Agilent 8590E User Manual

Download

User’s

Guide

HP 8590 E-Series and

L-Series Spectrum Analyzers

HEWLETT

c?ii

HP Part No. 08590-90301 Supersedes: 08590-90234

Printed in USA July 1998

PACKARD

Notice.

The information contained in this document is subject to change without notice. Hewlett-Packard makes no warranty of any kind with regard to this material, including

but not limited to, the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose. Hewlett-Packard shall not be liable for errors contained herein or for incidental or consequential damages in connection with the furnishing, performance, or use of this material.

Certification

Hewlett-Packard Company certifies that this product met its published specifications at the time of shipment from the factory. Hewlett-Packard further certifies that its calibration measurements are traceable to the United States National Institute of Standards and Technology, to the extent allowed by the Institute’s calibration facility, and to the calibration facilities of other International Standards Organization members.

Warranty

This Hewlett-Packard instrument product is warranted against defects in material and workmanship for a period of one year from date of shipment. During the warranty period, Hewlett-Packard Company will, at its option, either repair or replace products which prove to be defective.

For warranty service or repair, this product must be returned to a service facility designated by HP Buyer shall prepay shipping charges to HP and HP shall pay shipping charges to return the product to Buyer. However, Buyer shall pay all shipping charges, duties, and taxes for products returned to HP from another country.

HP warrants that its software and firmware designated by HP for use with an instrument will execute its programming instructions when properly installed on that instrument. HP does not warrant that the operation of the instrument, or software, or firmware will be uninterrupted or error-free.

Limitation of Warranty

The foregoing warranty shall not apply to defects resulting from improper or inadequate maintenance by Buyer, Buyer-supplied software or interfacing, unauthorized modification or misuse, operation outside of the environmental specifications for the product, or improper site preparation or maintenance.

NO OTHER WARRANTY IS EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED. HP SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIMS THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.

Exclusive Remedies

THE REMEDIES PROVIDED HEREIN ARE BUYER’S SOLE AND EXCLUSIVE REMEDIES. HP SHALL NOT BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES, WHETHER BASED ON CONTRACT, TORT, OR ANY OTHER LEGAL THEORY.

Assistance

Product maintenance agreements and other customer assistance agreements are available for

Hewlett-Rxkard products. Fbr any assistance, contact your nearest

Hewlett-Rxckard

Sales and

Service Ojice.

. . . III

Safety Symbols

The following safety symbols are used throughout this manual. Familiarize yourself with each

of the symbols and its meaning before operating this instrument.

Caution

Warning

Caution denotes a hazard. It calls attention to a procedure that, if not correctly performed or adhered to, would result in damage to or destruction of the instrument. Do not proceed beyond a caution sign until the indicated conditions are fully understood and met.

Warning denotes a hazard. It calls attention to a procedure which, if not correctly performed or adhered to, could result in injury or loss of life. Do not proceed beyond a warning note until the indicated conditions are fully understood and met.

The instruction documentation symbol. The product is marked with this symbol when it is necessary for the user to refer to the instructions in the documentation.

The CE mark is a registered trademark of the European Community. (If accompanied by a year, it is when the design was proven.)

The CSA mark is a registered trademark of the Canadian Standards Association.

This symbol is used to mark the ON position of the power line switch.

n P

ISM

This symbol indicates that the input power required is AC.

This symbol is used to mark the STANDBY position of the power line switch.

This symbol is used to mark the STANDBY/OFF position of the power line switch.

This symbol is used to mark the ON position of the power line switch.

This is a symbol of an Industrial Scientific and Medical Group 1 Class A product.

I-A

General Safety Considerations

Warning

This is a Safety Class I product (provided with a protective earthing ground incorporated in the power cord). The mains plug shall only be inserted in a socket outlet provided with a protective earth contact. Any interruption of the protective conductor, inside or outside the instrument, is likely to make the instrument dangerous. Intentional interruption is prohibited.

No operator serviceable parts inside. Refer servicing to qualified personnel. To prevent electrical shock, do not remove covers.

If this product is not used as specified, the protection provided by the equipment could be impaired. This product must be used in a normal condition (in which all means for protection are intact) only.

For continued protection against fire hazard, replace fuse only with same type and ratings, (type prohibited.

To prevent electrical shock, disconnect the BP 8590 Series equipment from mains before cleaning. Use a dry cloth or one slightly dampened with water to clean the external case parts. Do not attempt to clean internally.

5A/250V).

The use of other fuses or materials is

Warning

Caution

There are many points inside the instrument which can, if contacted, cause personal injury. Be extremely careful. Any adjustments or service procedures that require operation of the instrument with the protective covers removed should be performed only by trained service personnel. This product conforms to Enclosure Protection Standard IP 2 0 according to IEC-529, and protects against finger access to hazardous parts within the enclosure.

This product presents a when wet. This product conforms to Enclosure Protection Standard IP 2 0 according to IEC-529, and therefore, it does not protect against the

admittance of water into the interior of the product.

Before switching on this instrument, make sure that the line voltage selector switch is set to the voltage of the power supply and the correct fuse is installed.

Always use the three-prong AC power cord supplied with this product. Failure to ensure adequate earth grounding by not using this cord may cause product damage.

signifiant

risk of electrical shock

if operated

Caution

VENTILATION REQUIREMENTS: When installing the product in a cabinet, the convection into and out of the product must not be restricted. The ambient temperature (outside the cabinet) must be less than the maximum operating temperature of the product by 4°C for every 100 watts dissipated in the cabinet. If the total power dissipated in the cabinet is greater then 800 watts, then forced convection must be used.

Caution

This product is designed for use in Installation Catigory II and Pollution Degree 2 per IEC-1010 and IEC-664 respectively.

Regulatory Information

Regulatory Information is in the Calibration Guide shipped with this product.

HP 8590 Series Spectrum Analyzer Documentation Description

Manuals Shipped with Your Spectrum Analyzer

HP 8590 E-Series and L-Series Spectrum Analyzers User’s Guide

Describes how to prepare the analyzer for use. Describes analyzer features. Describes common applications. Tells how to make measurements with your spectrum analyzer. Includes error messages.

Calibration Guide

Provides analyzer specifications and characteristics. Provides manual procedures to verify specifications. Indicates the test equipment required for verification.

HP 8590 E-Series and L-Series Series Spectrum Analyzers Quick Reference Guide

Describes how to make a simple measurement with your spectrum analyzer. Briefly describes the spectrum analyzer functions. Lists all the programming commands.

Options

Option 910: Additional User’s Documentation

Provides an additional copy of the user’s guide, the calibration guide, and the quick reference guide.

Option 915: Service Guide and Component-Level Information

Describes troubleshooting and repair of the spectrum analyzer.

Option 915 consists of two manuals:

HP 8590 E-Series and L-Series Spectrum Analyzers, and HP 8591 C Cable TV Analyzer; Assembly-Level &pair Service

the analyzer.

HP 8590 E-Series and L-Series Spectrum Analyzers, and HP 8591C Cable TV Analyzer;

Component-Level &pair Service

of the analyzer.

Options 041 and 043: HP 8590 E-Series and L-Series Spectrum Analyzer and HP 8591C Cable TV Analyzer Programmer 3 Guide

The HP 8590 E-Series and L-Series Spectrum Analyzer and HP 8591C Cable TV Analyzer

Programmer’s Guide describes analyzer operation via a remote controller (computer)

for Options 041 and 043. This manual is provided when ordering either Option 041 or Option 043.

Ouide

describes adjustment and assembly level repair of

hide

provides information for component-level repair

How to Order Manuals

Each of the manuals listed above can be ordered individually. To order, contact your local HP Sales and Service Office.

vii

Contents

1. Preparing For Use

What You’ll Find in This Chapter

Introducing the HP 8590 Series Spectrum Analyzers Preparing Your Spectrum Analyzer for Use

Initial Inspection ...............................

Power Requirements

.............................

Setting the Line Voltage Selector Switch Checking the Fuse

.............................

Power Cable ................................

Turning on the Analyzer for the First Time

Performing the Tracking-Generator Self-Calibration Routine Performing the YTF Self-Calibration Routine

Electrostatic Discharge

............................

Reducing Damage Caused by ESD

2. Getting Started

What You’ll Learn in this Chapter Getting Acquainted with the Analyzer

Front-Panel Features Rear-Panel Features

............................

Data Controls ...............................

HoldKey

................................

Knob ..................................

Number/Units Keypad ..........................

StepKeys

................................

Fine-Focus Control ............................

Screen Annotation ..............................

Menu and Making a Measurement Measurement Summary

Softkey

Overview

............................

...........................

Improving Accuracy with Self-Calibration Routines

Warm-Up Time

..............................

Performing the Tracking Generator Self-Calibration Routine (Option 010 or 011

only) .................................

Performing the YTF Self-Calibration Routine (HP

HP 85963 Only) ............................

When Is Self-Calibration Needed?

Memory Card Insertion and Battery Replacement

Changing the Memory Card Battery

Procedure to Change the Memory Card Battery

Analyzer Battery Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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8592L,

HP 85933, HP 85953, or

......................

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l-l l-l 1-2 l-3 1-4 1-4 1-5

1-6 l-8 1-9

l-10

l-11 1-12

2-l 2-l 2-l

2-5

2-8 2-8 2-8 2-8 2-9

2-9 2-10 2-12 2-13 2-15 2-16

2-16

2-17

2-18

2-19

2-20

2-21

2-22

Contents-l

Making Basic Measurements

What You’ll Learn in This Chapter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Resolving Signals of Equal Amplitude Using the Resolution Bandwidth Function . Resolving Small Signals Hidden by Large Signals Using the Resolution Bandwidth

Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Increasing the Frequency Readout Resolution Using the Marker Counter Decreasing the Frequency Span Using the Marker Track Function

. . . . . . .

Peaking Signal Amplitude with Preselector Peak . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Tracking Unstable Signals Using Marker Track and the Maximum Hold and

Minimum Hold Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Comparing Signals Using Delta Markers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Measuring Low-Level Signals Using Attenuation, Video Bandwidth, and Video

Averaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Identifying Distortion Products Using the RF Attenuator and Traces

. . . . .

Distortion from the Analyzer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Third-Order Intermodulation Distortion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Using the Analyzer As a Receiver in Zero Frequency Span . . . . . . . . . . .

Measuring Signals Near Band Boundaries Using Harmonic Lock . . . . . . . . .

4. Making Measurements

What You’ll Learn in This Chapter

......................

Measuring Amplitude Modulation with the Fast Fourier Transform Function Stimulus-Response Measurements

What Are Stimulus-Response Measurements? Using a Spectrum Analyzer with a Tracking Generator Stepping through the Measurement Tracking Generator Unleveled Condition

Demodulating and Listening to an AM or FM Signal

Triggering on a Selected Line of a Video Picture Field Making Reflection Calibration Measurements

Reflection Calibration

...........................

Measuring the Return Loss

.......................

................

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..................

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Using the Gate Utility to Simplify Time-Gated Measurements (Option 105 only) Using the Time-Gated Spectrum Analyzer Capability Without the Gate Utility . .

Introducing the Time-Gated Spectrum Analyzer Capability ..........

Using the Time-Gated Spectrum Analyzer Capability to View Pulsed RF ....

Example of a Time-Gated Pulsed RF Signal

.................

Setting the Gate Delay and Gate Length Properly, When NOT Using the Gate

Utility

.................................

Using the Self-Calibration Routines with Option 105 .............

Performing a Functional Check of Option 105

................

Using the One Button Measurements to Measure N dB Bandwidth, Percent

Amplitude Modulation, and Third Order Intercept

N dB Bandwidth Measurement

........................

Percent Amplitude Modulation Measurement Third Order Intermodulation Measurement

(TOI)

.................

(TOI)

...........

................

Using the Power Measurement Functions to make Transmitter Measurements . .

Occupied Bandwidth and Transmitter Frequency Error ............

Adjacent Channel Power Ratio (ACP) Channel Power Measurement

........................

....................

. . . .

...

3-l 3-2

3-4 3-6 3-7 3-8

3-9

3-12

3-15

3-20

3-20 3-22 3-24 3-26

4-l

4-2

4-7 4-7 4-8 4-8

4-12 4-13 4-15 4-17 4-17 4-18

4-19 4-22 4-22 4-24 4-26

4-33 4-35 4-36

4-39 4-39

4-40

4-41

4-43

4-45 4-48

Contents-2

5. Using Analyzer Features

What You’ll Learn in this Chapter

.......................

Use the Marker Table to List All the Active Markers Use the Peak

Table

to List the Displayed Signals

Saving and Recalling Data from Analyzer Memory

ToSaveaState To Recall a State ToSaveaTrace To Recall a Trace

..............................

.............................

To Save a Limit-Line Table or Amplitude Correction Factors To Recall Limit-Line Tables or Amplitude Correction Factors To Protect Data From Being Overwritten

..................

Saving and Recalling Data from the Memory Card

Preparing the Memory Card for Use To Enter a Prefix ToSaveaState To Recall a State ToSaveaTrace To Recall a Trace To Save a Display Image To Recall a Display Image To Save Limit-Line To Recall Limit-Line

.............................

..............................

.............................

..........................

.........................

Tables

or Amplitude Correction Factors

Tables

or Amplitude Correction Factors

.....................

Saving and Recalling Programs with a Memory Card To Save a Program To Recall a Program

Using Limit-Line Functions

Procedure for Creating an Upper Limit Line Limit-Line Functions

Editing, Creating, or Viewing a Limit-Line Selecting the Type of Limit-Line Table Selecting the Limit-Line Selecting the Segment Number

.............................

............................

..........................

.................

............................

.................

..................

TPdble

Format

...................

......................

Selecting the Frequency or Time Coordinate Selecting the Amplitude Coordinate Selecting the Segment Type Completing

‘Ihble

Entry and Activating Limit-Line Testing

.......................

Saving or Recalling Limit-Line Tables

....................

...................

Procedure for Creating an Upper and Lower Limit Line Learn About the Analog+ Display Mode (Option 101 only) Learn About the Windows Display

......................

Learn How to Enter Amplitude Correction Factors

Procedure for Creating Amplitude-Correction Factors Amplitude-Correction Functions

......................

Editing or Viewing the Amplitude-Correction Tables Selecting the Amplitude-Correction Point Selecting the Frequency Coordinate Selecting the Amplitude Coordinate Completing

Table

Entry and Activating Amplitude Corrections

Saving or Recalling Amplitude Correction

External Keyboard

Using the External Keyboard

..............................

........................

External Keyboard Installation

....................

......................

.................

lhbles

To Enter a Screen Title ..........................

To Enter Programming Commands

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5-l

5-2 5-4 5-6 5-6 5-6 5-7

5-7 5-8 5-8

5-8

5-10 5-11 5-12 5-12 5-13 5-13 5-13 5-14

5-14 5-15 5-15

5-16

5-18

5-18 5-22 5-22 5-22 5-23 5-23 5-25 5-25

5-26 5-28

5-28

5-29

5-32

5-33

5-35

5-36 5-38 5-38 5-38 5-39 5-39 5-39 5-39

5-40

5-42

5-42 5-42

5-43

Contents-3

To Enter a Prefix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6. Printing and Plotting

Printing or Plotting with HP-IB

........................

Printing Using an HP-IB Interface

Equipment

...............................

Interconnection and Printing Instructions Plotting Using an HP-IB Interface

Equipment

...............................

Interconnection and Plotting Instructions

Printing or Plotting with RS-232

.......................

Printing Using an RS-232 Interface

Equipment

...............................

Interconnection and Printing Instructions Plotting Using an RS-232 Interface

Equipment

...............................

Interconnection and Plotting Instructions Printing after Plotting or Plotting after Printing

To print after plotting, press: To plot after printing, press:

Printing With a Parallel Interface

Equipment

................................

.......................

Interconnection and Printing Instructions

Plotting to an HP LaserJet Printer

Equipment

................................

Interconnection and Plotting Instructions

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5-43

6-1

6-4 6-4 6-4 6-7 6-7 6-7

6-10

6-10 6-10 6-10

6-14

6-14 6-14 6-17 6-17 6-17

6-18

6-18 6-21 6-21 6-21

7. Key Descriptions

Service Functions

Service Calibration Functions Service Diagnostic Functions

Analyzer Functions

..............................

........................

.............................

8. Key Menus

If You Have A Problem

What You’ll Find in This Chapter ......

Before You Call Hewlett-Packard ......

Check the Basics

.............

Read the Warranty ............

Service Options

.............

How to Call Hewlett-Packard .......

How to Return Your Analyzer for Service . .

Service lag

...............

Original Packaging ............

Other Packaging

Error Messages

.............

..............

................

7-2 7-2 7-2 7-4

9-1 9-2 9-2 9-4 9-4 9-4 9-6 9-6 9-6 9-6 9-7

Contents-4

10.

Measurement Personalities, Options, and Accessories

What You’ll Find In This Chapter

Measurement Personalities

..........................

Broadcast Measurements Personality CATV Measurements Personality

CATV System Monitor Personality

.......................

....................

......................

Cable TV Measurements and System Monitor Personality CDMA Measurements Personality

CT2-CA1

Measurements Personality DECT Measurements Personality Digital Radio Measurements Personality EM1 Diagnostics Measurements Personality

GSMSOO

and DCS1800 Transmitter Measurements Personalities Link Measurement Personality NADC-TDMA Measurements Personality

Noise Figure Measurements Personality PDC Measurements Personality PHS Measurements Personality

Scalar Measurements Personality

Options

75Q

...................................

Input Impedance (Option 001) Memory Card Reader (Option 003) Precision Frequency Reference (Option 004)

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LO and Sweep+Tune Outputs on Rear Panel (Option 009)

Tracking Generator (Option 010 and Option 011)

Protective

‘Ian

Operating/Carrying Case with Shoulder Strap (Option 015) Protective Yellow Operating/Carrying Case with Shoulder Strap (Option 016) HP-IB and Parallel Interface (Option 041)

RS-232 and Parallel Interface (Option 043) Frequency Extension to 26.5 Frequency Extension to 26.5

GHz

with APC-3.5 Connector (Option 026)

GHz

with N-Type Connector (Option 027)

Front Panel Protective Cover (Option 040)

..................

Protective Soft Carrying Case/Back Pack (Option 042) Improved Amplitude Accuracy for NADC bands (Option 050) Improved Amplitude Accuracy for PDC bands (Option 051) Improved Amplitude Accuracy for PHS (Option 052) Improved Amplitude Accuracy for CDMA (Option 053) Fast Time Domain Sweeps (Option 101)

...................

AM/FM Demodulator with Speaker and TV Sync Trigger Circuitry (Option 102) Quasi-Peak Detector and AM/FM Demodulator With Speaker (Option 103) Time-Gated Spectrum Analysis (Option 105) CT2 Demodulator (Option 110)

.......................

.................

Group Delay and Amplitude Flatness (Option 111) DECT Demodulator (Option 112)

Noise Figure (Option 119)

.........................

Narrow Resolution Bandwidths (Option 130)

......................

.................

Narrow Resolution Bandwidths and Precision Frequency Reference (Option 140) DSP, Fast ADC and Digital Demodulator (Option 151)

PDUPHSNADCKDMA GSM/DCS1800

Firmware for Option 151 (Option 163)

TV Picture Display (Option 180)

Firmware for Option 151 (Option 160)

......................

TV Sync Trigger Capability/Fast Time-Domain Sweeps and AM/FM Demodulator

(Option 301)

500 to

75fl

Matching Pad (Option 711)

Reduced Frequency Accuracy (Option 713)

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...

....

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...

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10-l 10-2 10-2

10-2

10-3

10-3 10-3

10-3

10-3 10-4 10-4 10-4 10-4 10-4

10-4

IO-5 10-5 10-5

10-5

10-6 10-6 10-6 10-6

10-7

10-7 10-7

10-7

10-8

10-8 10-8

10-9 10-9

10-9

1 o-9 10-9

10-10 10-10

10-10

10-10 10-10 10-11 10-l 1 10-11

10-12 10-12 10-12

Contents-5

Rack Mount Kit Without Handles (Option 908)

Rack Mount Kit With Handles (Option 909)

IJser’s Guide and Calibration Guide (Option 910)

................

.................

...............

Service Documentation (Option 915)

BenchLink

Accessories

RF and Transient Limiters

5OB

Transmission/Reflection Test Set Scalar

5OQ2/75fl

750 Matching Transformer RF Bridges AC Power Source

ACProbe

Broadband Preamplifiers and Power Amplifiers Burst Carrier Trigger Close Field Probes External Keyboard

HP-IB Cable Memory Cards Parallel Interface Cable PC Interface and Report Generator software

Spectrum Analyzer (Option

‘B70) 1 1 1 1 : 1 : : 1 : : : : : : 1 1

.................................

.........................

....................

5OQ

Transmission/Reflection Test Set

Minimum Loss Pad

.........................

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................................

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................................

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................

Plotter ..................................

Printer Rack Slide Kit RS-232 Cable

Transit Case

..................................

...............................

................................

IO-12

10-12

10-12 10-13 10-13

10-13 10-13 10-13 10-13

10-13

10-14

10-14 10-14 10-14 10-15

10-15

10-15 10-15

10-15

lo-16 lo-16 lo-16 lo-16 lo-16 lo-16

A. SRQ

Service Requests

Status Byte Definition

Service Request Activating Commands

Glossary Index

...............................

...........................

...................

A-l

A-2

Contents-6

Figures

l-l. HP 8590 Series Spectrum Analyzer 1-2. Setting the Line Voltage Selector Switch l-3. Checking the Line Fuse l-4. Reference Connector 1-5. Example of a Static-Safe Work Station

2-l. Front-Panel Feature Overview

2-2. Rear-Panel Feature Overview

2-3. Adjusting the Fine Focus 2-4. Screen Annotation 2-5. Relationship between Frequency and Amplitude 2-6. Reading the Amplitude and Frequency 2-7. Inserting the Memory Card 2-8. Memory Card Battery Date Code Location 2-9. Memory Card Battery Replacement

2-10. Rear-Panel Battery Information Label

3-l. Set-Up for Obtaining Two Signals 3-2. Resolving Signals of Equal Amplitude 3-3. Resolution Bandwidth Requirements for Resolving Small Signals 3-4. Signal Resolution with a 10 kHz Resolution Bandwidth 3-5. Signal Resolution with a 30 kHz Resolution Bandwidth 3-6. IJsing the Marker Counter 3-7. After Zooming In on the Signal 3-8. Peaking Signal Amplitude Using Preselector Peak 3-9. Using Marker Tracking to Track an Unstable Signal

3-10. Viewing an Unstable Signal Using Max Hold A 3-l 1. Viewing an Unstable Signal With Max Hold, Clear Write, and Min Hold 3-12. Placing a Marker on the CAL OUT Signal 3-13. Using the Marker Delta Function 3-14. Using the Marker to Peak/Peak Function 3-15. Frequency and Amplitude Difference between Signals 3-16. Low-Level Signal 3-17. Using 0 dB Attenuation 3-18. Decreasing Resolution Bandwidth

19. Decreasing Video Bandwidth 3-20. Using the Video Averaging Function 3-2 1. Harmonic Distortion 3-22. RF Attenuation of 10 3-23. No Harmonic Distortion 3-24. Third-Order Intermodulation Equipment Setup 3-25. Measuring the Distortion Product 3-26. Viewing an AM Signal 3-27. Measuring Modulation in Zero Span 3-28. Using Harmonic Lock 3-29. Harmonic Locking Off

4-l. FFT Annotation 4-2. Percent Amplitude Modulation Measurement

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l-l

1-4

1-5 1-8

l-11

2-2

2-5 2-9

2-10

2-14

2-15 2-19 2-20 2-21 2-22

3-2 3-3 3-4 3-5 3-5

3-6 3-7 3-8

3-10 3-11

3-11

3-12 3-13 3-13

3-14

3-15 3-16 3-16 3-17 3-19 3-20 3-21 3-21 3-22 3-23 3-25 3-25

3-27

4-2 4-5

Contents-7

4-3. Block Diagram of a Spectrum Analyzer/Tracking-Generator Measurement System 4-4. Transmission Measurement Test Setup 4-5. Tracking-Generator Output Power Activated 4-6. Spectrum Analyzer Settings According to the Measurement Requirement 4-7. Decrease the Resolution Bandwidth to Improve Sensitivity

4-8. Manual Tracking Adjustment Compensates for Tracking Error 4-9. Normalized Trace

.............................

4-10. Measure the Rejection Range with Delta Markers 4-l 1. Demodulation of an FM Signal

.......................

4-12. Continuous Demodulation of an FM Signal 4-13. Triggering on an Odd Field of a Video Format 4-14. Triggering on an Even Field of a Video Format 4-15. Reflection Measurement Short Calibration Test Setup 4-16. Measuring the Return Loss of the Filter

17. Time-Gate Utility Display

..........................

4-18. Viewing Time-Sharing of a Frequency with an Oscilloscope 4-19. Viewing Time-Sharing of a Frequency with a Spectrum Analyzer 4-20. Pulse Repetition Interval and Pulse Width (with Two Signals Present) 4-21. Test Setup for Option 105

.........................

4-22. Setting the Center Frequency, Span, and Reference Level 4-23. Setting the Sweep Time

..........................

4-24. Setting the Gate Delay and Gate Length Using an Oscilloscope 4-25. Using Time-Gating to View Signal 1 4-26. Placing the Gate Output During the Second Signal 4-27. Viewing Both Signals with Time-Gating 4-28. Gate Not Occurring During the Pulse 4-29. Gate is Occurring at the Beginning of the Pulse 4-30. Self-Calibration Data Results

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4-31. Rear Panel Connections for Option 105 4-32. Gate On 4-33. Using the Level Gate Control 4-34. N dB Bandwidth Measurement

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........................

.......................

4-35. Percent Amplitude Modulation Measurement 4-36. Third-Order Intermodulation Measurement

4-37. Occupied Bandwidth

4-38. Adjacent Channel Power

............................

..........................

4-39. Adjacent Channel Power Extended 4-40. Adjacent Channel Power Graph 4-41. Channel Power 4-42. Channel Power Graph

5-1. Marker 5-2. Peak

‘Ihble

Display

..............................

...........................

Display

............................

.............................

5-3. Inserting the Memory Card 5-4. Typical Limit-Line Display

.......................

.........................

5-5. The Completed Limit-Line Table 5-6. Limit-Line Segments 5-7. Segment Types

............................

..............................

5-8. Upper and Lower Limit-Line Testing 5-9. Analog+ Display Mode

5-10. Windows Display Mode

11. Amplitude-Correction Display

12. Completed Amplitude-Correction

5-13. Amplitude-Correction Points

6-1. Three Printouts Per Page 6-2. Plots Per Page

...............................

...........................

.......................

........................

..........................

....................

.................

...

..........

........

..............

..................

................

...............

.............

...................

..........

.......

.....

..........

........

.....................

..............

...................

....................

...............

...................

................

.................

.....................

......................

....................

Iable

...................

4-7 4-8 4-9

4-9

4-10

4-11 4-12 4-13 4-14

4-15 4-16 4-17 4-18

4-19 4-23 4-24 4-25

4-27 4-28 4-28 4-29 4-30 4-31 4-32

4-33 4-33 4-36 4-36

4-37

4-38 4-39 4-40 4-42 4-44 4-46 4-46 4-47 4-48 4-49

5-2

5-4 5-11 5-19

5-21 5-24

5-27 5-30 5-32 5-33 5-35 5-37 5-38

6-2

6-3

Contents-8

6-3.

ThinkJet

Printer Switch Settings

6-4. HP-IB to Centronics Converter Setup

6-5. Printer Configuration Menu Map 6-6. HP 7475A Plotter Switch Settings 6-7. Plot Configure Menu

............................

6-8. 9600 Baud Settings for Serial Printers 6-9. Printer Configure Menu

6-10. Connecting the HP 6-l 1. Baud Rate Menu Map 6-12. Plot Configure Menu

7550A/B

..........................

Plotter

...........................

............................

6-13. Parallel Printer Switch Settings 6-14. Printer Configuration Menu Map 6-15. Plot Configure Menu

............................

7-l. Memory Card Catalog Information 7-2. Analyzer Memory Catalog Information 7-3. CATALOG ON EVENT Display

......................

....................

......................

....................

.....................

.......................

......................

.....................

...................

.......................

7-4. Connecting a Printer to the Spectrum Analyzer

...............

6-4

6-5 6-5 6-7 6-8

6-11 6-12 6-15 6-15 6-16 6-18 6-19 6-22 7-17 7-18 7-20 7-29

Contents-9

lhbles

l-l. Accessories Supplied with the Spectrum Analyzer 1-2. Power Requirements l-3. AC Power Cables Available

1-4. Static-Safe Accessories 2-l. RF Output Frequency Range 2-2. Screen Annotation

2-3. Screen Annotation for Trace, Trigger, and Sweep Modes 4-1. Determining Spectrum Analyzer Settings for Viewing a Pulsed RF Signal 4-2. Pulse Generator Test Setup Settings 4-3. Signal Generator Test Setup Settings 4-4. Gate Delay, Resolution Bandwidth, Gate Length, and Video Bandwidth Settings 4-5. Sweep Time Settings

5-1. Summary of Save and Recall Operations, Analyzer Memory ..........

5-2. Comparison of Analyzer Memory and Memory Card Operations 5-3. Save and Recall Functions Using Memory Card 5-8. External Keyboard Functions

7-1. Commands Not Available with Analog+ Operation ..............

7-2. Center Frequency and Span Settings for Harmonic Bands 7-3. Memory Card Catalog Information 7-4. Analyzer Memory Catalog Information *

7-5. CATALOG ON EVENT Display Description ..................

7-6. Default Configuration Values

7-7. Compatibility of FFT With Other Functions .................

7-8. Commands Altered/Not Available within the Gate Utility 7-9. Functions Which Exit The Windows Display Format

7-10. Model Specific Preset Conditions

11. Common Preset Conditions 7-12. Preset Spectrum Conditions for All Models 7-13. HP 85933, HP

9-1. Hewlett-Packard Sales and Service Offices ..................

A-l. Status Byte Definition

............................

.........................

...........................

........................

.............................

.....................

....................

............................

........................

.....................

...................

........................

......................

.........................

8594E,

HP 85953, and HP 8596E : : : : : : : : : : : : : :

...........................

..............

...........

...

........

...............

..........

...........

.............

1-3

1-4 1-7

1-12

2-4

2-11

2-12 4-26 4-27 4-28 4-34 4-35

5-9

5-10

5-17

5-40

7-9

7-12

7-17 7-19

7-20 7-32 7-43 7-47 7-61 7-66

7-67

7-68

7-71

9-5

A-2

Contents-l 0

Preparing For Use

What You’ll Find in This Chapter

This chapter describes the process of getting the spectrum analyzer ready to use when you have just received it. See “Preparing Your Spectrum Analyzer For Use” for the process steps. The process includes initial inspection, setting up the unit for the selected ac power source, and performing automatic self-calibration routines. Information about static-safe handling procedures is also included in this chapter.

Introducing the HP 8590 Series Spectrum Analyzers

Figure l-l. HP 8590 Series Spectrum Analyzer

The HP 8590 Series spectrum analyzers are small, lightweight test instruments that cover the RF and microwave frequency ranges:

HP HP HP HP HP HP HP HP

859OL,

85913,

8592L,

85933, 85943,

8594L,

85953, 85963,

kHz to 1.8

kHz

to 22

kHz

to 22

kHz to 2.9

kHz

to 2.9

kHz to 6.5

kHz

to 12.8

GHz

GHz GHz GHz

GHz

Preparing For Use

l-1

Preparing Your Spectrum Analyzer for Use

Detailed information for all of the steps in this process is included in this chapter.

1. Unpack the spectrum analyzer and inspect it.

2. Verify that all of the accessories and documentation has been shipped.

3. Check that the line voltage selector is set to the proper voltage.

4. Check that the correct fuse is in place.

Warning

Caution

5. Connect the power cable to the spectrum analyzer and turn it on.

Warning

6. Execute the self-calibration routines.

Failure to ground the spectrum analyzer properly can result in personal

injury. Use an ac power outlet that has a protective earth contact. NOT defeat the earth grounding protection by using an extension cable, power cable, or autotransformer without a protective ground conductor.

not connect ac power until you have verified that the line voltage is correct,

the proper fuse is installed, and the line voltage selector switch is properly positioned, as described in the following paragraphs. Damage to the equipment could result.

Install the product so that the detachable power cord is readily identifiable and easily reached by the operator. The detachable power cord is the product disconnecting devise. It disconnects the mains circuits from the mains supply before other parts of the product. The front panel switch is only a standby switch and is not a LINE switch. Alternatively, an externally installed switch or circuit breaker (which is readily identifiable and is easily reached by the operator) may be used as a

disconnecting device.

1-2 Preparing For Use

Initial Inspection

Inspect the shipping container for damage. If the shipping container or cushioning material is damaged, keep it until you have verified that the contents are complete and you have tested

the spectrum analyzer mechanically and electrically. Table l-l contains the accessories shipped with the spectrum analyzer. If the contents are

incomplete or if the spectrum analyzer does not pass the verification tests in the calibration guide, notify the nearest Hewlett-Packard office. If the shipping container is damaged or the

cushioning material shows signs of stress, also notify the carrier. Keep the shipping materials for the carrier’s inspection. The HP office will arrange for repair or replacement without waiting for a claim settlement.

If the shipping materials are in good condition, retain them for possible future use. You may wish to ship the spectrum analyzer to another location or to return it to Hewlett-Packard for service. See “How to Return Your Analyzer for Service,” about shipping materials.

in Chapter 9 for more information

Note

32-kilobyte Memory Card

Memory Card Holder

Adapter, Type N (m) to BNC (f)

Two Adapters, BNC (m) to BNC (f)

Adapter, BNC (m) to SMA (f) Connector, APC-3.5 mm (f) to (f) Reference Connector

Zable, 5OQ, Zable,

Zable, Zable, ‘ower

BNC

SMA (m) to type N (m)

750, BNC SMA (m) to SMA (m)

cable

If cleaning is necessary, use a damp cloth only.

lhble

l-l. Accessories Supplied with the Spectrum Analyzer

Description

HP Part Number

0950-1964

9222-1545

1250-0780

1250-0076

HP 1250-1700 HP

5061-5311

1250-1499

8120-2682

8120-5148

5062-6452

08592-60061

See Table 1-3

Comments

Shipped with analyzer. HP

and HP 8594L must include Option 003.

Shipped with analyzer. HP

and HP8594L must include Option 003.

Not shipped with Option 001. Two adapters

are shipped with Option 010.

Shipped with Option 105 only. The adapters can be used to connect cables to the rear-panel connectors.

Shipped with Option 026 only. Shipped with Option 026 only. Shipped connected between the 10 MHz REF

OUT and the EXT REF IN on the rear panel of the analyzer. Not shipped with HP 8590L option 713.

Not shipped with Options 001, 011, or 026. Shipped with HP

85963.

Shipped with Options 001 or 011 only. Shipped with Option 026 only. Shipped with analyzer.

8592L,

Not shipped with Option 026.

859OL,

8592L,

859OL,

8592L,

HP 85933, and

Preparing For Use 1-3

Power Requirements

The spectrum analyzer is a portable instrument and requires no physical installation other than connection to a power source.

Warning

Caution

Failure to ground the spectrum analyzer properly can result in personal injury. Use an ac power outlet that has a protective earth contact. DO

NOTdefeat

power cable, or autotransformer without a protective ground conductor.

Do not connect ac power until you have verified that the line voltage is correct,

the proper fuse is installed, and the line voltage selector switch is properly positioned, as described in the following paragraphs. Damage to the equipment could result.

the earth grounding protection by using an extension cable,

‘Ihble

1-2. Power Requirements

Setting the Line Voltage Selector Switch

Caution

Before connecting the spectrum analyzer to the power source, you must set the rear-panel voltage selector switch correctly to adapt the spectrum analyzer to the power source. An improper selector switch setting can damage the

spectrum analyzer when it is turned on.

Set the instrument’s rear-panel voltage selector switch to the line voltage range (115 V or 230 V) corresponding to the available ac voltage. See Figure l-2. Insert a small screwdriver or similar tool in the slot and slide the switch so that the proper voltage label is visible.

,,*-\, ‘I/ “\

Figure l-2. Setting the Line Voltage Selector Switch

1-4 Preparing For Use

Checking the Fuse

The recommended fuse is size 5 by 20 mm, rated

used with input line voltages of 115 V or 230 V. Its HP part number is 2110-0709. With an input line voltage of 115 V an alternate fuse can be used. In areas where the

recommended fuse is not available, a size 5 by 20 mm, rated fast blow, 5 A, 125 V (ULXSA approved) fuse may be substituted. Its HP part number is 2110-0756.

The line fuse is housed in a small container beside the rear-panel power connector. See Figure l-3. The container provides space for storing a spare fuse, as shown in the figure.

To check the fuse, insert the tip of a screwdriver in the slot at the middle of the container and pry gently to extend the container.

Warning

Note

The fuse closest to the spectrum analyzer is the fuse in use. If the fuse is defective or missing, install a new fuse in the proper position and reinsert the fuse container.

For continued protection against fire hazard replace line fuse only with same type and rating prohibited.

The fuse container is attached to the line module; it cannot be removed.

(5A/250V).

F5A,

250 V (IEC approved). This fuse may be

The use of other fuses or material is

Figure l-3. Checking the Line Fuse

Preparing For Use

l-5

Power Cable

The spectrum analyzer is equipped with a three-wire power cable, in accordance with international safety standards. When connected to an appropriate power line outlet, this cable grounds the instrument cabinet.

Warning

Various power cables are available to connect the spectrum analyzer to the types of ac power

outlets unique to specific geographic areas. The cable appropriate for the area to which the spectrum analyzer is originally shipped is included with the unit. You can order additional ac power cables for use in different areas. the plug configurations, and identifies the geographic area in which each cable is appropriate.

Failure to ground the spectrum analyzer properly can result in personal injury. Before turning on the spectrum analyzer, you must connect its protective earth terminals to the protective conductor of the main power cable. Insert the main power cable plug only into a socket outlet that has

a protective earth contact. DO NOT defeat the earth-grounding protection

by using an extension cable, power cable, or autotransformer without a protective ground conductor.

If you are using an autotransformer, make sure its common terminal is

connected to the protective earth contact of the power source outlet socket.

Table

l-3 lists the available ac power cables, illustrates

1-6 Preparing For Use

lhble

1-3. AC Power Cables Available

PLUG TYPE * *

25O’J

0 0

125V

25O’d

,A---,

i :

CABLE

HP PART

rIIJMl3ER

8120~1363 8 120-0696

8120~1683 E120-1692

8 120-

1348

8120-1538

8120-1378

8 120-4753 Straight 8120-1521

8120-4754

8120-5182

8120-5181

DESCRIPTI’JN

Strnight 9om

Strn,ght* 9o”

Stratght

9o”

Straight* 9o”

Straight*

go0 9oa

stro1gt,t*

30*

PLUG

BS1363A

NZSSlSB/ASCl

CEE7-II

NEMA5S15P

NEMA5-

NEMA5S15P

CABLE L E rl G T H

:M ~INCHEC,)

229 (90) 229

(90)

201

(79)

221

(87)

201 (79)

201

(79j

203

(80)

203 (80)

203

(80)

230 (90)

203

(80)

230

(9Oj

200

(78)

200

(78)

CABLE COLOR

Mint Gray Mint Gray

Grily

Gray

i4lnt

Gray

Mint Gray

Blnck

Block

Jade

Gray Jade Gray Jade Gray Jade Gray

Jade

Grny

.Jade Gray

FOR

I II

COUI‘JTR i

;reot Brltuin.

:yprus,

;ingnpore,

Zimbabwe

Argen

t i

Auitrulla, New

Zen I

Mainland

:ast and \Nest

.urope,

fricon Replubl ic

InI

L F

‘epubl IC

unpnlnrized

( r

nnny not 19ns)

In,

:anocla,

apon (100 $4

;

‘00

;olombia.

(

‘hl

‘

<audio Arobin,

-0iwan

Israel

Centrnl

ted Arab

ted

V), eraz I,

I I

spines,

IJSE

I‘Nigerin.

~10,

anJ,

China

States

0,~

Mexlcr

I”

.\f\ ‘”

ii Pnrt

HP Port

ii #

E = Earth

number for

rlurnber

for

Lr~und:

industry

pluq IS

complrie

L = Line, N =

cable, including

Identifier

r>leutraI

for plug

pll~g

Number shown for

orlly

cable I:;

Preparing For Use

l-7

Turning on the Analyzer for the First Time

When you turn the spectrum analyzer on for the first time, you should perform frequency and amplitude self-calibration routines to generate correction factors and indicate that the unit is functioning correctly. The spectrum analyzer should be allowed to warm-up for 30 minutes

before performing the self-calibration routines. See “When Is Self-Calibration Needed?”

in Chapter 2 for helpful guidelines on how often the self-calibration routines should be performed.

Perform the following steps:

1. Fbr an HP 85901, HP HP 85963 ensure the reference connector is connected between the 10 MHz OUTPUT and

EXT REF IN rear-panel connectors. See Figure l-4.

If you wish to use an external 10 MHz source as the reference frequency, disconnect the reference connector from the rear-panel and connect an external reference source to the EXT REF IN connector on the rear panel.

2. Plug the power cord into the spectrum analyzer.

Press (LINE).

8592L,

HP 8591 E, HP 85933, HP

Figure 1-4. Reference Connector

8594E,

REFEPENCE

8594L,

8595E,

After a few seconds, the screen displays the firmware revision date in the YYMMDD format. For example, 930522 indicates May 22, 1993. This is a change from previous revisions where any firmware date used the DDMMYY format prior to 930506.

Note

If your spectrum analyzer is equipped with Option 021 (HP-IB interface), the appropriate interface address (HP-IB ADRS : XX) also appears on the screen.

If your spectrum analyzer is equipped with Option 023 (RS-232 interface), the baud rate (RS232 : XXXX) is displayed.

4. To meet spectrum analyzer specifications, allow a 30 minute warm-up before attempting to

make any calibrated measurements. Be sure to calibrate the spectrum analyzer only afler the spectrum analyzer has met the operating temperature conditions.

5. Connect the type N (m) to BNC (f) connector (shipped with the spectrum analyzer) to the INPUT front-panel CAL OUT and the INPUT 500 connector. If the spectrum analyzer has Option

1-8 Preparing For Use

Record the firmware date and keep it for reference. If you should ever need to call Hewlett-Packard for service or with any questions regarding your spectrum

analyzer, it will be helpful to have the firmware date readily available.

5OQ.

Connect the 500 coaxial cable (also shipped with the instrument) between the

001

(7562

input), use the 750 calibration cable shipped with the analyzer. Use only 750

connectors to avoid damage to the RF input connector.

Note

6. Perform the frequency and amplitude self-calibration routine by pressing (CAL) and CAL FREQ & AMPTD . During the frequency routine, CAL: SWEEP, CAL: FREQ, and CAL: SPAN

are displayed as the sequence progresses. For an Option 102, CAL: FM GAIN + OFFSET is also displayed.

During the amplitude routine, CAL; AMPTD, CAL: 3 dB BW, CAL: displayed as the sequence progresses. CAL: DONE appears when the routine is completed. Any failures or discrepancies produce a message on the screen; see Chapter 9.

7. When the frequency and amplitude self-calibration routines have been completed

successfully, store the correction factors by pressing CAL STORE.

The self-calibration routines calibrate the spectrum analyzer by generating correction factors. The

softkey

memory that is saved when the spectrum analyzer is turned automatically apply these factors in future measurements. If CAL STORE is not pressed, the

correction factors remain in effect until the spectrum analyzer is turned off.

Option 105 only: Remove all connections to the GATE TRIGGER INPUT rear-panel connector before performing the self-calibration routines.

ATTEN,

CAL STORE stores the correction factors in the area of spectrum analyzer

off;

the spectrum analyzer will

and CAL:

LOGAMP

are

Performing the Tracking-Generator Self-Calibration Routine

For spectrum analyzers with Option 010 or 011, the tracking-generator self-calibration routine should be performed prior to using the tracking generator.

Note

1. To calibrate the tracking generator, connect the tracking generator output (RF OUT

the spectrum analyzer INPUT 500 connector, using an appropriate cable and BNC-to-Type N adapters. If the spectrum analyzer has Option 001 (750 input), use the

cable shipped with the analyzer. Use only connector.

Note

2. Press the following spectrum analyzer keys: CAL TRK GEN . TG SIGNAL NOT FOUND will be displayed if the tracking generator output is

not connected to the spectrum analyzer input.

3. To save this data in the area of spectrum analyzer memory that is saved when the spectrum analyzer is turned off, press CAL STORE .

Since the tracking generator calibration routine depends on the accuracy of

the absolute amplitude level of the spectrum analyzer, the spectrum analyzer

amplitude calibration should be done prior to using CAL TRK GEM .

5OR)

75Q

calibration

75fl

connectors to avoid damage to the RF input

A low-loss cable should be used for accurate calibration. Use the shipped with the spectrum analyzer. If the analyzer has Option 001 (75n input), use the

75R

cable shipped with the spectrum analyzer.

m),

More 1 of 4 , More 2 of 4 , then

509

cable

Preparing For Use 1-9

Performing the YTF Self-Calibration Routine

For preselected spectrum analyzers (HP

8592L,

HP 85933, HP

8595E,

and HP 85963) only, the yig-tuned filter (YTF) self-calibration routine should be performed periodically. See “When Is Self-Calibration Needed?” in Chapter 2 for helpful guidelines on how often the self-calibration routines should be performed.

To perform the YTF self-calibration routine, use the following procedure:

1. Connect a low-loss cable (such as HP part number 8120-5148) from 100 MHz COMB OUT to the spectrum analyzer input. For the HP 85953, use the CAL OUT, instead of the COMB OUT, as the spectrum analyzer input.

2. Press (CAL) then CAL YTF . The YTF self-calibration routine completes in approximately:

Model Number YTF Cal Time

7 minutes 7

minutes

3. Press (CAL) then CAL STORE

HP 8592L HP 85933

85953

85963

When the self-calibration routines have been completed successfully, the spectrum analyzer is

ready for normal operation.

Preparing For Use

l-1 0

Electrostatic Discharge

Electrostatic discharge (ESD) can damage or destroy electronic components. All work on electronic assemblies should be performed at a static-safe work station. Figure l-5 shows an example of a static-safe work station using two types of ESD protection:

Conductive table-mat and wrist-strap combination.

n Conductive floor-mat and heel-strap combination.

Both types, when used together, provide a significant level of ESD protection. Of the two, only the table-mat and wrist-strap combination provides adequate ESD protection when used alone.

To ensure user safety, the static-safe accessories must provide at least 1 MR of isolation from ground. Refer to

‘fable

l-4 for information on ordering static-safe accessories.

Warning

These techniques for a static-safe work station should not be used when

working on circuitry with a voltage potential greater than 500 volts.

BUI lding

Ground

MegOhm

Resistor

/./-xYD

q&-

mtiee

I St rap

” -

Floor Mat

\Il

-~I

Figure 1-5. Example of a Static-Safe Work Station

Preparing For Use

l-l 1

Reducing Damage Caused by ESD

The following suggestions may help reduce ESD damage that occurs during testing and

servicing operations.

n Before connecting any coaxial cable to an spectrum analyzer connector for the first time each

day, momentarily ground the center and outer conductors of the cable.

Personnel should be grounded with a resistor-isolated wrist strap before touching the center

pin of any connector and before removing any assembly from the unit.

n Be sure that all instruments are properly earth-grounded to prevent a buildup of static

charge.

Table

l-4 lists static-safe accessories that can be obtained from Hewlett-Packard by using the

HP part numbers shown.

‘Ihble

1-4. Static-Safe Accessories

HP Part

Number

9300-0797

9300-0980

9300-1383

9300-l 169

Description

Set includes: 3M static control mat 0.6 m x 1.2 m (2 ft x 4 ft) and 4.6 cm (15 ft) ground wire. (The wrist-strap and wrist-strap cord are not included. They must be ordered separately.)

Wrist-strap cord 1.5 m (5 ft) Wrist-strap, color black, stainless steel, without cord, has four adjustable

links and a 7 mm post-type connection. ESD heel-strap (reusable 6 to 12 months).

1.12

Preparing For Use

Getting Started

What You’ll Learn in this Chapter

This chapter introduces the basic functions of the HP 8590 Series spectrum analyzers. In this chapter you will:

Get acquainted with the front-panel and rear-panel features.

n Get acquainted with the menus and softkeys.

Learn about screen annotation.

n Make a basic measurement (the calibration signal). n Learn how to improve measurement accuracy by using self-calibration routines. n Learn how to insert the memory card and about the memory card battery. n Learn about the spectrum analyzer battery.

Note

Before using your spectrum analyzer, please read Chapter 1 “Preparing for Use,” which describes how to set up your spectrum analyzer and how to verify that it is operational. Chapter 1 describes many safety considerations that should not be overlooked.

Getting Acquainted with the Analyzer

Front-Panel Features

The following section provides a brief description of front-panel features. Refer to Figure 2-l.

Active function block is the space on the screen that indicates the active function. Most

functions appearing in this block can be changed using the knob, step keys, or data keys.

Message block is the space on the screen where

If one or more functions are manually set (uncoupled), and the amplitude or frequency

becomes uncalibrated, recouple functions.) The asterisk indicates that a function is in progress.

Softkey

labeled keys on the spectrum analyzer front panel (also called front-panel keys) access menus of related softkeys.

labels are the annotation on the screen next to the unlabeled keys. Most of the

MEAS

UNCAL appears. (Use

MEAS

UNCAL and the asterisk

[AUTO COUPLE]

and AUTO ALL to

(*)

appear.

Softkeys

are the unlabeled keys next to the screen.

Getting Started 2-1

Figure 2-l. Front-Panel Feature Overview

[FREQUENCY],

ISPAN),

and

@Kii%ZE]

are the three large dark-gray keys that activate the

primary spectrum analyzer functions and access menus of related functions.

INSTRUMENT STATE functions affect the state of the entire spectrum analyzer.

Self-calibration routines and special-function menus are accessed with these keys. The green

@‘EZi]

key resets the spectrum analyzer to a known state. The

accesses the current operating mode of the spectrum analyzer and allows you to change to any operating mode available for your spectrum analyzer. All spectrum analyzers

have the spectrum analyzer mode of operation (indicated by SPECTRUM ANALYZER If an additional

softkey

label appears in the

softkey

label area, a program (also called a downloadable program or personality) has been loaded into the spectrum analyzer memory. This document covers the spectrum analyzer mode of operation only; consult the documentation accompanying the specific measurement personality that you are using for information about other modes of operation. (For example: the HP Cable Television Measurements Personality, the HP 85713A Digital Radio Measurements Personality, or the HP 85715A GSM Measurements Personality.)

and

[?EXE]

correction factors, and programs to or from a memory card.

keys save and recall traces, states, limit-line tables, amplitude

ISAVE)

and

[RECALL)

save and recall traces, states, limit-line tables, and amplitude correction factors to or from the spectrum analyzer memory.

key

857llA

keys also

2-2 Getting Started

Note

Icopv)

Plot Conf

If you wish to reset the spectrum analyzer configuration to the state it was in when it was originally shipped from the factory, use DEFAULT

to the DEFAULT

CONFIG softkey

description in Chapter 7 for more information.

CONFIG

prints or plots screen data. (This requires Option 041 or 043.) Use

or Print Conf

kg,

and COPY DEV PRMT PLT before using

Chapter 7 for more details. CONTROL functions access menus that allow you to adjust the resolution bandwidth,

adjust the sweep time, store and manipulate trace data, and control the instrument display.

MARKER functions control the markers, read out frequencies and amplitudes along the

spectrum-analyzer trace, automatically locate the signals of highest amplitude, and keep a signal at the marker position in the center of the screen.

WINDOWS keys, turn on the windows display mode. They allow switching between

windows and control the zone span and location.

8594E,

8595E,

and HP 85963 only.

Fbr

the HP

859ZE,

8593E,

@ZiK$

Icopv).

. Refer

See

HOLD key. Fbr the HP active function. For the HP 85913, HP

“hold” function is available as the HOLD

DATA keys, STEP keys, and knob allow you to change the numeric value of an active

859OL,

8592L,

and HP 8594L only.

8593E,

HP 85943, HP

softkey

under

cm).

[HOLD]

8595E,

deactivates an

and HP

function.

INPUT 500 is the signal input for the spectrum analyzer. (INPUT

75Q

is the signal input

for an Option 001 spectrum analyzer.)

Caution

Excessive signal input will damage the spectrum analyzer input attenuator and input mixer. Use extreme caution when using the spectrum analyzer around high-power RF sources and transmitters. The maximum input power that the spectrum analyzer can tolerate appears on the front panel and should not be exceeded.

Excessive dc voltage can also damage the input attenuator. For your particular instrument, note the maximum de voltage that should not be exceeded on the spectrum analyzer front panel (beneath the INPUT

PROBE PWR provides power for high-impedance ac probes or other accessories.

13 14

CAL OUT provides a calibration signal of 300 MHz at -20

dBm

5OQ

connector).

(29

dBmV

or 011).

VOL-INTEN or INTENSITY. For the HP 85913, HP

8593E,

HP 85943, HP 85953, or

HP 8596E only. The VOL-INTEN knob changes the brightness of the display. If Option

102, 103, or 110 is installed, it can also adjust the volume of the internal speaker. If it adjusts both, the inside part of the knob adjusts the intensity while the outside part adjusts the volume.

8596E,

the

for Option 001

The INTENSITY knob changes the brightness of the display. For the HP

8592L,

and HP 8594L only.

859OL,

Getting Started 2-3

100 MHz COMB OUT supplies a 100 MHz reference signal that has harmonics up to

GHz. Fbr

Memory card reader reads from or writes to a memory card. The memory card reader is

standard with an HP 85913, HP 85933, HP 85943, HP 85953, and HP 85963. It is also available for the HP

RF OUT

Fbr Option 010 only. See

the HP 85921, HP

859OL,

5OD

supplies a source output for the built-in tracking generator.

liable

8593E,

8592L,

2-l.

or HP 8596E only.

and HP 8594L as Option 003.

Caution

RF OUT 750 supplies a source output for the built-in tracking generator.

For Option 011 only. See lbble 2-l.

ILINE)

represent the up position of the switch when the instrument is off, and the down position of the switch when the instrument is on. An instrument self-check is performed every time the instrument is turned on. After applying power, allow the temperature of the instrument to stabilize for best measurement results.

If the tracking generator output power is too high, it may damage the device

under test. Do not exceed the maximum power that the device under test can

tolerate.

‘able

2-l. RF Output Frequency Range

Model Number

HP 8590L 100 kHz to 1.8 HP 85913 HP 85933 9 kHz to 2.9 HP 85943 9 kHz to 2.9 HP 85953 9 kHz to 2.9 HP 85963 9 kHz to 2.9

turns the instrument on and off. The symbols to the left of the line switch

Option 010

Frequency Range

GHz

100 kHz to 1.8

GHz GHz GHz GHz GHz

Option 011

Frequency Range

1 MHz to 1.8 1 MHz to 1.8

not available not available not available

not available

GHz GHz

Note

2-4 Getting Started

The instrument continues to draw power when it is plugged into the ac power source even if the line power switch is off.

Rear-Panel Features

Ill

fiy<

SWEEP

HIGH SWEEP

OUTPVT N/OUT

EXT

EXJ TRlG I

IN UT(TTLj

‘W

YBOARD

CTTLj

AUX

VIDEO

OUTPUT

\vJ

TU E

P+

OUT

SEP

OPT

p ,“K,“ER

-\1

In-

r--7

AUX INTE ,0/d-

\~~~~

FUSE

MON I T

._.. _

ACE ““TPUT

OPTlOh

041

Figure 2-2. Rear-Panel Feature Overview

EXT ALC INPUT allows the use of an external detector or power meter for automatic

leveling control of the tracking generator. Fbr an HP 8590L and HP 8591E Option 010 or

011 only. Allows the use of an external detector for an HP or HP 8596E

TV TRIG OUTPUT

triggering. Fbr Options 101 and 102

FLATNESS EXT DET IN accepts a signal (16 V maximum) from an external crystal detector. This signal is used to correct the spectrum analyzer response to the detector’s flatness. Option E02 only. This input is used for digital radio testing in an HP 11758T Digital Radio Test System.

O-ption

010 only.

(‘ITL)

provides TV trigger output using TTL and negative-edge

combhed,

OPTION 043

85934

or Option 301 only.

859-b&

HP 85953,

Getting Started

2-5

GATE TRIGGER INPUT

(‘ITL)

accepts a TTL signal which acts as the gate trigger. In edge mode, the trigger event (positive or negative edge) initiates a gate delay. In level mode, the gate trigger input signal opens and closes the gate directly: TTL high sets the gate on; TTL low sets the gate off. When this input is unconnected, TTL is set high. For

Option 105 only.

EVENT CNTR INPUT

(‘ITL)

accepts a TTL signal and counts the negative pulses (a

falling edge followed by a rising edge) that occur during the gate time interval. 0ption

E02 only. This input is used to test for digital radio signal errors when using the

HP 11758T Digital Radio Test System.

GATE OUTPUT

(TI’L)

provides a TTL signal which indicates gate status when the when

the gate is in edge trigger mode. A high TTL signal indicates the gate is on; a low

signal indicates the gate is off. GATE OUTPUT is not active in level mode. For 0ption

105 only,

EARPHONE connector provides a connection for an earphone jack instead of using the

internal speaker. For Option 102, 103, or 110 only.

INTERVAL CNTR INPUT

(‘ITL)

accepts a TTL signal. It identifies negative pulses (a

falling edge followed by a rising edge) and measures the accumulated time that a pulse is low during the gate time interval. Option E02 only. This input is used to test for digital radio signal errors when using the HP 11758T Digital Radio Test System.

SWEEP + TUNE OUTPUT provides a voltage ramp that is proportional to the spectrum

analyzer span (0 to 10 V) plus the tuning voltage of the LO. For Option 009 only.

LO OUT provides the output of the first LO, which is proportional to the frequency that

the spectrum analyzer is tuned to. For Option 009 or 010 only.

EXT REF IN accepts an external frequency source to provide the 10 MHz, -2 to

+ 10

dBm

frequency reference used by the spectrum analyzer. Not availablefor HP

8590L with Option 713 or HP 8592L with Option 713.

TTL

10 MHz REF OUTPUT provides a 10 MHz, 0

dBm

minimum, time-based reference signal.

Not available for HP 8590L with Option 713 or HP 8592L with Option 713.

VOIJIAGE

MONITOR OUTPUT drives an external monitor with a signal that has a 15.7 kHz

SELECTOR adapts the unit to the power source: 115 V or 230

horizontal synchronizing rate. It can also be switched to provide an NTSC format output which is compatible with VHS video recorders or a PAL format which is compatible with

PALSECAM

Power input is the input for the line power source. Make sure that the line-power

video recorders.

source outlet has a protective ground contact.

AUX INTERFACE provides a nine-pin

“D”

subminiature connector for control of external devices. Refer to specifications and characteristics in your calibration guide for a more detailed description.

2-6 Getting Started

Caution

Interface connectors are optional interfaces for HP-IB and parallel (Option 041) and

RS-232 and parallel (Option 043) interface buses. They support remote instrument operation, direct plotting or printing, and parallel printing of screen data.

AUX IF OUTPUT is a 500, 21.4 MHz IF output that is the down-converted signal of the

RF input of the spectrum analyzer. Amplitude-correction factors are not applied to this signal.

AUX VIDEO OUTPUT provides detected video output (before the analog-to-digital

conversion) proportional to vertical deflection of the trace. Output is from 0 V to 1 V.

Amplitude-correction factors are not applied to this signal.

Turn off the spectrum analyzer before connecting the AUX INTERFACE connector to a device. Failure to do so may result in loss of factory-correction constants.

Do not exceed the current limits for the +5 V supply when using the AUX INTERFACE connector. Exceeding the current limits may result in loss of factory-correction constants.

Do not use the AUX INTERFACE as a video monitor interface. Damage to the video monitor will result.

EXT TRIG INPUT

triggers the spectrum analyzer internal sweep source.

HIGH SWEEP IN/OUT

be grounded to stop sweeping.

EXT KEYBOARD connector is provided with the optional interface connector. The

external keyboard is not included with the spectrum analyzer. The external keyboard can be used to enter screen titles, prefixes, remote commands, and writing simple For Options 041 or 043 only.

Caution

SWEEP OUTPUT provides a voltage ramp proportional to the sweep and the spectrum

analyzer span (0 V to 10 V).

(‘ITL)

accepts the positive edge of an external voltage input that

(‘ITL)

indicates when the spectrum analyzer is sweeping or can

DLP’s.

Turn off the spectrum analyzer before connecting an external keyboard to the

spectrum analyzer.

Getting Started 2-7

Data Controls

Data controls are used to change values for functions such as center frequency, start frequency, resolution bandwidth, and marker position.

The data controls will change the active function in a manner prescribed by that function. For example, you can change center frequency in fine steps with the knob, in discrete steps with the step keys, or to an exact value with the number/units keypad. For example, resolution

bandwidth, which can be set to discrete values only, is changed to predetermined values with

any of the data controls.

Hold Key

Deactivate functions with HOLD which is found under the

8592L,

and HP 8594L it is also available as a front panel key, (HOLD). The active function readout is blanked, indicating that no entry will be made inadvertently by using the knob, step keys, or keypad. (Pressing a function key re-enables the data controls.)

Knob

The knob allows continuous change of functions such as center frequency, reference level, and marker position. It also changes the values of many functions that change in increments only. Clockwise rotation of the knob increases values. For continuous changes, the extent of alteration is determined by the size of the measurement range; the speed at which the knob is turned does not affect the rate at which the values are changed.

The knob enables you to change the center frequency, start or stop frequency, or reference

level in smooth scrolling action. The smooth scrolling feature is designed to move the trace display to the latest function value as the knob is turned. When either center frequency or reference level is adjusted, the signal will shift right or left or up or down with the rotation of the knob before a new sweep is actually taken. An asterisk is placed in the message block (the upper right-hand corner of the spectrum analyzer display) to indicate that the data on-screen

does not reflect data at the current setting.

Note

When using the knob to change frequency or amplitude settings, the trace data is shifted. Therefore, when using MAX HOLD A , MAX HOLD B , or MIN HOLD C , moving the center frequency with the knob will not simulate a drifting signal.

@iZKZ7]

key. On the HP

859OL,

Number/Units Keypad

The number/units keypad allows entry of exact values for many of the spectrum analyzer functions. You may include a decimal point in the number portion. If not, the decimal point is placed at the end of the number.

Numeric entries must be terminated with a units key. The units keys change the active function in a manner prescribed bv that function. For example, the units keys for frequency span are

Note

2-8

Getting Started

(GHz), m), &KJ),

and

@J.

and a, whereas the units for reference level are

If an entry from the number/units keypad does not coincide with an allowed

function value (for example, that of a 12 MHz bandwidth), the spectrum analyzer defaults to the nearest allowable value.

IfdBm), m,

Step Keys

The step keys allow discrete increases or decreases of the active function value. The step size depends upon the spectrum analyzer measurement range or on a preset amount. Each press results in a single step change. For those parameters with fixed values, the next value in a sequence is selected each time a step key is pressed. Changes are predictable and can be set for some functions. Out-of-range values or out-of-sequence values will not occur using these keys.

Fine-Focus Control

The fine-focus control is located on the side of the spectrum analyzer. Use the following

procedure to adjust the fine-focus control:

1. Adjust the front-panel intensity control for a comfortable viewing intensity.

2. Use an adjustment tool or small screwdriver to access the fine-focus adjustment. See Figure 2-3. Adjust for a focused display.

F I NE FOCUS ADJUSTMENT

Figure 2-3. Adjusting the Fine Focus

Getting Started 2-9

Screen Annotation

Figure 2-4 shows an example of the annotation that may appear on a spectrum analyzer screen.

The screen annotation is referenced by numbers and is listed in

column indicates which front-panel key or

softkey

activates the function related to the screen

annotation. Refer to Chapter 7 for more information on a specific function key.

‘Iable

2-2. The function key

1989 EXTE4 NAL

AT 20 dB PG10.0

MHz

I MHz

OFFST

VIYW

KEYBOARD

ENPUT

MIIR-TKK

Figure 2-4. Screen Annotation

399.9

-2

MHz

In Figure 2-4, item 21 refers to the trigger and sweep modes of the spectrum analyzer. The first letter (“F”) indicates the spectrum analyzer is in free-run trigger mode. The second letter (“S”) indicates the spectrum analyzer is in single-sweep mode.

Item 22 refers to the trace modes of the spectrum analyzer. The first letter (“W”) indicates that the spectrum analyzer is in clear-write mode. The second letter is “A,” representing trace A. The trace B trace mode is “SB”, indicating trace B (“B”) is in the store-blank mode (“S”). The trace mode annotation for trace C is displayed under the trace mode annotation of trace A. In Figure 2-4, the trace C trace mode is “SC”, indicating trace C (“C”) is in the store blank mode

(‘is’).

Refer to Table 2-3 for the screen annotation codes for trace, trigger, and sweep modes.

The WINDOWS display mode splits the screen into two separate displays. Only one of these

displays is active at a time. The currently active window will have a solid line around the graticule rather than a broken line. The complete annotation is not available for each window because of space limitations.

2-10

Getting Started

The display will be compressed slightly when using the PAL or NTSC format for the MONITOR OUTPUT, instead of the normal format. The PAL and NTSC formats have less vertical resolution than the spectrum analyzer display. The top and bottom of the spectrum analyzer display are compressed slightly so that all of the information can be fit into the size required by the MONITOR OUTPUT.

able

2-2. Screen Annotation

marker readout

Getting Started

2-l

‘Ihble

2-3. Screen Annotation for Trace, Trigger, and Sweep Modes

Trace Mode Trigger Mode

W = clear write (traces A/B/C) M = maximum hold (traces A/B) L = line V = view (traces A/B/C) V = video

= store blank (traces A/B/C)

M = minimum hold (trace

F = free run

E = external T = TV (Ootions 101 and 102 onlv)

Sweep Mode

C = continuous

= single sweep

Menu and Softkey Overview

The keys labeled FREQUENCY, CAL, and MKR are all examples of front-panel keys. Pressing

most front-panel keys accesses menus of functions that are displayed along the right side of the display. These menus are called

Softkey

activate a function on the the annotation on the screen. The unlabeled keys next to the annotation on the display screen are called softkeys.

Front-panel keys are designated with a box around the key label, for example,

softkeys

are displayed depend on which front-panel key is pressed and which menu level is enabled.

menus list functions other than those accessed directly by the front-panel keys. To

are designated by shading on the key label, for example, REF LVL . The

softkey

menus.

menu, press the unlabeled key immediately to the right of

C-1;

softkeys

that

If a

softkey

of the active function appears in inverse video. For example, press the

softkey

in inverse video. REF LVL also appears in the active function block, indicating that it is the active amplitude function and can now be changed using any of the data entry controls.

softkey

turn the function on, press the the

softkey

A function with AUTO and MAN in the label can either be auto-coupled or have its value manually changed. The function’s value can be changed manually by pressing the until MAN is underlined, and then changing its value with the numeric keypad, knob, or step keys. To auto-couple a function, press the following example demonstrates how an AUTO or MAN

ATTEN

A summary of all front-panel keys and their related Menus”.

function’s value can be changed, it is called an active function. The function label

(AMPLITUDE].

menu of related amplitude functions. Note the function labeled REF LVL appears

with ON and OFF in its label can be used to turn the softkey’s function on or off. To

softkey

so that OFF is underlined. The following example demonstrates how an ON or OFF

function will be annotated: VID AVG ON OFF (ON).

AUTO MAN (AUTO).

so that ON is underlined. To turn the function off, press

softkey

so that AUTO is underlined. The

softkey

softkeys

function will be annotated:

can be found in Chapter 8, “Key

This calls up

softkey

2-12 Getting Started

Making a Measurement

Caution

Do not exceed the maximum input power.

The maximum input power for the HP 8590L and HP 85913 is

+30 dBm

(1 watt) continuous, 25 Vdc (with 10 dB or more attenuation). The maximum input power for the HP

85921,

and HP 85933 is

+30 dBm

(1 watt) continuous, 0 Vdc (with input attenuation of 10 dB or more in bands 1 through 4.)

The maximum input power for the HP 85943, HP HP 85963 is

+30

dBm (1 watt) continuous and 50 Vdc (ac-coupled) or 0 Vdc

8594L,

HP 85953, or

(de-coupled). The input attenuation must be 10 dB or more.

Let’s begin using the spectrum analyzer by measuring an input signal. Since the 300 MHz calibration signal (CAL OUT) is readily available, we will use it as our input signal.

You cannot hurt the spectrum analyzer by using the calibration signal and pressing any of the keys described in this section. Don’t be afraid to play with the knob, step keys, or number/units keypad. (If you have experimented with other keys and wish to return to a known state, press the green

1. First, turn the instrument on by pressing

2. Press the green [PRESET) key.

3. Connect the spectrum analyzer CAL

CPREsET)

key.)

ILINE).

OTJT

to the INPUT

Wait for the power-up process to complete.

5OQ

with an appropriate cable.

4. Set the frequency. Press the

the center-frequency function is active. The CENTER FREQ

[FREQUENCY)

key. CENTER appears on the left side of the screen, indicating that

softkey

label appears in inverse video to indicate that center frequency is the active function. The active function block is the space on the screen within the graticule where the center frequency messages appear. Functions appearing in this block are active: their values can be changed with the knob, step keys, or number/units keypad. Set the center frequency to 300 MHz with the DATA keys by pressing 300 (MHz. The knob and step keys can also be used to set the center frequency.

5. Set the span. Press

(SPAN_).

SPAN is now displayed in the active function block, and the SPAN

softkey

appears in inverse video to indicate it is the active function. Reduce the span to 20 MHz by using the knob, pressing the down key

(a),

or pressing 20

6. Set the amplitude. When the peak of a signal does not appear on the screen, it may be necessary to adjust

the amplitude level on the screen. Press active function block. The REF LVL

[AMPLITUDE).

softkey

label appears in inverse video to indicate

REF LEVEL .O

dBm

appears in the

that reference level is the active function. The reference level is the top graticule line on the display and is set to 0.0 dBm. Changing the value of the reference level changes the amplitude level of the top graticule line.

If desired, use the reference level function to place the signal peak on the screen using the knob, step keys, or number/units keypad. (Marker functions determine the frequency and amplitude of a signal.)

label

Getting Started 2-13

Figure 2-5 demonstrates the relationship between center frequency and reference level. The box in the figure represents the spectrum analyzer screen. Changing the center frequency changes the horizontal placement of the signal on the screen. Changing the reference level changes the vertical placement of the signal on the screen. Increasing the span increases the frequency range that appears horizontally on the screen.

Note

Spectrum analyzers with Option 001 or 011 display the amplitude values in

dBmV.

Options 001 and 011 are available only for an HP

f-U

~FREWENC Y

REFERENCE

LEVEL

AMP1 I ii/DE

85901,

or HP 8591E.

Figure 2-5. Relationship between Frequency and Amplitude

7. Set the marker. You can place a diamond-shaped marker on the signal peak to find the signal’s frequency

and amplitude. To activate a marker, press the

key (located in the MARKER section of the front

panel). The MARKER NORMAL label appears in inverse video to show that the marker is the active function. Turn the knob to place the marker at the signal peak.

You can also use the

[PEAK SEARCH]

key, which automatically places a marker at the highest

point on the trace. Readouts of marker amplitude and frequency appear in the active function block and in the

upper-right corner of the display. Look at the marker readout to determine the amplitude of

the signal.

If another function is activated, the frequency and amplitude can still be identified by looking at the marker readout in the upper-right corner of the screen.

2-14 Getting Started

Measurement Summary

1. Connect the spectrum analyzer CAL OUT to the INPUT

2. Set the center frequency by pressing the following keys:

3. Set the span by pressing the following keys:

ISPAN),

5OQ

and press the (PRESET_) key.

[FREQUENCY),

300

CMHz).

4. The calibration signal is 20 dB (two graticule divisions) below the top of the screen using

these spectrum analyzer settings. If desired, adjust the reference level: press [AMPLITUDE) to

activate the reference level, and use the knob or step keys to change the reference level.

5. Determine the amplitude and frequency of the signal. You can either press press

and move the marker to the signal peak. Read the amplitude and frequency.

[PEAK SEARCH]

The display screen should look like the one in Figure 2-6. Frequency is displayed horizontally, and amplitude (power) is displayed vertically.

MKR

‘tf

HEF .O

PEAK LOG

dB/

MARKER

300

-20 17

d6m

ATTEIJ 10 dB

010 MHz

dBm

300.010 MHz

--20.

dBm

Note

CENTER 300.000

RES

MHz

KHz

VBW 10

KHz

2 000

5WP

nsec

MHz

SPAll

Figure 2-6. Reading the Amplitude and Frequency

Spectrum analyzers with Option 001 or 011 display the amplitude values in

dBmV.

Options 001 and 011 are available only for an HP 859OL or HP 85913.

Getting Started 2-15

Improving Accuracy with Self-Calibration Routines

Data from the self-calibration routine is necessary for spectrum analyzer operation. Executing the self-calibration routine regularly ensures that the spectrum analyzer is using current calibration data that improves the spectrum analyzer frequency and amplitude accuracy. Press the

ICAL)

key to view the self-calibration routine menus. The last

More 1 of 4 , provides access to additional self-calibration functions. For more detailed

information on the self-calibration softkeys, refer to Chapter 7. The self-calibration routines add correction factors to internal circuitry. The addition of the

correction factors is required to meet frequency and amplitude specifications. When the correction factors are added to internal circuitry, CORR (corrected) appears on the left

side of the screen.

Warm-Up Time

In order for the spectrum analyzer to meet its specifications, allow the spectrum analyzer to warm up for 30 minutes after being turned on before attempting to make any calibrated measurements. Be sure to calibrate the spectrum analyzer only temperature conditions.

The spectrum analyzer frequency and amplitude self-calibration routines are initiated by the

CAL FREQ L AMPTD

softkey

in the menu located under the

after

ICAL]

softkey

key.

on this menu, labeled

it has met operating

1. To calibrate the instrument, connect the spectrum analyzer CAL OUT to the INPUT connector with an appropriate cable.

Note

2. On the spectrum analyzer, press (CAL) and CAL FREQ & AMPTD . Cal signal not found will be displayed if CAL OUT is not connected to the spectrum analyzer input. The frequency

and amplitude self-calibration functions take approximately 5 minutes to finish (9 minutes

with Option

3. To save this data in the area of spectrum analyzer memory that is saved when the spectrum

analyzer is turned off, press CAL STORE .

Note

The frequency and amplitude self-calibration functions can be done separately by using the

CAL FREQ or CAL AMPTD

A low-loss cable should be used for accurate calibration. Use the shipped with the spectrum analyzer. (Instruments equipped with Option 001 or

011

only: use the 750 cable shipped with the spectrum analyzer).

130),

at which time the internal adjustment data is in working RAM.

To interrupt the calibration routines started by CAL FREQ , CAL AMPTD , or

CAL FREQ & AMPTD , press CAL FETCH retrieves the previous correction factors. Improperly interrupting

the self-calibration routines may result in corrupt correction factors. (If this occurs, press CAL FREQ t AMPTD to rerun the frequency and amplitude

self-calibration routines.)

softkeys

instead of CAL FREQ & AMPTD .

(-1,

(CAL), More 1 of 4 , and CAL FETCH.

500

5On

cable

2-16 Getting Started

Note

If the frequency calibration CAL

CAL AMPTD self-calibration routines are used, the frequency calibration should be performed before the amplitude calibration, unless the frequency data is known to be accurate.

FREQ

and the amplitude calibration

The CAL frequency, sweep time, and span accuracy in approximately 2 minutes.

The CAL AMPTD approximately 3 minutes (7 minutes with Option 130) to adjust the bandwidths, log and linear

switching, IF gains, IF frequency centering, RF attenuation, and log amplifier. When the amplitude calibration routine has finished, the preset display returns and CAL DONE is displayed.

Although the spectrum analyzer stores the correction factors in battery-backed RAM, the data will not be saved when the spectrum analyzer power is turned off unless the data has

been stored with CAL STORE . Using CAL of spectrum analyzer memory that is accessed when the spectrum analyzer is turned on. After the frequency and amplitude self-calibration routines are complete, CORR (corrected) now appears on the left side of the screen, indicating that the spectrum analyzer is using its frequency and amplitude correction factors. Correction factors can be turned off by pressing

CORRECT ON OFF . When OFF is underlined, most amplitude correction factors and some

frequency correction factors are not used. If the self-calibration routines cannot be performed, see “Check the Basics” in Chapter 9.

FREQ softkey

softkey

starts the frequency self-calibration routine. This routine adjusts the

starts the amplitude calibration routine. This routine takes

STURE

stores the correction factors in an area

Performing the Tracking Generator Self-Calibration Routine (Option 010 or 011 only)

In order for the tracking generator to meet its specifications, allow the spectrum analyzer

to warm up for 30 minutes after being turned on before attempting to make any calibrated measurements. Be sure to calibrate the spectrum analyzer and the tracking generator only

a&r

the spectrum analyzer has met operating temperature conditions.

Note

1. To calibrate the tracking generator, connect the tracking generator output (RF OUT 500) to the spectrum analyzer INPUT

Note

2. Press the following spectrum analyzer keys: CAL TRK GEN . TG SIGNAL NOT FOUND will be displayed if the tracking generator output is

not connected to the spectrum analyzer input.

3. To save this calibration data in the area of spectrum analyzer memory that is saved when

the spectrum analyzer is turned off, press (CAL) then CAL STORE.

Since the tracking-generator self-calibration routine uses the absolute amplitude level of the spectrum analyzer, the spectrum analyzer amplitude

should be calibrated prior to using CAL TRK GEM .

5OQ

connector, using an appropriate cable and adapters.

A low-loss cable should be used for accurate calibration. Use the shipped with the spectrum analyzer. shipped with the spectrum analyzer).

(fir

Option 001 or

m),

More 1 of 4, More 2 of 4, and

012:

5Ofl

cable

use the 750 cable

Getting Started

2-17

Performing the YTF Self-Calibration Routine (HP

8592L,

HP 85933, HP 85953, or HP 85963 Only)

For HP

8592L,

HP 85933, HP 85953, and HP 85963 spectrum analyzers only, the YTF self-calibration routine should be performed periodically. See “When Is Self-Calibration Needed?” in the following section for some helpful guidelines on how often the self-calibration routines should be performed.

1. For the HP

8592L,

HP 85933, and HP 85963 connect a low-loss cable (such as HP part

number 8120-5148) from 100 MHz COMB OUT to the spectrum analyzer input. For the

HP 8595E connect the cable from the CAL OUT to the spectrum analyzer input.

2. Press

3. Press

LCAL),

then CAL YTF . The YTF self-calibration routine completes in approximately:

Model Number Calibration Time

HP 8592L HP 85933 HP 85953 HP 85963

a),

then CAL STORE to save the calibration factors in memory.

7 minutes 7

minutes

4. Press (PRESET) to return to normal operation.

When Is Self-Calibration Needed?

While it is difficult to provide general advice for your specific measurement needs, the

following suggestions may help you decide when to use the self-calibration features:

1. Perform the frequency and amplitude self-calibration routines whenever the instrument experiences significant environmental changes such as temperature

(f5

“C), humidity, shock,

or vibration (such as may occur during shipping or transport). This is especially important if the frequency and amplitude self-calibration routines were performed last in a different environment.

2. If the environment is relatively stable (for example, a lab environment), use CAL

FREQ &

AMPTD monthly. After being turned off overnight, the spectrum analyzer will

need to warm up, but should not require self-calibration.

3. To achieve optimal amplitude accuracy for relative measurements: a. Keep the spectrum analyzer in a stable environment.

b. Use CAL

FREQ t

AMPTD before beginning the first measurement.

c. Keep the spectrum analyzer turned on between measurements.

Do not use CAL

FREQ &

AMPTD before subsequent measurements (the amplitude drift is

normally smaller than the self-calibration uncertainty).

4. If you change the input signal for EXT REF IN, run the frequency and amplitude self-calibration routines using CAL OUT. Amplitude calibration is required to improve IF centering.

5. If preselector peaking (PRESEL PEAK ) has more than a 2 dB effect on the signal amplitude when in BAND 1 or above, and in a single band sweep, then perform the YTF self-calibration routine and store the data with CAL STORE . The YTF self-calibration routine improves the preselector default values. (HP

8592L,

HP 85933, HP

85956

or HP

859622

only.)

2-18 Getting Started

6. If accurate self-calibration is needed temporarily in a different environment, use

CAL

FREQ t

AMPTD , but do not press CAL STORE . The temporary correction factors will be

used until the spectrum analyzer is turned off or until CAL FETCH is pressed.

Memory Card Insertion and Battery Replacement

The memory card reader is available for the HP

859OL,

8592L,

and HP 8594L as Option 003.

Use the following information to ensure that the memory card is inserted correctly. Improper insertion causes error messages to occur, but generally does not damage the card or instrument. Care must be taken, however, not to force the card into place. The cards are easy to insert when installed properly.

1. Locate the arrow printed on the card’s label.

2. Insert the card with its arrow matching the raised arrow on the bezel around the

card-insertion slot. See Figure 2-7.

Figure 2-7. Inserting the Memory Card

3. Press the card into the slot. When correctly inserted, about 19 mm (0.75 in) of the card is exposed from the slot.

Getting Started

2-l

Changing the Memory Card Battery

It is recommended that the memory card battery be changed every 2 years. The battery is a lithium commercial CMOS type battery, part number CR 2016 or HP part number

1420-0383.

Note

The date that the memory card battery was installed is either engraved on the side of the memory card or written on a label on the memory card.

If the memory card does not have a label with the date that the battery was installed, use the date code engraved on side of the memory card. The date code engraved on the memory card consists of numbers and letters engraved in the black plastic on the side of the memory card. See Figure 2-8. The first number indicates the year, the following two characters indicate

the month, and the following number indicates the week in the month that the memory card battery was installed. For example, in October in 1988.

The minimum lifetime of the battery (under ordinary conditions) is more than 2 years.

8OC3

indicates the battery was installed in the third week

2-20

Getting Started

Figure 2-8. Memory Card Battery Date Code Location

Procedure to Change the Memory Card Battery

The battery is located beside the card’s write-protect switch on the end opposite the connector.

Caution

The battery power enables the memory card’s memory to retain data. You can lose the data when the battery is removed. Replace the battery while the card is installed in a powered-up instrument.

1. Locate the groove along the edge of the battery clip. See Figure 2-9.

2. Gently pry the battery clip out of the card. The battery fits within this clip.

3. Replace the battery, making sure the plus

(+)

sign on the battery is on the same side as the

plus ( + ) sign on the clip.

HP Part Number: 1420-0383 or commercial Lithium CMOS type part number CR 2016.

DO NOT THROW BATTERIES AWAY BUT COLLECT AS SMALL CHEMICAL WASTE.

I!!!!

sk78Oa

4. Insert the battery clip into the memory card, holding the clip as oriented in Figure 2-9.

(Face the “open” edge of the clip toward the write-protect switch on the memory card.)

5. Write the date that the battery was replaced on the memory card label. This will help you

to remember when the battery should be replaced.

INSERTION END

HEWLETT

PACKAPD

a5700A ,?K

BYTE

HAM

WPITE PRCJTECT 5WlTCH

BATTERY

SLOT

GPOOVE

BATTEP I’ ii P

Figure 2-9. Memory Card Battery Replacement

Getting Started 2-21

Analyzer Battery Information

The HP 8590 Series spectrum analyzers use a 3.6 V lithium battery to enable the spectrum

analyzer memory to retain data. The date when the battery was installed is on a label on the

rear panel of the spectrum analyzer. See Figure

2-10.

The minimum life expectancy of the battery is 8 years at 25

“C,

or 1 year at 55

“C.

If you experience problems with the battery or the recommended time period for battery replacement has elapsed, see “How to Return Your Analyzer for Service” in Chapter 9.

If you wish to replace the battery yourself, you can purchase the service documentation that provides all necessary test and maintenance information. The battery is soldered onto the spectrum analyzer processor board.

Warning

There is a danger of explosion if the battery is incorrectly replaced. Replace only with the same or equivalent type recommended. Discard used batteries according to manufacture’s instructions.

DO NOT THROW BATTERIES AWAY BUT COLLECT AS SMALL CHEMICAL WASTE.

sk780a

You can order the service documentation for an HP 8590 Series spectrum analyzer through your HP Sales and Service office. The documentation is described under “Service Documentation

(Option 915)” in Chapter 10 of this manual.

After replacing the spectrum analyzer battery, write the date of battery replacement on the

rear-panel label.

BATTERI

8 ‘YEARS

1 r EAP AT

IdSTALLED

LIFE

55’C

‘75’C

p I.1

Figure 2-10. Rear-Panel Battery Information Label

1 3 2

2.22

Getting Started

Making Basic Measurements

What You’ll Learn in This Chapter

This chapter demonstrates basic spectrum analyzer measurements with examples of typical

measurements; each measurement focuses on different functions. The measurement procedures covered in this chapter are listed below.

n Resolving signals of equal amplitude using the resolution bandwidth function. n Resolving small signals hidden by large signals using the resolution bandwidth function, n Increasing the frequency readout resolution using the marker counter.

Decreasing the frequency span using the marker track function.

Peaking signal amplitude using preselector peak (HP

HP 85963 only).

n Tracking unstable signals using marker track and the maximum hold and minimum hold

functions.

n Comparing signals using delta markers.

Measuring low-level signals using attenuation, video bandwidth, and video averaging.

8592L,

8593E,

HP 85953, or

Identifying distortion products using the RF attenuator and traces.

Using the spectrum analyzer as a receiver in zero frequency span.

Measuring signals near band boundaries using harmonic lock (HP

HP 85953, or HP 8596E only).

To find descriptions of specific spectrum analyzer functions refer to Chapter 7 “Key Descriptions”.

8592L,

8593E,

Making Basic Measurements 3-1

Resolving Signals of Equal Amplitude Using the Resolution Bandwidth Function

In responding to a continuous-wave signal, a swept-tuned spectrum analyzer traces out the shape of the spectrum analyzer intermediate frequency (IF) filters. As we change the filter

bandwidth, we change the width of the displayed response. If a wide filter is used and two

equal-amplitude input signals are close enough in frequency, then the two signals appear as one. Thus, signal resolution is determined by the IF filters inside the spectrum analyzer.

The resolution bandwidth (RES SW) function selects an IF filter setting for a measurement. Resolution bandwidth is defined as the 3 dB bandwidth of the filter. The 3 dB bandwidth tells

us how close together equal amplitude signals can be and still be distinguished from each other.

Generally, to resolve two signals of equal amplitude, the resolution bandwidth must be less than or equal to the frequency separation of the two signals. If the bandwidth is equal to the separation a dip of approximately 3 dB is seen between the peaks of the two equal signals, and it is clear that more than one signal is present. See Figure 3-2.

In order to keep the spectrum analyzer calibrated, sweep time is automatically set to a value that is inversely proportional to the square of the resolution bandwidth. So, if the resolution bandwidth is reduced by a factor of 10, the sweep time is increased by a factor of

100 when sweep time and bandwidth settings are coupled. (Sweep time is proportional to

1/BW2.)

discrimination of all desired signals. The spectrum analyzer allows you to select from 30 Hz to 3 MHz resolution bandwidth in a 1, 3, 10 sequence, plus 5 MHz, for maximum measurement flexibility.

For fastest measurement times, use the widest resolution bandwidth that still permits

Example: Resolve two signals of equal amplitude with a frequency separation of 100

1. To obtain two signals with a 100 kHz separation, connect the calibration signal and a signal source to the spectrum analyzer input as shown in Figure 3-l. (If available, two sources can be used.)

Figure 3-l. Set-Up for Obtaining Two Signals

2. If you are using the 300 MHz calibration signal, set the frequency of the source 100 kHz greater than the calibration signal (that is, 300.1 MHz). The amplitude of both signals should be approximately -20 dBm.

kHz.

3. On the spectrum analyzer, press 2 MHz, and the resolution bandwidth to 300 kHz by pressing 2

IFvlHz_),

then

Isw]

300

(kHz).

3-2 Making Basic Measurements

Cm].

A single signal peak is visible.

Set the center frequency to 300 MHz, the span to

(FREQUENCY]

300 [$iK),

@Ei@

Note

When using an HP 8590L with Option 713 or an HP 8592L with Option 713, and the signal peak cannot be found, increase the span to 20 MHz by pressing

ISPAN)

INIHz_).

The signal should be visible. Press

MK TRACK ON OFF (ON), then

screen. Then press MK TRACK

ISPAN_)

INIHz)

Old

OFF so that OFF is underlined to turn the

[PEAK SEARCH], (MKRJ,

to bring the signal to center

marker track function off.

4. Since the resolution bandwidth must be less than or equal to the frequency separation of the two signals, a resolution bandwidth of 100 kHz must be used. Change the resolution bandwidth to 100 kHz by pressing

(swl

100

(kHz).

Two signals are now visible as in Figure 3-2. Use the knob or step keys to further reduce the resolution bandwidth and better resolve the signals.

REF

PEAK

LOG

dB/

dB” ATTEN

SPAN 2

CENTER 300 000 MHz

CRES BW 100

kHL

VBW

30 CHZ

000 MHZ

mset

Figure 3-2. Resolving Signals of Equal Amplitude

As the resolution bandwidth is decreased, resolution of the individual signals is improved and the sweep time is increased. For fastest measurement times, use the widest possible resolution bandwidth. Under preset conditions, the resolution bandwidth is “coupled” (or linked) to span.

Since the resolution bandwidth has been changed from the coupled value, a

“#”

mark appears next to RES BW in the lower-left corner of the screen, indicating that the resolution bandwidth is uncoupled. (Also see the

Note

To resolve two signals of equal amplitude with a frequency separation of 200

kHz,

CAUTO COUPLE)

key description in Chapter 7.)

the resolution bandwidth must be less than the signal separation, and resolution of 100 kHz must be used. The next larger filter, 300 kHz, would exceed the 200 kHz separation and would not resolve the signals.

Making Basic Measurements 3-3

Resolving Small Signals Hidden by Large Signals Using the Resolution Bandwidth Function

When dealing with resolution of signals that are not equal in amplitude, you must consider the shape of the IF filter as well as its 3 dB bandwidth. The shape of the filter is defined by the shape factor, which is the ratio of the 60 dB bandwidth to the 3 dB bandwidth. (Generally, the IF filters in this spectrum analyzer have shape factors of 15:l or less.) If a small signal is too close to a larger signal, the smaller signal can be hidden by the skirt of the larger signal. To view the smaller signal, you must select a resolution bandwidth such that k is less than a. See Figure 3-3.

k <

Figure 3-3. Resolution Bandwidth Requirements for Resolving Small Signals

The separation between the two signals must be greater than half the filter width of the larger signal at the amplitude level of the smaller signal.

Example: Resolve two input signals with a frequency separation of 200 kHz and an amplitude separation of 60

dB.

1. To obtain two signals with a 200 kHz separation, connect the equipment as shown in the previous section, “Resolving Signals of Equal Amplitude Using the Resolution Bandwidth Function

2. Set the center frequency to 300 MHz and the span to 2 MHz: press then

Note

“.

ISPAN)

IIVIHz).

k-1

300

When using an HP 8590L with Option 713 or an HP 8592L with Option 713,

and the signal peak cannot be found, increase the span to 20 MHz by pressing

ISPAN)

INIHz).

The signal should be visible. Press

MK TRACK ON OFF so that ON is underlined. Then (SPAN) 2

[PEAK

SEARCH],

INIHz)

(rvlKR),

to bring the

signal to center screen. Then press MK TRACK ON OFF to OFF to turn the marker track function off.

3-4 Making Basic Measurements

3. Set the source to 300.2 MHz, so that the signal is 200 kHz higher than the calibration signal. Set the amplitude of the signal to -80 dBm (60 dB below the calibration signal).

4. Set the 300 MHz signal to the reference level by pressing

[PEAK SEARCH),

[MKR),

then

MARKER -+REF LVL .

If a 10 kHz filter with a typical shape factor of 15: 1 is used, the filter will have a bandwidth of 150 kHz at the 60 dB point. The half-bandwidth (75

kHz)

is narrower than the frequency

separation, so the input signals will be resolved.

4-J REF

-23

dBrn AaTTEN

PEAK LOG

dB/

MARKER

300.010 MHz

-23.86 dBm

CENTER 300 000

RES EW 10

MHZ kHZ

YBW

Figure 3-4. Signal Resolution with a 10

kHZ

MKR

300.010 MHz

-23 86

dBm

SP,%hl

000

MHZ

SW 60

msec

kHz

Resolution Bandwidth

If a 30 kHz filter is used, the 60 dB bandwidth will be 450 kHz. Since the half-bandwidth (225

kHz)

is wider than the frequency separation, the signals most likely will not be resolved. See Figure 3-5. (To determine resolution capability for intermediate values of amplitude level differences, consider the filter skirts between the 3 dB and 60 dB points to be approximately straight. In this case, we simply used the 60 dB value.)

REF

-23

dBm

ATTEN

,1!

i \

PEPK

LOG

dB/

CENTER

#RES BW 38

RES EW

kHZ

3Ub3.000

MHz kHL “BW

Figure 3-5. Signal Resolution with a 30

MKR

300

010 MHz

-23 87

dBm

SPAN 2

kHL

kHz

000 MHz

SW20msec

Resolution Bandwidth

Making Basic Measurements 3-5

Increasing the Frequency Readout Resolution Using the Marker

Counter

Note

This application cannot be performed using an HP

8590L

with Option 713 or an

HP 8592L with Option 713.

The marker counter increases the resolution and accuracy of frequency readout. When using

the marker count function, if the bandwidth to span ratio is too small (less than O.Ol), the Reduce Span message appears on the display. If Widen RES BW is displayed, it indicates that the resolution bandwidth is too narrow. Resolution bandwidths less than 300 Hz are not allowed if you are using firmware with a revision date prior to 930506. If the signal being counted is the largest signal within the 300 Hz bandwidth then the count will be correct. If there is another, larger signal (even off the display), the count will be for the larger signal.

Example: Increase the resolution and accuracy of the frequency readout on the signal of interest.

Place a marker on the signal of interest. (If you are using the CAL OUT signal, place the marker on the 300 MHz calibration signal. Press

(PEAK SEARCH].)

Press

(mFCTN),

then MK COUNT ON OFF (ON should be underlined) to turn the marker

[FREQUENCY]

300

IIVIHz), (SPAN]

100

m),

and

counter on. COUNTER and the frequency and amplitude of the marker will appear in the active function area.

Increase the counter resolution by pressing More 1 of 2 , CNT RES AUTO MAN and then entering the desired resolution using the step keys or the number/units keypad. For example, press 1 screen. The resolution can be set from 10 Hz to 100

The marker counter readout is in the upper-right corner of the

kHz.

The marker counter remains on until turned off. Turn off the marker counter by pressing

(FCTNJ

then MK COUNT ON OFF (until OFF is underlined). (MARKER ALL OFF also turns

the marker counter off.)

REF 0

REF 0 PEAKPEAK

LOG

rlB/

d&r

!iTTEld!iTTEld

1010

dBdB

CNTRCNTR 300 000300 000

MHzMHz

-20 05-20 05dBrndBrn

Figure 3-6. Using the Marker Counter

3-6 Making Basic Measurements

Decreasing the Frequency Span Using the Marker Track Function

Using the spectrum analyzer marker track function, you can quickly decrease the span while keeping the signal at center frequency.

Example: Examine a carrier signal in a 200 kHz span.

1. Press (PRESET], tune to a carrier signal, and place a marker at the peak. (If you are using the CAL OUT signal, place the marker on the 300 MHz calibration signal. Press 300

m, ISPAN),

Press

@iGX%],

200

IMHz),

and

[PEAK SEARCH).)

MK TRACK ON OFF (ON) and the signal will move to the center of the

screen, if it is not already positioned there (note that the marker must be on the signal).

Because the marker track function automatically maintains the signal at the center of the

screen, you can reduce the span quickly for a closer look. If the signal drifts off of the screen as you decrease the span, use a wider frequency span.

C-1,

Press (SPAN), 200

IkHz).

The span decreases in steps as automatic zoom is completed.

See Figure 3-7. You can also use the knob or step keys to decrease the span or use the

PEAK ZOOM function under

ISPAN).

Press MK TRACK ON OFF again so that (OFF) is underlined to turn off the marker track function.

Note

When you are finished with the example, turn off the marker tracking function.

REF

dB”

ATTEN

10 dB

MkR-TRK

300.0010 MHZ

-20

04 d0rn

CINTER 300

0015 MHZ SPAN 200.0 kHZ

RE5 tlW

3 ~HL

'VBW3kHz

CWP

100

msec

Figure 3-7. After Zooming In on the Signal

Making Basic Measurements 3-7

Peaking Signal Amplitude with Preselector Peak

Note

This application should only be performed using an HP

8592L,

8593E,

HP 8595E, or HP 85963.

PRESEL PEAK works above 2.9

GHz

only (bands 1 through 4).

The preselector peak function automatically adjusts the preselector tracking to peak the signal at the active marker. Using preselector peak prior to measuring a signal yields the most

accurate amplitude reading at the specified frequency. To maximize the peak response of

the preselector and adjust the tracking, tune the marker to a signal and press [AMPLITUDE),

PRESEL PEAK .

Note

PRESEL PEAK maximizes the peak response of the signal of interest, but may

degrade the frequency response at other frequencies. Use PRESEL DEFAULT or

[PRESET]

to clear preselector-peak values before measuring a signal at another

frequency.

PRESEL DEFAULT provides the best flatness for a full single-band, for viewing

several signals simultaneously.

Example: Use the knob, step keys, or then press

CAMPLITUDE)

and PRESEL PEAK . The message CAL : PEAKING appears in the active

[PEAK SEARCH]

to place the marker on your signal and

function block while the routine is working.

b REF 0

PEAK LOG

CENTER

HE5 BW 3

dBm

18.000

ATTEN

GHz MHz

VBW

MHz

MKR

SPAN

SWP

005

-41 R> dR

000

GH,

msec

GHT

Figure 3-8. Peaking Signal Amplitude Using Preselector Peak

3-8 Making Basic Measurements

Tracking Unstable Signals Using Marker Track and the Maximum Hold and Minimum Hold Functions

The marker track function is useful for tracking unstable signals that drift with time. The maximum hold and minimum hold functions are useful for displaying modulated signals which appear unstable, but have an envelope that contains the information-bearing portion of the signal.

MK TRACK ON OFF may be used to track these unstable signals. Use

[PEAK SEARCH]

to place a

marker on the highest signal on the display. Pressing MK TRACK ON OFF (ON) will bring that signal to the center frequency of the graticule and adjust the center frequency every sweep

to bring the selected signal back to the center. SPAN ZOOM is a quick way to perform the

IPEAK SEARCH],

C-1,

MK TRACK ON OFF ,

key sequence.

Note that the primary function of the marker track function is to track unstable signals, not to track a signal as the center frequency of the spectrum analyzer is changed. If you choose to use the marker track function when changing center frequency, check to ensure that the signal found by the tracking function is the correct signal.

Example: Use the marker track function to keep a drifting signal at the center of the display and monitor its change.

This example requires a modulated signal. An acceptable signal can be easily found by

connecting an antenna to the spectrum analyzer input and tuning to the FM broadcast band (88 to 108 MHz). Set the spectrum analyzer center frequency for 100 MHz with a span of 20 MHz, an attenuator setting of 0

dB,

and reference level setting of approximately -40 dBm.

Your circumstances may be slightly different, depending on building shielding and proximity to transmitters.

1. Connect an antenna to the spectrum analyzer input.

2. Press

Note

cm),

[FREQUENCY],

100

IIVIHz),

(SPAN], 20

INIHz_).

Use a different signal frequency if no signal is available at 100 MHz in your area.

3. Press (AMPLITUDE], 40

Press (SPAN), SPAN ZOOM, 500

C-dBm), ATTEN

(kHz).

AUTO MAN , 0

(+dBm].

Notice that the signal has been held in the center of the display.

Note

If the signal you selected drifts too quickly for the spectrum analyzer to keep up with, use a wider span.

Making Basic Measurements 3-9

The signal frequency drift can be read from the screen if both the marker track and marker

delta functions are active. Press

INIKR),

MARKER A ,

Cm),

MK TRACK ON OFF ; the marker readout indicates the change in frequency and amplitude as the signal drifts. See Figure 3-9.

REF -40 0 PEAK

LOG

dB/

CENTER 104 9275

dBm

RES ew 10

#ATTEN 0

MHZ

CHZ

k/Afi: I

“BW10kHZ

MKR A-TRII 28.8 ktiz

SPAN 500.0

SWP

05 dB

I-Hz

m5ec

Figure 3-9. Using Marker Tracking to Track an Unstable Signal

The spectrum analyzer can measure the short- and long-term stability of a source. The maximum amplitude level and the frequency drift of an input signal trace can be displayed and

held by using the maximum-hold function. The minimum amplitude level can be displayed by using minimum hold (available for trace C only).

You can use the maximum-hold and minimum-hold functions if, for example, you want to determine how much of the frequency spectrum an FM signal occupies.

Example: Using the maximum-hold and minimum hold functions, monitor the envelopes of a

signal.

1. Connect an antenna to the spectrum analyzer input.

2. Press

Press

CPRESET_), [FREQUENCY],

[AMPLITUDE_),

I-),

100

ATTEN

and

AUTO MAN , 0

IMHz).

(+dBm), m),

SPAN ZOOM , 500

Notice that the signal has been held in the center of the display.

4. Turn off the marker track function by pressing MK TRACK ON OFF (OFF).,

To measure the excursion of the signal, press [TRACE) then MAX HOLD A . As the signal

varies, maximum hold maintains the maximum responses of the input signal, as shown in Figure 3- 10.

3.10 Making Basic Measurements

MKR 104.8813 MHz

CENTER 104

8813

RES BW 10

MHz

ktiz

VEW

10 kHZ

SPAN 500.0

SWP

kHz

msec

Figure 3-10. Viewing an Unstable Signal Using Max Hold A

Annotation on the left side of the screen indicates the trace mode. For example, MA SB SC indicates trace A is in maximum-hold mode, trace B and trace C are in store-blank mode. See “Screen Annotation” in Chapter 2.

Press

(j%?Fj,

TRACE A B C to select trace B. (Trace B is selected when B is underlined.)

Press CLEAR WRITE B to place trace B in clear-write mode, which displays the current measurement results as it sweeps. Trace A remains in maximum-hold mode, showing the frequency shift of the signal.

Press TRACE A B C to select trace C (C should be underlined). Press MIN HOLD C . Trace C

is in the minimum-hold mode and displays the minimum amplitude of the frequency drift of the signal.

REF

-400d&n XATTEN0dB PE,4II

LOG

dE/

MKR 104.8813

-4704dRm

MHZ

CENTER 104 8813 MHz

fiES BW

10 CHZ

VOW

kHr

Figure 3-11. Viewing an Unstable Signal With Max Hold, Clear

SPAN 500.0

SWP

kHr

msec

Write, and Min Hold

Making Basic Measurements

3-l

Comparing Signals Using Delta Markers

Using the spectrum analyzer, you can easily compare frequency and amplitude differences between signals, such as radio or television signal spectra. The spectrum analyzer delta marker function lets you compare two signals when both appear on the screen at one time or when only one appears on the screen.

Example: Measure the differences between two signals on the same display screen.

1. Connect the spectrum analyzer CAL OUT to the INPUT HP 85933 only, set the center frequency to 900 MHz and the span to 1.8

[FREQUENCY],

900

($iiC),

(SPANS, 1.8

IGHz).

50R.

Press @ZZY’). For the

GHz:

press

The calibration signal and its harmonics appear on the display.

Press

(PEAK SEARCH]

to place a marker at the highest peak on the display. The

NEXT PK RIGHT and NEXT PK LEFT

softkeys

move the marker from peak to peak. Press

NEXT PK RIGHT to move the marker to the 300 MHz calibration signal. See Figure 3-12.

The signal that appears at the left edge of the screen is the spectrum analyzer local oscillator (LO) and represents 0 Hz.

REF PEAK LOG

dB/

ATTEN

dBm

MKR 311

-20 15

MHz dBm

CEFITER

3-12. Placing a Marker on the CAL OUTFigure

u/-.

900 MHZ

RES BW 3

MHZ VBW

1 MHz

SPaN

SWP

A00

GHZ

20 msec

Signal

3. Press MARKER A to activate a second marker at the position of the first marker. Move the second marker to another signal peak using the NEXT PK RIGHT or NEXT PK LEFT

softkeys

or the knob.

4. The amplitude and frequency difference between the markers is displayed in the active function block and in the upper-right corner of the screen. See Figure 3-13.

Press

(MKR),

More 1 of 2 , then MARKER ALL OFF to turn the markers off.

3-12 Making Basic Measurements

0 dEm

REF

PEaK

LOG

dB/

WA SB

SC FC

COAR

CENTER

RES EW 3

ATTEN

900

MHz

MHZ

VBW1MHZ

MKA A

-13.43 dB

SPQN

600

SWP20msec

2!97

MHz

GH.?

Figure 3-13. Using the Marker Delta Function

The MARKER

-+PK-PK softkey

can be used to find and display the frequency and amplitude difference between the highest- and lowest-amplitude signals. To use this automatic function, press

(MKR--t),

More 1 of 2 ,

M&RKER -+PK-PK

. See Figure

3-14.

16:21:03

REF .B

PEAK I

LOG

dB/

CENTER I.121 GHz

MhR 1992

dBm

RTTEN

I'":&

RES 8W 3.8 NHz

."'

.'.

'I' ,,,.. 1 .,.,,,,,I..,,,;

UBW

1 NHz

NKR A 86 MHz

-44.91 dB

,,,,,,..,,,,,,,...,,,.,......

SPAN 1.919 GHz

SWP 38.4

nts.ee RT

Figure 3-14. Using the Marker to Peak/Peak Function

The frequency and amplitude differences between the signals appear in the active function block. In addition, the

softkeys

accessed by

(s)

appear on the screen.

Example: Measure the frequency and amplitude difference between two signals that do not

appear on the screen at one time. (This technique is useful for harmonic distortion tests when narrow span and narrow bandwidth are necessary to measure the low-level harmonics.)

1. Connect the spectrum analyzer CAL OUT to the INPUT so). Press

[PREsETI,

(FREQUENCY), 300

(SPAN) and the step down key

5OQ

(if you have not already done

(a)

to narrow

the frequency span until only one signal appears on the screen.

2. Press

Press MARKER A to identify the position of the first marker.

(PEAK SEARCH)

to place a marker on the peak.

Making Basic Measurements 3-13

4. Press CFREQUENCY] to activate center frequency. Turn the knob clockwise slowly to adjust

the center frequency until a second signal peak is placed at the position of the second marker. It may be necessary to pause occasionally while turning the knob to allow a sweep to update the trace. The first marker remains on the screen at the amplitude of the first signal peak.

Note

Changing the reference level changes the marker delta amplitude readout.

The annotation in the upper-right corner of the screen indicates the amplitude and frequency

difference between the two markers. See Figure 3-15.

To turn the markers off, press

IIVIKR),

REF 0 PEAK LOG

d8/

CEIlTER

More 1 of 2 , then MARKER ALL OFF .

dBm

597 5 MHz

RES EW 3 MHZ

ATTEN

VEW

MKR A 306.~ ,mn

MHZ

~ - ““7

-13

33 dL

SPAN 500.0

SWP 28

MHz

msec

Figure 3-15. Frequency and Amplitude Difference between Signals

3-14 Making Basic Measurements

Measuring Low-Level Signals Using Attenuation, Video Bandwidth, and Video Averaging

Spectrum analyzer sensitivity is the ability to measure low-level signals. It is limited by the noise generated inside the spectrum analyzer. The spectrum analyzer input attenuator and bandwidth settings affect the sensitivity by changing the signal-to-noise ratio. The attenuator affects the level of a signal passing through the instrument, whereas the bandwidth affects the level of internal noise without affecting the signal. In the first two examples in this section, the attenuator and bandwidth settings are adjusted to view low-level signals.

If, after adjusting the attenuation and resolution bandwidth, a signal is still near the noise, visibility can be improved by using the video-bandwidth and video-averaging functions, as demonstrated in the third and fourth examples.

Example: If a signal is very close to the noise floor, reducing input attenuation brings the signal out of the noise. Reducing the attenuation to 0 dB maximizes signal power in the spectrum analyzer.

Note

The total power of all input signals at the spectrum analyzer input must not exceed the maximum power level for the spectrum analyzer.

1. Connect an antenna to the spectrum analyzer input. Press

Cm).

2. Reduce the frequency range to view a low-level signal of interest. For example, narrow the frequency span from 88 MHz to 108 MHz by pressing

STOP FREQ , 108

IRnHz).

3. Place a marker on the low-level signal of interest. Press

[FREQUENCY],

(MKR)

START FREQ , 88 (MHz),

and use the knob to position

the marker at the signal’s peak.

Place the signal at center frequency by pressing

5. Reduce the span to 10 MHz. Press (SPAN), and then use the step-down key

(MKR]

then MARKER -CF.

(m).

See Figure 3-16.

4 REF

PEAK LOG

dB/

dRrn

SPAN

in 00

‘38

MHZ

MKR

164 93

-57

MHL d&r

Figure 3-16. Low-Level Signal

3-l

Making Basic Measurements

Press (AMPLITUDE),

ATTEN

AUTO MAN .

Press the step-up key

(m)

once to select 20

attenuation. Increasing the attenuation moves the noise floor closer to the signal. A

“#”

mark appears next to the AT annotation at the top of the display, indicating the

attenuation is no longer coupled to other spectrum analyzer settings.

7. To see the signal more clearly, press 0

Zero attenuation makes the signal more visible.

(As a precaution to protect the spectrum analyzer input mixer, 0 dB RF attenuation can be

selected only with the number/units keypad.)

hp REF

PEAV

COG

dB/

0 0

dBm

I-

ATTEN

idB

#AT 0 dB -56 54

MYR

104

dBm

MHZ

VA SE SC FC

LOW

CEllTER 104

RES BW

MHZ

100 k.HL

Figure 3-17.

“EW 30 CHL

Using 0

Before connecting other signals to the spectrum analyzer input, increase the RF attenuation to protect the spectrum analyzer input mixer: press

or press

[AUTO COUPLE)

and AUTO ALL.

ATTEN

5PAPl 10 no MHZ

SWP 20

0 mse

Attenuation

AUTO MAN so that AUTO is underlined

Example: The resolution bandwidth can be decreased to view low-level signals.

1. As in the previous example, connect an antenna to the spectrum analyzer input. Set the spectrum analyzer to view a low-level signal.

2. Press

Isw)

then

The low-level signal appears more clearly because the noise level is

reduced. See Figure 3-18.

_ ., _- _ #RESBW30

iHZ

vew 30

kHZ

CWP

3 m5tc

Figure 3-18. Decreasing Resolution Bandwidth

3-16 Making Basic Measurements

“#I’

mark appears next to the RES BW annotation at the lower-left corner of the screen,

indicating that the resolution bandwidth is uncoupled. As the resolution bandwidth is reduced, the sweep time is increased to maintain calibrated

data.

Example: The video-filter control is useful for noise measurements and observation of low-level signals close to the noise floor. The video filter is a post-detection low-pass filter that

smoothes the displayed trace. When signal responses near the noise level of the spectrum

analyzer are visually masked by the noise, the video filter can be narrowed to smooth this noise and improve the visibility of the signal. (Reducing video bandwidths requires slower sweep times to keep the spectrum analyzer calibrated.)

Using the video bandwidth function, measure the amplitude of a low-level signal.

1. As in the first example, connect an antenna to the spectrum analyzer input. Set the spectrum analyzer to view a low-level signal.

Narrow the video bandwidth by pressing

((7J-J).

This clarifies the signal by smoothing the noise, which allows better measurement of

Isw],

VID BW AUTO MAN , and the step-down key

the signal amplitude. A

“#”

mark appears next to the VBW annotation at the bottom of the screen, indicating that

the video bandwidth is not coupled to the resolution bandwidth. Instrument preset conditions couple the video bandwidth to the resolution bandwidth

so that the video bandwidth is equal to or narrower than the resolution bandwidth. If the bandwidths are uncoupled when video bandwidth is the active function, pressing

VID BW AUTO MAN (so that AUTO is underlined) recouples the bandwidths. See Figure 3-19.

Note

The video bandwidth must be set wider than the resolution bandwidth when measuring impulse noise levels.

CEIJTEP 104 93

HE5 BW 100 YHL

MH‘~

#VW I”

lrtiz

100”MHZ

5P4N

SW 30.0 mse

Figure 3-19. Decreasing Video Bandwidth

Making Basic Measurements 3-17

Example: If a signal level is very close to the noise floor, video averaging is another way to make the signal more visible.

Note

Video averaging is a digital process in which each trace point is averaged with the previous trace-point average. Selecting video averaging changes the detection mode from peak to sample. The result is a sudden drop in the displayed noise level. The sample mode displays the instantaneous value of the signal at the end of the time or frequency interval represented by each display point, rather than the value of the peak during the interval. Sample mode is not used to measure signal amplitudes accurately because it may not find the true peak of the signal.

Video averaging clarifies low-level signals in wide bandwidths by averaging the signal and the noise. As the spectrum analyzer takes sweeps, you can watch video averaging smooth the trace.

1. Position a low-level signal on the spectrum analyzer screen.

2. Press

(j%ZEJ

video-averaging routine is initiated. As the averaging routine smoothes the trace, low-level signals become more visible. VID AVG 100 appears in the active function block.

The time required to construct a full trace that is averaged to the desired

degree is approximately the same when using either the video-bandwidth or the video-averaging technique. The video bandwidth technique completes the averaging as a slow sweep is taken, whereas the video averaging technique takes many sweeps to complete the average. Characteristics of the signal being measured such as drift and duty cycle determine which technique is appropriate.

More 1 of 3, then VID AVG ON OFF . When ON is underlined, the

The number represents the number of samples (or sweeps) taken to complete the averaging

routine.

3. To set the number of samples, use the number/units keypad. For example, press VID AVG ON OFF (so that ON is underlined), 25

by pressing VID AVG ON OFF (OFF), VID AVG ON OFF (ON). The number of samples equals the number of sweeps in the averaging routine. During averaging, the current sample appears at the left side of the graticule. Changes in

active functions settings, such as the center frequency or reference level, will restart the sampling. The sampling will also restart if video averaging is turned off and then on again.

Once the set number of sweeps has been completed, the spectrum analyzer continues to provide a running average based on this set number.

IHz).

Turn video averaging off and on again

Making Basic Measurements

3-l 8

ii?7

REF 0 SMPL LOG

dB/

AVG

CURR

*Bn

-17

“ID AVG 25

*TEN 10

MKR 181.73 MHz

-60 29

dBm

771

CENTER

RES BW 100 CHz

Irnl

MHZ

VBW

kHr

SPAN 10.00 MHZ

SWP

20 rnsec

Figure 3-20. Using the Video Averaging Function

Making Basic Measurements

3.19

Identifying Distortion Products Using the RF Attenuator and Traces

Distortion from the Analyzer

High-level input signals may cause spectrum analyzer distortion products that could mask the real distortion measured on the input signal. Using trace B and the RF attenuator, you can determine which signals, if any, are internally generated distortion products.

Example: Using a signal from a signal generator, determine whether the harmonic distortion products are generated by the spectrum analyzer.

1. Connect a signal generator to the spectrum analyzer INPUT 500. Set the signal generator frequency to 200 MHz and the amplitude to 0 dBm.

Set the center frequency of the spectrum analyzer to 400 MHz and the span to 500 MHz: press

(-1,

harmonic distortion products in the spectrum analyzer input mixer.

400

(SPAN) 500

PEAK LOG

dE/

The signal shown in Figure 3-21 produces

WA SE SC F(

CDRR

CENTER

400

0 MHZ

RE: SW

3 MHz

Figure 3-2

2. Change the span to 200 MHz: press (SPAN), 200

Change the attenuation to 0

dB:

press

[AMPLITUDE], ATTEN

YBW 1 MHZ

Harmonic

INIHz).

4. To determine whether the harmonic distortion products are generated by the spectrum analyzer, first save the screen data in trace B.

Press

(ml,

trace to update (two sweeps) and press VIEW B

TRACE A B C (until trace B is underlined), then CLEAR WRITE B . Allow the

, [PEAK SEARCH),

analyzer display shows the stored data in trace B and the measured data in trace A.

Next, increase the RF attenuation by 10

step-up key

(m)

once. See Figure 3-22.

dB:

press

C-1,

5PAll 500 m

SWP

MHZ

msec

Distortion

AUTO MAN , 0

MARKER A . The spectrum

ATTEN

AUTO MAN , and the

IdBm_l.

3-20

Making Basic Measurements

CENTER

Figure 3-22.

Figure 3-22. RF

400

RES BW 1 0 MHZRES BW 1 0 MHZ

MHZ

“BW 300

kHZ

“BW 300

kHZ

AttenuationAttenuation of 10

II / 1/

SWP 20

SWP 20 0

of 10

.o MHZ

nl5P0 nl5P

SPAiN 200

SPAiN 200 .o MHZ

6. Compare the response in trace A to the response in trace B. If the distortion product decreases as the attenuation increases, distortion products are caused by the spectrum analyzer input mixer.

Note

When the source signal amplitude is changed between trace A and trace B and there is a resulting change in the distortion product, this is shown by a change in the marker amplitude (marker-delta value). An example of the marker-delta

value produced by a change in the distortion product is shown in Figure 3-22.

A change in the distortion product is indicative of high-level input signals

causing circuit overload conditions and producing distortion. This distortion is a function of the internal hardware of the analyzer. The input signals must be attenuated to eliminate the interference caused by the internal distortion.

However, if is no change in the distortion product with an increase in attenuation, the distortion is not caused internally but is a result of distortion that is present on the input signal as supplied from the signal source. An example of this is shown in Figure 3-23, where the source signal is not high enough to cause internal distortion in the spectrum analyzer, therefore, any distortion that is displayed is present on the input signal.

07.

08hp52:39APR

HEF

-100dBm

PEAK

LOG

c1 B /

1943

iiAT

10 dR

MKR

a 0

.c7

CENTER

MHZ SPA!4 200

a00

1.0

RES

MHZ VBW

300

kHL

SW 20

Figure 3-23. No Harmonic Distortion

MHZ

0 nl5e

Making Basic Measurements

3-21

Third-Order Intermodulation Distortion

Two-tone, third-order intermodulation distortion is a common problem in communication systems. When two signals are present in a system, they can mix with the second harmonics generated and create third-order intermodulation distortion products, which are located close to the original signals. These distortion products are generated by system components such as amplifiers and mixers.

Example: Test a device for third-order intermodulation. This example uses two sources, one set to 300 MHz and the other to approximately 301 MHz. (Other source frequencies may be substituted, but try to maintain a frequency separation of approximately 1 MHz.)

1. Connect the equipment as shown in Figure 3-24.

Figure 3-24. Third-Order Intermodulation Equipment Setup

2. Set one source to 300 MHz and the other source to 301 MHz for a frequency separation of 1 MHz. Set the sources equal in amplitude (in this example, the sources are set to -5

dBm)

3. Tune both signals onto the screen by setting the center frequency between 300 and

301 MHz. Then, using the knob, center the two signals on the display. Reduce the frequency span to 5 MHz for a span wide enough to include the distortion products on the screen. To

be sure the distortion products are resolved, reduce the resolution bandwidth until the

distortion products are visible. Press

(BW),

RES BW , and then use the step-down key

((J-J)

reduce the resolution bandwidth until the distortion products are visible.

4. For best dynamic range, set the mixer input level to -40 reference level: press

C-1,

More 1 of 3 , MAX MXR LEVEL , 40

dBm

and move the signal to the

The spectrum analyzer automatically sets the attenuation so that a signal at the reference level will be a maximum of -40 dBm at the input mixer.

5. To measure a distortion product, press

[PEAK SEARCH)

to place a marker on a source signal.

To activate the second marker, press MARKER A . Using the knob, adjust the second marker to the peak of the distortion product that is beside the test tone. The difference between the markers is displayed in the active function block.

3-22 Making Basic Measurements

To measure the other distortion product, press

SPEAK SEARCH],

NEXT PEAK . This places a

marker on the next highest peak, which, in this case, is the other source signal. To measure the difference between this test tone and the second distortion product, press MARKER A and use the knob to adjust the second marker to the peak of the second distortion product.

See Figure 3-25.

REF 0

dBm

kH7

ATTEN 40 dB

PEAK LOG

dB/

WA SE SC

CORR

CENTER 300.650 MHz

XRFS RW

“RW-4kH7

MKR a I 025

-54.04 dB

SPAN 5

000 MHZ

SWP1 7

MHz

SPr

Figure 3-25. Measuring the Distortion Product

Making Basic Measurements 3-23

Using the Analyzer As a Receiver in Zero Frequency Span

The spectrum analyzer operates as a fixed-tuned receiver in zero span. The zero span mode can be used to recover modulation on a carrier signal.

Center frequency in the swept-tuned mode becomes the tuned frequency in zero span. The horizontal axis of the screen becomes calibrated in time, rather than frequency. Markers display amplitude and time values.

The following functions establish a clear display of the video waveform:

Trigger stabilizes the waveform trace on the display by triggering on the modulation

envelope. If the signal’s modulation is stable, video trigger synchronizes the sweep with the demodulated waveform.

n Linear mode should be used in amplitude modulation (AM) measurements to avoid distortion

caused by the logarithmic amplifier when demodulating signals.

n Sweep time adjusts the full sweep time from 20 ms (20 ps in zero span with Option 101) to

100 s. The sweep time readout refers to the full lo-division graticule. Divide this value by 10

to determine sweep time per division.

Resolution and video bandwidth are selected according to the signal bandwidth.

Each of the coupled function values remains at its current value when zero span is activated. Video bandwidth is coupled to resolution bandwidth. Sweep time is not coupled to any other function.

Note

Capability for measuring AM or FM demodulation is available if Option 102,

103, or 301 is installed in your spectrum analyzer. Refer to “Demodulating and

Listening to an AM or FM Signal” in Chapter 4 for more information.

Example: View the modulation waveform of an AM signal in the time domain.

1. To obtain an AM signal, you can either connect an antenna to the spectrum analyzer input and tune to a commercial AM broadcast station or you can connect a source to the spectrum

analyzer input and set the percent modulation of the source. (If a headset is used with the

VIDEO OUT connector, the spectrum analyzer will operate as a radio.)

2. First, center and zoom in on the signal in the frequency domain (see “Decreasing the Frequency Span Using the Marker Track Function”). Be sure to turn off the marker track function, since the marker track function must be off for zero span. See Figure 3-26.

3.24

Making Basic Measurements

REF PEAK LOG

dB/

dBm

ATTEN

CENTER 300 00 MHz

CENTER 300 00

#RES BW 1 MHZ

#RES BW 1

MHz SPAN 20.00SPAN 20.00 MHzMHz MHZ VBWVBW

300

kHz

msec

Figure 3-26. Viewing an AM SignalFigure 3-26. Viewing an AM Signal

I I

3. To demodulate the AM, press sidebands of the signal within the

[Bw).

Increase the resolution bandwidth to include both

passband

of the spectrum analyzer.

4. Next, position the signal peak near the reference level and select a linear voltage display. Press

[AMPLITUDE]

and change the reference level, then press SCALE LOG LIN to underline

LIN.

5. To select zero span, either press (SPAN), 0

IHz)

or press ZERO SPAN . See Figure 3-27. If the modulation is a steady tone (for example, from a signal generator), use video trigger to trigger on the waveform and stabilize the display. Adjust the sweep time to change the horizontal scale.

Use markers and delta markers to measure time parameters of the waveform.

REF dd 61 mVATTEN 10

CENTER 300 000 MHZ SPAN 0 HZ

XRES BW i

MHz VBW

300

kHz

SWP

msec

Figure 3-27. Measuring Modulation in Zero Span

Making Basic Measurements 3-25

Measuring Signals Near Band Boundaries Using Harmonic Lock

Note

This application should only be performed using an HP

8592L,

HP 85933,

HP 85953, or HP 85963.

When measuring signals at or near a band crossing, use the lowest band having a specified upper frequency limit that will include the signal of interest. See specifications and characteristics in your calibration guide for your instrument for harmonic band specifications. Using harmonic lock, and choosing the lowest possible band to analyze a signal, ensures the best specified measurement accuracy.

To lock onto a specific harmonic, press

C-1,

Band Lock , BND LOCK ON OFF (so that ON is underlined), or select a band (see specifications and characteristics in your calibration guide for your instrument for band specifications). After setting the harmonic lock, only center

frequencies and spans within the frequency range of the harmonic band may be entered. The span is automatically reduced to accommodate a center frequency specified near the end of the band ‘range.

Example:

1. Connect 100 MHz COMB OUT to the spectrum analyzer input. The HP 85953 does not have a 100 MHz COMB OUT signal, so it cannot be used for this measurement example. (An external source must be substituted.)

2. Press

[PRESET]

(mCTRL_)

ISPAN)

350 (MHz)

and then the following keys:

COMB GEN ON OFF (ON)

[FREQUENCY)3m

Band Lock BND LOCK ON OFF (ON)

3. Place a marker on the farthest peak to the left by using the

Press MARKER A , NEXT PK RIGHT, NEXT PK RIGHT to show the frequency and amplitude

[PEAK SEARCH]

key.

difference between the two comb teet,h. You will see three comb teeth on your display. The spectrum analyzer is locked in band 1

and will not allow multiband sweeps. See Figure 3-28.

5. To see a multiband sweep, press the following keys:

(MKR)

More 1 of 2 MARKER ALL OFF

(FREQUENCY]

6. Place a marker on the farthest peak to the left by pressing

‘7.

Press MARKER A . Use NEXT PK RIGHT to place a marker on the farthest peak to the right.

Band Lock BND LOCK ON OFF (OFF)

[PEAK SEARCH].

The marker readout displays the frequency and amplitude difference between the two comb teeth. See Figure 3-29.

3-26 Making Basic Measurements

REF 0

dBm

ATTEN

10 dB

MKR a

200.4 MHz

-2

02 dB

Note

LOG

dE/

MARKER

CENTER 12.9000 GHr SPAN 350.0 MHz

RES BW 3 MHz “BW1MHZ SWP

I I II i

Figure 3-28. Using Harmonic Lock

The comb frequencies have a 100 MHz spacing.

REF PEAK LOG

dE/

dBm

MARKER

ATTEN

10 dB

MKR A

msec

201.3 MHz

CENTER 12.9000 GHr

RES

B’*I

3 MHz

SPAN 350.0 MHz

Figure 3-29. Harmonic Locking Off

msec

Making Basic Measurements

3.27

Making Measurements

What You’ll Learn in This Chapter

This chapter demonstrates spectrum analyzer measurement techniques with examples of typical applications; each application focuses on different features. The measurement procedures covered in this chapter are listed below.

n Measuring amplitude modulation using the fast Fourier transform function.

Stimulus-response measurements using the built-in tracking generator (Option 010 or 011).

n Demodulating and listening to an AM or FM signal (Option 102 or 103 only).

Triggering on a selected line of a video picture field (Options 101 and 102, or Option 301

only).

n Making a reflection calibration and measurements.

Using the Gate Utility to simplify time-gated measurements (Option 105 only).

Using the time-gated spectrum analyzer capability (Option 105 only).

n Using the one-button measurements to measure N

modulation, and third order intercept

Using the power measurement functions to make transmitter measurements.

(TOI).

bandwidth, percent amplitude

To find descriptions of specific spectrum analyzer functions refer to Chapter 7 “Key

Descriptions”.

‘Making Measurements 4-1

Measuring Amplitude Modulation with the Fast Fourier Transform Function

A Fourier transform, transforms time domain data (zero span) into the frequency domain. The fast Fourier transform (FFT) function of the spectrum analyzer allows measurements of amplitude modulation (AM). It is commonly used to measure AM at rates that cannot be measured in the normal frequency domain due to spectrum analyzer limitations on narrow resolution bandwidths. For a given AM rate, the FFT function can generate a trace faster than

using the frequency domain for the equivalent spectrum analyzer measurement.

Note

The fast ADC Option 101 extends FFT operation. The standard spectrum analyzer has sweep times (in zero span) up to 20 ms and allows FFT stop frequencies from 20 Hz to 10

kHz.

With Option 101, spans of 20 ps can be used

and FFT stop frequencies up to 10 MHz are available.

The FFT function calculates the magnitude of each frequency component from a block of time-domain samples of the input signal. It uses a flat top filter response. This implementation is a post-detection Fourier transform and it cannot be used to resolve continuous wave or carrier signals.

When

IjjJ

FFT Menu , and SINGLE FFT are pressed, sample-detection mode is selected and a sweep is taken to obtain a sample of the input signal. Then the spectrum analyzer executes a series of computations on the time data to produce the frequency-domain results.

CONTINUS FFT can be used instead of SINGLE FFT and the spectrum analyzer will be put in

continuous sweep mode with an FFT being performed at the end of each sweep.

/;o

REF 15.83 muhTTEN 1B dB

SWPL '.IN

: :

llFyR(bR

/j : : : :

/y3y

I ,I.., i,,.~

,:\

n”:

WKR 61 HZ

2.3825

~ . . . . . .

..,,

** ‘I-

ii: 3 I

""""1'1"""

FFT START 0 Hz

,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.,

RES BW 188 kHz

I...1

, :

: : : :.

UBW 38 kHz

FFT STOP

200 Hz

XSWP 1.88 set RT

Figure 4-l. FFT Annotation

Some of the screen annotation is altered when the FFT function is active. The left edge of the graticule is relabeled FFT START and represents 0 Hz relative to the carrier. The right edge of the graticule is relabeled FFT STOP and is the maximum FFT frequency used in the transformation. The annotation LIN in the upper left corner refers to the scale of the incoming data being transformed. The FFT results, which are being displayed, are always in LOG scale.

The carrier appears at the left edge of the graticule with the modulation sidebands and any distortion appearing along the horizontal axis. The amplitude relationships of all the signals

are the same as they would be if the components were displayed with normal swept-tuned

operation in log mode, 10 dB per division.

4-2 Making Measurements

If the FFT stop frequency is less than the highest harmonic of the AM modulation, than the FFT results may include

aliased

signals. That is, it will include some signals that are being displayed at the wrong frequency. The sweep time affects the sample rate and must be optimized to avoid aliasing.

The single and continuous FFT functions require a specific spectrum analyzer setup before they can be activated. First, an AM signal is demodulated in the time domain. In order to do this, the resolution bandwidth is widened to include the signal sidebands within the

passband

of the spectrum analyzer. Next, zero span is selected so that the spectrum analyzer operates as a fixed-tuned receiver. Tuning is centered around the AM carrier.

The MARKER+ AUTO FFT

softkey

activates the FFT function with very little preliminary setup

required. Two examples of using the FFT function are included in this section.

n First example: uses the manual FFT functions.

n Second example: uses the automatic FFT measurement.

Note

After the FFT function is used, the markers are still in FFT mode for use in evaluating data. Turn off the FFT markers before attempting to use markers in

the normal fashion. Press FFT OFF in the FFT menu to turn off the markers and exit the FFT measurement.

Example 1: Use the manual FFT measurement to look at 60 Hz AM modulation.

1. Connect a signal generator to the spectrum analyzer INPUT 500. Adjust the signal generator to produce an AM signal with a 60 Hz modulation frequency.

2. Press [FREQUENCY_) and set the spectrum analyzer center frequency to the frequency of the modulated input signal. Press

m),

10 MHz. Press

[FREQUENCY)

again and center the

signal on the spectrum analyzer display.

3. Press

LSPAN),

1 MHz. Press

[FREQUENCY)

and center the signal on the spectrum analyzer

display again.

4. Press Press

100 kHz. (Re-center the signal, if necessary.)

200 kHz, re-centering the signal again if it is necessary.

Press VID BW

AUl’fl

MAN , 1 kHz. The video bandwidth should be about ten times greater

than the highest modulation frequency of interest for the best amplitude accuracy.

6. Press REF LVL and turn the knob to change the reference level, placing the signal peak within the top division of the screen. The signal peak must be below the reference level. The signal amplitude moves up and down because the spectrum analyzer catches the signal at different points of modulated amplitude each time it sweeps.

‘7.

Change the amplitude scale to linear by pressing

IjAMPL’TUDE]

and SCALE LOG LIN so that LIN is underlined. The FFT will give incorrect results when the spectrum analyzer is in Log mode.

Press REF

8. Press

Press

taking

LVL

(MEAS~JSER],

0 Hz. The spectrum analyzer now operates as a fixed-tuned receiver.

FFTs

continuously, updating the measurement at the end of every sweep.

and place the signal peak within the top division of the screen.

FFT Menu, and CONTINUS FFT . The spectrum analyzer will now be

Press FFT STOP FREQ , 250 Hz. This sets the spectrum analyzer to include the fourth harmonic of the 60 Hz modulation signal on the screen.

Making Measurements 4-3

10. To confirm that the resolution bandwidth and video bandwidth are correct for measuring the modulation amplitude, use the following procedure:

a. Press

Note

b. Press

Note

(MKRI

and use the knob to move the marker to the desired modulation signal. In

this example, place the marker on the 60 Hz fundamental modulation signal.

For HP 8590L with Option 713 or HP 8592L with Option 713 the resolution bandwidth must be left at about 100 kHz to accommodate frequency drift of the spectrum analyzer. If you are using an HP 8590L with Option 713, or an HP 8592L with Option 713, do not do step b.

CBW)

and decrease the resolution bandwidth using the @J key, until measured

signal amplitude drops. Then press a to increase the bandwidth until the signal

amplitude stops increasing and stays the same, or until the maximum resolution

bandwidth is reached. Use the narrowest bandwidth that does not cause a change in the

signal amplitude.

As the resolution bandwidth is stepped down, the modulated signal must be re-centered in the filter bandwidth. This is a zero span display. To center the signal, select

[FREQUENCY)

and adjust the center frequency to maximize the

amplitude of the trace. If this is not done, the signal amplitude can decrease due to off tuning of the spectrum analyzer and not because of the resolution

bandwidth chosen.

For the best amplitude accuracy, the resolution bandwidth should be about 10 times greater than the highest modulation frequency of interest.

For the 60 Hz fundamental, a 1 kHz resolution bandwidth works well. (For the HP 85913, HP

8593E,

HP 85943, HP 85953, and HP

8596E,

if harmonics are not a concern, a 100 kHz resolution bandwidth can be used and it will provide a faster update rate.)

Press

IBW),

VID BW AUTO MAN (MAN) and use the step keys to decrease the video

bandwidth until the amplitude of the measured signal drops. Then step the bandwidth up until the signal amplitude stops increasing, or until the maximum video bandwidth is reached. Use the narrowest video bandwidth that does not cause a change in the signal amplitude.

For the best amplitude accuracy, the video bandwidth should be about 10 times greater than the highest modulation frequency of interest.

For the 60 Hz fundamental, a 1 kHz video bandwidth works well.

11.

Press

[MEAS/USERJ

and % AM ON OFF so that ON is underlined. The spectrum analyzer reads out the percent AM of the largest modulation frequency. An arrow indicates the signal being measured (see Figure 4-l). This measurement does not include all of the

harmonics of the modulating signal.

Note

The percent AM function will not run if the SIGNAL CLIPPED error message

is being displayed. Increase the reference level until the error message goes away.

4-4 Making Measurements

Note

When the FFT measurement is active, pressing the

between the MEASUSER and FFT menus.

CMEAS/USER)

key will cycle

4.7 REF .B

dBrn SMPL LOG

FFT

START B HZ

RES BW 18

RTTEH i@

k”Z

“BW 9.8

k”Z

MKR

FFT

STOP 6.667

SWP

1.817

-45.25

38.8 m5e.2

LHZ

k”Z

dBrn

Men”

u5er

Figure 4-2. Percent Amplitude Modulation Measurement

Example 2: Use the automatic FFT measurement to look at 60 Hz AM modulation.

1. Connect a signal generator to the spectrum analyzer INPUT

509.

Adjust the signal generator

to produce an AM signal with a 60 Hz modulation frequency.

2. Press

modulated input signal. Press

[FREQUENCY)

and set the spectrum analyzer center frequency to the frequency of the

m),

Press

[FREQUENCY)

to keep the signal on the

spectrum analyzer display.

Press

[MEAS~USER),

FFT Menu, and MARKER

AUTO FFT . This initiates the FFT function and

activates a marker.

4. Use the knob to place the marker on the AM modulated signal and press MARKER--+ AUTO FFT again. The spectrum analyzer will perform the following steps:

a. Save the present instrument state in state register 8.

b. Reduce the span to zoom in on the signal.

c. Set the detector mode to sample.

d. Set the scale to linear.

e. Change the span

to zero

span.

f. Start the continuous FFT function.

g. Set the FFT stop frequency to 10 kHz.

5. Press FFT STOP

FREQ

, 250

a).

This sets the spectrum analyzer to include the fourth

harmonic of the 60 Hz modulation signal on the screen.

6. To confirm that the resolution bandwidth and video bandwidth are correct for measuring the

modulation amplitude, use the following procedure: a. Press

and use the knob to move the marker to the desired modulation signal. In

this example, place the marker on the 60 Hz fundamental modulation signal.

Note

For HP 8590L with Option 713 or HP 8592L with Option 713 the resolution

bandwidth must be left at about 100 kHz to accommodate frequency drift of

the spectrum analyzer. If you are using an HP 8590L with Option 713, or an

HP 8592L with Option 713, do not do step b.

Making Measurements 4-5

b. Press

(Bw)

and decrease the resolution bandwidth using the Q) key, until measured signal

amplitude drops. Then press @) to increase the bandwidth until the signal amplitude

stops increasing and stays the same, or until the maximum resolution bandwidth is

reached. Use the narrowest bandwidth that does not cause a change in the signal amplitude.

Note

For the best amplitude accuracy, the resolution bandwidth should be about 10 times greater than the highest modulation frequency of interest.

For the 60 Hz fundamental, a 1 kHz resolution bandwidth works well. (For the HP HP 85933, HP 85943, HP 85953, and HP 85963, if harmonics are not a concern, a

100 kHz resolution bandwidth can be used and it will provide a faster update rate.)

Press

For the best amplitude accuracy, the video bandwidth should be about 10 times greater than the highest modulation frequency of interest.

For the 60 Hz fundamental, a 1 kHz video bandwidth works well.

‘7.

Press

[jJ

out the percent AM of the largest modulation frequency. An arrow indicates the signal being measured (see Figure 4-l). This measurement does not include all of the harmonics of the

modulating signal.

As the resolution bandwidth is stepped down, the modulated signal must be re-centered on the spectrum analyzer display. If this is not done, the signal amplitude can decrease due to off tuning of the spectrum analyzer and not because of the resolution bandwidth chosen.

Isw),

VID BW AUTO MAN (MAN) and use the step keys to decrease the video

and % AM ON OFF so that ON is underlined. The spectrum analyzer reads

8591E,

Note

The percent AM function will not run if the SIGNAL CLIPPED error message is being displayed. Increase the reference level until the error message goes away.

To return to the spectrum analyzer state prior to running the FFT function, press the FFT OFF softkey. This turns off the FFT function. Press

INTERNAL

When the FFT measurement is active, pressing the between the MEASUSER and FFT menus.

+STATE

, and 8 to recall the state from state register 8.

[MEAS~USER]

[RECALL],

key will cycle

4-6 Making Measurements

Stimulus-Response Measurements

Note

What Are Stimulus-Response Measurements?

Stimulus-response measurements require a source to stimulate a device under test (DUT), a receiver to analyze the frequency-response characteristics of the DUT, and, for return-loss measurements, a directional coupler. Characterization of a DUT can be made in terms of its transmission or reflection parameters. Examples of transmission measurements include flatness and rejection. A reflection measurement is return loss.

A spectrum analyzer combined with a tracking generator forms a stimulus-response measurement system. With the tracking generator as the swept source and the spectrum analyzer as the receiver, operation is analogous to a single-channel scalar network analyzer. A narrow-band system has a wide dynamic measurement range, but the tracking generator’s

output frequency must be made to precisely track the spectrum analyzer input frequency. This wide dynamic range will be illustrated in the following example. Figure 4-3 shows the block diagram of a spectrum analyzer and tracking-generator system.

This application should only be performed using an HP 8590L or HP 85913 with Option 010 or 011, or using an HP 85933, HP 85943, HP 85953, or HP 85963

with Option 010.

SPECTRUM

:‘---) ~-~~~2~~

AI‘JAL YZER

\’

-i

L..

____

Block Diagram of a Spectrum Analyzer/Tracking-Generator Measurement System

Note

The HP 85630A Transmission/Reflection Test Set with the HP 85714A Scalar Measurement Personality is recommended for making transmission and reflection measurements with your spectrum analyzer. The scalar measurement personality provides simple menu-driven functions to make fast, accurate scalar network analysis measurements with your spectrum analyzer and test set.

------

Fi\,;;~9-fgF.

Ii AMP

2-+-gg

TRACK I

Figure 4-3.

GEI\IERATOR

r\iG

Making Measurements 4-7

Using a Spectrum Analyzer with a Tracking Generator

The procedure below describes how to use the built-in tracking generator system of the HP 85913 Option 010 spectrum analyzer to measure the rejection of a low-pass filter which is a type of transmission measurement. Illustrated in this example are the functions in the tracking-generator menu, such as adjusting the tracking-generator output power, source calibration, and normalization. Conducting a reflection measurement is similar and is covered in “Making Reflection Calibration Measurements”. or Application Note

150-7,

for more information.

Refer to the HP Spectrum Analyzer Seminar,

Stepping through the Measurement

There are four basic steps in performing a stimulus-response measurement, whether it be a transmission or reflection measurement: set up the spectrum analyzer settings, calibrate, normalize, and measure.

1. If necessary, perform the self-calibration routine for the tracking generator described in “Performing the Tracking Generator Self-Calibration Routine” in Chapter 2.

2. To measure the rejection of a low-pass filter, connect the equipment as shown in Figure 4-4. This example uses a filter with a cut-off frequency of 300 MHz as the DUT.

SPECTRUM ANALYZER

OlJi

INPUT

SOS7

Figure 4-4. Transmission Measurement Test Setup

3. Activate the tracking generator menu by pressing

(%ZiK]

and Track Gen . To activate

the tracking-generator power level, press SRC PWR ON OFF until ON is underlined

(see Figure 4-5).

Caution

Excessive signal input may damage the DUT. Do not exceed the maximum power that the device under test can tolerate.

Note

To reduce ripples caused by source return loss, use 10 dB or greater tracking generator output attenuation. Tracking generator output attenuation is normally a function of the source power selected. However, the output

attenuation may be controlled by using SRC ATN AUTO MAN . (There is no output attenuation in the HP

85901,

with Option 010 or Option 011.) Refer to specifications and characteristics in your calibration guide for more information on the relationship between source power and source attenuation.

4-8 Making Measurements

REFREF

dBm

ATTEN

10 PEAKPEAK LOGLOG

dB/dB/

WA SBWA

SC FCSC FC

CORRCORR

CENTER

900

CENTER 900 MHZ

MHZ

RES BW 3

MHZ

MHZ “BW“BW 1 MHZ1MHZ SWPSWP

SPAN

SPAN 1

800 GHr

800

GHr

msec20msec

Figure 4-5. Tracking-Generator Output Power Activated

4. Put the sweep time of the analyzer into stimulus-response auto-coupled mode by pressing More 1 of 2 , then SWP CPLG SR SA until SR (stimulus-response mode) is underlined.

Auto-coupled sweep times are usually much faster for swept-response measurements than they are for spectrum analyzer measurements.

Note

In the stimulus-response mode, the Q (reactance versus resistance) of the DUT can determine the fastest rate at which the spectrum analyzer can be swept. To determine whether the analyzer is sweeping too fast, slow the sweep time and note whether there is a frequency or amplitude shift of the trace. Continue to slow the sweep time until there is no longer a frequency or amplitude shift.

5. Since we are only interested in the rejection of the low-pass filter, tune the spectrum analyzer center frequency so that the roll-off of the filter comprises the majority of the trace on the display (see Figure 4-6).

FIEF

0 PEAKPEAK LOGLOG

1818

dB/dB/

dBm

ATTEN

CENTER 443 6 MHZ SPAN 5061.0 MHz

FE5 BW

MHZ

vow1MHZ

SWP 20

msec

Figure 4-6. Spectrum Analyzer Settings According to the Measurement Requirement

Making Measurements 4-9

6. Decrease the resolution bandwidth to increase sensitivity, and narrow the video bandwidth to smooth the noise. In Figure 4-7, the resolution bandwidth has been decreased to 10

REF 0

dBm

ATTEN

PEAK LOG

dB/

VP SC F!

CO!a

10 dB

kHz.

CENTER 443 6

#RES EW

MHZ

kHz

“BW

10 kHZ

SPAN 500.0

SWP

MHz

msec

Figure 4-7. Decrease the Resolution Bandwidth to Improve Sensitivity

Adjusting the resolution bandwidth may result in a decrease in amplitude of the signal.

This is known as a tracking error. Tracking errors occur when the tracking generator’s

output frequency is not exactly matched to the input frequency of the spectrum analyzer.

Tracking errors are most notable when using narrow resolution bandwidths. Tracking

error can be compensated manually or automatically. In narrow bandwidths, the manual

method of adjusting the tracking is usually faster than the automatic tracking adjustment. To compensate for the tracking error manually, press

(AUX],

Track Gen , and

MAN TRK ADJUST , then use the knob to adjust the trace for the highest amplitude. To

compensate for the tracking error automatically, press

(-1,

Track Gen , then

TRACKING PEAK.

REF 0

dBm

PEAK LOG

dB/

/ ;W;RACK ADJ\

ATTEN I0 dB

( 1 j

CENlEn

Figure 4-8. Manual Tracking Adjustment Compensates for Tracking Error

4-10 Making Measurements

443 6

XRES

MHz

CllZ

“BW

10 kHZ

SPAN 500.0

SWP

MH7

msec

Note

If the automatic tracking routine is activated in a narrow resolution bandwidth, it usually is not necessary to use the tracking adjust again when increasing the resolution bandwidth.

7. To make a transmission measurement accurately, the frequency response of the test system must be known. To measure the frequency response of the test system, connect the cable (but not the DUT) from the tracking generator output to the spectrum analyzer input. Press

Cm],

TRACE A B C (so B is underlined), CLEAR WRITE B , BLANK B . The frequency

response of the test system is now stored in trace B.

To normalize, reconnect the DUT to the spectrum analyzer. Press

(TRACE],

More 1 of 3 ,

NORMLIZE ON OFF until ON is underlined. Press NORMLIZE POSITION to activate the display line. This display line marks the normalized reference position, or the position where 0 dB insertion loss (transmission measurements) or 0 dB return loss (reflection measurements) will normally reside. Using the knob results in a change in the position of

the normalized trace, within the range of the graticule. Normalization eliminates the frequency response error of the test system. When

normalization is on, trace math is being performed on the active trace. The trace math performed is trace A minus trace B plus the display line, with the result placed into trace A. Remember that trace A contained the measurement trace, trace B contained the stored calibration trace, and DL (display line) represents the normalized reference position. Note that the units of the reference level,

dB,

reflect this relative measurement.

b REF

1 dBm

PEAK LOG

dB/

DISPLAY LINE

-6

CENTER 443 6 MHz SPAN

#RES BW

ATTEN

10 dB

I I I I I II I

6 dB

kHz

VQW10kHz

SWP

500.0

MHz

nlsec

Figure 4-9. Normalized Trace

9. To measure the rejection of the filter at a given frequency, press

Ir\nKRl,

and enter the frequency. For example, enter 350 MHz. The marker readout displays the rejection of the filter at 350 MHz (see Figure 4-10).

Making Measurements

4-11

REF 0 darn

PEAK LOG

dE/

-6

*TTEN10da

MKR

349.9

MHZ

-ia

64 dB

“BW

10 kHZ

----,.&--

MHz

SWP

msec

Markers

Figure

WA-SE

SC FC

COW

CENTER 443 6

XRES

MHz SPAN 500.0

10 CHZ

4-10. Measure the Rejection Range with Delta

Tracking Generator Unleveled Condition

When using the tracking generator, the message TG UNLVL may appear. The TG UNLVL message

indicates that the tracking generator source power (SRC PWR ON OFF ) could not be maintained at the user-selected level during some portion of the sweep. If the unleveled condition exists at the beginning of the sweep, the message will be displayed immediately. If the unleveled condition occurs after the sweep begins, the message will be displayed after the sweep is completed. A momentary unleveled condition may not be detected when the sweep time is small. The message will be cleared after a sweep is completed with no unleveled conditions.

The unleveled condition may be caused by any of the following:

n Start frequency is too low or the stop frequency is too high. The unleveled condition is likely

to occur if the true frequency range exceeds the tracking generator frequency specification (especially the low frequency specification). The true frequency range being swept may be significantly different than the start or stop frequency annotations indicate, depending on other spectrum-analyzer settings, especially the span (see specifications and characteristics in your calibration guide for your instrument). For better frequency accuracy, use a narrower span.

. Tracking peak may be required (use TRACKING PEAK

’

Source attenuation may be set incorrectly (select SRC ATN MAN AUTO (AUTO) for optimum

setting).

n The source power may be set too high or too low, use SRC PWR ON OFF to reset it. n The source power sweep may be set too high, resulting in an unleveled condition at the end

of the sweep. Use PWR SWP ON OFF to decrease the amplitude.

4-12 Making Measurements

Demodulating and Listening to an AM or FM Signal

Note

This application should only be performed using an HP 85913, HP

8593E,

HP 85943, HP 85953, or HP 85963 with Option 102 or 103.

The functions listed in the menu under Demod allow you to demodulate and hear signal information displayed on the spectrum analyzer. Simply place a marker on a signal of interest, activate AM or FM demodulation, and then listen.

Example:

1. Connect an antenna to the spectrum analyzer input.

2. Select a frequency range on the spectrum analyzer, such as the range for FM radio broadcasts. For example, the frequency range for FM broadcasts in the United States is

88 MHz to 108 MHz. Press

108

INIHz).

3. Place a marker on the signal of interest by using highest-amplitude signal, or by pressing

c-1,

(m),

[MKR)

START FREQ , 88

PEAK SEARCH)

MARKER NORMAL and moving the marker to a

[MHz_),

STOP FREQ ,

to place a marker on the

signal of interest.

4. Press

[AUXCTRL_),

Demod,

DEMOD ON OFF (so that ON is underlined), and DEMOD AM FM

(so that FM is underlined). SPEAKER ON OFF is set to ON by the preset function. Use the front-panel volume control to control the speaker’s volume.

4 REF 0

dBm

FM” LOG

dE/

START 88 00 MHz

RES

100 kHz

BTTEN

10 dB

“BW30kHr

MKR

STOP

104.90

-46 61

100.00

SWP 75

MHZ dEm

MHZ

msec

Figure 4- 11. Demodulation of an FM Signal

5. The signal is demodulated at the marker’s position for the duration of the dwell time. the step keys, knob, or number/units keypad to change the dwell time. For example, press the step-up key

(m)

twice to increase the dwell time to 2 seconds.

6. The peak search functions can be used to move the marker to other signals of interest.

PIY?SS

[PEAK SEARCH]

t.0

XCeSS NEXT PEAK , NEXT PK RIGHT , OI- NEXT PK LEFT .

llse

Making Measurements 4-13

Example: The signal can be continuously demodulated if the spectrum analyzer is in zero span.

Place the marker on a signal of interest as in steps 1 through 3 of the previous example.

1. If the signal of interest is the highest-amplitude on-screen signal, set the frequency of the

2. signal to center frequency by pressing the highest-amplitude on-screen signal, move the signal to center screen by pressing

(MKR-1

then MK TRACK ON OFF (ON). If it is not

[ml

and MARKER -CF. If marker track is on, press

3. is not used, use the step-down key

ISPAN)

and 1

(@J)

to reduce the span to 1 MHz. If marker track

to reduce the span and use MARKER

-CF

to keep

the signal of interest at center screen.

Set the span to zero by pressing ZERO SPAN . ZERO SPAN turns off the marker track function.

Change the resolution bandwidth to 100 kHz by pressing @ and entering 100

5. Set the signal in the top two divisions of the screen by changing the reference level. Press

(A-],

Press

C-1,

and then the step-down key

Demod ,

DEMOD ON OFF (ON), then DEMOD AM FM (FM). SPEAKER ON OFF

(m)

until the signal is in the top two divisions.

IkHz).

is set to ON by the preset function. Use the front-panel volume control to control the speaker’s volume.

For FM demodulation, use FM GAIN to adjust the top-to-bottom screen deviation of the

signal with center screen as the reference (0 deviation). The top is the positive deviation and the bottom is the negative deviation. FM gain sensitivity is increased by decreasing the FM gain value. As the FM gain sensitivity is increased, the volume is increased. Pressing

SQUELCH mutes the noise level.

FIEF -30 0 darn FMV

LOG

dB/

CTTEN

10 dB -99 46 diim

MKR

10.000001

mscc

VA SE SC FC

CORR

CENTER 97.300 MHZ

Figure 4-12. Continuous Demodulation of an FM Signal

4-14 Making Measurements

III

XRES BW 100

kHr

“SW 30

kWZ SWP

SPAN 0

msec

Triggering on a Selected Line of a Video Picture Field

Note

This application should only be performed using an HP 85913, HP 85933, HP 85943,

85953, or HP 85963

with

Option

301

(Options

101

and

102

combined).

With Option 301, you can trigger on a TV picture carrier signal. This example enables you to view a test signal transmitted during vertical retrace when the TV screen is blanked.

Press

(j%KY).

2. Set the frequency of a picture carrier signal to center frequency.

3. Press (TRIG] and TV TRIG . If the spectrum analyzer is in a

nonzero

span, TV TRIG sets

the amplitude scale to linear, places a marker on the signal peak, moves the marker to the reference level, changes the detector to sample, sets the sweep time to 100

,US,

sets the resolution bandwidth to 1 MHz, and sets the span to 0 Hz. The TV line number is the active function. The preset function sets the spectrum analyzer to trigger on an odd field of a video format and TV line number 17.

The sweep time of 100 ps allows you to view two TV lines, line 17 and part of line 18. The multiburst is on TV line number 17, and the composite is on TV line number 18.

REF 1 492

SMPL

i I N

aTTE,v I0 d8

rn”

MKR 85 000

302

psec

p”

VA SE SC TS

CORR

CENTER

67.250

CAES BW 1 MHz

MHZ

“BW

300 kHZ

SP/IN

XSWP

100 LSBC

Figure 4-13. Triggering on an Odd Field of a Video Format

4. Press TV TRIG EVEN FLD to trigger on an even field of a video format.

4-l

Making Measurements

REF

SHPL LIN

VA SB SC

CORR

MKR a5

000 p&PC

283

492

m”

ATTEEJ

10 dB

02 u”

CENTER 67.250 MHz

YRES BW 1

MHZ

300

kHZ

SPAN 0 HZ

#SWP 100

met

Figure 4-14. Triggering on an Even Field of a Video Format

The default video format is NTSC. Press TV Standard, then PAL-M, PAL , or SECAM-L to select a different video format. For non-interlaced video formats, press TV TRIG VERT INT

Note

The video format selection (NTSC , PAL-M, PAL , or SECAM-L ) automatically selects the video modulation (negative or positive).

4-16 Making Measurements

Making Reflection Calibration Measurements

Typically, the calibration standard for reflection measurements is a short circuit connected at the reference plane (the point at which the test device will be connected-see Figure 4-15). A short circuit has a reflection coefficient of 1 (0 dB return loss); it thus reflects all incident power and provides a convenient 0 dB reference.

TC OUT

HP 85630A

TEST SET

OR DIRECTIONAL

BRIDGE/COUPLER

pu135e

Figure 4-15. Reflection Measurement Short Calibration Test Setup

Example: Measure the return loss of a filter.

The HP 85630A transmission/reflection test set is recommended for making reflection measurements with your spectrum analyzer. It must be used with the HP 85714A scalar measurement personality. The scalar measurement personality includes instructions on how to make fast, accurate scalar network analysis measurements with your spectrum analyzer and test set. The following procedure is written for making a reflection measurement using a coupler or directional bridge, instead of the test set.

Reflection Calibration Note

The spectrum analyzer center frequency and span for this measurement can

easily be set up using the transmission measurement setup. Tune the spectrum analyzer so that the

passband

of the filter comprises a majority of the display,

then proceed with the steps outlined below.

1. Connect the DUT to the output port of a directional bridge or coupler. Terminate the

unconnected port of the DUT.

2. Connect the tracking generator output of the spectrum analyzer to the input port of a

directional bridge or coupler.

3. Connect the spectrum analyzer INPUT to the coupled port of a directional bridge or coupler.

Making Measurements 4-17

4. Adjust the spectrum analyzer for measurement conditions or settings. Turn on the tracking generator and set the amplitude level by pressing

(AUX],

Track Gen , and setting

SRC PWR ON OFF to ON. Set center frequency, span, and other settings.

5. Replace the DUT with a short circuit

6. Normalize the trace by performing the following functions:

a. Press

[ml,

select B using TRACE A B C , then CLEAR WRITE B to display the

reference trace in B.

b. Press BLANK B to store the reference trace in B.

Press More 1 of 3 , then set NORMLIZE ON OFF to ON to activate the trace A minus

trace B function, and display the results in trace A for each sweep. The normalized trace

or flat line represents 0 dB return loss.

Measuring the Return Loss Note

7. After calibrating the system with the above procedure, reconnect the filter in place of the short circuit without changing any spectrum analyzer settings.

8. Use the marker to read return loss. Press read the return loss at that frequency (see Figure 4-16).

If possible, use a coupler or bridge with the correct test port connector for both calibrating and measuring. Any adapter between the test port and DUT degrades coupler/bridge directivity and system source match. Ideally, you should use the same adapter for the calibration and the measurement. Be sure to terminate the second port of a two-port device.

and position the marker with the knob to

REF .B d8m

MARKER

1'4.27

'Iii.45

;I:

W*-SB

SC FC

CoRR

..~~~~~~~~~....~.~~~~~~~~~~~.........~~~.,.,,,,,,,,.........~,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.,,,,,,,,,,,,,....,,,,,

.,.

MHz

fsTTEN 10 dB

.;..

.,y'

Y----L.

Y,&ik"y

. . . . . . . . .

MKR 324.27 IHz

-26.45

"',

..~........,,,~~,,,,,,,,,,,,,,...,,,..,,,

MARKER

DELTA

MKNOISE

MARKERS

OFF

I: : I

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

CENTER 322.50 MHz

RES BW 308 kHz UBW 1EE kHz

.._..

. . . . . . . . . . . . .

..___.

SPAN 37.24 MHz

___...___

SWP 28 M5eC

Figure 4-16. Measuring the Return Loss of the Filter

Y":

4-18 Making Measurements

Using the Gate Utility to Simplify Time-Gated Measurements

(Option 105 only)

The time gate allows the user to control when a spectrum analyzer measurement begins and

the length of time during which the measurement is made. The time gate is an RF signal switch that permits signal into the spectrum analyzer only while the switch, or gate, is closed. Since the spectrum analyzer receives the signal only when passed through the gate, it will only display the measurement results from the portion of the signal selected by the time position of the gate closure. The time gate acts as a time filter, rejecting signals and spectra not occurring at the desired time.

The time gate utility simplifies the use of the time gate. In the gate utility, the spectrum

analyzer can display the time domain and the frequency domain simultaneously, using two separate windows. The user is able to adjust the time position of the gate closure relative to the input signal, using interactive graphic tools in the gate utility. The gate position relative to the signal is clearly shown in the time domain window. The spectral effects corresponding to an adjustment of the gate time position are displayed in the frequency domain window. Tools are provided to aid the user in determining the best gate position, and optimizing the spectrum analyzer settings for the input signal.

CENTER

980.888

YRES BW 1.0 MHz YUBW 1 MHz YSWP 18.8

REF

48.8

dBmV

PERK

I __..................................................................................................

CENTER 900 MHz SPAN 1.800 GHz RES BW 3.0 MHz

WHz

UBW

1 MHz

SPAN B HZ

rn5ec

#SWP 36.8 msec

Figure 4-17. Time-Gate Utility Display

Gate utility features include:

Displays time and frequency domains simultaneously.

n Measures continuously.

Interactively controls and displays the gate’s position in time.

Note

Option 105, time gate, is required. Option 101, fast ADC, is recommended

psec

(Sweep times down to 20

msec

are available without Option 101.)

The gate utility provides tools to make pulsed RF measurements easy. If the user enters the optimize the resolution bandwidth, sweep time, and video bandwidth for these pulse

parameters. Coupling the spectrum analyzer settings to pulse characteristics allows easy,

Making Measurements

4-l 9

The types of signals that can be measured using the time gate function include:

n Pulsed RF signals n Time domain multiple access (TDMA) communication system signals n Interleaved or intermittent signals n Signals with transient spectra

Time critical signals are present in many different applications. A few of the applications are

listed below:

n Digital cellular communication systems require measurements on pulse modulated TDMA

signals. Measurements must be accurately aligned with the time division multiple access (TDMA) burst of the communication carrier. The time gate can position spectrum analyzer measurement to assess TDMA burst timing and the quality of the burst modulation.

n Rotating head devices, such as VCRs and hard disks, have time interleaved signals

multiplexed from alternate recording tracks on the storage media. The time gate can isolate the spectrum due to a single recording track.

n Tests required for mobile communication systems often require that the transient spectrum,

due to pulse modulation, be excluded from measurement results.

Example: Measure a Pulsed RF signal.

1. The rear panel GATE OUTPUT must be connected to EXT TRIG INPUT.

2. A TTL trigger signal must be connected to GATE TRIGGER INPUT on the rear panel. If no trigger is present an error message is displayed and the gate utility will not be activated.

3. Press

4. Press

[PRESET].

(FREQUENCY)

Connect a pulsed RF signal to the spectrum analyzer INPUT 503.

and enter the frequency of your input signal to place the signal at the

spectrum analyzer center frequency.

Press

@iEiTEFj,

CPEAK SEARCH),

[MKR--I)

and MARKER

-+REF

LVL to bring the signal to the

top of the display.

Access the gate utility by pressing [SWEEP], Gate Control , and GATE UTILITY .

Note

If the gate menus are exited without turning the gate utility off (by pressing another front panel key), press the

(-1

key twice to return to the last gate

utility menu used.

7. Press Define Time to set up the time domain window (the upper window.) Change the sweep time using the T WINDOW SWP TIME

softkey

so that the pulses are displayed. Press

SWEEP DELAY and use the knob to center the pulses in the upper window.

8. The trigger marker reads out the time from the rear panel gate trigger point to the current marker position. Turn the trigger marker on by pressing TRIG MKR ON OFF (ON) and use the knob to move the trigger marker to the edge of the pulse. The marker readout

indicates the position of the edge relative to the rear panel trigger. The trigger marker may be used to perform “settling time” measurements on the rising or falling edges of a digital communications signal. (Settling time is the time from the trigger to 90 percent of the stable pulse on/off value.)

Press Main Menu to exit the define time menu.

4-20 Making Measurements

lo.

Press Define Gate. Use the GATE DELAY and GATE LENGTH keys to position the gate.

Once gate delay or gate length are activated, use the knob and data entry keys can be used to position the two vertical gate markers. Select a time interval within the last half of the pulse is selected.

11. Turn the gate on by pressing GATE ON OFF so that ON is underlined. This activates the frequency domain window, which is the lower window. The spectrum selected with the current gate position can now be viewed in the frequency domain window. Press

Main Menu.

12. The resolution bandwidth, video bandwidth, and sweep time are not optimized, so the frequency display may not look correct. There may be signal dropouts or poor frequency resolution. This can be corrected by entering the pulse parameters and turning on the coupling.

The gate utility can optimize the setting of resolution bandwidth if the user enters the

value of the pulse width and turns on the coupling. The video bandwidth will be optimized if the gate length is entered and coupled. The sweep time is optimized when the pulse repetition interval is entered and coupled.

Press Define activates the time domain window and turns off the time gate.) If pulse parameters have

previously been entered, the values will be displayed.

12.

Use the ENTER REF EDGE, ENTER WIDTH, and ENTER PRI

parameters. These parameter entry tools allow pulse parameters to be entered using a marker or through the keypad. Press Previous Menu to return to the coupling menu.

14.

Press CPL RBW ON OFF (ON) to turn on the resolution bandwidth coupling. Press

CPL VBW ON OFF (ON), and CPL SWP ON OFF (ON) to turn on the video bandwidth and

sweep time coupling.

15.

Press Main Menu and look at the signal in the time domain window.

16.

Press UPDATE

frequency window instead of the time domain window. (If the gate was not on when the user left the frequency window, it may be necessary to press Define Gate and

GATE ON OFF (ON) to turn the gate on again.)

Coupling .

TIMEFREIJ

Then press Pulse

so that FREQ is underlined or press

Param

to enter the pulse parameters. (This

softkeys

mEXT),

to enter the pulse

to activate the

Note

another front panel key), press the key twice to return to the last gate utility menu used.

Making Measurements

4.21

Using the Time-Gated Spectrum Analyzer Capability Without the Gate Utility

Note

Option 105 is required to perform this application. Option 101, fast time domain sweep, is recommended in addition to Option 105,

because it significantly increases the resolution available in the time domain. With Option 101, sweep times (in zero span) as fast as 20 ps can be used, otherwise the maximum sweep time is limited to >20 ms.

The measurement procedures in this section explain how to use the time gate capability without the convenience of the Gate Utility. The Gate Utility provides the user with simultaneous displays of the frequency and time domain to assist in setting up and manipulating the time gate. See “Using the Gate Utility To Simplify Time Gated Measurements” for information about using the Gate Utility. All the Gate Utility keys are listed under the (SWEEP] key in the key menu in Chapter 8. Descriptions of the different Gate Utility functions are found in Chapter 7.

This section provides the following information:

n Introduces the time-gated spectrum analyzer capability. n Explains how to use Option 105 to view a pulsed RF signal. n Explains how to use the self-calibration routines with Option 105. n Explains how to perform a functional check of Option 105.

Note

For more information about how to use Option 105 with other types of signals, see Product Note 8590-2 that is shipped with Option 105. Also, see the descriptions of individual functions in Chapter 7.

Introducing the Time-Gated Spectrum Analyzer Capability

As the spectrum analyzer takes a measurement sweep, it displays a specific frequency as it sweeps across the frequency range of the spectrum analyzer. Since signals can vary in time, the spectrum analyzer can miss an event at one frequency because it is sweeping at a different frequency when the event occurs. With Option 105, the time-gated spectrum analyzer capability, the spectrum analyzer can provide a “window” of what is going on with a signal at any specific time, since a spectrum analyzer with Option 105 has the capability to selectively acquire data based on an external trigger signal. The “window” represents a periodic timed event during which data acquisition is enabled.

The following figures demonstrate how the time gate can be used to view a signal. For example, you could have two signals at the same frequency in alternating time slots so they can share a common system. You can use an oscilloscope to determine whether there are two

signals (see Figure 4-18). However, you could not use a standard spectrum analyzer since both signals would contribute to the displayed frequency spectrum. By using the time-gate functions of Option 105, you can use a spectrum analyzer to mask out one signal at a time and measure each of the two signals separately (see Figure 4-19).

4-22 Making Measurements

Agilent 8590E User Manual

Specifications and Main Features

Frequently Asked Questions

User Manual

Certification

Warranty

Exclusive Remedies

Assistance

Safety Symbols

General Safety Considerations

Regulatory Information

HP 8590 Series Spectrum Analyzer Documentation Description

Manuals Shipped with Your Spectrum Analyzer

Options

How to Order Manuals

Preparing For Use

Preparing Your Spectrum Analyzer for Use

Initial Inspection

Power Requirements

Setting the Line Voltage Selector Switch

Checking the Fuse

Power Cable

Turning on the Analyzer for the First Time

Performing the Tracking-Generator Self-Calibration Routine

Performing the YTF Self-Calibration Routine

Electrostatic Discharge

Reducing Damage Caused by ESD

Getting Started

Getting Acquainted with the Analyzer

Front-Panel Features

Rear-Panel Features

Data Controls

Screen Annotation

Menu and Softkey Overview

Making a Measurement

Measurement Summary

Improving Accuracy with Self-Calibration Routines

Warm-Up Time

Performing the Tracking Generator Self-Calibration Routine (Option 010 or 011 only)

When Is Self-Calibration Needed?

Memory Card Insertion and Battery Replacement

Changing the Memory Card Battery

Analyzer Battery Information

Making Basic Measurements

Resolving Signals of Equal Amplitude Using the Resolution Bandwidth Function

Resolving Small Signals Hidden by Large Signals Using the Resolution Bandwidth Function

Decreasing the Frequency Span Using the Marker Track Function

Peaking Signal Amplitude with Preselector Peak

Tracking Unstable Signals Using Marker Track and the Maximum Hold and Minimum Hold Functions

Comparing Signals Using Delta Markers

Measuring Low-Level Signals Using Attenuation, Video Bandwidth, and Video Averaging

Identifying Distortion Products Using the RF Attenuator and Traces

Distortion from the Analyzer

Third-Order Intermodulation Distortion

Using the Analyzer As a Receiver in Zero Frequency Span

Measuring Signals Near Band Boundaries Using Harmonic Lock

Making Measurements

Measuring Amplitude Modulation with the Fast Fourier Transform Function

Stimulus-Response Measurements

What Are Stimulus-Response Measurements?

Using a Spectrum Analyzer with a Tracking Generator

Stepping through the Measurement

Tracking Generator Unleveled Condition

Demodulating and Listening to an AM or FM Signal

Triggering on a Selected Line of a Video Picture Field

Making Reflection Calibration Measurements

Using the Time-Gated Spectrum Analyzer Capability Without the Gate Utility

Introducing the Time-Gated Spectrum Analyzer Capability