New standard in single chip solutions
Interfaces to single or differential floating sensors
Resolution down to 4 aF (that is, up to 21 ENOB)
Accuracy: 4 fF
Linearity: 0.01%
Common-mode (not changing) capacitance up to 17 pF
Full-scale (changing) capacitance range: ±4 pF
Tolerant of parasitic capacitance to ground up to 60 pF
Update rate: 10 Hz to 90 Hz
Simultaneous 50 Hz and 60 Hz rejection at 16 Hz
Temperature sensor on-chip
Resolution: 0.1°C, accuracy: ±2°C
Voltage input channel
Internal clock oscillator
2-wire serial interface (I
Power
2.7 V to 5.25 V single-supply operation
0.7 mA current consumption
Operating temperature: –40°C to +125°C
16-lead TSSOP package
The AD7745/AD7746 are a high resolution, Σ-Δ capacitance-todigital converter (CDC). The capacitance to be measured is
connected directly to the device inputs. The architecture features inherent high resolution (24-bit no missing codes, up to
21-bit effective resolution), high linearity (±0.01%), and high
accuracy (±4 fF factory calibrated). The AD7745/AD7746
capacitance input range is ±4 pF (changing), while it can accept
up to 17 pF common-mode capacitance (not changing), which
can be balanced by a programmable on-chip, digital-tocapacitance converter (CAPDAC).
The AD7745 has one capacitance input channel, while the
AD7746 has two channels. Each channel can be configured as
single-ended or differential. The AD7745/AD7746 are designed
for floating capacitive sensors. For capacitive sensors with one
plate connected to ground, the AD7747 is recommended.
The parts have an on-chip temperature sensor with a resolution
of 0.1°C and accuracy of ±2°C. The on-chip voltage reference
and the on-chip clock generator eliminate the need for any
external components in capacitive sensor applications. The
parts have a standard voltage input, which together with the
differential reference input allows easy interface to an external
temperature sensor, such as an RTD, thermistor, or diode.
2
The AD7745/AD7746 have a 2-wire, I
interface. Both parts can operate with a single power supply
from 2.7 V to 5.25 V. They are specified over the automotive
temperature range of –40°C to +125°C and are housed in a
16-lead TSSOP package.
C-compatible serial
VDD
TEMP
SENSOR
VIN(+)
VIN(–)
CIN1(+)
CIN1(–)
CAP DAC
CAP DAC
EXCA
EXCB
Rev. 0
Information furnished by Analog Devices is believed to be accurate and reliable.
However, no responsibility is assumed by Analog Devices for its use, nor for any
infringements of patents or other rights of third parties that may result from its use.
Specifications subject to change without notice. No license is granted by implication
or otherwise under any patent or patent rights of Analog Devices. Trademarks and
registered trademarks are the property of their respective owners.
VDD = 2.7 V to 3.6 V or 4.75 V to 5.25 V; GND = 0 V; EXC = 32 kHz; EXC = ±VDD/2; –40°C to +125°C, unless otherwise noted.
Table 1.
Parameter Min Typ Max Unit Test Conditions/Comments
CAPACITIVE INPUT
Conversion Input Range ±4.096 pF
Integral Nonlinearity (INL)
2
±0.01 % of FSR
No Missing Codes2 24 Bit Conversion time ≥ 62 ms
Resolution, p-p 16.5 Bit Conversion time = 62 ms, see Table 5
Resolution Effective 19 Bit Conversion time = 62 ms, see Table 5
Output Noise, rms 2
Absolute Error
Offset Error
3
2, 4
±4 fF
32 aF1
System Offset Calibration Range2 ±1 pF
Offset Drift vs. Temperature –1 aF/°C
Gain Error
5
0.02 0.08 % of FS 25°C, VDD = 5 V
Gain Drift vs. Temperature2 –28 –26 –24 ppm of FS/°C
Allowed Capacitance to GND2 60 pF See Figure 9 and Figure 10
Power Supply Rejection 0.3 1 fF/V
Normal Mode Rejection 65 dB 50 Hz ± 1%, conversion time = 62 ms
55 dB 60 Hz ± 1%, conversion time = 62 ms
Channel-to-Channel Isolation 70 dB AD7746 only
CAPDAC
Full Range 17 21 pF
Resolution
6
164 fF 7-bit CAPDAC
Drift vs. Temperature2 24 26 28 ppm of FS/°C
EXCITATION
Frequency 32 kHz
Voltage Across Capacitance ±VDD/8 V Configurable via digital interface
±VDD/4 V
±V
DD
× 3/8
V
±VDD/2 V
Average DC Voltage Across
<±40 mV
Capacitance
Allowed Capacitance to GND2 100 pF See Figure 11
TEMPERATURE SENSOR
7
V
Resolution 0.1 °C
Error2 ±0.5 ±2 °C Internal temperature sensor
±2 °C External sensing diode
VOLTAGE INPUT7 V
Differential VIN Voltage Range ±V
REF
V
Absolute VIN Voltage2 GND − 0.03 VDD + 0.03 V
Integral Nonlinearity (INL) ±3 ±15 ppm of FS
No Missing Codes2 24 Bit Conversion time = 122.1 ms
Resolution, p-p 16 Bits
Output Noise 3 µV rms
Offset Error ±3 µV
Offset Drift vs. Temperature 15 nV/°C
Full-Scale Error
2, 9
0.025 0.1 % of FS
1
Factory calibrated
aF/√Hz
1
25°C, VDD = 5 V, after offset calibration
See Table 5
After system offset calibration,
Excluding effect of noise
internal
REF
internal or V
REF
REF
8
= 2.5 V
4
Conversion time = 62 ms
See Table 6 and Table 7
Conversion time = 62 ms
See Table 6 and Table 7
Rev. 0| Page 3 of 28
AD7745/AD7746
www.BDTIC.com/ADI
Parameter Min Typ Max Unit Test Conditions/Comments
Full-Scale Drift vs. Temperature 5 ppm of FS/°C Internal reference
0.5 ppm of FS/°C External reference
Average VIN Input Current 300 nA/V
Analog VIN Input Current Drift ±50 pA/V/°C
Power Supply Rejection 80 dB Internal reference, VIN = V
Power Supply Rejection 90 dB External reference, VIN = V
Normal Mode Rejection 75 dB 50 Hz ± 1%, conversion time = 122.1 ms
50 dB 60 Hz ± 1%, conversion time = 122.1 ms
Common-Mode Rejection 95 dB VIN = 1 V
INTERNAL VOLTAGE REFERENCE
Voltage 1.169 1.17 1.171 V TA = 25°C
Drift vs. Temperature 5 ppm/°C
EXTERNAL VOLTAGE REFERENCE INPUT
Differential REFIN Voltage2 0.1 2.5 V
DD
V
Absolute REFIN Voltage2 GND − 0.03 VDD + 0.03 V
Average REFIN Input Current 400 nA/V
Average REFIN Input Current Drift ±50 pA/V/°C
Common-Mode Rejection 80 dB
SERIAL INTERFACE LOGIC INPUTS
(SCL, SDA)
VIH Input High Voltage 2.1 V
VIL Input Low Voltage 0.8 V
Hysteresis 150 mV
Input Leakage Current (SCL) ±0.1 ±1 µA
OPEN-DRAIN OUTPUT (SDA)
VOL Output Low Voltage 0.4 V
IOH Output High Leakage Current 0.1 1 µA V
LOGIC OUTPUT (
RDY
)
VOL Output Low Voltage 0.4 V I
VOH Output High Voltage 4.0 V I
VOL Output Low Voltage 0.4 V I
VOH Output High Voltage VDD – 0.6 V I
I
= −6.0 mA
SINK
= V
OUT
DD
= 1.6 mA, VDD = 5 V
SINK
= 200 µA, VDD = 5 V
SOURCE
= 100 µA, VDD = 3 V
SINK
= 100 µA, VDD = 3 V
SOURCE
POWER REQUIREMENTS
VDD-to-GND Voltage 4.75 5.25 V VDD = 5 V, nominal
2.7 3.6 V VDD = 3.3 V, nominal
IDD Current 850 µA Digital inputs equal to VDD or GND
750 µA VDD = 5 V
700 µA VDD = 3.3 V
IDD Current Power-Down Mode 0.5 2 µA Digital inputs equal to VDD or GND
1
Capacitance units: 1 pF = 10
2
Specification is not production tested, but is supported by characterization data at initial product release.
3
Factory calibrated. The absolute error includes factory gain calibration error, integral nonlinearity error, and offset error after system offset calibration, all at 25°C. At
different temperatures, compensation for gain drift over temperature is required.
4
The capacitive input offset can be eliminated using a system offset calibration. The accuracy of the system offset calibration is limited by the offset calibration register
LSB size (32 aF) or by converter + system p-p noise during the system capacitive offset calibration, whichever is greater. To minimize the effect of the converter +
system noise, longer conversion times should be used for system capacitive offset calibration. The system capacitance offset calibration range is ±1 pF, the larger
offset can be removed using CAPDACs.
5
The gain error is factory calibrated at 25°C. At different temperatures, compensation for gain drift over temperature is required.
6
The CAPDAC resolution is seven bits in the actual CAPDAC full range. Using the on-chip offset calibration or adjusting the capacitive offset calibration register can
further reduce the CIN offset or the unchanging CIN component.
7
The VTCHOP bit in the VT SETUP register must be set to 1 for the specified temperature sensor and voltage input performance.
8
Using an external temperature sensing diode 2N3906, with nonideality factor nf = 1.008, connected as in Figure 41, with total serial resistance <100 Ω.
9
Full-scale error applies to both positive and negative full scale.
-12
F; 1 fF = 10
-15
F; 1 aF = 10
-18
F.
REF
REF
/2
/2
Rev. 0 | Page 4 of 28
AD7745/AD7746
A
www.BDTIC.com/ADI
TIMING SPECIFICATIONS
VDD = 2.7 V to 3.6 V, or 4.75 V to 5.25 V; GND = 0 V; Input Logic 0 = 0 V; Input Logic 1 = VDD; –40°C to +125°C, unless otherwise noted.
Table 2.
Parameter Min Typ Max Unit Test Conditions/Comments
SERIAL INTERFACE
SCL Frequency 0 400 kHz
SCL High Pulse Width, t
SCL Low Pulse Width, t
SCL, SDA Rise Time, t
SCL, SDA Fall Time, t
Hold Time (Start Condition), t
Set-Up Time (Start Condition), t
Data Set-Up Time, t
Data Set-Up Time, t
Set-Up Time (Stop Condition), t
Data Hold Time, t
Bus-Free Time (Between Stop and Start Condition, t
1
Sample tested during initial release to ensure compliance.
2
All input signals are specified with input rise/fall times = 3 ns, measured between the 10% and 90% points. Timing reference points at 50% for inputs and outputs.
Output load = 10 pF.
1, 2
HIGH
LOW
R
F
HD;STA
SU;STA
SU;DAT
SU;DAT
SU;STO
(Master) 0 µs
HD;DAT
See Figure 3
0.6 µs
1.3 µs
0.3 µs
0.3 µs
0.6 µs After this period, the first clock is generated
0.6 µs Relevant for repeated start condition
0.25 µs VDD ≥ 3.0 V
0.35 µs VDD < 3.0 V
0.6 µs
) 1.3 µs
BUF
t
LOW
t
R
t
F
t
HD:STA
SCL
SD
t
t
BUF
PS
HD:STA
t
HD:DAT
t
HIGH
t
SU:DAT
Figure 3. Serial Interface Timing Diagram
t
SU:STA
S
t
SU:STO
P
05468-003
Rev. 0| Page 5 of 28
AD7745/AD7746
www.BDTIC.com/ADI
ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS
TA = 25°C, unless otherwise noted.
Table 3.
Parameter Rating
Positive Supply Voltage VDD to GND
Voltage on any Input or Output Pin to
GND
ESD Rating (ESD Association Human Body
Model, S5.1)
Operating Temperature Range –40°C to +125°C
Storage Temperature Range –65°C to +150°C
Junction Temperature 150°C
Stresses above those listed under Absolute Maximum Ratings
may cause permanent damage to the device. This is a stress
rating only and functional operation of the device at these or
any other conditions above those indicated in the operational
section of this specification is not implied. Exposure to absolute
maximum rating conditions for extended periods may affect
device reliability.
ESD CAUTION
ESD (electrostatic discharge) sensitive device. Electrostatic charges as high as 4000 V readily accumulate on the
human body and test equipment and can discharge without detection. Although this product features
proprietary ESD protection circuitry, permanent damage may occur on devices subjected to high energy
electrostatic discharges. Therefore, proper ESD precautions are recommended to avoid performance
degradation or loss of functionality.
Serial Interface Clock Input. Connects to the master clock line. Requires pull-up resistor if not already
provided in the system.
2
RDY
Logic Output. A falling edge on this output indicates that a conversion on enabled channel(s) has been
finished and the new data is available. Alternatively, the status register can be read via the 2-wire serial
interface and the relevant bit(s) decoded to query the finished conversion. If not used, this pin should be left
as an open circuit.
3, 4 EXCA, EXCB
CDC Excitation Outputs. The measured capacitance is connected between one of the EXC pins and one of the
CIN pins. If not used, these pins should be left as an open circuit.
5, 6
REFIN(+),
REFIN(–)
Differential Voltage Reference Input for the Voltage Channel (ADC). Alternatively, the on-chip internal
reference can be used for the voltage channel. These reference input pins are not used for conversion on
capacitive channel(s) (CDC). If not used, these pins can be left as an open circuit or connected to GND.
7 CIN1(–)
CDC Negative Capacitive Input in Differential Mode. This pin is internally disconnected in single-ended CDC
configuration. If not used, this pin can be left as an open circuit or connected to GND.
8 CIN1(+)
CDC Capacitive Input (in Single-Ended Mode) or Positive Capacitive Input (in Differential Mode). The
measured capacitance is connected between one of the EXC pins and one of the CIN pins. If not used, this pin
can be left as an open circuit or connected to GND.
9, 10
NC Not Connected. This pin should be left as an open circuit.
(AD7745)
9
(AD7746)
10
(AD7746)
11, 12 VIN(+), VIN(–)
CIN2(+)
CIN2(–)
CDC Second Capacitive Input (in Single-Ended Mode) or Positive Capacitive Input (in Differential Mode). If not
used, this pin can be left open circuit or connected to GND.
CDC Negative Capacitive Input in Differential Mode. This pin is internally disconnected in a single-ended CDC
configuration. If not used, this pin can be left as an open circuit or connected to GND.
Differential Voltage Input for the Voltage Channel (ADC). These pins are also used to connect an external
temperature sensing diode. If not used, these pins can be left as an open circuit or connected to GND.
13 GND Ground Pin.
14 VDD
Power Supply Voltage. This pin should be decoupled to GND, using a low impedance capacitor, for example
in combination with a 10 µF tantalum and a 0.1 µF multilayer ceramic.
15 NC Not Connected. This pin should be left as an open circuit.
16 SDA
Serial Interface Bidirectional Data. Connects to the master data line. Requires a pull-up resistor if not provided
elsewhere in the system.
SCL
RDY
EXCA
EXCB
REFIN(+)
REFIN(–)
CIN1(–)
CIN1(+)
1
2
3
AD7746
4
TOP VIEW
5
(Not to Scale)
6
7
8
NC = NO CONNECT
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
SDA
NC
VDD
GND
VIN(–)
VIN(+)
CIN2(–)
CIN2(+)
05468-005
Rev. 0| Page 7 of 28
AD7745/AD7746
www.BDTIC.com/ADI
TYPICAL PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS
100
80
60
INL (ppm)
40
20
0
–55
–4–3–2–101234
INPUT CAPACITANCE (pF)
Figure 6. Capacitance Input Integral Nonlinearity,
V
= 5 V, the Same Configuration as in Figure 31
DD
2000
1000
0
–1000
GAIN ERROR (ppm)
–2000
–3000
–50150
–250255075100125
TEMPERATURE (°C)
GAIN TC ≈ –26ppm/°C
Figure 7. Capacitance Input Offset Drift vs. Temperature,
= 5 V, CIN and EXC Pins Open Circuit
V
DD
100
75
50
25
0
–25
OFFSET ERROR (aF)
–50
–75
–100
–50150
–250255075100125
TEMPERATURE (°C)
Figure 8. Capacitance Input Gain Drift vs. Temperature,
V
= 5 V, CIN(+) to EXC = 4 pF, the Same Configuration as in Figure 30
DD
05468-014
05468-015
05468-016
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
CAPACITANCE ERROR (fF)
2
0
–2
0500
50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
CAPACITANCE CIN PIN TO GND (pF)
2.7V 3V5V3.3V
05468-017
Figure 9. Capacitance Input Error vs. Capacitance between CIN and GND.
CIN(+) to EXC = 4 pF, CIN(−) to EXC = 0 pF, V
= 2 .7 V, 3 V, 3. 3 V, an d 5 V,
DD
the Same Configuration as in Figure 33
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
CAPACITANCE ERROR (fF)
2
0
–2
0500
50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
2.7V3V3.3V
5V
CAPACITANCE CIN PIN TO GND (pF)
05468-018
Figure 10. Capacitance Input Error vs. Capacitance between CIN and GND,
CIN(+) to EXC = 21 pF, CIN(−) to EXC = 23 pF, V
= 2.7 V, 3 V, 3.3 V, and 5 V,
DD
the Same Configuration as in Figure 34
5
4
3
2
1
CAPACITANCE ERROR (fF)
0
–1
0500
50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
CAPACITANCE EXC PIN TO GND (pF)
2.7V
3V
5V
3.3V
05468-019
Figure 11. Capacitance Input Error vs. Capacitance between EXC and GND,
CIN(+) to EXC = 21 pF, CIN(−) to EXC = 23 pF, V
= 2.7 V, 3 V, 3.3 V, and 5 V,
DD
the Same Configuration as in Figure 34
Rev. 0 | Page 8 of 28
AD7745/AD7746
www.BDTIC.com/ADI
8
6
4
2
0
–2
–4
–6
CAPACITANCE ERROR (fF)
–8
–10
–12
–250
3V
2.7V
–200 –150 –100 –50050 100 150 200
CIN LEAKAGE TO GND (nA)
Figure 12. Capacitance Input Error vs. Leakage Current to GND,
CIN(+) to EXC = 4 pF, CIN(−) to EXC = 0 pF,
= 2.7 V and 3 V
V
DD
8
6
4
2
0
5V
–2
–4
–6
CAPACITANCE ERROR (fF)
–8
–10
–12
–250250
3.3V
–200 –150 –100 –50050 100 150 200
CIN LEAKAGE TO GND (nA)
Figure 13. Capacitance Input Error vs. Leakage Current to GND,
CIN(+) to EXC =4 pF, CIN(−) to EXC = 0 pF,
VDD=3.3 V and 5 V
10
250
05468-028
05468-030
0
–2
–4
–6
CAPACITANCE ERROR (fF)
–8
–10
123456
07
SERIAL RESISTANCE (kΩ)
05468-031
Figure 15. Capacitance Input Error vs. Serial Resistance,
CIN(+) to EXC = 21 pF, CIN(−) to EXC = 23 pF, V
DD
= 5 V,
the Same Configuration as in Figure 34.
0.2
0
–0.2
–0.4
–0.6
CAPACITANCE ERROR (fF)
–0.8
–1.0
2.5
3.03.54.04.55.0
VDD (V)
5.5
05468-032
Figure 16. Capacitance Input Power Supply Rejection (PSR),
CIN(+) to EXC = 4 pF, the Same Configuration as in Figure 30
0.20
1
0.1
0.01
CAPACITANCE ERROR (pF)
0.001
0.0001
1100000
10100100010000
PARALLEL RESISTANCE (MΩ)
Figure 14. Capacitance Input Error vs. Resistance in Parallel
05468-029
0.15
0.10
0.05
0
–0.05
CAPDAC CODE DNL (pF)
–0.10
–0.15
–0.20
0128
163248648096112
Figure 17. CAPDAC Differential Nonlinearity (DNL)
with Measured Capacitance
Rev. 0| Page 9 of 28
CAPDAC CODE
05468-033
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