xxx is the address of the

instruction.

If the instructions are part of an assembly file, the execution unit is either an assembly function or the assembly file followed by the line number in parentheses.

VisualDSP++ 4.5 Getting Started Guide 2-51

Exercise Four: Linear Profiling

In Figure 2-35 on page 2-50 the left pane shows that the

fir function

consumes over 93% of the total execution time. The right (source) pane, shown in Figure 2-36, displays the percentage that each line in the fir function consumes.

Figure 2-36. Linear Profile Data for fir.asm

You have now completed the Basic Tutorial.

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3 ADVANCED TUTORIAL

This chapter contains the following topics.

• “Overview” on page 3-1

• “Exercise One: Using Profile-Guided Optimization” on page 3-2

• “Exercise Two: Using Background Telemetry Channel” on

page 3-22

Overview

This tutorial demonstrates advanced features and techniques that you can use in the VisualDSP++ Integrated Development and Debugging Environment (IDDE). The exercises use sample programs written in C and assembly for Blackfin processors.

•In Exercise One: Using Profile-Guided Optimization, you build a project with PGO support, create PGO files, compile the project without using the information in the PGO files, recompile the project by using the PGO files to optimize the build, check the PGO results, and compare execution times.

•In Exercise Two: Using Background Telemetry Channel, you add BTC to your DSP application and then run two demos that demonstrate BTC functionality.

The ADSP-BF53x Family Simulator and ADSP-BF533 processor are used in Exercise One. The EZ-KIT Lite USB emulator, HPPCI-ICE, and ADSP-BF533 processor are used in Exercise Two.

VisualDSP++ 4.5 Getting Started Guide 3-1

Exercise One: Using Profile-Guided Optimization

Profile-guided optimization (PGO) is an optimization technique that uses collected profile information to guide the compiler optimizer’s decisions.

Traditionally, a compiler compiles each function only once and attempts to produce generated code that will perform well in most cases. The compiler has to make decisions about the best code to generate. For example, given an

if…then…else construct, the compiler has to decide whether the most com-

mon case is the then or the else. You can offer crude guidelines—compile for speed or compile for space—but, usually, the compiler has to make a default decision.

With PGO, the compiler makes these decisions based on data collected during previous executions of the generated code. This process involves the following steps.

1. Compiling the application to collect profile information

2. Running the application in a simulator session by using representative data sets

The simulator accumulates profile data indicating where the application spends most of its time.

3. Recompiling the application by using the collected profile data

The compiler uses the collected information rather than the application’s default behavior to make decisions about the relative importance of parts of the application.

The profile data collected from a simulator run is stored in a file with a .PGO suffix. You can process multiple data sets to cover the spectrum of potential data and create a separate can accept multiple

3-2 VisualDSP++ 4.5 Getting Started Guide

.PGO file for each data set. The recompilation stage

.PGO files as input.

Advanced Tutorial

You must complete these basic steps to use PGO:

1. Build the application with PGO support.

2. Set up one or more streams in the simulator to provide a set of data inputs that represent what the application would see in a real target environment.

3. Tell the simulator to produce a

.PGO file with a specified file name.

4. Load and run the application to produce the .PGO file.

5. Rebuild the application and pass all .PGO files to the compiler, which uses the generated PGO results to optimize the application.

In this exercise, you:

• Load the PGO example project in the VisualDSP++ environment

• Create data sets for profile-guided optimization

• Attach input streams to the data sets

•Create .PGO files by executing the project with the data sets as input

• Recompile the project by using the .PGO files to optimize the build

• Run the optimized version of the project with the same data sets as input

• Compare the execution times of all three executions

The files used for this exercise are in the

pgo folder. The default installation

path of this folder is:

Program Files\Analog Devices\VisualDSP++ 4.5\Blackfin\Examples\ Tutorial\pgo

VisualDSP++ 4.5 Getting Started Guide 3-3

Exercise One: Using Profile-Guided Optimization

Step 1: Load the Project

To open a VisualDSP++ project:

1. Start VisualDSP++ and connect to an ADSP-BF533 simulator session. For information about connecting to a session, refer to “Step 1: Start

VisualDSP++ and Open a Project” on page 2-3.

2. Open the PgoExample.dpj project. For details about opening projects, see “Step 1: Start VisualDSP++ and Open a Project” on page 2-3.

This project contains a C file, PgoExample.c. When you run the program, it reads data from an address and counts the number of even and odd values. This counting is done with an if…then…else statement. If the majority of values read are odd, the program will spend most of its time in the then… branch. If the majority of values are even, the program will spend most of its time in the else… branch. Normally, the compiler has no way of knowing which branch will be taken more often. By using PGO, the compiler can determine which branch is used most often and optimize the next build.

3-4 VisualDSP++ 4.5 Getting Started Guide

This project also contains a Visual Basic script that demonstrates how to use the VisualDSP++ Automation API to perform PGO. The automation functionality is beyond the scope of this tutorial. Refer to online Help for more information about automation.

Three data files are used as input to the C program. These simple text files contain lists of values.

Dataset_1.dat has 128 even values (50%) and 128 odd values

• (50%).

• Dataset_2.dat has 192 even values (75%) and 64 odd values (25%).

•

Dataset_3.dat has 256 even values (100%) and 0 odd values

(0%).

Advanced Tutorial

To view these files, choose the Open command on the File menu in VisualDSP++. The two possible values in all three files are either

0x01

or 0x02. Each file contains 256 values.

In this exercise, assume that this program will be used in the real world, and that you can expect a similar distribution of values as input from the real world.

By looking at the C code and the potential input, you can easily see that the executed program will spend more time in the else… branch than in the then… branch. Without using PGO, the compiler cannot make this same conclusion. By default, it will expect the then… branch to be executed most frequently and will compile the code without optimizing execution time.

Since the example program and input are very simple, you could fix the problem by making a few minor changes to the code. Manually tweaking a large program to speed up execution time, however, would take far too long, and you would have to analyze sample input on your own. PGO provides a quick and easy way to enable the compiler to make these adjustments for you.

Step 2: Configure a Data Set

The first step in the PGO process is to create a data set—a collection of sample input for the program being optimized. A data set feeds the input into the executing program, and this input causes the program to be executed along certain paths. Some paths will be used more often than others. This information is recorded by the simulator and stored in a .PGO file for the compiler to use later for optimization. The most commonly used paths will be optimized to run quickly, and less common paths will run more slowly.

VisualDSP++ 4.5 Getting Started Guide 3-5

Exercise One: Using Profile-Guided Optimization

To create the first of three data sets for this exercise:

1. From the Tools menu, choose PGO and then Manage Data Sets, as

shown in Figure 3-1.

Figure 3-1. Manage Data Sets Menu Option

3-6 VisualDSP++ 4.5 Getting Started Guide

Advanced Tutorial

The Manage Data Sets dialog box (Figure 3-2) is displayed.

Figure 3-2. Manage Data Sets Dialog Box

This dialog box is where you manage data sets. Note the Optimiza- tion level slider bar. This control allows you to customize your optimization. Moving the slider all the way to the left enables you to build as small an executable as possible, but may sacrifice execution speed. Moving the slider all the way to the right enables you to build a fast executable, with a potential space tradeoff. Placing the slider between the two extremes provides varying ratios of space versus speed optimization. For this exercise, move the slider all the way to the right.

VisualDSP++ 4.5 Getting Started Guide 3-7

Exercise One: Using Profile-Guided Optimization

2. Click the New button to open the Edit Data Set dialog box, shown in

Figure 3-3.

Figure 3-3. Edit Data Set Dialog Box

3. Replace the default Data set name with a more descriptive name.

Since the first data file contains an equal number of even and odd values, use a name such as

50% Even – 50% Odd.

3-8 VisualDSP++ 4.5 Getting Started Guide

Advanced Tutorial

4. Specify the Output filename (where the optimization information

produced by this data set will be saved). Optimization information is saved in files with a

.PGO suffix.

Type in a file name such as dataset_1.pgo. The file will be saved in the project directory. To save the files elsewhere, type in a full path name. You can use Command line arguments for more advanced control of the data set, but they are not covered in this tutorial.

For more information about command-line arguments, see the

VisualDSP++ 4.5 C/C++ Compiler and Library Manual for Blackfin Processors.

Now you have to attach an input stream to this data set.

VisualDSP++ 4.5 Getting Started Guide 3-9

Exercise One: Using Profile-Guided Optimization

Step 3: Attach an Input Stream

In this step you attach an input stream to the data set.

1. Click the New button to open the Edit PGO Stream dialog box,

shown in Figure 3-4.

Figure 3-4. Edit PGO Stream Dialog Box

3-10 VisualDSP++ 4.5 Getting Started Guide

Advanced Tutorial

An input stream maps a data file to a destination device. In this exercise, the input streams map the three data files to the simulator. The input stream provides the program with input as needed during execution.

For more information about streams, see the “Debugging” chapter in the VisualDSP++ 4.5 User’s Guide.

2. Complete the Input Source File group box as described in Table 3-1.

Table 3-1. Input Source File Group Box Settings

Field/Control Action/Value

Filename Specify a file name by clicking the file browse button and selecting the

input source file dataset_1.dat from the pgo directory.

Format The data in this file is in hexadecimal format, so leave the format set-

ting as is.

Rewind on reset or restart Select this option. When you run a program with an input stream, the

program may or may not work through all of the data in the stream. If the program encounters a reset or restart event before working through the entire data stream and this option is enabled, the next execution starts at the beginning of the input stream. Otherwise, execution continues where it left off.

Circular Select this option. It allows the program to read through an input

stream many times during a single execution.

3. In the Destination Device group box, specify where the data from the

input stream is sent. Refer to Table 3-2.

VisualDSP++ 4.5 Getting Started Guide 3-11

Exercise One: Using Profile-Guided Optimization

Table 3-2. Destination Device Group Box Settings

Field/Control Action/Value

Processor This field lets you specify a peripheral in another processor as the

destination device. For this tutorial, you are connected to a single processor session, so this field is disabled.

Device This field lets you choose any stream device supported by the simula-

tor target as the destination. Devices can include a memory address or various peripherals. Available devices depend on the processor you are using. For more information on devices, see the hardware manual for your processor. The program reads the input streams from memory, so leave this field as it is.

Address Specify where in memory the input will be sent. Since the program in

this exercise reads data from address

PgoExample.c), enter this value.

0xFFD00000 (refer to

3-12 VisualDSP++ 4.5 Getting Started Guide

Advanced Tutorial

The completed dialog box should now look like Figure 3-5.

Figure 3-5. A Configured PGO Stream

VisualDSP++ 4.5 Getting Started Guide 3-13

Exercise One: Using Profile-Guided Optimization

4. Click OK to return to the Edit Data Set dialog box. The dialog box

with your configured data set should match Figure 3-6.

Figure 3-6. A Configured Data Set

5. Click OK to save the data set and close the dialog box.

You now have to create the remaining two data sets.

3-14 VisualDSP++ 4.5 Getting Started Guide

Advanced Tutorial

Step 4: Configure Additional Data Sets

To create the remaining two data sets, you can repeat the steps used to create the first data set and substitute the appropriate files, or use the Copy button.

The following steps explain how to use the Copy button to create a data set.

1. Highlight the

50% Even – 50% Odd data set, and click the Copy

button.

The Edit Data Set dialog box opens with the information for the

50% Even – 50% Odd data set. Clicking the OK button makes a copy

of the 50% Even – 50% Odd data set. For this exercise, however, you will edit the data set.

2. In the Data set name field, specify an appropriate name for the new

data set.

The second input source file contains three times as many even values as odd values, so use a name such as 75% Even – 25% Odd.

3. In the Output filename field, type the name dataset_2.pgo to save

the .PGO file in the project directory.

To save the file elsewhere, click the file browse button ( ) to specify a full path.

4. In the Input streams box, highlight the dataset_1.dat Input File and click the Edit button.

5. Click the file browse button ( ) to change the Input Source File

dataset_1.dat to dataset_2.dat.

from

6. Click the OK button to return to the Edit Data Set dialog box.

The second data set is now complete.

VisualDSP++ 4.5 Getting Started Guide 3-15

Exercise One: Using Profile-Guided Optimization

7. Click the OK button to return to the Manage Data Sets dialog box.

8. Create the third data set from scratch or modify a copy of one of the existing data sets.

Make sure that you use the

dataset_3.pgo and dataset_3.dat files.

The third data set contains all even values, so give it a name such as

100% Even – 0% Odd. When you are finished, expand the three data

sets listed in the Manage Data Sets dialog box and compare them with the data sets in Figure 3-7.

Figure 3-7. Expanded Data Sets

3-16 VisualDSP++ 4.5 Getting Started Guide

Advanced Tutorial

If your data sets match those in Figure 3-7, you have the data sets needed to optimize the program.

9. Click OK to save the data sets and close the dialog box.

You are now ready to create

.PGO files.

Step 5: Create PGO Files and Optimize the Program

Now that you have configured the data sets, you are ready to optimize your program.

From the Tools menu, choose PGO and then Execute Data Sets, as shown in Figure 3-8.

Figure 3-8. Execute Data Sets Menu Option

Several things happen during the execute process. First, the project is built with the

–pguide switch, which enables the collection of the PGO data that is

later fed back into the compiler. The compiler makes default assumptions about which sections of code will be most commonly executed. Next, the resulting executable is run once with each data set. While the program is run-

VisualDSP++ 4.5 Getting Started Guide 3-17

Exercise One: Using Profile-Guided Optimization

ning, the simulator monitors the paths of execution through the program, and the number of cycles used in the execution. As stated before, this information is stored in the

.PGO file that you specified when creating each data set.

Once the program has been run with each data set, the project is recompiled. This time, however, the compiler uses the information found in the .PGO files to optimize the resulting executable. This optimized executable is then run with the input provided by each data set, and again, the simulator monitors each execution.

You are now ready to examine the results of the optimization.

Step 6: Compare Execution Times

When the execution is completed, an XML report of the PGO optimization results is generated and displayed in a browser window. This file is in the

pgo\debug folder and is named PgoReport.date and time.xml (for example, PgoReport.20031027145428.xml).

At the top of the report is a header, shown in Figure 3-9.

Figure 3-9. PGO Results – Report Header

The header provides basic information such as the project name, location, and when the report was generated. Also listed is the optimization level (which you specified with the slider bar in the Manage Data Sets dialog

3-18 VisualDSP++ 4.5 Getting Started Guide

Advanced Tutorial

box, Figure 3-2 on page 3-7), and an average result. The Average result is the difference in total cycle counts on all executions from before and after optimization.

The header is followed by information about each data set (see Figure 3-10).

The Average result obtained on your machine may vary slightly from the result shown in Figure 3-9.

Figure 3-10. PGO Results – Data Sets

The file information, including the Data Set file name, Input stream file name, and PGO output file name, is listed first. Then the results of optimization are shown. The number of cycles needed to run the original build with

VisualDSP++ 4.5 Getting Started Guide 3-19

Exercise One: Using Profile-Guided Optimization

this data set (Before optimization) is followed by the number of cycles needed to run this data set on the optimized build (After optimization). Note that the number of cycles may vary on different machines.

Finally, the percent difference between the two builds (Result) is listed. A positive percentage indicates that the optimized build ran faster than the original build.

The Execution Output section of the log appears first. Figure 3-11 shows selections from the execution output.

Figure 3-11. PGO Results – Execution Output Sample

This information is the output that appeared in the Console view of the Output window while the PGO was running. The output includes the basic events that occurred during execution.

3-20 VisualDSP++ 4.5 Getting Started Guide

Advanced Tutorial

The Build Output section appears next at the bottom of the report. This section contains build output for each build. Figure 3-12 shows a build output sample.

Figure 3-12. PGO Results – Build Output Sample

This information is the output that was displayed in the Build view of the Output window while the PGO was running.

This output information shows how effective PGO can be. As shown in

Figure 3-9 on page 3-18, the optimized executions used approximately 18%

fewer cycles than the original executions. The gain in performance is significant, especially given the ease with which it was accomplished.

You are now ready to begin Exercise Two.

VisualDSP++ 4.5 Getting Started Guide 3-21

Exercise Two: Using Background Telemetry Channel

A background telemetry channel (BTC) enables you to exchange data between a host and target application without halting the processor. This mechanism provides real-time visibility into a running program. Uses for a BTC include:

• Monitoring program status without halting the processor

• Viewing algorithm output in real time

• Injecting data into a program

• Streaming real-time data to a file (data logging)

• Providing I/O, either standard or user-defined

In this exercise, you:

• Add BTC to your DSP application.

• Run the BTC Assembly demo, designed to demonstrate the basic functionality of BTC.

• Run the BTC FFT demo, which demonstrates the transfer of data from the Blackfin EZ-KIT Lite over background telemetry channels.

Adding BTC to Your DSP Application

To add BTC to your DSP application:

1. Add the

The programs, including the macros necessary to define a channel.

3-22 VisualDSP++ 4.5 Getting Started Guide

btc.h header file to your source code.

btc.h file contains the macros necessary to use BTC in your

ANALOG DEVICES W4.5 Started Guide

Specifications and Main Features

Frequently Asked Questions

User Manual

CONTENTS

PREFACE

FEATURES AND TOOLS

BASIC TUTORIAL

Exercise Two: Modifying a C Program to Call an Assembly Routine 2-16

ADVANCED TUTORIAL

INDEX

PREFACE

Purpose of This Manual

Intended Audience

Manual Contents

What’s New in This Manual

Technical or Customer Support

Supported Processors

Product Information

MyAnalog.com

Processor Product Information

Related Documents

Online Technical Documentation

Accessing Documentation From VisualDSP++

Accessing Documentation From Windows

Accessing Documentation From the Web

Printed Manuals

VisualAudio or VisualDSP++ Documentation Set

Hardware Tools Manuals

Processor Manuals

Notation Conventions

Data Sheets

Contacting DSP Publications

1 FEATURES AND TOOLS

VisualDSP++ Features

Code Development Tools

Connecting to a Debug Session

2 BASIC TUTORIAL

Overview

Exercise One: Building and Running a C Program

Step 1: Start VisualDSP++ and Open a Project

Step 2: Build the dotprodc Project

Step 3: Run the Program

Step 4: Run dotprodc

Exercise Two: Modifying a C Program to Call an Assembly Routine

Step 1: Create a New Project

Step 2: Add Source Files to dot_product_asm

Step 3: Modify the Project Source Files

Step 4: Use the Expert Linker to Modify dot_prod_asm.ldf

Step 5: Rebuild and Run dot_product_asm

Exercise Three: Plotting Data

Step 1: Load the FIR Program

Step 2: Open a Plot Window

Step 3: Run the FIR Program and View the Data

Exercise Four: Linear Profiling

Step 1: Load the FIR Program

Step 2: Open the Profiling Window

Step 3: Collect and Examine the Linear Profile Data

3 ADVANCED TUTORIAL

Overview

Exercise One: Using Profile-Guided Optimization

Step 1: Load the Project

Step 2: Configure a Data Set

Step 3: Attach an Input Stream

Step 4: Configure Additional Data Sets

Step 5: Create PGO Files and Optimize the Program

Step 6: Compare Execution Times

Exercise Two: Using Background Telemetry Channel

Adding BTC to Your DSP Application