ANALOG DEVICES W3.5 Library Manual

W3.5

C Compiler and Library

Manual for ADSP-218x DSPs

Analog Devices, Inc. One Technology Way Norwood, Mass. 02062-9106

Revision 4.1, October 2003

Part Number:

82-000400-03

Disclaimer

Analog Devices, Inc. reserves the right to change this product without prior notice. Information furnished by Analog Devices is believed to be accurate and reliable. However, no responsibility is assumed by Analog Devices for its use; nor for any infringement of patents or other rights of third parties which may result from its use. No license is granted by implication or otherwise under the patent rights of Analog Devices, Inc.

Trademark and Service Mark Notice

The Analog Devices logo, VisualDSP++, and the VisualDSP++ logo are registered trademarks of Analog Devices, Inc.

All other brand and product names are trademarks or service marks of their respective owners.

CONTENTS

PREFACE

Purpose ......................................................................................... xxv

Intended Audience ........................................................................ xxv

Manual Contents Description ...................................................... xxvi

What’s New in this Manual .......................................................... xxvi

Technical or Customer Support ................................................... xxvii

Supported Processors ................................................................... xxvii

Product Information .................................................................. xxviii

MyAnalog.com ..................................................................... xxviii

DSP Product Information ..................................................... xxviii

Related Documents ................................................................ xxix

Online Technical Documentation ............................................ xxx

From VisualDSP++ ............................................................. xxx

From Windows .................................................................. xxxi

From the Web .................................................................... xxxi

Printed Manuals .................................................................... xxxii

VisualDSP++ Documentation Set ...................................... xxxii

VisualDSP 3.5 C Compiler and Library Manual iii for ADSP-218x DSPs

CONTENTS

Hardware Manuals ........................................................... xxxii

Datasheets ........................................................................ xxxii

Contacting DSP Publications ............................................... xxxiii

Notation Conventions ............................................................... xxxiii

COMPILER

C Compiler Overview ................................................................... 1-2

Standard Conformance ............................................................ 1-3

Compiler Command-Line Reference ............................................. 1-6

Running the Compiler ............................................................ 1-7

Specifying Compiler Options in VisualDSP++ ....................... 1-10

Compiler Command-Line Switches ....................................... 1-11

-@ filename ...................................................................... 1-18

-A name(tokens) ............................................................... 1-18

-alttok .............................................................................. 1-19

-bss .................................................................................. 1-19

-build-lib .......................................................................... 1-20

-C .................................................................................... 1-20

-c ..................................................................................... 1-20

-const-read-write .............................................................. 1-20

-Dmacro [=definition] ...................................................... 1-20

-debug-types <file.h> ........................................................ 1-21

-default-linkage-{asm|C} ................................................... 1-21

-dry .................................................................................. 1-22

-dryrun ............................................................................ 1-22

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CONTENTS

-E ..................................................................................... 1-22

-ED .................................................................................. 1-22

-EE ................................................................................... 1-22

-extra-keywords ................................................................. 1-22

-flags-{asm|compiler|lib|link|mem} switch [,switch2 [,...]] .. 1-23

-fp-associative ................................................................... 1-23

-full-version ...................................................................... 1-23

-g ..................................................................................... 1-23

-H .................................................................................... 1-24

-HH ................................................................................. 1-24

-h[elp] .............................................................................. 1-24

-I- ..................................................................................... 1-25

-I directory [{,|;} directory...] ............................................. 1-25

-include filename .............................................................. 1-25

-ipa ................................................................................... 1-26

-jump-{dm|pm|same} ........................................................ 1-26

-L directory [{,|;} directory...] ............................................ 1-27

-l library ........................................................................... 1-27

-M .................................................................................... 1-27

-MD ................................................................................. 1-28

-MM ................................................................................ 1-28

-Mo filename .................................................................... 1-28

-Mt filename ..................................................................... 1-28

-MQ ................................................................................. 1-28

VisualDSP 3.5 C Compiler and Library Manual v for ADSP-218x DSPs

CONTENTS

-make-autostatic ............................................................... 1-29

-map filename .................................................................. 1-29

-mem ............................................................................... 1-29

-no-alttok ......................................................................... 1-29

-no-bss ............................................................................. 1-30

-no-builtin ....................................................................... 1-30

-no-defs ............................................................................ 1-30

-no-extra-keywords ........................................................... 1-30

-no-fp-associative .............................................................. 1-31

-no-mem .......................................................................... 1-31

-no-std-ass ........................................................................ 1-31

-no-std-def ....................................................................... 1-31

-no-std-inc ....................................................................... 1-31

-no-std-lib ........................................................................ 1-32

-no-widen-muls ................................................................ 1-32

-O .................................................................................... 1-32

-Oa .................................................................................. 1-33

-Os .................................................................................. 1-33

-Ov num .......................................................................... 1-33

-o filename ....................................................................... 1-33

-P ..................................................................................... 1-34

-PP .................................................................................. 1-34

-path-{asm|compiler|def|lib|link|mem} filename ................. 1-34

-path-install directory ....................................................... 1-34

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CONTENTS

-path-output directory ...................................................... 1-35

-path-temp directory ......................................................... 1-35

-pch .................................................................................. 1-35

-pch directory ................................................................... 1-35

-pedantic .......................................................................... 1-35

-pedantic-errors ................................................................ 1-36

-pplist filename ................................................................. 1-36

-proc processor .................................................................. 1-36

-R directory [{;|,}directory …] ........................................... 1-37

-R- ................................................................................... 1-38

-reserve register[,register...] ................................................ 1-38

-S ..................................................................................... 1-38

-s ...................................................................................... 1-39

-save-temps ....................................................................... 1-39

-show ................................................................................ 1-39

-si-revision version ............................................................ 1-39

-signed-bitfield .................................................................. 1-40

-signed-char ...................................................................... 1-40

-syntax-only ...................................................................... 1-40

-sysdefs ............................................................................. 1-41

-T filename ....................................................................... 1-41

-time ................................................................................ 1-41

-Umacro ........................................................................... 1-42

-unsigned-bitfield .............................................................. 1-42

VisualDSP 3.5 C Compiler and Library Manual vii for ADSP-218x DSPs

CONTENTS

-unsigned-char .................................................................. 1-43

-v ..................................................................................... 1-43

-val-global <name-list> ..................................................... 1-43

-verbose ............................................................................ 1-43

-version ............................................................................ 1-43

-Wdriver-limit number ..................................................... 1-44

-Werror-limit number ....................................................... 1-44

-W{error|remark|suppress|warn} <num>[,num...] ............... 1-44

-Wremarks ........................................................................ 1-44

-Wterse ............................................................................ 1-45

-w .................................................................................... 1-45

-warn-protos ..................................................................... 1-45

-write-files ........................................................................ 1-45

-write-opts ........................................................................ 1-45

-xref <file> ........................................................................ 1-46

Data Type Sizes ..................................................................... 1-47

Optimization Control ........................................................... 1-49

Interprocedural Analysis ................................................... 1-50

C Compiler Language Extensions ................................................ 1-52

Inline Function Support Keyword (inline) ............................. 1-55

Inline Assembly Language Support Keyword (asm) ................ 1-56

Assembly Construct Template ........................................... 1-57

ASM() Construct Syntax: .............................................. 1-57

ASM() Construct Syntax Rules ...................................... 1-59

viii VisualDSP 3.5 C Compiler and Library Manual

for ADSP-218x DSPs

CONTENTS

ASM() Construct Template Example ............................. 1-60

Assembly Construct Operand Description ......................... 1-61

Assembly Constructs With Multiple Instructions ............... 1-67

Assembly Construct Reordering and Optimization ............. 1-67

Assembly Constructs with Input and Output Operands ..... 1-68

Assembly Constructs and Macros ...................................... 1-70

Assembly Constructs and Flow Control ............................. 1-70

Dual Memory Support Keywords (pm dm) ............................ 1-71

Memory Keywords and Assignments/Type Conversions ...... 1-73

Memory Keywords and Function Declarations/Pointers ..... 1-74

Memory Keywords and Function Arguments ..................... 1-75

Memory Keywords and Macros ......................................... 1-75

PM and DM Compiler Support for Standard C Library Functions

1-76

Placement Support Keyword (section) .................................... 1-76

Boolean Type Support Keywords (bool, true, false) ................. 1-77

Pointer Class Support Keyword (restrict) ................................ 1-77

Variable-Length Array Support .............................................. 1-78

Non-Constant Aggregate Initializer Support ........................... 1-80

Indexed Initializer Support .................................................... 1-80

Aggregate Constructor Expression Support ............................. 1-82

Preprocessor-Generated Warnings .......................................... 1-83

C++-Style Comments ............................................................ 1-83

Compiler Built-in Functions .................................................. 1-83

I/O Space for Read/Write .................................................. 1-84

VisualDSP 3.5 C Compiler and Library Manual ix for ADSP-218x DSPs

CONTENTS

Read/Write of Non-Memory-Mapped Registers ................. 1-85

Interrupt Control ............................................................. 1-85

ETSI Support ....................................................................... 1-86

ETSI Support Overview .................................................... 1-86

Calling ETSI Library Functions ........................................ 1-88

Using the ETSI Built-In Functions .................................... 1-89

Linking ETSI Library Functions ....................................... 1-89

Working with ETSI Library Source Code .......................... 1-90

ETSI Support for Data Types ............................................ 1-90

ETSI Header File .............................................................. 1-91

Pragmas ................................................................................ 1-99

Data Alignment Pragmas ................................................ 1-101

#pragma align (num) .................................................. 1-101

#pragma pad (alignopt) ............................................... 1-102

Interrupt Handler Pragmas ............................................. 1-102

#pragma interrupt ...................................................... 1-102

#pragma altregisters .................................................... 1-103

Loop Optimization Pragmas ........................................... 1-103

#pragma loop_count(min, max, modulo) .................... 1-104

#pragma vector_for ..................................................... 1-104

#pragma no_alias ........................................................ 1-105

General Optimization Pragmas ....................................... 1-105

Linking Control Pragmas ................................................ 1-106

#pragma linkage_name identifier ................................ 1-107

x VisualDSP 3.5 C Compiler and Library Manual

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CONTENTS

#pragma retain_name ................................................. 1-107

#pragma weak_entry .................................................. 1-108

Stack Usage Pragma ........................................................ 1-108

#pragma make_auto_static .......................................... 1-108

Function Side-Effect Pragmas .......................................... 1-109

#pragma alloc .............................................................. 1-109

#pragma pure .............................................................. 1-110

#pragma const ............................................................. 1-110

#pragma regs_clobbered string ..................................... 1-111

#pragma result_alignment (n) ...................................... 1-114

Header File Control Pragmas ........................................... 1-115

#pragma hdrstop ......................................................... 1-115

#pragma no_pch ......................................................... 1-116

#pragma once ............................................................. 1-116

#pragma system_header ............................................... 1-116

GCC Compatibility Extensions ........................................... 1-117

Statement Expressions ..................................................... 1-117

Type Reference Support Keyword (typeof) ....................... 1-118

GCC Generalized Lvalues ............................................... 1-119

Conditional Expressions with Missing Operands .............. 1-120

Hexadecimal Floating-Point Numbers ............................. 1-120

Zero Length Arrays ......................................................... 1-121

Variable Argument Macros .............................................. 1-121

Line Breaks in String Literals ........................................... 1-121

VisualDSP 3.5 C Compiler and Library Manual xi for ADSP-218x DSPs

CONTENTS

Arithmetic on Pointers to Void and Pointers to Functions 1-122

Cast to Union ................................................................. 1-122

Ranges in Case Labels ..................................................... 1-122

Declarations mixed with Code ........................................ 1-122

Escape Character Constant ............................................. 1-123

Alignment Inquiry Keyword (__alignof__) ...................... 1-123

Keyword for Specifying Names in Generated Assembler (asm) 1-123

Function, Variable and Type Attribute Keyword (__attribute__)

1-124

Preprocessor Features ................................................................ 1-125

Predefined Preprocessor Macros ........................................... 1-125

__ADSP21XX__ and __ADSP218X__ ........................... 1-126

__ADSP21{81|83|84|85|86|87|88|89}__ ......................... 1-126

__ANALOG_EXTENSIONS__ ..................................... 1-126

__DATE__ .................................................................... 1-126

__DOUBLES_ARE_FLOATS__ .................................... 1-126

__ECC__ ....................................................................... 1-126

__EDG__ ...................................................................... 1-126

__EDG_VERSION__ .................................................... 1-127

__FILE__ ....................................................................... 1-127

_LANGUAGE_C ........................................................... 1-127

__LINE__ ...................................................................... 1-127

__NO_BUILTIN ........................................................... 1-127

__NO_LONG_LONG .................................................. 1-127

__SIGNED_CHARS__ .................................................. 1-127

xii VisualDSP 3.5 C Compiler and Library Manual

for ADSP-218x DSPs

CONTENTS

__STDC__ ..................................................................... 1-128

__STDC_VERSION__ .................................................. 1-128

__TIME__ ..................................................................... 1-128

__VERSION__ .............................................................. 1-128

Header Files ........................................................................ 1-128

Writing Preprocessor Macros ................................................ 1-129

Preprocessing of .IDL Files .................................................. 1-131

C Run-Time Model and Environment ....................................... 1-132

Using the Run-Time Header ................................................ 1-133

Interrupt Table and Interface ............................................... 1-133

Autobuffering Support ......................................................... 1-134

Stack Frame ......................................................................... 1-136

Stack Frame Description ................................................. 1-137

General System-Wide Specifications ................................ 1-138

At a procedure call, the following must be true: ............ 1-139

At an interrupt, the following must be true: ................. 1-139

Return Values ................................................................. 1-139

Procedure Call and Return .............................................. 1-140

On Entry: ................................................................... 1-140

To Return from a Procedure: ....................................... 1-140

File I/O Support .................................................................. 1-141

Extending I/O Support To New Devices .......................... 1-141

Miscellaneous Information ................................................... 1-143

VisualDSP 3.5 C Compiler and Library Manual xiii for ADSP-218x DSPs

CONTENTS

Callee Preserved Registers (“Preserved”) .......................... 1-144

Dedicated Registers ........................................................ 1-144

Caller Save Registers (“Scratch”) ..................................... 1-144

Circular Buffer Length Registers ..................................... 1-144

Mode Status (MSTAT) Register ...................................... 1-145

Complete List of Registers ................................................... 1-145

C and Assembly Language Interface .......................................... 1-148

Calling Assembly Subroutines from C Programs ................... 1-148

Calling C Routines from Assemby Programs ........................ 1-151

Using Mixed C/Assembly Support Macros ....................... 1-152

function_entry ........................................................... 1-153

exit ............................................................................. 1-153

leaf_entry ................................................................... 1-153

leaf_exit ..................................................................... 1-153

alter(x) ....................................................................... 1-153

save_reg ...................................................................... 1-154

restore_reg .................................................................. 1-154

readsfirst(register) ....................................................... 1-154

putsfirst = register ....................................................... 1-154

putsnext = register ...................................................... 1-155

getsfirst(register) ......................................................... 1-155

Using Mixed C/Assembly Naming Conventions ................... 1-155

xiv VisualDSP 3.5 C Compiler and Library Manual

for ADSP-218x DSPs

CONTENTS

Compatibility Call ............................................................... 1-156

ACHIEVING OPTIMAL PERFORMANCE FROM C

SOURCE CODE

General Guidelines ....................................................................... 2-3

How the Compiler Can Help ................................................... 2-4

Using the Compiler Optimizer ............................................ 2-4

Using the Statistical Profiler ............................................... 2-4

Using Interprocedural Optimization .................................... 2-5

Data Types .............................................................................. 2-7

Avoiding Emulated Arithmetic ............................................ 2-8

Getting the Most from IPA ...................................................... 2-9

Initializing Constants Statically ........................................... 2-9

Avoiding Aliases ................................................................ 2-10

Indexed Arrays vs. Pointers .................................................... 2-12

Trying Pointer and Indexed Styles ...................................... 2-13

Function Inlining .................................................................. 2-13

Using Inline asm Statements .................................................. 2-14

Memory Usage ...................................................................... 2-15

Loop Guidelines ......................................................................... 2-17

Keeping Loops Short ............................................................. 2-17

Avoiding Unrolling Loops ...................................................... 2-17

Avoiding Loop Rotation by Hand .......................................... 2-18

Avoiding Array Writes in Loops ............................................. 2-19

Inner Loops vs. Outer Loops ................................................. 2-19

VisualDSP 3.5 C Compiler and Library Manual xv for ADSP-218x DSPs

CONTENTS

Avoiding Conditional Code in Loops ..................................... 2-20

Avoiding Placing Function Calls in Loops .............................. 2-21

Avoiding Non-Unit Strides ................................................... 2-21

Loop Control ........................................................................ 2-21

Using the Restrict Qualifier ................................................... 2-22

Using the Const Qualifier ..................................................... 2-23

Using Built-in Functions in Code Optimization .......................... 2-24

Fractional Data ..................................................................... 2-24

System Support Built-in Functions ........................................ 2-25

Smaller Applications: Optimizing for Code Size .......................... 2-27

Pragmas ...................................................................................... 2-29

Function Pragmas ................................................................. 2-29

#pragma const .................................................................. 2-29

#pragma pure ................................................................... 2-30

#pragma alloc ................................................................... 2-30

#pragma regs_clobbered .................................................... 2-31

#pragma optimize_{off|for_speed|for_space|as_cmd_line} .. 2-33

Loop Optimization Pragmas .................................................. 2-33

#pragma loop_count ......................................................... 2-33

#pragma no_alias .............................................................. 2-34

Useful Optimization Switches ..................................................... 2-35

C RUN-TIME LIBRARY

C Run-Time Library Guide .......................................................... 3-2

Calling Library Functions ........................................................ 3-2

xvi VisualDSP 3.5 C Compiler and Library Manual

for ADSP-218x DSPs

CONTENTS

Using the Compiler’s Built-In Functions .................................. 3-2

Linking Library Functions ....................................................... 3-3

Working With Library Source Code ......................................... 3-4

Working with Library Header Files .......................................... 3-5

assert.h ............................................................................... 3-6

ctype.h ............................................................................... 3-6

def2181.h – Memory Map Definitions ................................ 3-7

def2181x.h – Memory Map Definitions ............................... 3-7

errno.h ............................................................................... 3-7

ffts.h – Fast Fourier Transforms ........................................... 3-7

filters.h – DSP Filters .......................................................... 3-8

float.h – Floating Point ....................................................... 3-8

fract.h – ADSP-218x DSP Macro Fract Definitions ............. 3-8

iso646.h ............................................................................. 3-8

locale.h ............................................................................... 3-9

math.h ................................................................................ 3-9

misc.h – ADSP-218x DSP Timer Functions ....................... 3-10

setjmp.h ............................................................................ 3-10

signal.h ............................................................................. 3-10

sport.h – ADSP-218x DSP Serial Ports .............................. 3-11

stdarg.h ............................................................................ 3-11

stdio.h .............................................................................. 3-11

stdlib.h ............................................................................. 3-12

string.h ............................................................................. 3-12

VisualDSP 3.5 C Compiler and Library Manual xvii for ADSP-218x DSPs

CONTENTS

sysreg.h ............................................................................ 3-13

Documented Library Functions .................................................. 3-14

C Run-Time Library Reference ................................................... 3-18

Notation Conventions ........................................................... 3-18

Reference Format .................................................................. 3-18

abort .......................................................................................... 3-19

abs ............................................................................................. 3-20

acos ............................................................................................ 3-21

asin ............................................................................................ 3-22

atan ............................................................................................ 3-23

atan2 .......................................................................................... 3-24

atexit .......................................................................................... 3-25

atof ............................................................................................ 3-26

atoi ............................................................................................ 3-29

atol ............................................................................................ 3-30

biquad ........................................................................................ 3-31

bsearch ....................................................................................... 3-34

calloc ......................................................................................... 3-36

ceil ............................................................................................. 3-37

clear_interrupt ............................................................................ 3-38

copysign ..................................................................................... 3-40

cos ............................................................................................. 3-41

cosh ........................................................................................... 3-44

cot ............................................................................................. 3-45

xviii VisualDSP 3.5 C Compiler and Library Manual

for ADSP-218x DSPs

CONTENTS

demean_buffer ........................................................................... 3-46

disable_interrupts ....................................................................... 3-48

div ............................................................................................. 3-49

enable_interrupts ........................................................................ 3-50

exit ............................................................................................. 3-51

exp ............................................................................................. 3-52

fabs ............................................................................................ 3-53

fftN ........................................................................................... 3-54

fir .............................................................................................. 3-57

floor ........................................................................................... 3-59

fmod .......................................................................................... 3-60

free ............................................................................................ 3-61

frexp .......................................................................................... 3-62

ifftN .......................................................................................... 3-63

iir ............................................................................................... 3-66

interrupt .................................................................................... 3-71

io_space_read ............................................................................. 3-75

io_space_write ............................................................................ 3-77

isalnum ...................................................................................... 3-79

isalpha ........................................................................................ 3-80

iscntrl ......................................................................................... 3-81

isdigit ......................................................................................... 3-82

isgraph ....................................................................................... 3-83

isinf ........................................................................................... 3-84

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CONTENTS

islower ........................................................................................ 3-86

isnan .......................................................................................... 3-87

isprint ........................................................................................ 3-89

ispunct ....................................................................................... 3-90

isspace ........................................................................................ 3-91

isupper ....................................................................................... 3-92

isxdigit ....................................................................................... 3-93

labs ............................................................................................ 3-94

ldexp .......................................................................................... 3-95

ldiv ............................................................................................ 3-96

log ............................................................................................. 3-97

log10 .......................................................................................... 3-98

longjmp ..................................................................................... 3-99

malloc ...................................................................................... 3-101

memchr .................................................................................... 3-102

memcmp .................................................................................. 3-103

memcpy ................................................................................... 3-104

memmove ................................................................................ 3-105

memset .................................................................................... 3-106

modf ........................................................................................ 3-107

pow .......................................................................................... 3-108

qsort ........................................................................................ 3-109

raise ......................................................................................... 3-111

rand ......................................................................................... 3-113

xx VisualDSP 3.5 C Compiler and Library Manual

for ADSP-218x DSPs

realloc ....................................................................................... 3-114

setjmp ...................................................................................... 3-115

signal ........................................................................................ 3-116

sin ............................................................................................ 3-120

sinh .......................................................................................... 3-122

sqrt ........................................................................................... 3-123

srand ........................................................................................ 3-124

strcat ........................................................................................ 3-125

strchr ........................................................................................ 3-126

strcmp ...................................................................................... 3-127

strcoll ....................................................................................... 3-128

strcpy ....................................................................................... 3-129

strcspn ...................................................................................... 3-130

strerror ..................................................................................... 3-131

strlen ........................................................................................ 3-132

strncat ...................................................................................... 3-133

strncmp .................................................................................... 3-134

strncpy ..................................................................................... 3-135

strpbrk ...................................................................................... 3-136

strrchr ....................................................................................... 3-137

strspn ....................................................................................... 3-138

strstr ......................................................................................... 3-139

strtod ........................................................................................ 3-140

strtodf ...................................................................................... 3-143

VisualDSP++ 3.5 C Compiler and Library Manual for ADSP-218x DSPs xxi

strtok ....................................................................................... 3-146

strtol ........................................................................................ 3-148

strtoul ...................................................................................... 3-150

strxfrm ..................................................................................... 3-152

sysreg_read ............................................................................... 3-154

sysreg_write .............................................................................. 3-156

tan ........................................................................................... 3-158

tanh ......................................................................................... 3-159

timer_off .................................................................................. 3-160

timer_on .................................................................................. 3-161

timer_set .................................................................................. 3-162

tolower ..................................................................................... 3-163

toupper .................................................................................... 3-164

va_arg ...................................................................................... 3-165

va_end ..................................................................................... 3-168

va_start .................................................................................... 3-169

COMPILER LEGACY SUPPORT

Tools Differences .......................................................................... A-1

C Compiler and C Run-Time Library ...................................... A-3

Segment Placement Support Keyword Changed to Section ... A-3

G21 Compatibility Call ...................................................... A-3

Support for G21-Based Options and Extensions .................. A-3

Indexed Initializers ............................................................. A-4

Compiler Diagnostics ......................................................... A-4

xxii VisualDSP++ 3.5 C Compiler and Library Manual for ADSP-218x DSPs

INDEX

ANSI C Extensions ............................................................ A-4

Compiler Switch Modifications .......................................... A-5

Warnings ........................................................................... A-7

Run-Time Model ............................................................... A-8

VisualDSP++ 3.5 C Compiler and Library Manual for ADSP-218x DSPs xxiii

xxiv VisualDSP++ 3.5 C Compiler and Library Manual for ADSP-218x DSPs

PREFACE

Thank you for purchasing Analog Devices development software for digital signal processors (DSPs).

Purpose

The VisualDSP++ 3.5 C Compiler and Library Manual for ADSP-218x DSPs contains information about the C compiler and run-time library for

ADSP-218x DSPs. It includes syntax for command lines, switches, and language extensions. It leads you through the process of using library routines and writing mixed C/assembly code.

Intended Audience

The primary audience for this manual is programmers who are familiar with Analog Devices DSPs. This manual assumes that the audience has a working knowledge of the ADSP-218x DSP architecture and instruction set and the C programming language.

Programmers who are unfamiliar with ADSP-218x DSPs can use this manual, but they should supplement it with other texts (such as the appropriate hardware reference and instruction set reference) that provide information about your ADSP-218x DSP architecture and instructions).

VisualDSP 3.5 C Compiler and Library Manual xxv for ADSP-218x DSPs

Manual Contents Description

This manual contains:

• Chapter 1, “Compiler”

Provides information on compiler options, language extensions and C/assembly interfacing

• Chapter 2, “Achieving Optimal Performance from C Source Code” Shows how to optimize compiler operation.

• Chapter 3, “C Run-Time Library”

Shows how to use library functions and provides a complete C library function reference

•Appendix A, “Compiler Legacy Support”

Describes support for legacy code that was developed with previous releases of the development tools.

What’s New in this Manual

This edition of the VisualDSP++ 3.5 C Compiler and Library Manual for ADSP-218x DSPs documents support for all ADSP-218x processors.

Refer to VisualDSP++ 3.5 Product Bulletin for 16-Bit Processors for information on all new and updated features and other release information.

xxvi VisualDSP 3.5 C Compiler and Library Manual

for ADSP-218x DSPs

Technical or Customer Support

You can reach DSP Tools Support in the following ways:

• Visit the DSP Development Tools website at

www.analog.com/technology/dsp/developmentTools/index.html

• Email questions to

dsptools.support@analog.com

• Phone questions to 1-800-ANALOGD

• Contact your ADI local sales office or authorized distributor

• Send questions by mail to:

Analog Devices, Inc. One Technology Way P.O. Box 9106 Norwood, MA 02062-9106| USA

Preface

Supported Processors

The name “ADSP-218x” refers to a family of Analog Devices 16-bit, fixed-point processors. VisualDSP++ currently supports the following ADSP-218x processors:

ADSP-2181, ADSP-2183, ADSP-2184, ADSP-2185, ADSP-2186, ADSP-2187, ADSP-2188, and ADSP-2189M

VisualDSP 3.5 C Compiler and Library Manual xxvii for ADSP-218x DSPs

Product Information

You can obtain product information from the Analog Devices website, from the product CD-ROM, or from the printed publications (manuals).

Analog Devices is online at www.analog.com. Our website provides information about a broad range of products—analog integrated circuits, amplifiers, converters, and digital signal processors.

MyAnalog.com

MyAnalog.com is a free feature of the Analog Devices website that allows customization of a webpage to display only the latest information on products you are interested in. You can also choose to receive weekly email notification containing updates to the webpages that meet your interests.

MyAnalog.com provides access to books, application notes, data sheets,

code examples, and more.

Registration:

Visit www.myanalog.com to sign up. Click Register to use MyAnalog.com. Registration takes about five minutes and allows you to select the information you want to receive.

If you are already a registered user, just log on. Your user name is your email address.

DSP Product Information

For information on digital signal processors, visit our website at

www.analog.com, which provides access to technical publications,

datasheets, application notes, product overviews, and product announcements.

xxviii VisualDSP 3.5 C Compiler and Library Manual

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Preface

You may also obtain additional information about Analog Devices and its products in any of the following ways.

• Email questions or requests for information to

dsp.support@analog.com

• Fax questions or requests for information to

1-781-461-3010 (North America) 089/76 903-557 (Europe)

• Access the Digital Signal Processing Division’s FTP website at

ftp ftp.analog.com or ftp 137.71.23.21 ftp://ftp.analog.com

Online Technical Documentation

Online documentation comprises VisualDSP++ Help system and tools manuals, and FlexLM network license manager software documentation. You can easily search across the entire VisualDSP++ documentation set for any topic of interest. For easy printing, supplementary PDF files for the tools manuals are also provided.

If documentation is not installed on your system as part of the software installation, you can add it from the VisualDSP++ CD-ROM at any time.

Access the online documentation from the VisualDSP++ environment, Windows Explorer, or Analog Devices website.

A description of each documentation file type is as follows.

File Description

.CHM Help system files and VisualDSP++ tools manuals.

.HTM or .HTML FlexLM network license manager software documentation. Viewing and

printing the . higher).

PDF VisualDSP++ tools manuals in Portable Documentation Format, one .PDF

file for each manual. Viewing and printing the . reader, such as Adobe Acrobat Reader 4.0 (or higher).

HTML files require a browser, such as Internet Explorer 4.0 (or

PDF files require a PDF

From VisualDSP++

Access VisualDSP++ online Help from the Help menu’s Contents, Search, and Index commands.

Open online Help from context-sensitive user interface items (toolbar buttons, menu commands, and windows).

xxx VisualDSP 3.5 C Compiler and Library Manual

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ANALOG DEVICES W3.5 Library Manual

Specifications and Main Features

Frequently Asked Questions

User Manual

CONTENTS

PREFACE

Purpose

Intended Audience

Manual Contents Description

What’s New in this Manual

Technical or Customer Support

Supported Processors

Product Information

MyAnalog.com

DSP Product Information

Related Documents

Online Technical Documentation

From VisualDSP++