How it Works
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8753E
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Agilent 8753E Reference Guide

Download
Quick Reference Guide
HP
8753E Network Analyzer
HEWLETT
FB
HP Part No. 08753-90368 Supersedes January 1998
Printed in USA October 1998
PACKARD

Regulatory Information

The regulatory information is in the User’s Guide supplied with the analyzer.

Safety, Warranty, and Assistance

Refer to the User’s Guide for information on safety, warranty, and assistance.
iii
HP 87533 Network Analyzer Documentation Map
The Installation and Quick Start Guide familiarizes you with the
HP 8763E/Option 011 network analyzer’s front and rear panels, electrical and environmental operating requirements, as
well
as procedures for installing, configuring,
and verifying the operation of the analyzer.
The User’s Guide shows how to make measurements, explains commonly-used features, and tells you how to get the most performance from your analyzer.
The Quick Reference Guide provides a summary of selected user features.
a
@
The
HP-II3
Programming and Command
BP-B3
0
I!3
Reference Guide provides programming information for operation of the network analyzer under
control.
iv
The HP BASIC Programming Examples Guide provides a tutorial introduction using BASIC programming examples to demonstrate the remote operation of the network analyzer.
The System Verification and Test Guide provides the system verification and performance tests and the Performance Test Record for your HP 8763E/Option 011 network analyzer.
Figures
l-l. BP 87533 Front Panel
l-2.
Analyzer Display (Single Channel, Cartesian Format) . .
l-3. BP 87533 Rear Panel
2-l.
Basic Measurement Setup 2-2. Four Parameter Display 2-3. Marker 1 as the Reference Marker 2-4. Example Statistics of Measurement Data 2-5. Markers before Pressing the Backspace Key 2-6. Markers after Pressing the Backspace Key 2-7. Example Flat Limit Line
2.8. Example Flat Limit Lines 2-9. Sloping Limit Lines
2-10. Example Single Point Limit Lines 2-11. Diagram of Gain Compression 2-12. Gain Compression using Linear Sweep and
DZ:,Dl
2-13. Gain Compression using Power Sweep 2-14. Swept List Measurement Setup 2-15. Characteristics of a Filter 2-16. Calibrated Swept List Thru Measurement 2-17. Filter Measurement using Linear Sweep
(Power: 0 2-18. Filter Measurement using Swept List Mode
3-l.
Down Converter 3-2. Up Converter 3-3. An Example Spectrum of RF, LO, and IF Signals Present
in a Conversion Loss Measurement 3-4. Connections for R Channel and Source Calibration 3-5. Connections for a One-Sweep Power Meter Calibration for
Mixer Measurements 3-6. Measurement Setup from Display 3-7. Conversion Loss Example Measurement
3-S.
Connections for Broad Band
3-9. Connections for Receiver Calibration
t.0 DZ OH
dBm/lF
Port
................
................
..............
...............
..........
.......
......
.......
...............
...............
.................
...........
............
..............
.........
............
..............
.......
BW: 3700
Port
Connections
Connections
Hz)
.........
......
..........
............
........
...............
...........
........
Power
Meter Calibration
.........
...
2-10
2-l
2-12 2-14 2-15 2-17 2-19 2-22
2-24
2-26
2-28 2-29 2-32
2-33 2-34
3-10 3-11 3-13
.
3-13
l-l
l-4
l-9
2-2 2-5 2-9
1
3-3 3-3
3-6 3-7
3-9
Contents-5
1
HP 87533 Front and Rear Panel

Front Panel Features

Caution
Figure l-l shows the location of the following front panel features and key function blocks. These features are described in more detail later in this chapter.
Do not mistake the line switch for the disk eject button. See the figure below. If the line switch is mistakenly pushed, the instrument will be turned off, losing all settings and data that have not been saved.
Figure l-l. HP 87533 Front Panel
LINE switch.
1.
on, 0 is off.
This switch controls ac power to the analyzer. 1 is
HP 87533 Front and Rear Panel
l-l
2.
Display.
This shows the measurement data traces, measurement annotation, and softkey labels. The display is divided into specific information areas, illustrated in Figure
l-2.
3.
Disk drive.
This 3.5 inch drive allows you to store and
recall
instrument states and measurement results for later analysis.
Disk eject button.
4.
5.
Softkeys.
These keys provide access to menus that are shown on
the display.
6.
STlMULUS
function block. The keys in this block allow you to
control the analyzer source’s frequency, power, and other stimulus functions.
RJZSPONSE
7.
function block. The keys in this block allow you
to control the measurement and display functions of the active display channel.
ACTIVE CHANNEL keys.
8.
These keys activate one of the four measurement channels. Once activated, a channel can then be configured for making measurements.
The analyzer has four display channels.
1 or 3, and
(Chanj
activates channel 2 or 4. Refer to “Using
(-1)
activates channel
Display Functions” in Chapter 2 for information on enabling channels 3 and 4 and making them active.
The ENTRY block.
9.
This block includes the knob, the step @) keys, and the number pad. These allow you to enter numerical data and control the markers.
You can use the numeric keypad to select digits, decimal points, and a minus sign for numerical entries. You must also select a units terminator to complete value inputs.
The backspace key @ has two independent functions:
@
H
Modifies entries and test sequences.
n
Turns off the
softkey
menu and, if more than one marker is
active, the marker information is displayed in the softkey area.
Refer to “Markers and the Backspace Key” in Chapter 2.
1-2
HP 87533 Front and Rear Panel
10. INSTRUMENT STATE function block. These keys allow you to control channel-independent system functions such as the following:
w
copying, save/recall, and
w
limit testing
n
external source mode
n
tuned receiver mode
n
frequency offset mode
n
test sequence function
n
harmonic measurements (Option 002)
n
time domain transform (Option 010)
HP-R3
STATUS indicators are also included in this block.
11.
IPreseT) key.
This key returns the instrument to either a known
factory preset state, or a user preset state that can be
HP-R3
controller mode
deEned.
Refer to the “Preset State and Memory Allocation” chapter for a complete listing of the instrument preset condition.
12.
PROBE POWER connector.
This connector (fused inside the instrument) supplies power to an active probe for in-circuit measurements of ac circuits.
13.R CX4NNEL connectors.
These connectors allow you to apply an
input signal to the analyzer’s R channel, for frequency offset mode.
14.
PORT 1 and PORT
2. These ports output a signal from the source and receive input signals from a device under test. PORT 1 allows you to measure and
S22.
SIZ
and ‘&I. PORT 2 allows you to measure
HP 87533 Front and Rear Panel
Sal
l-3
Stimulus Start
1.
Value.
This value could be any one of the
following:
l
The start frequency of the source in frequency domain
measurements.
m
The start time in CW mode (0 seconds) or time domain
measurements.
n
The lower power value in power sweep.
When the stimulus is in center/span mode, the center stimulus value is shown in this space.
Stimulus Stop
2.
Value.
This value could be any one of the
following:
m
The stop frequency of the source in frequency domain
measurements.
m
The stop time in time domain measurements or CW sweeps.
l
The upper limit of a power sweep.
When the stimulus is in center/span mode, the span is shown in this space. The stimulus values can be blanked.
(For CW time and power sweep measurements, the CW frequency is displayed centered between the start and stop times or power values.)
Status Notations. This area shows the current status of various
3. functions for the active channel.
The following notations are used: Avg =
Sweep-to-sweep averaging is on. The averaging count is shown immediately below.
Cor =
Error correction is on. (For error-correction procedures, refer to Chapter 5, “Optimizing Measurement Results.“)
HP 87533 Front and Rear Panel
l-6
C?
=
Stimulus parameters have changed from the error-corrected state, or interpolated error correction is
on. (For error-correction procedures, refer to Chapter 5,
“Optimizing Measurement Results.
“)
c2 =
Del =
ext =
of.5
=
Of?=
Gat =
H=2
Full two-port error-correction is active and either the power range for each port is different (uncoupled), or the
TESTS E T
S GJH 0 L D
is activated. The annotation occurs because the analyzer does not switch between the test ports every sweep under these conditions. The measurement stays on the active port after an initial cycling between the ports. (The active port is determined by the selected measurement You can update
PlEAStJRE
all
the parameters by pressing
RESTHRT,
or(Meas)
key.
narameter.)
m
Electrical delay has been added or subtracted, or port extensions are active.
Waiting for an external trigger. Frequency offset mode is on. Frequency offset mode error, the IF frequency is not
within 10 MHz of expected frequency. LO inaccuracy is the most likely cause.
Gating is on (tune domain Option 010 only). (For time domain measurement procedures, refer to Chapter 2,
“Making Measurements.“)
=
Harmonic mode is on, and the second harmonic is being measured (harmonics Option 002 only). (See “Analyzer Options Available” later in this chapter.)
1-6
HP 87533 Front and Rear Panel
H-3
=
Harmonic mode is on, and the third harmonic is being measured (harmonics Option 002 only). (See “Analyzer
Options Available” later in this chapter.) Hld = man=
PC =
PC? =
P? =
P1
=
PRm
=
Smo =
tsH
=
t=
‘=
Hold sweep.
Waiting for manual trigger.
Power meter calibration is on. (For power meter
calibration procedures, refer to Chapter 5, “Optimizing
Measurement Results.“)
The analyzer’s source could not be set to the desired
level, following a power meter calibration. (For power
meter calibration procedures, refer to Chapter 5,
“Optimizing Measurement Results.
Source power is unleveled at start or stop of sweep.
(Refer to the for troubleshooting.)
Source power has been automatically set to minimum,
due to receiver overload.
Power range is in manual mode.
Trace smoothing is on. Indicates that the test set hold mode is engaged. That is, a mode of operation is selected which would
cause repeated switching of the step attenuator. This
hold mode may be overridden.
Fast sweep indicator. This symbol is displayed in the
status notation block when sweep tune is less than 1 .O
second. When sweep time is greater than 1.0 second, this
symbol moves along the displayed trace.
Source parameters changed: measured data in doubt
until a complete fresh sweep has been taken.
tip
8753E
Network
“)
Andgzer
Service Guide
Active Entry Area.
4.
current value.
Message Area.
5.
Title.
6.
This is a descriptive alpha-numeric string title that you
define and enter through an attached keyboard or as described in
Chapter 4, “Printing, Plotting, and Saving Measurement Results.”
This displays the active function and its
This displays prompts or error messages.
HP 87633 Front and Rear Panel
l-7
Line voltage selector switch. For more information, refer to the
6.
HP
87533 Network Analyzer Installation and Quick Start
7.
Fan. This fan provides forced-air cooling for the analyzer.
10
MHZ
8.
9.
10 MHZ
PRECISION
REPEaENCE
REFERENCE
OUTPUT. (Option
ADJUST. (Option
lD5)
lD5)
GuiaTe.
EXTERNAL REFERENCE INPUT connector.
10.
This allows for a frequency reference signal input that can phase lock the analyzer to an external frequency standard for increased frequency accuracy.
The analyzer automatically enables the external frequency reference feature when a signal is
COMeCted
to this input. When the signal is removed, the analyzer automatically switches back to its
internal
AUXILIARY INPUT connector.
11.
frequency reference.
This allows for a dc or ac voltage input from an external signal source, such as a detector or function generator, which you can then measure using the S-parameter menu. (You can also use this connector as an analog output in service routines, as described in the service manual.)
EXTERNAL AM connector.
12.
This allows for an external analog signal input that is applied to the ALC circuitry of the analyzer’s source. This input analog signal amplitude modulates the RF output signal.
EXTERNAL TRIGGER connector.
13.
This allows connection of an external negative-going ‘ITL-compatible signal that will trigger a measurement sweep. The trigger can be set to external through
softkey
TEST SEQUENCE.
14.
functions.
This outputs a TTL signal that can be programmed in a test sequence to be high or low, or pulse (10
pseconds)
high or low at the end of a sweep for robotic part
handler interface.
15.
LIMIT
TEST.
This outputs a TTL signal of the limit test results as
follows:
n
Pass:
TTL high
n
Fail: TTL low
MEASURE RESTART.
16.
This allows the connection of an optional
foot switch. Using the foot switch will duplicate the key sequence
(Meas) MEHSIURE RESTHRT.
l-10 HP 87633 Front and Rear Panel

Making Measurements

2
lhble 2-l.
Do
Keep connectors clean Extend sleeve or connector nut Use plastic end-caps during storage
Do
Inspect all connectors carefully Look for particles, scratches, and dents
Do
Try compressed air first Use any abrasives Use isopropyl alcohol Clean connector threads
Do
Clean and zero the gage before use Use an out-of-spec connector Use the correct gage type Use correct end of calibration block Gage all connectors before first use
Align connectors carefully Make preliminary connection lightly Turn only the connector nut Use a torque wrench for
Connector Care Quick Reference
Handling and Storage
Do Not
Touch
mating-plane surfaces
Set connectors contact-end down
Visual Inspection
Do Not
Use a damaged connector - ever
Connector Cleaning
Do Not
Get liquid into plastic support beads
Gaging Connectors
Do Not
Makim
Connections
Do Not
Apply bending force to connection Over tighten preliminary connection Twist or screw any connection
final
connect
Tighten wrench past “break” point
Making Measurements 2-1

Basic Measurement Sequence and Example

Basic Measurement Sequence

There are Eve basic steps when you are making a measurement.
1. Connect the device under test and any required test equipment.
2. Choose the measurement parameters.
3. Perform and apply the appropriate error-correction.
4. Measure the device under test.
5. Output the measurement results.

Basic Measurement Example

In the following example, a magnitude and insertion phase response measurement is made.
Step 1. Connect the device under test and any required test equipment.
1. Make the connections as shown in Figure
2-l.
DEVICE UNDER TEST
Figure
Step 2. Choose the measurement parameters.
2. Press
Setting the Frequency Range
3. ‘lb set the center frequency to 134 MHz, press:
Icenter)(isiJm
2-2 Making Measurements
w
2-l.
Basic Measurement Setup
PRESET:
FHC:TUR’f.
4. ‘lb set the span to 30
Setting the Source Power
MHz,
press:
5. lb change the power level to -5
dBm,
press:
Setting the Measurement
6. lb change the number of measurement data points to 101, press:
CMenu) tAlJMBER
OF PO1
HTS @
7. ‘lb select the transmission measurement, press:
(Meas)fr*3n~:Ft~JD !221 (B/R>
8. ‘lb view the data trace, press:
@--
HUTOSCHLE
Step 3. Perform and apply the appropriate error-correction.
9. Refer to the “Optimizing Your Measurement Results” chapter.
10. lb save the instrument state and error-correction in the analyzer internal memory, press:
Step 4. Measure the device under test.
11. Replace any standard used for error-correction with the device under test.
12. lb measure the insertion loss of the
bandpass
filter, press:
Step 5. Output the measurement results.
13. lb create a hardcopy of the measurement results, press:
&)
PRI
HT
(or
F’LOT)
Making Measurements 2-3

Using the Display Functions

To
View Four Channels Simultaneously
Note
A full two-port calibration must be active before enabling auxiliary channels 3 or 4. Refer to Chapter 5,
“Optimizing Measurement Results” in the User’s Guide
for a description of a full two-port error correction.
1. Press
cG]LDisplay)
SETUP.
DUAL:
L!UHD
2. Put channel 1 in the upper graticule and channel 2 in the lower graticule:
Set
DUHL CHHt4 on
3. Enable auxiliary Set
HCIX
CHHH on
OFF to
chaMel3:
OFF to
OH.
OH.
4. Enable auxiliary channel 4: Press
Ichan
and set
HUX CHHH
on
OFF
to
rJt.1.
5. Create a four-graticule display:
Set
SPLITD
I!%-
1
X-2X-4X
to
4X.
See Figure 2-2 for the resulting display. This is the default channel orientation, where channel 1 is the upper left graticule,
ChaMd 2
is the upper right graticule, channel 3 is the lower left graticule, and channel 4 is the lower right graticule.
2-4 Making Measurements
Description of the Auxiliary Channels
n
Channels 1 and 2 are the primary channels.
n
Channel 3 is the auxiliary channel for channel 1.
n
Channel 4 is the auxiliary channel for channel 2.
n
The auxiliary channels can be independently
conEgored
from each
other and the primary channels in all variables except stimulus; an
auxiliary channel always has the same stimulus values as its primary
channel.
The default measurement parameter for each channel is:
n
Channel 1;
w
Channel 2;
n
Channel 3;
n
Channel 4;
Sll S21 S12 S22
*
CENTR 134.888 mr
SPAN 45.888 ““7.
t
CENTR 134.888 tlH7.
SPAN 4%3GG
Figure 2-2. Four Parameter Display
Making Measurements 2-5
lwz

Quick Four-Parameter Display

A quick way to set up a four-parameter display once a full two-port calibration is active is to use one of the options in the
After a full two-port calibration has been performed or recalled from a previously saved instrument state:
($$i&)
menu.
1. Press
2. Press DUHL I
3. Press
4.
Press
(e).
4
FHRHM
SETUP
ISrClflD
DISPLHYS.
13.
SETlAP.
To Make an Auxiliary Channel Active:
Ichan
activates channels 1 and 3, and
(than)
activates channels 2
and 4. The following steps illustrate how the measurement channel
LED indicators work. From step 5 in “lb View Four Channels
Simultaneously”:
1. Press
The LED adjacent to
(than).
Cm)
is flashing. This indicates that
ChaMel4
is
active and may be configured.
2. Press
(than).
The LED adjacent to
(G)
is constantly lit. This
indicates that channel 1 is active.
3. Press
(G)
again. The LED is flashing, indicating that channel 3 is
active and may be configured.
Once active, a channel’s markers, limit lines, format, and other variables
can be applied and changed. Also, the active entry and stimulus values
will change
to the color of the active channel.
2-6 Making Measurements
‘Ib
Save a Data Trace to the Display Memory
Press
fj-1
To
View the Measurement Data and Memory Trace
1. lb view a data trace that you have already stored to the active channel memory, press:
(DiSP’ad
2. lb view both the memory trace and the current measurement data trace, press:
DATA-MEtlOR’T’.
ME M C! R
Y
Making Measurements 2-7
To
Divide Measurement Data by the Memory Trace
1. You must have already stored a data trace to the active channel memory.
2.
Press
Cj~DHTH.~MEM.
To
Subtract the Memory Trace from the
Measurement Data Trace
1. You must have already stored a data trace to the active channel memory.
2. Press
‘lb
1.
2. Press
To
1. Press
2. Press
(Display)DHfH-MEN.
Ratio Measurements in Channel 1 and 2
Press
CChanl] [j]
PO
I
CxJ [Menu] t.4 cl rl B
P
0 I H T S and enter the same
value that you observed for the channel 1 setting.
NIJllBER
ER
OF
0
t4TS.
F
Title the Active Channel Display
&%j-J NC7 I?
El? WE
measurement display. Use an external keyboard or the analyzer front panel.
E f I
TL
I“ I TLE
E
to access the title menu.
and enter the title you want for your
2-8
Making Measurements

Using Markers

To
Activate Display Markers
1.
Press
c-1

Delta Markers and Statistics

M tW K
ER
1.
Press
PlEtW
C-1
A
A MODE
REF=
1 to make marker 1 a
reference marker. Move marker 1 to any point that you want to reference.
2.
3.
Press
NHRKER
2 and move marker 2 to any position that you want
to measure in reference to marker 1.
35 ma EBB
CENTER 134
BBB 888 Wlr
SPelli
Figure 2-3. Marker 1 as the Reference Marker
MHZ
aw000032
Making Measurements 2-9
4. Press (Marker)
MKR
tZODE MENLI STMTS OH
to calculate and
display the statistics of the measurement data between the active marker and the delta reference marker.
CHl
PRm
SZl
c
CENTER
I
og
125. 000
MFlG
20 dB/ REF 0
BOO
MHz
dB
SPAN
Figure 2-4. Example Statistics of Measurement Data

Search for a Specific Amplitude

Searching for the Maximum Amplitude
2: -3.7131
120. 000 000 MHz
dB
1. Press
2. Press
(Marker3 rtlRRKER
SEHRCH.
SEHRCH: IIHX.
Searching for the Minimum Amplitude
1. Press (Marker)
2. Press
SEARCH.
SEHRCH: PlIN.
2-10 Making Measurements
PlH!?:KER

Markers and the Backspace Key

Besides modifying entries and test sequences, the backspace key @ has a second function; it toggles the than one marker is active, moves the marker information off of the graticules and into the softkey area. This function makes data traces and marker information easier to view.
To Move Marker Information off of the Graticules
1. Activate markers 1 through 5: 1 through
Press
(j-1
MHRKER
The display will appear similar to Figure 2-5.
softkey
display on and off and, if more
MHRtCER 5
Figure 2-5. Markers before Pressing the Backspace Key
Making Measurements
2-
11
2.
Press
@
The display will appear similar to Figure 2-6. Notice that the marker information has moved off of channels’ 2 and 4 graticules and into the
softkey display area.
CH4 “arkerr ir-1.7885 dG
116.882QQ
MHZ
Z-38129 dG
123.46898
tlHZ
3:-3.9114 dG
i39.97688 tlk
CEHTR 134.888 MZ
SPAN
45.888
NHz
*
CEHTR i34.@38lWz
SPAN 45.8BBMHz
Figure 2-6. Markers after Pressing the Backspace Key
To Move Marker Information back onto the Graticules
3.
Press
@.
Notice that the marker information moves back onto the graticules and that the
softkey hardkey
2- 12
Making Measurements
softkey
menu is also restored when a
menu is restored as shown in Figure 2-6. The
softkey
or
hardkey
must be one which opens a menu, such as
is pressed. The
CE]
or
Lsystem).
l&sting
A Device with Limit Lines

Creating Flat Limit Lines

In this example procedure, the following flat limit line values are set:
Frequency Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Power Range
127
MHz to 140 MHz.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -27 dB to -21
100 MHz to 123 MHz.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -200 dB to -65
146 MHz to 160 MHz.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -200 dB to -65
dB
dB dB
Note
1. ‘lb access the limits menu and activate the limit lines, press:
2
lb create a new limit line, press:
The analyzer generates a new segment that appears on the center of the display.
3.
‘lb
specify the limit’s stimulus value, test limits (upper and lower),
and the limit type, press:
Note
The minimum value for measured data is -200
You could also set the upper and lower limits by using
the p1
IDDLE
use these keys for the entry, press:
M
I D D
L E
DELTH LIMITS@@
This would correspond to a test specification of -24
f3 dB.
‘4FlLlJE
6’ H
L U E
and
1-24) @
DELTH
LIMITS keys. lb
dB.
4. lb define the limit as a flat line, press:
L
I
M
I TT ‘i’ P
E FL H T
L
I
t.1
E R E TURN
Making Measurements 2-13
5. lb terminate the flat line segment by establishing a single point limit, press:
Figure 2-7 shows the flat limit lines that you have just created with the following parameters:
w
stimulus from 127 MHz to 140 MHz
n
upper limit of -21
n lower limit of -27
dB
dB
aw000010
Figure 2-7. Example Flat Limit Line
6. ‘lb create a limit line that tests the low side of the filter, press:
FID[)
!s T I PI l-1 L 1-l !;
tJPPER LClWEl?
D III 14 E
L I td I TT 7’ P
il D D
!;T IMIJLIJ!~
D 0 t4
E
L I tl I T
2-14 Making Measurements
VHLIJE mm
LIMITa
LIMIT
(-2oo_)@
E FL H T
‘6’ 17
L U E
TYPE SINGLE
L I NE I? E T U R
1123_) m
F’O
I MT
bl
RETURN
7.
To
create a limit line that tests the high side of the
press:
bandpass
filter,
LIMIT TYPE FLAT LI
H Cl Cl
!;TIMiJLlJS DfJHE
LIMIT TYPE
‘v’ 13
L U E
1160_) m
SIHGLE POIt.iT F3ETURt.I
Figure 2-8. Example Flat Limit Lines
t.+E RETURt.1
Making Measurements
2-15

Creating Single Point Limits

In this example procedure, the following limits are set:
from -23 dB to -28.5 dB at 141 MHz from -23 dB to -28.5 dB at 126.5 MHz
1. lb access the limits menu and activate the limit lines, press:
~~]LIMIT
CLEHR LIST ‘r’E:s
2.
‘lb
designate a single point limit line, as shown in Figure 2-10, you
must
deEne
l
downward pointing, indicating the upper test limit
n
upward pointing, indicating the lower test limit
Press:
t4EHU LIMfT
two pointers:
LINE OH
EDIT
LIMIT
LINE
2-18
Making
Measurements
aw000013
Figure 2-10. Example Single Point Limit Lines
Making Measurements 2-19

Editing Limit Segments

This example shows you how to edit the upper limit of a limit line.
1. ‘lb access the limits menu and activate the limit lines, press:
=LItlIT
2. ‘lb move the pointer symbol
MENU
LfHIT LIHE
(>)
on the analyzer display to the
KU4
EDIT
LIHIT LINE
segment you wish to modify, press: SE G ME H T @)
or @j repeatedly
OR
$
E C; tl
E t4
T and enter the segment number followed by
3.
‘Ib
change the upper limit (for example, -20) of a limit line, press:
EDIT IJPPER
LIMIf~~f)Ot~IE
@).
Deleting Limit Segments
1. lb access the limits menu and activate the limit lines, press:
~LIMIT
2. lb move the pointer symbol
MEElCl
LIMIT
(>)
on the analyzer display to the
LINE OH
EDIT LIMIT
LIHE
segment you wish to delete, press:
SEC;
tl
E H
T @)
or Q repeatedly
OR
S
EG tl
E
H
T and enter the segment number followed by (xl.
3. ‘lb delete the segment that you have selected with the pointer symbol, press:
DELETE
2-20 Making Measurements

Running a Limit Test

1. lb access the limits menu and activate the limit lines, press:
[~~LIPIIT
Reviewing the Limit Line Segments The limit table data that you have previously entered is shown on the
analyzer display.
2. lb verify that each segment in your limits table is correct, review the entries by pressing:
SEGMENT
3. lb modify an incorrect entry, refer to the “Editing Limit Segments” procedure, located earlier in this section.
@-j
MENIJ
and
LIMIT LINE
@
Qt4
EDIT
LIMIT
LIHE
Activating the Limit
Test
4. lb activate the limit test and the beep fail indicator, press:
0 1.4
[j)
0
Note
L I M
I T
ME
1.4 CI
L I tl
I T
T E 5 T
Selecting the beep fail indicator BEEP
BEEPF H
I L
F R I L
1.4
0 14
is optional and will add approximately 50 ms of sweep cycle time. Because the limit test will still work if the
limits lines are off, selecting L I
tl
I T
If4EOH
is
L
also optional.
The limit test results appear on the right side on the analyzer display. The analyzer indicates whether the filter passes or fails the defined limit test:
q
The message
FH
I L
will appear on the right side of the display if
the limit test fails.
q
The analyzer beeps if the limit test fails and if BEEP
F H I L
0 t4
has been selected.
q
The analyzer alternates a red trace where the measurement trace is
out of limits.
q
A TTL signal on the rear panel BNC connector “LIMIT TEST”
provides a pass/fail (5
V/O
V) indication of the limit test results.
Making Measurements 2-21
6.
‘lb
produce a normalized trace, perform the following steps:
a. Press
~~~D!JHL:
SETIJP and set
CslJHL C:HHt4
on OFF to
QIJHD
OH
to view channels 1 and 2
simultaneously.
b. ‘lb uncouple the channel stimulus so that the channel power will
be uncoupled, press:
IMenu) COlfPLET) CH CtFF
This will allow you to separately increase the power for channel 2 and channel 1, so that you can observe the gain compression on channel 2 while channel 1 remains unchanged.
c. ‘lb display the ratio of channel 2 data to channel 1 data on the
channel 2 display, press:
(Chan2)(-)
0 N
7. Press
. This produces a trace that represents gain compression only.
(W)
MBRE
and set DF:,Dl t,o
D2
on
OFF
MARKER1 and position the marker at approximately
mid-span.
8.
Press(j)SCHLE~DIV(iJ@iJtochangethescaletoldB
per division.
9. Press
IMenu)
F’rJWER.
10. Increase the power until you observe approximately 1 dB of compression on channel 2, using the step keys or the front panel
knob.
to
11. ‘lb locate the worst case point on the trace, press:
(Marker) MKR
SE
HRCH SEHRCH: Pl
I
N
Making Measurements 2-23
CHI S21II og
PRmPRm
C?C?
tt
CHl
START
CHl START DZ/
DZ/
PRmPRm
C?C?
I
CHZ
START
MAGogMAG
1.000
1.000 000
I I I
1.000 000
000
10 dB/10
MHz
MHz
MHz
dB/
REFREF 0
I
I
Figure 2-12.
Gain Compression using Linear Sweep
dB0dB 1
STOP100E. 000 000
STOP100E. 000 000
19.723
19.723
dB1
I I I I I
STOP 1 000.000 000
and 1321
D 1 t, 0 D
MHz
dB
MHz
MHz
2 ij
t.4
12. If C 0 IJ P
L E
D
I:
H0
F F
was selected, recouple the channel
stimulus by pressing:
[Menu)
13. lb place the marker
tMarkerFctn_) MHRKEE
14.
‘lb
COIJF3LED
IX ON
exuctl~
MODE
on a measurement point, press:
MENlJ MHRKERS: DIS’C:RETE
set the CW frequency before going into the power sweep mode,
press:
Iseq) $iPEC: I AL FiJNl:T 1ljt.j:; MHRI(ER + CL4
15. Press
16.
m
SWEEP TYPE
MEPIIJ POWEFF: SWEEF’.
Enter the start and stop power levels for the sweep.
Now channel 1 is displaying a gain compression curve. (Do not pay attention to channel 2 at this time.)
2-24
Making Measurements
17. ‘lb maintain the calibration for the CW frequency, press:
Icar] ItdfERPrJL I3t.I C~;~RREt;‘fTOb~ Ok+
18.
Press
[jj[j]
SETIJP and set
I)LiftL CXHk4 art
19.
IfD2YDl to D2 rJt.4
DZ,Cfl f,o
I32
DUAL: QUAI>
OFF to ON.
was selected, press MORE
OFF.
20. Press
Now channel 2 displays absolute output power (in
Ihneas) IHPIJT
PORTS
B.
dBm)
as a
function of power input.
2 1.
Press
[Scale]
SlZHLE1D IV
Ilo]@
to change the scale of
channel 2 to 10 dB per division.
22. Press
m
@ Ixl) to change the scale of channel 1 to 1 dB per
division.
Note
A receiver calibration will improve the accuracy of this measurement. Refer to Chapter 5, “Optimizing Measurement Results.”
23. Press (Marker)
IIARKER MClDE MEt,+U MHRKERS: C:OIJPLED.
24. ‘lb find the 1 dB compression point on channel 1, press:
Notice that the marker on channel 2 tracked the marker on channel 1.
25. Press
[Chan2]
[Marker) M K
ME t4
MFIRKERS:
IJHCrSUPLED.
R
E
UM 0 I>
26. lb take the channel 2 marker out of the A mode so that it reads the absolute output power of the amplifier (in
@iii)
A
I:1
F F
td 0 I> Etl E td U AM 0 I)
E
dBm),
press:
Making Measurements 2-25
CHl Szl
PRm C?
t
CHZ
PRm
t
log MFlG
I I
B
log MFlG
2 dB/ REF 19.01
I
5 dB/ REF 0
dB
dB1 -.
I
1: 7.6474
9956
x
dB
I
dB
START -25. 0 dBm CW
Figure 2-13. Gain Compression using Power Sweep
2-26 Making Measurements
1.000 000
MHz
STOP
0.0 dBm

Measurements using the Swept List Mode

Stepped
Swept List Mode
The ability to completely customize the frequency sweep while using swept list mode is useful when setting up a measurement for a device with high dynamic range, like a Elter. The following measurement of a
filter illustrates the advantages of using the swept list mode.
Note
List
Mode
Primary channels 1 and 2 can be set up independently from each other with different frequency lists (stepped or swept). Press m and set
CrJClPLED
primary channels from each other. You can then create an independent frequency list for each primary
ChaMel.
Due to the permanent stimulus coupling between primary and auxiliary channels, channel 3 and 4 will have the same frequency lists as channels 1 and 2 respectively.
In this mode, the source steps to each defined frequency point, stopping while data is taken. This mode eliminates IF’ delay and allows frequency segments to overlap. However, the sweep time can be substantially slower than for a continuous sweep with the same number of points.
This mode takes data while sweeping through the defined frequency
segments, increasing throughput by up to 6 times over a stepped sweep. In addition, this mode allows the test port power and IF bandwidth to be set independently for each segment that is defined. The frequency segments in this mode cannot overlap.
CW ljt.4 af f
to OFF to uncouple the
Making Measurements 2-27
Connect the Device Under
1. Connect the equipment as shown in the following illustration:
Figure 2-14. Swept List Measurement Setup
2. Set the following measurement parameters:
!521 (B/R>
Test
2-28 Making Measurements

Observe the Characteristics of the Filter

CENTER
900.000
500.000
000
MHZ
SPAN
000
MHZ
Figure 2-15. Characteristics of a Filter
w
Generally, the pass band of a Elter exhibits low loss. A relatively low
incident power may be needed to avoid overdriving the next stage of the DUT (if that stage contains an
ampliEer)
or the network analyzer
receiver.
n
Conversely, the stop band of a filter generally exhibits high isolation. ‘lb measure this characteristic, the dynamic range of the system will have to be maximized. This can be done by increasing the incident
power and narrowing the IF bandwidth.
Making Measurements 2-29

Choose the Measurement Parameters

1. Decide the frequency ranges of the segments that will cover the stop bands and pass band of the filter. For this example, the following ranges will be used:
Lower stop band . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 650 to 880 MHz
880
Pass band
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Upper stop band.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2. ‘lb set up the swept list measurement, press
(Menu) SWEEP T-
‘I’F’E MEHIJ EDIT
LIST
Set Up the Lower Stop Band Parameters
3.
‘lb
set up the segment for the lower stop band, press
4. lb maximize the dynamic range in the stop band (increasing the
incident power and narrowing the IF bandwidth), press
to 920 MHz
.920
to 1150 MHz
Set Up the Pass Band Parameters
5.
‘lb
set up the segment for the pass band, press
6.
‘lb specify a lower power level for the pass band, press
Z-30
Making Measurements
Set Up the Upper Stop Band Parameters
7. ‘lb set up the segment for the upper stop band, press
H D D
8. ‘lb maximize the dynamic range in the stop band (increasing the incident power and narrowing the lF bandwidth), press
9. Press
[SONE
LIST
FF?EL!
[SWEPTI.

Calibrate and Measure

1. Remove the DUT and connect a thru between the test ports.
2. Perform a full two-port calibration. Refer to Chapter 5, “Optimizing Measurement Results.”
3. With the thru connected, set the scale to autoscale to observe the benefits of using swept list mode.
n
The segments used to measure the stop bands have less noise, thus
maximizing dynamic range within the stop band frequencies.
H
The segment used to measure the pass band has been set up for
faster sweep speed with more measurement points.
Making Measurements 2-3 1
CENTER
000.000 000 MHZ SPAN
500.000 000
MtiZ
Figure 2-16. Calibrated Swept List Thru Measurement
4. Reconnect the filter and adjust the scale to compare results with the first filter measurement that used a linear sweep.
n
In Figure 2-18, notice that the noise level has decreased over 10
dB, confirming
that the noise reduction techniques in the stop
bands were successful.
w
In Figure 2-18, notice that the stop band noise in the third segment
is slightly lower than in the first segment. This is due to the
narrower IF bandwidth of the third segment (300 Hz).
2-32 Making Measurements
CENTER 900.000 000 MHZ
SPAN
500.000 000 MHZ
Figure 2-17.
Filter Measurement using Linear Sweep
(Power: 0
dBm/IP BW:
3700 Hz)
Making Measurements 2-33
,
loa
CHI
s2:
PRrn
CO!-
CENTER 900.000 000
MAG
m
-
SEGMENT I
Power: +I 0 dBm
IF BW: 1000 Hz
II
MHz
d0,
REF
I
I I
SEGZNT
0
I
dB
SPAN
2
500.000 000 MHZ
SEGMENT 3
Power:
+I0
IF BW: 300 Hz
dBm
Power: -10 dBm IF BW: 3700 Hz
Figure 2-18. Filter Measurement using Swept List Mode
pge51 e
2-34 Making Measurements

Reducing the Effect of Spurious Responses

By choosing test frequencies (frequency list mode), you can reduce the effect of spurious responses on measurements by avoiding frequencies that produce IF signal path distortion.

Eliminating Unwanted Mixing and Leakage Signals

By placing filters between the mixer’s IF port and the receiver’s input
port, you can eliminate unwanted mixing and leakage signals from
entering the analyzer’s receiver. Filtering is required in both fixed and broadband measurements. Therefore, when conIiguring broad-band (swept) measurements, you may need to trade some measurement bandwidth for the ability to more selectively filter signals entering the analyzer receiver.

How RF and IF Are Defined

In standard mixer measurements, the input of the mixer is always connected to the analyzer’s RF source, and the output of the mixer always produces the lF frequencies that are received by the analyzer’s receiver.
However, the ports labeled RF and IF on most mixers are not consistently connected to the analyzer’s source and receiver ports, respectively. These mixer ports are switched, depending on whether a down converter or an up converter measurement is being performed.
It is important to keep in mind that in the setup diagrams of the
frequency offset mode, the analyzer’s source and receiver ports are
labeled according to the mixer port that they are connected to.
n
In a down converter measurement where the D 12 W
El
C rJ N 5’
E RT E
softkey is selected, the notation on the analyzer’s setup diagram
indicates that the analyzer’s source frequency is labeled RF, connecting to the mixer RF port, and the analyzer’s receiver frequency is labeled IF, connecting to the mixer IF port.
Because the RF frequency can be greater or less than the set LO frequency in this type of measurement, you can select either
F:F >
Lo or RF .<
3-2 Making Mixer Measurements
t-111.
R

Frequency Offset Mode Operation

Frequency offset measurements do not begin until all of the frequency offset mode parameters are set. These include the following:
n
Start and Stop IF Frequencies
n
LO frequency
w
Up Converter / Down Converter
H RF>LO/RF<LO
The LO frequency for frequency offset mode must be set to the same value as the external LO source. The offset frequency between the analyzer source and receiver will be set to this value.
When frequency offset mode operation begins, the receiver locks onto the entered IF signal frequencies and then offsets the source frequency required to produce the IF. Therefore, since it is the analyzer receiver that controls the source, it is only necessary to set the start and stop
frequencies from the receiver.

Differences Between Internal and External R Channel Inputs

Due to internal losses in the analyzer’s test set, the power measured internally at the R channel is 16 dB lower than that of the source. compensate for these losses, the traces associated with the R channel have been offset 16 dB higher. As a result, power measured at the R channel via the R CHANNEL IN port will appear to be 16
higher than its actual value. If power meter calibration is not used, this
offset in power must be accounted for with a receiver calibration before performing measurements.
‘Ib
directly
dB
3-4 Making Mixer Measurements

Power Meter Calibration

Mixer transmission measurements are generally conligured as follows:
measured output power
(Watts)
/set input power (Watts)
OR
measured output power
For this reason, the set input power must be accurately controlled in order to ensure measurement accuracy.
Higher measurement accuracy may be obtained through the use of power meter calibration. You can use power meter calibration to correct for power offsets, losses, and analyzer source and the input to the mixer under test.
(dBm) -
tlatness
set input power
variations occurring between the
(dBm)
Making Mixer Measurements
3-6

Conversion Loss using the Frequency Offset Mode

Conversion loss is the measure of efficiency of a mixer. It is the ratio of side-band IF power to RF signal power, and is usually expressed in
dB.
(Express ratio values in dB amounts to a subtraction of the power in the denominator from the dB power in the numerator.) The mixer translates the incoming signal, (RF), to a replica, (IF), displaced in frequency by the local oscillator, (LO). Frequency translation is characterized by a loss in signal amplitude and the generation of
additional sidebands. For a given translation, two equal output signals are expected, a lower sideband and an upper sideband.
Figure 3-3.
An Example Spectrum of RF, LO, and IF Signals Present in a
Conversion Loss Measurement
dB
The analyzer allows you to make a swept RF/IF conversion loss measurement holding the LO frequency fixed. You can make this measurement by using the analyzer’s frequency offset measurement mode. This mode of operation allows you to offset the analyzer’s source by a fixed value, above or below the analyzer’s receiver. That is, this allows you to use a device input frequency range that is different from the receiver input frequency range.
The following procedure describes the swept IF frequency conversion loss measurement of a broadband component mixer:
1. Set the LO source to the desired CW frequency and power level. CW frequency = 1000
Power = 13
3-6 Making Mixer Measurements
dBm
MHz
2. Set the desired source power to the value which will provide
-10
dBm
or less to the R channel input. Press:
(Menu)
POWER
3. Calibrate and zero the power meter.
4. Connect the measurement equipment as shown in Figure 3-4.
PWW RHNGE Mi3t.I @a
Caution
‘lb prevent connector damage, use an adapter (BP
part
number 1250-1462) as a connector saver for R
CHANNEL IN,
PCWER
SENSOR
Figure 3-4. Connections for R Channel and Source Calibration
5. From the front panel of the BP 87533, set the desired receiver frequency and source output power by pressing:
B
Istart)(iEJ@Jij
IStop_l@zJm
FREtS! OFFS ON
(MenuJ POWER @a
I NSTRUIlEt4T
MCIDE Ft?EIS!
OFFS
IlENIJ
6. ‘lb view the measurement trace, press:
m
I 11 F’ UT
P 0 F?
T S
I%
7. Select the BP 87533 as the system controller:
Making Mixer Measurements 3-7
8. Set the power meter’s address:
BET HDDRESSE!; H[>DRESS:
P
MTR....‘HP
IE
c##_l(xl_l
9. Select the appropriate power meter by pressing
PrJWER
(HP
436A
MTR C
or HP
1 until the correct model
438At437).
mrmber
is displayed
10. Press
C
listed on the power sensor.
CAL
Ical) PWRNTR
t3L
F FIG FACfQR
TO RSE
Ixx] @
C:HL LOSSJSE~~:~R
tA5
Cl RFi and enter the correction factors as
Press HD D
DUNE
for each correction factor. When
LISTS
FR E Q U E t4 C ‘f Ixx]
m
finished, press Er U HE .
11. lb perform a one sweep power meter calibration over the IF frequency range at 0
dBm,
press:
12. ‘lb calibrate the R channel over the IF range, press:
Once completed, the display should read 0
dBm.
3-8 Making Mixer Measurements
Figure 3-6. Measurement Setup from Display
16. lb view the measurement trace, press:
‘$1 EM PK3iSlJRE
17. ‘lb perform a one-sweep power meter calibration over the RF
frequency range, press:
Ical] FWRMTR CHL
ONE SWEEP
@@
TAKE
CHL
SWEEP
Note
Do not
reduce the number of points to perform this power meter calibration. Reducing the number of points will turn off the receiver calibration.
The analyzer is now displaying the conversion loss of the mixer calibrated with power meter accuracy.
3-10 Making Mixer Measurements
18. lb view the conversion loss in the best vertical resolution, press:
Figure 3-7. Conversion Loss Example Measurement
Conversion loss/gain = output power - input power
Making Mixer Measurements
3-l 1
High Dynamic Range Swept RF/IF Conversion Loss
The analyzer has a 35 dB dynamic range limitation on measurements made directly with its R (phaselock) channel. For this reason, the measurement of high dynamic range mixing devices (such as mixers with built in amplification and filtering) with greater than 35 dB dynamic range must be made on either the analyzer’s A or B channel, with a reference mixer providing input to the analyzer’s R-channel for phaselock.
This example describes the swept IF conversion loss measurement of a mixer and filter. The output filtering demonstrates the analyzer’s ability to make high dynamic range measurements.
‘lb avoid the complexity of performing a separate power meter calibration over the RF frequency range while the mixer under test and reference mixer are operating, a broad band power meter calibration is used. The broad band calibration covers the entire range of IF and RF frequencies.
1.
Set the following analyzer parameters:
2. Calibrate and zero the power meter.
3. Connect the measurement equipment as shown in Figure 3-8.
Caution
3-12
Making
lb prevent connector damage, use an adapter (HP part number 1250-1462) as a connector saver for R CHANNEL IN.
Mixer Measurements
6. lb calibrate the B channel over the IF range, press:
Once completed, the analyzer should display 0 dBm.
7.
Make the connections shown in Figure 3-10.
8. Set the LO source to the desired CW frequency and power level. For this example the values are as follows:
n
CW frequency = 1500 MHz
n
source power = 13
dBm
Figure 3-10.
Connections for a High Dynamic Range Swept IF Conversion Loss
Measurement
3-14 Making Mixer Measurements
9. ‘lb set the frequency offset mode LO frequency, press:
&iii)
LO
I
t4SfRUtifEt4T PlODE F;REB
MEW FREQUEHCY: c:W (15oo_)m
OFFS
MEt4U
10. ‘lb select the converter type and low-side LO measurement
conhguration,
i?ETURt~j
press:
In this low-side LO, down converter measurement, the analyzer’s
source frequency range will be offset higher than the receiver
frequency range. The source frequency range can be determined from the following equation:
receiver frequency range (100 to 1000 MHz) + LO frequency (1500 MHz) = 1.6-2.5
GHz
11. ‘lb view the conversion loss in the best vertical resolution, press: VI
EM MEHSURE
START
100
000 000
MHZ
STOP1000.000
000
MHZ
Figure 3-11. Example of Swept IF Conversion Loss Measurement
Making Mixer Measurements3-
16

Conversion Compression using the Frequency Offset Mode

Conversion compression is a measure of the maximum RF input signal level, where the mixer provides linear operation. The conversion loss is the ratio of the IF output level to the RF input level. This value remains constant over a specified input power range. When the input power level exceeds a certain maximum, the constant ratio between IF and RF power levels will begin to change. The point at which the ratio has decreased 1 dB is called the 1 dB compression point. See Figure 3-12.
Figure 3-12.
Conversion Loss and Output Power as a Function of Input Power
Level Example
Notice that the IF output power increases linearly with the increasing RF signal, until mixer compression begins and the mixer saturates.
The following example uses a ratio of mixer output to input power and a marker search function to locate a mixer’s 1 dB compression point.
1. Set the LO source to the desired CW frequency and power level. CW frequency = 600 MHz
Rower = 13
2. Initialize the analyzer by pressing
3-16 Making Mixer Measurements
dBm
IPreset).
3. To set the desired CW frequency and power sweep range, press:
ti
SWEEP
Make the connections, as shown in Figure 3-13.
4.
R
E T U R
t.1
Caution
lb prevent connector damage, use an adapter
(HP
part number 1250-1462) as a connector saver for R CHANNEL IN.
NETWRN
ANALYZER
Figure 3-13.
Connections for the First Portion of Conversion Compression
Measurement
5. lb view the absolute input power to the analyzer’s R-channel, press:
IMeas) I HPUt PQRTS I?
Making Mixer Measurements 3-17
6. ‘lb store a trace of the receiver power versus the source power into memory and view data/memory, press:
m
DHTM
DHTH.~‘MEtl
+ MEM~3R’f
This removes the loss between the output of the mixer and the input to the receiver, and provides a linear power sweep for use in
subsequent measurements.
7. Make the connections as shown in Figure 3-14.
Caution
‘lb prevent connector damage, use an adapter (HP part number
1250-1462)
as a connector saver for R
CHANNEL nv.
Figure 3-14.
Connections for the Second Portion of Conversion Compression
Measurement
8. lb set the frequency offset mode LO frequency, press:
3-18
Making Mixer Measurements
9. lb select the converter type, press:
RE-WRN
ILIP r=TJNVERTt%!
10. lb select a low-side LO measurement configuration, press:
RF3
LO
FREG! OFFS OH
In this low-side LO, up converter measurement, the analyzer source frequency is offset lower than the receiver frequency. The analyzer source frequency can be determined from the following equation:
receiver frequency (800 MHz) - LO frequency (600 MHz) = 200 MHz The measurements setup diagram is shown in Figure 3-15.
Figure 3-15.
Measurement Setup Diagram Shown on Analyzer Display
11. lb view the mixer’s output power as a function of its input power, press:
$‘I El,1 EiEH!;lJRE
12. ‘lb set up an active marker to search for the 1 dB compression point of the mixer, press:
Making Mixer Measurements 3-19
13. Press:
The measurement results show the mixer’s 1 dB compression point. By changing the target value, you can easily locate other compression points (for example, 0.5
dB,
3
dB).
See Figure 3-16.
14. Read the compressed power on by turning marker A off.
(jMarker)A
MODE A
MFJDE
OFF
Figure 3-16.
Example Swept Power Conversion Compression
Measurement
3-20 Making Mixer Measurements

Isolation Example Measurements

Figure 3-17. Signal Flow in a Mixer Example
Making Mixer Measurements 3-21

LO to IF Isolation

NETWRII ANALYZER
Figure 3-18. Connections for a Mixer Isolation Measurement
Figure 3-19.
Example Mixer LO to RF Isolation Measurement
3-22 Making Mixer Measurements

RF Feedthrough

Figure 3-20. Connections for a Mixer RF Feedthrough Measurement
Figure 3-21.
Example Mixer RF Feedthrough Measurement
You can measure the IF to RF isolation in a similar manner, but with the following modifications:
n
Use the analyzer source as the IF signal drive.
D
View the leakage signal at the RF port.
Making Mixer Measurements 3-23

Defining a Print Function

Note
The print definition is set to default values whenever
the power is cycled. However, you can save the print
definition by saving the instrument state.
1. Press
2.
3. Press A UT0 -
m DEFI
Press PR I
f4T:M 0
F E E
HE
PRINT.
t.4
0 12 Ii R 0
tl E
or P R 1
t.4
T :c: 0
D
until the correct choice (ON or OFF) is
L
12 R
.
highlighted.
q
Choose HUT
0
-FE ED0 t4
if you want to print one measurement
per page.
q
Choose R
UT
I:I
-FE ED0
F F if you want to print multiple
measurements per page.
Note
Laser printers and some DeskJet printers do not begin to print until a full page, or a partial page and a form feed, have been received.

If You Are Using a Color Printer

1. Press
2. lf you want to modify the print colors, select the print element and
P R I N TC 0 LO R
S .
then choose an available color.
Note
You can set all the print elements to black to create a hardcopy in black and white.
Since the media color is white or clear, you could set a print element to white if you do not want that element to appear on your hardcopy.
‘Ib
Reset the Printing Parameters to Default Values
1. Press
4-2
m
DEFINE
Printing, Plotting, and Saving Measurement Results
PRINT DEFRULT PRt4T
SETUP.

Configuring a Plot Function

If You Are Plotting to an
IIPGLIB
Compatible
Printer
2. Press
3. Configure the analyzer for one of the following printer interfaces:
4. Press
ILocal]
SET
P R t4 T
n
Choose
HDDRESSES
T
‘I’P EC
R
PRNTR PORT HF’I
1 until the correct printer choice appears.
PRI
t4TEE
PORT and then press
B
if your printer has an
HP-Ill
interface.
q
Enter the HP-B address of the printer, followed by
C C 0
P 5’
n
Choose PH R H L L E
L
1 if your printer has a parallel
a).
(centronics) interface.
m
Choose S
ER
I HL if your printer has a serial
@S-232)
interface, and
then configure the print function as follows:
B H
U
D R H
T E
a. Press P R
I
ts1 P
E R
and enter the printer’s baud
rate, followed by (xl.
b. ‘lb select the transmission control method that is compatible
with your printer, press
Xt4
I
T R L (transmit control
T
-
C t.1
handshaking protocol) until the correct method appears.
ILocal)
SET
PLTR
ADDRESSES
TYPE
until PLTR TYPE CHPGL PRTI appears.
PLOTTEP.
PrSRT
and then
Printing, Plotting, and Saving Measurement Results 4-3

If You Are Plotting to a Pen Plotter

1. Press
ILocal)
PLTE TYPE
SET
ADDF,ESSES
until
PLTli
PLOTTER PORT
TYPE
EPLOTTERI
and
then
appears.
2. Configure the analyzer for one of the following plotter interfaces:
n
Choose PLTR
PORT
HP I B if your plotter has an
HP-IB
interface.
D
Enter the
q
Press
l.jSE F’HSS COWROL.
n Choose PHHHLLEL
m
HP-lE%
address of the plotter, followed by
SYSTEM
C:UtdTROLLER
C
COPY 1 if your plotter has a parallel
or
@.
(centronics) interface.
l
Choose !S
ER
I
WI,
if your plotter has a serial
(RS-232)
interface, and
then configure the print function as follows: a. Press P R I WE RB H 110
rate, followed by
a).
RATE and enter the plotter’s baud
b. lb select the transmission control method that is compatible
with
your plotter, press X
11
I T
12 11 TR
L (transmit control
-
handshaking protocol) until the correct method appears.
4-4 Printing, Plotting, and Saving Measurement Results

If You Are Plotting to a Disk Drive

1. press
2. Press
ILocal) SET FiBDRESSES
[Save/Recall) SELECT
D I 5K
and select the disk drive that you
will plot to.
m
Choose I t4
T E
f? M
disk drive.
n
Choose E X
T E
R H H
external to the analyzer.
PLOTTER
k
L
D f SK
if you will plot to the analyzer internal
L
D
I !2 K if you will plot to a disk drive that is
PORT DISK.
Printing, Plotting, and Saving Measurement Results
4-6

Defining a Plot Function

Note
The plot definition is set to default values whenever
the power is cycled. However, you can save the plot
definition by saving the instrument state.
1. Press
@$j
DEFINE PLOT.

Choosing Display Elements

2. Choose which of the following measurement display elements that you want to appear on your plot:
C”,
I1M
,.ms
Figure
n*
4-l.
Plot Components Available through
SC+ I_yi n
pg6lsod
Definition

Selecting Auto-Feed

3.
Press
HUT 0 -FEED until
q
Choose HUT
0 -
FEED12 N if you
the correct choice is highlighted.
want a “page eject” sent to the
plotter or HPGL compatible printer after each time you press
PLOT.
q
Choose HUT 0
- FEED11 F F
if you want multiple plots on the same
sheet of paper.
rJ H
Note
The peripheral ignores HUT
0
-FEED
are plotting to a quadrant.
4-6 Printing, Plotting, and Saving Measurement Results
when you

Selecting Pen Numbers and Colors

4. Press
MQRE
and select the plot element where you want to change
the pen number. For example, press F’ E N NFJ MCs H T H
and then
modify the pen number. The pen number selects the color if you are
plotting to an
HPGL/2
compatible color printer.
Press (xl) after each modification.
Table
4-l.
Default Pen Numbers and Corresponding Colors
Table
4-2. Default Pen Numbers for Plot Elements
Plot Element
Measurement Data Trace
Displayed Memory Trace
Graticule and Reference Line
Displayed Text Displayed
Markers and Values
Printing, Plotting, and
Channel 1 Channel 3
1
Pen Numbers
2
!&wing
Measurement Results 4-7
Channel 2 Channel 4
Pen
Numbers
3
6
Note
You can set all the pen numbers to black for a plot in black and white. You must define the pen numbers for each measurement channel (channel l/channel 3 and channel B/channel 4).

Selecting Line Types

5. Press modify.
MORE
and select each plot element line type that you want to
‘&ble 4-3. Default Line Types for Plot Elements
Plot Elements Channel 1 and 3 Channel 2 and 4
Line Type Numbers Line Type Numbers
Figure 4-2. Line Types Available
4-8
Printing, Plotting, and Saving Measurement Results

Choosing Scale

6. Press
SCHLE
q
SCHLE
q
SCHLE PLOT CGRHTI
FLClT
PLOT
until the selection appears that you want.
CFULLJ
Figure 4-3.
Locations of
P1
and P2 in
SCALE PLOT
[ GPHT] Mode

Choosing Plot Speed

7. Press P L I:!
q Choose
q
Choose P L 0 T!Z transparencies. (The slower speed provides a more consistent line
width.)
T
SPEED until the plot speed appears that you want.
PLOT
SPEED
PEE
D
E
FHST
C S
L 01~11
1 for normal plotting.
for plotting directly on
To
Reset the Plotting Parameters to Default Values
Press
m D
E F
I H
E
F’
L 0 T M
IIt R
E M 0 I? E Cr E F H
l-1 L
T
P
L 0 T !Z E T U P .

If You Are Plotting to an HPGL Compatible Printer

1. Configure and define the plot, as explained in “Configuring a Plot
Function” and “Defining a Plot Function” located earlier in this chapter.
2. Press
printer has received.
m
PLOT PLOTTER
Printing, Plotting, and Saving Measurement Results 4-9
FOiiM
FEED to print the data the

To Save Measurement Results

Note
You can only save measurement data to a disk. The analyzer internal memory can only store instrument states and memory traces.
The analyzer stores data in arrays along the processing flow of numerical data, from IF detection to display. These arrays are points in the flow path where data is accessible, usually via
HP-II%
You can choose from three different arrays which vary in modification flexibility when they’re recalled.
Define Save
Raw Data Array Data Array Format Array
Modification Flexibility
During Recall
Most
Medium
Least
You can also save data-only. A data-only file is saved to disk with default filenames
DATA31D2 DATAOOD4
for channel 2, to
DATAOODl
DATA31D4
to
DATASlDl
DATAOOD3
for channel 1,
to
DATA31D3
DATAOODB
to
for channel 3, and
for channel 4. However, these files are not
instrument states and cannot be recalled.
4-10
Printing, Plotting, and Saving Measurement Results
Figure 4-4. Data Processing Flow Diagram
1. Press (SAVE RECALL) SELECT
D f Sk.
2. Choose one of the following disk drives:
q INTERNAL DISK
q
EXTERMAL DISK
3. PreSS@AVE
RECALL][jEFltdE
DISK-SR’GE.
4. Define the save by selecting one of the following choices:
q
DkTH ARRRY
0
R H wH
o
FORMFIT
0
GRj%PHIt:S 0t.j
o tXi
TH
Note
R R H
D t.1
OH
‘.r’II
t.4
HRRHY OH
L Y0
t.1
(When ON, the other choices are ignored.)
If you select
[:I H
T
13
0 t4
L
‘f
0 td
, you
cannot recall
and display the file contents on the analyzer. This
type of data is intended for computer manipulation.
ErHTH 13+LY 0 t.1
Printing, Plotting,
always saves corrected data.
and
Saving Measurement Results
4-
11
5. Choose the type of format you want:
B
I
b1HFrY
q
Choose S R
CITIFILE, S2P,
q
Choose
SHVE
US I NG
YE
or CAE applications.
I
HC;
HS C I
US
for all applications except
I
for
CITlFILE, S2P,
and CAE
applications or when you want to import the information into a spread sheet format.
6.
Press
RETIJRH SHVE STHTE.

Recalling an Instrument State

1.
Press(S~vE
2. Choose from the following storage devices:
q
1 HTERHAL
q
I
q
EXTERNHL
3. Press the @ repeatedly until the name of the Ele that you want to recall is high-lighted.
4. Press
REcALLjSELECT DISK.
MEMORY
t.+TERtAtil+ DISK
DISK
RETIJRN RECHLL
STHTE.
412
Printing, Plotting,
and Saving Measurement Results

Optimizing Measurement Results

Increasing Measurement Accuracy

Connector Repeatability

H
Inspect the connectors.
w
Clean the connectors.
n
Gauge the connectors.
n
Use correct connection techniques.

Interconnecting Cables

n
Inspect for lossy cables.
H
Inspect for damaged cable connectors.
n
Practice good connector care techniques.
w
Minimize cable position changes between error-correction and
measurements.

Temperature Drift

n
Use a temperature-controlled environment.
n
Ensure the temperature stability of the calibration devices.
N
Avoid handling the calibration devices unnecessarily during
calibration.
w
Ensure the ambient temperature is &lo of measurement calibration
temperature.
Optimizing Measurement Results 5-l

Frequency Drift

n
Override the internal crystal with a high-stability external source,
frequency standard, or use the internal frequency standard.

Performance Verification

n
Perform a measurement
veriEcation
at least once per year

Reference Plane and Port Extensions

Use the port extension feature to compensate for the phase shift of an extended measurement reference plane, due to such additions as cables, adapters, and Extures, after completing an error-correction procedure
(or when there is no active correction).
Press
Ical) PlrJRE
enter the delay to the reference plane.
PORT
E’ATEMS I CM EXTEN!S IONS
Ot4.
Then
5-2 Optimizing Measurement Results

Measurement Error-Correction

Clarifying Type-N
When you are performing error-correction for a system that has type-N
test port connectors, the softkey menus label the sex of the test port
connector ­label $ HO E TC female
Response
not
the calibration standard connector. For example, the
F 1
test port.
Error-Correction
Connector
refers to the short that will be connected to the
Sex
for
Reflection
Measurements
1. Select the type of measurement you want to make.
2.
lb select a response correction, press:
TE
Ical]
CHL I
Bf?H
MEW RESPrJtGE
Figure
Standard Connections for a Response Error-Correction for
Reflection Measurement
3. ‘lb measure the standard when the displayed trace has settled, press:
S H 0 R T
or 0 P
E
t.4
5-l.
Optimizing Measurement Results 5-3
Response
Error-Correction
for Transmission
Measurements
1. Select the type of measurement you want to make.
2. lb select a response correction, press:
Ical] CRLIBRRTE MEi-ACI RESF‘OWSE
Figure 5-2.
Standard Connections for Response Error-Correction for
Transmission Measurements
3. ‘lb measure the standard, press:
THRU
Response and
Isolation Error-Correction
for
Transmission Measurements
This procedure is intended for measurements that have a measurement range of greater than 90
1. Select the type of measurement you want to make.
2. lb select a response and isolation correction, press:
Ical] C:HL 1 E:F;HTE tqEt4l-1 REsPi:~t4!2E k
3. Make a your device under test.
4. lb measure the standard, when the displayed trace has settled, press:
THRCl
5-4 Optimizing Measurement Results
“thru”
connection between the points where you will connect
dB.
I
SOL i t.1 RESPOHSE
5. Connect impedance-matched loads to PORT 1 and PORT 2, as shown
in Figure 5-3. Include the adapters that you would include for your
device measurement.
Figure 5-3.
Standard Connections for a Response and Isolation
Error-Correction for Transmission Measurements
6. lb help remove crosstalk noise, set the analyzer as follows:
a. Press
@ R’~,~E~:HGI~K OH HVERHGI t4G
FAI~TOR and enter
at least four times more averages than desired during the device
measurement.
b. Press
Ical) PIORE HLTERHHTE
I? and B
to eliminate one
crosstalk path.
7. ‘lb measure the calibration standard, press:
Ical] RE$lJtlE CflL
SEIJI,JEF.~I:E 1 SOL ’ I.4 S-l-E:I
8. Return the averaging to the original state of the measurement. For example, reduce the averaging factor by at least four tunes or turn averaging off.
9.
‘Ib
compute the isolation error coefficients, press:
@
RE$lJME
l:HL
!3EQlJENl:E
Dijt.iE
HE:sP 1
Optimizing Measurement Results 5-5
:sijL ’ t.4
I:HL

One-Port Reflection Error-Correction

1. Select the type of measurement you want to make.
2. To select the correction type, press:
Ci3L 1
BRUTE
q
If you want to make a reflection measurement at PORT 1, press:
511
l-FTJRT
q
If you want to make a reflection measurement at PORT 2, press:
!522 1 -PTJRT
Standard Connections for a One-Port Reflection Error-Correction
MEW
and
select the correction type.
NETWKK AWALYZER
Figure 5-4.
q
‘lb
measure the standards in sequence, press:
0 P E t.4 !sHOFs:T
Ll:lHr)
q
lb
compute the error coefficients, press:
~)I:IF~E
:
I-PORT CFiL
6-6
Optimizing Measurement Results

Full Two-Port Error-Correction

1. Set any measurement parameters that you want for the device measurement: power, format, number of points, or IF bandwidth.
2.
lb select the correction type, press:
Ical)
II:HL I BRHTE
MEWJ
FULL
Z-PORT REFLEl:TIOH
FOR REFLECTION FOR TRANSMISSION
FMI
ISOLATION
Figure 5-5.
Standard Connections for Full Two-Port Error-Correction
3. ‘lb measure the standards in sequence, press:
Cl P
E
!s H 11 R
t.4
T
F C! R W H t? D :
F lj R 1~1 H R D :
FORWHRD: LORD
4. Repeat the open-short-load measurements described above, but connect the devices in turn to PORT 2, and use the REVERSE:
REVERSE: LOAD softkeys.
ClPEH,
REVERSE:
SHCGrT,
and
5. lb compute the reflection correction coefficients, press:
STHt.jDflRDS Dljt.jE
6. ‘lb start the transmission portion of the correction, press:
T R H t.j!; Pl
7. Make a
1 :; !s 1
III 1.1
“thru”
connection between the points where you
will
connect your device under test as shown in Figure 5-5.
Optimizing Measurement Results 5-7
8. ‘lb measure the standard, when the trace has settled, press:
DO
BOTH FWD+REV
9. Press I S 0
q
If you will be measuring devices with a dynamic range less than
90
rdMIT TSOL~TIOt.~
q
lf
than 90
L HT
I 0 H and select from the following two options:
dB,
press:
you will be measuring devices with a dynamic range greater
dB,
follow these steps:
a. Connect impedance-matched loads to PORT 1 and PORT 2.
Include the adapters that you would include for your device
measurement.
b.
Activate at least four times more averages than desired during
the device measurement.
d. Return the averaging to the original state of the measurement,
and press
@
RESUME
C:HL
SEQUENCE.
10. ‘lb compute the error coefficients, press:
D 0 t.4
E
Z-PORT
CML
6-8
Optimizing Measurement Results

Power Meter Measurement Calibration

You can use the power meter to monitor and correct the analyzer source power to achieve calibrated absolute power at the test port. You can also use this calibration to set a reference power for receiver power calibration, and mixer measurement calibration.
Note
Loss of Power Calibration Data
If your instrument state has not been saved after a power meter calibration, the power correction data will be lost if any of the following circumstances
exists:
n
if you switch off the analyzer ac power and you haven’t saved the correction in an internal register.
n
if you press
IPreset)
and you haven’t saved the
correction in an internal register.
w
if you change the sweep type (linear, log, list,
CW, power) when the power meter correction is activated.
=
if you change the frequency when the sweep type is
in log or list mode.

Entering the Power Sensor Calibration Data

Entering the power sensor calibration data compensates for the frequency response of the power sensor, thus ensuring the accuracy of power meter calibration.
1. Make sure that your analyzer and power meter are conflgured.
2
~
Press Ical] SEklSOR fl.
P
l#J R Pl T R
I: H L L III !s :s ./ !S E 1.4
S RL 1s T
S I; H
L F H I: T III R
Compensating for
Directional
Coupler
Response
If you use a directional coupler to sample power in your measurement configuration, you should enter the coupled arm power loss value into the power loss table, using the following procedure.
Optimizing Measurement Results 5-9
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