SDA Series
Stealth Digital Analyzer
Operation Manual
6510-00-0442, Rev D
May 2001
Notice
Every effort was made to ensure that the information in this document was accurate at the time of printing. However, information is subject to change without notice, and Acterna reserves the right to provide an addendum to this document with information not available at the time that this document was created.
Copyright
© Copyright 2001 Acterna, LLC. All rights reserved. Acterna, The Keepers of Communications, and its logo are trademarks of Acterna, LLC. All other trademarks and registered trademarks are the property of their respective owners. No part of this guide may be reproduced or transmitted electronically or otherwise without written permission of the publisher.
Trademarks
Acterna and Stealth Digital Analyzer™ are trademarks or registered trademarks of Acterna in the United States and/or other countries.
Acterna and PathTrak™ are trademarks or registered trademarks of Acterna in the United States and/or other countries.
Acterna and DigiCheck™ are trademarks or registered trademarks of Acterna in the United States and/or other countries.
Specifications, terms, and conditions are subject to change without notice. All trademarks and registered trademarks are the property of their respective companies.
Ordering information
This guide is a product of Acterna's Technical Information Development Department, issued as part of the SDA Series Operation Manual. The ordering number for a published guide is
6510-00-0442, Rev D.
Global Headquarters
20400 Observation Drive
Germantown, Maryland 20876-4023 USA
Toll Free 1-800-638-2049 • Tel +1-301-353-1550 • Fax +1-301-353-0234 www.acterna.com
Federal Communications Commission (FCC) Notice
This product was tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class A digital device, pursuant to Part 15 of the FCC Rules. These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection against harmful interference when the equipment is operated in a commercial environment. This product generates, uses, and can radiate radio frequency energy and, if not installed and used in accordance with the instruction manual, may cause harmful interference to radio communications. Operation of this product in a residential area is likely to cause harmful interference, in which case you will be required to correct the interference at your own expense.
The authority to operate this product is conditioned by the requirements that no modifications be made to the equipment unless the changes or modifications are expressly approved by Acterna.
Industry Canada Requirements
This Class A digital apparatus complies with Canadian ICES-003.
Cet appareil numérique de la classe A est conforme à la norme NMB-003 du Canada.
EMC Directive Compliance
This product was tested and conforms to the EMC Directive, 89/336/EEC as amended by 92/31/EEC and 93/68/EEC for electromagnetic compatibility. A copy of the Declaration of Conformity is provided in this manual.
Low Voltage Directive Compliance
This product was tested and conforms to the Low Voltage Directive, 73/23/EEC as amended by 93/68/EEC. Conformity with this directive is based upon compliance with the harmonized safety standard, EN60950. A copy of the Declaration of Conformity is provided in this manual.
The following table defines safety terms. Failure to observe these precautions
while using the Stealth Digital Analyzer violates the intended use of this product.
Safety definitions
Term |
Description |
|
|
DANGER |
Indicates an imminently hazardous situation which, if not |
|
avoided, will result in death or serious injury. |
|
|
WARNING |
Indicates a potentially hazardous situation which, if not |
|
avoided, could result in death or serious injury. |
|
|
CAUTION |
Indicates a potentially hazardous situation which, if not |
|
avoided, may result in minor or moderate injury. It may also |
|
be used to alert against unsafe practices. |
|
|
When using the product, basic safety precautions should always be followed to reduce the risk of fire, shock, and injury to persons, including the following:
1Read and follow all warning notices and instructions marked on the product and included in the manual.
2Use only the AC Adapter/Charger supplied with the product.
3Do not use AC Adapter/Charger outdoors or in wet or damp locations.
4Connect the AC Adapter/Charger to the correct mains voltage, as indicated on the ratings label.
5This product is intended to be used with a 3-wire grounding-type plug—a plug that has a grounding pin. This safety feature is vital to the safe operation of the instrument. Do not defeat the purpose of the grounding-type plug by modifying the plug or using an adapter.
6Do not allow anything to rest on the power cord, and do not locate the product where persons can walk on the power cord.
7Avoid using this product during an electrical storm. There may be a remote risk of electric shock from lightning.
8Do not use this product in the vicinity of a gas leak or in any explosive environment.
9Do not attempt to service this product yourself, as opening or removing covers may expose you to dangerous, high voltage points and other hazards. Refer all servicing to qualified service personnel.
10CAUTION: Danger of explosion if battery is incorrectly replaced. Replace only with Acterna P/N 1118-00-0358. Dispose of used batteries according to the manufacturer’s instructions.
Save these instructions
Preface |
|
|
About the Manual............................................................................................ |
xxi |
|
Section I Introduction ................................................................................. |
xxi |
|
Section II |
Field Units.................................................................................. |
xxi |
Section III |
Headend Units ........................................................................ |
xxiii |
Section IV |
Appendices ............................................................................. |
xxiii |
Document Conventions ............................................................................. |
xxiii |
|
Keystroke Conventions.............................................................................. |
xxiv |
|
Chapter 1 |
|
|
The SDA Family |
|
|
Introduction ......................................................................................................... |
|
1 |
Field Unit ......................................................................................................... |
|
2 |
Headend Units ................................................................................................. |
2 |
|
Field Unit (SDA-5000)......................................................................................... |
3 |
|
Quickly find entry points for ingress and noise............................................... |
3 |
|
Pinpoint return path problems by analyzing digital |
|
|
return path signals at any point in the field...................................................... |
4 |
|
Align return path amps more quickly and with fewer errors........................... |
4 |
|
New Features and Benefits of the SDA-5000.................................................. |
5 |
|
Headend Units (SDA-5500 and SDA-5510)....................................................... |
5 |
|
SDA-5500 Stealth Sweep Transceiver ............................................................ |
5 |
|
New Features and Benefits of the SDA-5500............................................ |
6 |
|
SDA-5510 Stealth Reverse Sweep Manager ................................................... |
6 |
|
Reverse Sweep Alignment......................................................................... |
7 |
|
Ingress Detection and Troubleshooting ..................................................... |
7 |
|
Easy To Read Noise/Ingress Display......................................................... |
7 |
|
Options.................................................................................................................. |
|
7 |
Contents |
|
Chapter 2 |
|
Description and Basic Operation |
|
Introduction ......................................................................................................... |
9 |
User Interface Elements.................................................................................... |
10 |
The Navigator Interface................................................................................. |
10 |
Navigator Tabs and Icons ........................................................................ |
11 |
Key Controls.................................................................................................. |
13 |
Soft Keys.................................................................................................. |
14 |
Measurement Mode Keys ........................................................................ |
14 |
Alphanumeric Keypad ............................................................................. |
16 |
Cable Connection Ports............................................................................ |
17 |
Basic Modes of Operation................................................................................. |
17 |
Level Measurement ....................................................................................... |
17 |
Sweep............................................................................................................. |
18 |
Proof-of-Performance Measurement Tools ................................................... |
19 |
Spectrum Analysis ......................................................................................... |
21 |
PathTrak Mode (OPT3 Field View) .............................................................. |
21 |
Configuring the SDA-5000................................................................................ |
22 |
Global Configuration ..................................................................................... |
23 |
Measurements Configuration (Including QAM OPT4)................................. |
25 |
Digital Analysis (QAM OPT4) Options .................................................. |
27 |
Channel Plan Configuration .......................................................................... |
27 |
Sweep Configuration ..................................................................................... |
28 |
PathTrak Configuration (OPT3) .................................................................... |
28 |
Diagnostics .................................................................................................... |
29 |
System Information ....................................................................................... |
32 |
Printing Measurements and Files .................................................................... |
33 |
Chapter 3 |
|
Channel Plans |
|
Introduction ....................................................................................................... |
35 |
Channel Plan Configuration............................................................................. |
36 |
Setting Channel Plan Parameters .................................................................... |
38 |
Select Channel Plan ....................................................................................... |
38 |
Video Signal Type ......................................................................................... |
39 |
Channel Tuning Sequence ............................................................................. |
40 |
Build Channel Plan ........................................................................................ |
40 |
Edit Channel Plan .......................................................................................... |
43 |
viii
|
Contents |
Editable Parameters ................................................................................. |
46 |
Configuring a Digital Carrier................................................................... |
49 |
Configuring for Inverted Spectrum.......................................................... |
50 |
Configuring a QAM Digital Stream Channel .......................................... |
51 |
Inverted Spectrum Features ..................................................................... |
52 |
Delete Unused Channels................................................................................ |
53 |
Specify Auto Measurements.......................................................................... |
53 |
Edit Limits ..................................................................................................... |
55 |
Edit Digital Limits ......................................................................................... |
56 |
Copy Remote Plan ......................................................................................... |
57 |
Chapter 4 |
|
Field Sweeping with the SDA-5000 |
|
Introduction ....................................................................................................... |
59 |
Test Point Compensation .................................................................................. |
59 |
Test Point Compensation Configuration ....................................................... |
60 |
Sweep Receiver Configuration ......................................................................... |
64 |
Sweep Configuration ..................................................................................... |
64 |
SWEEP Menu Options .................................................................................. |
67 |
Considerations for Sweep in the Field ............................................................. |
70 |
Connecting the SDA-5000 to a Test Point .................................................... |
70 |
Signal Level Considerations .................................................................... |
71 |
Wiring and Levels: Forward Sweep ........................................................ |
71 |
Wiring and Levels: Reverse Sweep (SDA-5000 OPT1).......................... |
72 |
Sweep Setup................................................................................................... |
74 |
Reverse Sweep Operation:....................................................................... |
75 |
Reverse Telemetry Level: ........................................................................ |
75 |
Reverse Sweep Insertion Level:............................................................... |
75 |
Forward Sweep Operation ............................................................................. |
75 |
Soft Key Icons: ........................................................................................ |
76 |
Forward SWEEP Screens ........................................................................ |
77 |
Frequency Screen ............................................................................... |
77 |
Level Screen....................................................................................... |
79 |
Limit Screen ....................................................................................... |
80 |
Tilt Screen .......................................................................................... |
81 |
Reverse Sweep Operation (SDA-5000 OPT1) .............................................. |
82 |
Reverse Sweep ......................................................................................... |
83 |
Reverse Injection Levels.......................................................................... |
83 |
Setting the Sweep Direction..................................................................... |
84 |
ix
Contents |
|
Reverse SWEEP Screens ......................................................................... |
85 |
Reverse Frequency Screen ....................................................................... |
86 |
Reverse Level Screen............................................................................... |
86 |
Reverse Noise Screen .............................................................................. |
87 |
Reverse Noise Level Screen .................................................................... |
88 |
Reverse Noise Frequency Screen............................................................. |
89 |
Reverse Amplifier Alignment Screens .......................................................... |
90 |
REV ALIGNMENT Main Screen ........................................................... |
90 |
REV ALIGNMENT Level Screen........................................................... |
91 |
Sweepless Sweep ................................................................................................ |
92 |
Loopback Sweep (OPT2) .................................................................................. |
93 |
Chapter 5 |
|
Reverse Path Troubleshooting |
|
Introduction ....................................................................................................... |
95 |
Problems in Advanced Services ....................................................................... |
96 |
Problems in Troubleshooting the Reverse Path............................................. |
98 |
Improving Accuracy and Reducing Wasted Time......................................... |
98 |
Tools for Combating Reverse Ingress ........................................................... |
99 |
CPD (Common Path Distortion) Analysis..................................................... |
100 |
Recommended Setup for CPD Analysis...................................................... |
101 |
Evaluating TDMA Return Path Signals........................................................ |
102 |
Variable Time Slot TDMA.......................................................................... |
103 |
Troubleshooting TDMA .............................................................................. |
104 |
Zero Span Measurements....................................................................... |
104 |
Chapter 6 |
|
Measuring System Performance |
|
Introduction ..................................................................................................... |
109 |
A Word About Measurement Screens and Icons......................................... |
109 |
Measuring Signal Levels ................................................................................. |
110 |
Level Measurements.................................................................................... |
110 |
Tilt Measurements ....................................................................................... |
112 |
Tilt Compensation.................................................................................. |
113 |
Balancing Amplifiers ............................................................................. |
114 |
Scan Measurements ..................................................................................... |
115 |
Scan Rates.............................................................................................. |
116 |
x
|
Contents |
Audio Carriers........................................................................................ |
116 |
LEVEL Submenu................................................................................... |
117 |
FREQUENCY Submenu ....................................................................... |
117 |
TILT Submenu....................................................................................... |
118 |
LIMIT Submenu .................................................................................... |
118 |
Carrier-to-Noise Measurements..................................................................... |
119 |
Modem Carrier-to-Noise Measurements ...................................................... |
121 |
Why Measure Cable Modem C/N?.............................................................. |
122 |
Measuring Modem Carrier-to-Noise ........................................................... |
122 |
Hum Measurements ........................................................................................ |
124 |
Modulation Measurements ............................................................................. |
126 |
CSO/CBT Measurements ............................................................................... |
128 |
Chapter 7 |
|
Spectrum Analyzer Mode |
|
Introduction ..................................................................................................... |
131 |
Spectrum Mode Operation ............................................................................. |
131 |
LEVEL Submenu......................................................................................... |
134 |
FREQUENCY Submenu ............................................................................. |
134 |
AMPLIFIER Submenu ................................................................................ |
135 |
ZERO SPAN Submenu................................................................................ |
136 |
AMPLIFIER/LOW-PASS FILTER Submenu ............................................ |
137 |
TIMEBASE Submenu ................................................................................. |
138 |
LEVEL Submenu......................................................................................... |
138 |
BANDWIDTH Submenu............................................................................. |
139 |
Chapter 8 |
|
PathTrak Field View (OPT3) |
|
Introduction ..................................................................................................... |
141 |
PathTrak Configuration ................................................................................. |
141 |
PathTrak Mode Operation ............................................................................. |
142 |
AMPLIFIER/LOW-PASS FILTER Submenu ............................................ |
144 |
LEVEL Submenu......................................................................................... |
145 |
Node List Mode ........................................................................................... |
145 |
Node Selection ....................................................................................... |
147 |
Node Information................................................................................... |
147 |
Measurement Hold................................................................................. |
147 |
xi
Contents |
|
Chapter 9 |
|
Digital Analysis (QAM View OPT4) |
|
Introduction ..................................................................................................... |
149 |
Quick Start ....................................................................................................... |
150 |
Selecting a Digital Analysis Mode .............................................................. |
150 |
Using the Navigator Menu..................................................................... |
150 |
Using the Measurement Mode Keys...................................................... |
150 |
Correcting Signal Lock Errors ............................................................... |
151 |
Digital Summary Mode (Quick Start) ......................................................... |
151 |
QAM Ingress Mode (Quick Start) ............................................................... |
152 |
Constellation Mode (Quick Start)................................................................ |
152 |
Equalizer Mode (Quick Start)...................................................................... |
153 |
Digital Summary Mode................................................................................... |
153 |
Features and Definitions .............................................................................. |
154 |
DIGITAL Main Screen Features ........................................................... |
154 |
Modulation Error Ratio (MER) ............................................................. |
154 |
Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) ............................................................ |
154 |
Bit Error Rate (BER) ............................................................................. |
154 |
Forward Error Correction (FEC) ........................................................... |
155 |
Modulation Format ................................................................................ |
155 |
Symbol Rate........................................................................................... |
155 |
DETAIL Display.................................................................................... |
155 |
Equalizer Stress...................................................................................... |
156 |
Carrier Offset ......................................................................................... |
156 |
Basic Operation ........................................................................................... |
156 |
Viewing the DETAIL Display ............................................................... |
157 |
Viewing the QAM Level Display .......................................................... |
157 |
Editing the Modulation Format.............................................................. |
158 |
Editing the Symbol Rate ........................................................................ |
159 |
QAM Ingress Mode ......................................................................................... |
160 |
Features and Definitions .............................................................................. |
160 |
QAM INGRESS Main Screen Features................................................. |
160 |
Basic Operation ........................................................................................... |
161 |
Measuring QAM INGRESS .................................................................. |
162 |
Editing the Modulation Format or Symbol Rate.................................... |
163 |
Editing the Reference Level................................................................... |
164 |
Editing the Scale Parameter ................................................................... |
164 |
Selecting the Maximum Hold Function................................................. |
165 |
Constellation Mode.......................................................................................... |
166 |
Constellation Basics..................................................................................... |
166 |
xii
|
Contents |
Decision Boundaries .............................................................................. |
166 |
Common Impairment Types .................................................................. |
167 |
QAM Modulation and Symbol Rates .................................................... |
169 |
Modulation Error Ratio (MER) ............................................................. |
169 |
Bit Error Rate (BER) ............................................................................. |
169 |
Basic Operation ........................................................................................... |
169 |
CONSTELLATION Main Screen Features........................................... |
170 |
Viewing the QAM Level Display .......................................................... |
171 |
Editing the Modulation Format or Symbol Rate.................................... |
171 |
Using the Zoom Feature......................................................................... |
172 |
Equalizer Mode................................................................................................ |
174 |
Equalizer Main Screen Features .................................................................. |
174 |
Basic Operation ........................................................................................... |
175 |
EQUALIZER Main Screen.................................................................... |
175 |
In-Channel Frequency Response Screen ............................................... |
177 |
In-Channel Group Delay Screen............................................................ |
177 |
Chapter 10 |
|
Automatic Test |
|
Introduction ..................................................................................................... |
179 |
Test Locations .................................................................................................. |
180 |
Parameters and Test Location Types........................................................... |
181 |
Creating and Editing Test Locations ........................................................... |
182 |
Entering a New Location ....................................................................... |
183 |
Deleting an Existing Location ............................................................... |
183 |
Editing an Existing Location ................................................................. |
183 |
Performing an Auto Test ................................................................................ |
184 |
Choose Location .......................................................................................... |
184 |
Edit Location ............................................................................................... |
185 |
Select Probe Point........................................................................................ |
186 |
Compensation .............................................................................................. |
188 |
Results File Name........................................................................................ |
188 |
Type of Test................................................................................................. |
189 |
Set Schedule........................................................................................... |
189 |
Temperature................................................................................................. |
190 |
Canceling an Auto Test ............................................................................... |
191 |
Auto Test Results............................................................................................. |
191 |
Viewing Intervals......................................................................................... |
194 |
xiii
Contents |
|
Chapter 11 |
|
Files |
|
Introduction ..................................................................................................... |
197 |
Storing Files ..................................................................................................... |
198 |
Viewing and Printing Files ............................................................................. |
200 |
Sweep References............................................................................................. |
201 |
Overlay Mode................................................................................................... |
203 |
Selecting a Sweep File to Overlay............................................................... |
204 |
Chapter 12 |
|
Maintenance |
|
Maintaining Your SDA Equipment ............................................................... |
207 |
Visual, Physical, and Mechanical Inspection .............................................. |
207 |
RF Connector Replacement......................................................................... |
207 |
Battery Terminal Cleaning .......................................................................... |
208 |
Charging the Battery.................................................................................... |
208 |
Cleaning the Instrument............................................................................... |
209 |
Annual Calibration....................................................................................... |
209 |
Worldwide Support, Sales, and Service ........................................................ |
209 |
Getting Technical Assistance ...................................................................... |
209 |
About Our Service........................................................................................... |
210 |
Customer service locations .......................................................................... |
211 |
Instrument services ...................................................................................... |
211 |
Product Enhancement Group....................................................................... |
212 |
Test systems field engineering and installation ........................................... |
212 |
Technical training ........................................................................................ |
213 |
Warranty information .................................................................................. |
213 |
Equipment return instructions...................................................................... |
215 |
Chapter 13 |
|
Description and Basic Operation |
|
of the SDA-5500 and 5510 |
|
Introduction ..................................................................................................... |
217 |
User Interface Elements.................................................................................. |
217 |
Soft Keys ..................................................................................................... |
218 |
Navigator ..................................................................................................... |
218 |
xiv
|
Contents |
Measurement Mode Selection Keys ............................................................ |
218 |
Support Mode Selection Keys ..................................................................... |
220 |
Diamond Keys ............................................................................................. |
220 |
Alphanumeric Entry Keys ........................................................................... |
220 |
Alpha Entry Mode.................................................................................. |
221 |
Numeric Entry Mode ............................................................................. |
221 |
Multiple Choice Mode ........................................................................... |
221 |
Printing ........................................................................................................ |
221 |
Global Configuration ...................................................................................... |
222 |
Global Setup ................................................................................................ |
222 |
Measurements Setup.................................................................................... |
225 |
Channel Plan Setup...................................................................................... |
227 |
Sweep Transceiver (SDA-5500).................................................................. |
227 |
Reverse Sweep (SDA-5510)........................................................................ |
228 |
Basic Modes of Operation............................................................................... |
228 |
Level Mode.................................................................................................. |
228 |
Tuning by Channel or Frequency .......................................................... |
230 |
Scale Adjustment ................................................................................... |
230 |
Tilt Mode ..................................................................................................... |
230 |
Level Adjustments ................................................................................. |
231 |
Scan Mode ................................................................................................... |
232 |
Level Adjustments ................................................................................. |
233 |
Frequency Adjustments ......................................................................... |
233 |
Scan Rate ............................................................................................... |
233 |
Audio Carriers........................................................................................ |
234 |
Limits ..................................................................................................... |
234 |
Measuring the Carrier to Noise Ratio.......................................................... |
235 |
Bandwidth Adjustments......................................................................... |
236 |
Noise Offset Frequency Adjustments .................................................... |
236 |
Measuring Hum ........................................................................................... |
237 |
Monitoring the Depth of Modulation .......................................................... |
238 |
Spectrum Analyzer Mode ............................................................................ |
239 |
Level Adjustments ................................................................................. |
240 |
Frequency Adjustments ......................................................................... |
240 |
How To Make FCC In-Channel Response Measurements .................... |
240 |
How To Make CSO/CTB Measurements .............................................. |
241 |
Sweep Mode (SDA-5500) ........................................................................... |
243 |
Sweep Mode (SDA-5510) ........................................................................... |
244 |
Frequency Adjustments ......................................................................... |
246 |
Level Adjustments ................................................................................. |
246 |
Working with Files .......................................................................................... |
247 |
How to Store, View, and Delete Measurement Files................................... |
247 |
xv
Contents |
|
Using Auto Test................................................................................................ |
248 |
How To Create, Edit, and Delete Test Locations ........................................ |
249 |
How To Perform An Auto Test ................................................................... |
252 |
Auto Test Location ................................................................................ |
253 |
Auto Test Characteristics....................................................................... |
253 |
Test Point Type ...................................................................................... |
254 |
Voltage Measurements........................................................................... |
255 |
Test Point Compensation ....................................................................... |
256 |
Results File............................................................................................. |
257 |
Type Of Test .......................................................................................... |
257 |
Immediate......................................................................................... |
257 |
Scheduled ......................................................................................... |
258 |
Viewing and Printing Auto Test Files ......................................................... |
259 |
Status ................................................................................................................ |
266 |
Chapter 14 |
|
SDA-5500/SDA-5510 Sweep Configuration |
|
Introduction ..................................................................................................... |
267 |
Forward Sweep Configuration (SDA-5500)................................................. |
267 |
Wiring Connections ..................................................................................... |
267 |
Setting Levels .............................................................................................. |
269 |
Setting Forward Telemetry Levels and Frequencies ................................... |
271 |
Forward Telemetry Level ...................................................................... |
272 |
Forward Sweep Insertion Level ............................................................. |
272 |
Include Audio Carriers........................................................................... |
273 |
Enable or Disable Reverse Sweep ......................................................... |
273 |
Select the Frequency of the Reverse Telemetry Carrier ........................ |
273 |
Access Reverse Sweep Plans ................................................................. |
273 |
Creating Channel Plans................................................................................ |
274 |
Quick Build Channel Plan Procedure .................................................... |
274 |
First Channel Plan Procedure................................................................. |
275 |
Editing A Channel Plan ......................................................................... |
277 |
Testing the Transmitter Setup...................................................................... |
283 |
Configuring Reverse Sweep............................................................................ |
284 |
Stealth Reverse Sweep Concept .................................................................. |
284 |
Basic Reverse Sweep Procedure.................................................................. |
285 |
Wiring Connections ..................................................................................... |
285 |
Single Cable - Split Band Network........................................................ |
285 |
Dual Cable Network .............................................................................. |
287 |
xvi
Contents |
|
Reverse Sweep Setup................................................................................... |
288 |
Enabling Reverse Sweep (SDA-5500)................................................... |
288 |
Setting the Forward Telemetry Frequency (SDA-5510) ....................... |
289 |
Setting the Forward Telemetry Level (SDA-5510) ............................... |
289 |
Setting the Reverse Telemetry Frequency |
|
(SDA-5500 and SDA-5510) .................................................................. |
289 |
Reverse Sweep Channel Plans..................................................................... |
290 |
Creating a New Reverse Sweep Channel Plan ...................................... |
291 |
Selecting an Existing Reverse Sweep Plan............................................ |
294 |
Editing a Reverse Sweep Plan ............................................................... |
294 |
Testing the Transmitter Setup for Reverse Sweep ...................................... |
295 |
Forward and Reverse Sweep (SDA-5500) ..................................................... |
296 |
Using Both Headend Units.............................................................................. |
297 |
Sweep History and Theory ............................................................................. |
298 |
Forward Sweep Theory................................................................................ |
298 |
Remote Operation and Channel Plans ................................................... |
299 |
Telemetry Channel................................................................................. |
299 |
Stealth Sweep......................................................................................... |
300 |
Reverse Sweep Theory ................................................................................ |
300 |
Productivity Tools ....................................................................................... |
301 |
Markers and Limits ................................................................................ |
301 |
Sweep References .................................................................................. |
302 |
Test Point Compensation ....................................................................... |
303 |
Reverse Amplifier Alignment................................................................ |
303 |
Reverse Noise Broadcast ....................................................................... |
304 |
File Overlay ........................................................................................... |
305 |
Choosing Receiver Modes (SDA-5500 and SDA-5510)............................. |
305 |
Appendix A |
|
Application Notes |
|
Forward Sweep and Balance .......................................................................... |
307 |
Step-by-Step Headend Setup for Forward Sweep ....................................... |
307 |
Forward Sweep Setup ............................................................................ |
307 |
Build Channel Plan (Configure; Channel Plan)..................................... |
308 |
Build Sweep Points (Configure; Channel Plan; Build Sweep Points)... |
309 |
Sweep Transceiver (Configure; Sweep Transceiver) ............................ |
309 |
Copying Channel Plans.......................................................................... |
310 |
Field Unit Settings ....................................................................................... |
311 |
Before You Leave the Headend............................................................. |
311 |
xvii
Contents |
|
Forward Balancing and Sweeping ............................................................... |
312 |
Common Forward Sweep Problems ............................................................ |
313 |
Standing Waves ..................................................................................... |
313 |
Spikes..................................................................................................... |
313 |
No Communication................................................................................ |
314 |
Bad Response......................................................................................... |
314 |
Faster Forward Sweep............................................................................ |
314 |
Frequency Response Identification........................................................ |
315 |
Other Applications....................................................................................... |
315 |
Using the Portable Receiver Transmitter for Forward Activation......... |
315 |
Tips & Hints ................................................................................................ |
316 |
Reverse Sweep and Balance............................................................................ |
318 |
Step-by-Step Headend Set Up ..................................................................... |
318 |
Reverse Sweep Setup............................................................................. |
318 |
Build Channel Plan (Configure; Channel Plan)..................................... |
319 |
Sweep Transceiver (Configure; Sweep Transceiver). ........................... |
320 |
Field Unit Settings ....................................................................................... |
320 |
Before You Leave the Headend............................................................. |
321 |
Reverse Balancing and Sweeping................................................................ |
321 |
Another Way.......................................................................................... |
323 |
Considerations........................................................................................ |
324 |
Common Return Sweep Problems............................................................... |
324 |
Standing Waves ..................................................................................... |
324 |
Spikes..................................................................................................... |
325 |
No Communication................................................................................ |
325 |
Bad Response......................................................................................... |
326 |
Faster Reverse Sweep ............................................................................ |
327 |
Frequency Response Identification........................................................ |
327 |
Other Applications....................................................................................... |
327 |
Stealth Receiver with Transmitter Option ............................................. |
327 |
The "Noise" Mode ................................................................................. |
327 |
Tips & Hints ................................................................................................ |
327 |
Return Path Troubleshooting......................................................................... |
329 |
History of CPD ............................................................................................ |
329 |
Troubleshooting CPD .................................................................................. |
330 |
Test Location Considerations ...................................................................... |
330 |
The Noise Mode .......................................................................................... |
331 |
Listening to Ingress for Identification of the Source ................................... |
332 |
Return Path Egress/Ingress Testing ............................................................. |
333 |
Using a Variable Dwell Time to Catch Impulse Noise ............................... |
333 |
The "Zero Span" Mode ................................................................................ |
334 |
Proofing and Testing ....................................................................................... |
335 |
xviii
|
Contents |
FCC Title 47 Code of Federal Regulations, Subpart K, Section 76.605(a).335 |
|
Audio/Video Tests [76.605(a)(2)] ......................................................... |
335 |
24-hour Variation Test [76.605(a)(3,4,5)] ............................................. |
335 |
In-Channel Sweeping [76.605(a)(6)] ..................................................... |
336 |
CNR & Distortions [76.605(a)(7,8)]...................................................... |
337 |
Terminal Isolation [76.605(a)(9)] .......................................................... |
340 |
Hum [76.605(a)(10)].............................................................................. |
340 |
Headend Tests [76.605(a)(11)] .............................................................. |
341 |
Leakage – Rule [76.609(h) & 76.605(a)(12)]........................................ |
341 |
Appendix B |
|
Specifications |
|
Frequency .................................................................................................... |
343 |
Level Measurement ..................................................................................... |
343 |
Carrier-to-Noise........................................................................................... |
344 |
Hum Measurement....................................................................................... |
344 |
Depth of Modulation.................................................................................... |
344 |
Tilt Measurement......................................................................................... |
344 |
Scan Mode ................................................................................................... |
344 |
Sweep Mode ................................................................................................ |
345 |
Spectrum Mode............................................................................................ |
345 |
Zero-Span Mode .......................................................................................... |
346 |
Intermodulation Distortion (CSO/CTB) ...................................................... |
346 |
Reverse Transmitter..................................................................................... |
346 |
Telemetry..................................................................................................... |
346 |
Data Storage................................................................................................. |
347 |
Serial Interface............................................................................................. |
347 |
Input Configuration ..................................................................................... |
347 |
General......................................................................................................... |
347 |
Power Sources ............................................................................................. |
347 |
Forward Transmitter (OPT 2)...................................................................... |
348 |
PathTrak Field View (Option 3) .................................................................. |
348 |
QAM View Option (Option 4) .................................................................... |
348 |
Modulation Type:................................................................................... |
348 |
Measurable Input Range (Lock Range): ................................................ |
348 |
Frequency Tuning: ................................................................................. |
348 |
MER (Modulation Error Ratio): ............................................................ |
349 |
EVM (Error Vector Magnitude): ........................................................... |
350 |
BER (Bit Error Rate): ............................................................................ |
350 |
xix
Contents |
|
Measurable QAM Ingress:.................................................................... |
350 |
Channel Bandwidth:............................................................................... |
350 |
Power Source: ........................................................................................ |
351 |
Appendix C
Status Indicators and Icons
Status Indicators........................................................................................... |
|
353 |
Soft Key Icons ............................................................................................. |
|
354 |
Additional Option-Specific Icons ................................................................ |
357 |
|
SDA Option 2 -- Portable Sweep Transmitter ....................................... |
357 |
|
SDA Option 3 |
-- PathTrak ..................................................................... |
357 |
SDA Option 4 |
-- QAM .......................................................................... |
358 |
Appendix D
User and Error Messages
Introduction.................................................................................................. |
359 |
Appendix E
Glossary
.....................................................................................................................365
Index
.....................................................................................................................371
xx
The Stealth Digital Analyzer (SDA) is the new base platform for Acterna’s family of signal analysis and sweep meters. This manual will guide you through the theory and operation of the SDA headend and field units, providing in-depth, step-by-step configuration, operation, and feature descriptions.
Chapter 1 introduces you to the new SDA family of CATV test equipment. In this chapter, you learn about the features and capabilities of the SDA field and headend units, and about the various options available.
Chapter 2, "Description and Basic Operation," describes the SDA-5000’s user interface and its basic modes of operation. You also learn basic configuration procedures and what you need to print files and screen shots.
Chapter 3, "Channel Plans," shows you how to configure your unit’s channel plan capability, edit channel plan parameters, create, copy and edit channel plans, and how to configure a digital carrier.
Preface: About the Manual
Chapter 4, "Field Sweeping with the SDA-5000," begins with coverage of test point compensation and how to configure your SDA-5000. Sweep configuration is covered in detail, after which you learn how to connect to amplifier test points and how to conduct forward, reverse, sweepless, and loopback sweeps. This chapter also describes reverse amplifier alignment.
Chapter 5, "Reverse Path Troubleshooting," describes the problems most common to the return path, offers tips to help you more quickly trace the trouble, and shows you how to use the Zero Span mode to look at TDMA signals.
Chapter 6, "Measuring System Performance," explains how to evaluate system performance by measuring key parameters. Operations covered include Level, Tilt, Scan, Carrier-to-Noise ratio (C/N), Hum, ModulationDemodulation, Composite Second Order (CSO) and Composite Triple Beat (CTB).
Chapter 7, "Spectrum Analyzer Mode," describes the SDA-5000’s spectrum analysis capabilities and how it can assist you in general troubleshooting and in examining TDMA signals with the Zero Span mode. CSO/CTB mode is covered as well.
Chapter 8, "PathTrak Field View (OPT3)," shows you how to use PathTrak mode for return path troubleshooting by comparing spectrum measurements at the node with current conditions at the headend.
Chapter 9, "Digital Analysis (QAM View OPT4)," explains how to use the new QAM digital channel tool. You’ll learn to measure the most critical characteristics of a digital channel, and how to use a spectrum view of ingress. You’ll also learn how to use the constellation view to assist you in your troubleshooting efforts and how to use the equalizer to correct the effects of reflections in the transmission path.
Chapter 10, "Automatic Test," explains how to perform automatic system tests, an easy way to acquire proof-of-performance compliance data. You learn how to create test locations and how to edit location parameters, as well as how to set testing schedules and how to view and print test reports.
Chapter 11, "Files," describes how to store, view, or print files created from field measurement data. Sweep reference files and measurement files are covered, along with the procedure for comparing a reference file with a "live" sweep in the field.
Chapter 12, "Maintenance," covers the routine maintenance tasks that a service technician can perform in the field. Inspection, connector replacement, battery terminal cleaning, general cleaning, and calibration are all covered. The chapter ends with a list of Acterna service centers worldwide.
xxii
Preface: About the Manual
Chapter 13, "Description and Basic Operation of the SDA-5500 and SDA5510," describes the user interface and basic modes of operation for the SDA headend units (SDA-5500 and SDA-5510). You also learn basic configuration procedures and what you need to print files and screen shots.
Chapter 14, "SDA-5500/SDA-5510 Sweep Configuration," shows you how to configure the SDA-5500 for forward sweep and for reverse sweep. It covers wiring connections, telemetry and frequency settings, channel plan creation and editing, and how to test the transmitter setup. You’ll also find important information about using the SDA-5500 and SDA-5510 together. In addition, this chapter includes a section on sweep history and theory that will deepen your understanding of what sweeping is and how it works.
Appendix A, "Application Notes," contains the full text of four application notes that help to clarify many of the issues covered in other chapters in the manual. The four application notes are: "Forward Sweep and Balance," "Reverse Sweep and Balance," "Return Path Troubleshooting," and "Proofing and Testing."
Appendix B, "Specifications," lists the technical specifications for each unit.
Appendix C, "Status Indicators and Icons," provides a descriptive list of indicators and icons that you’ll find on the SDA’s screens and used throughout the manual.
Appendix D, "User and Error Messages," describes many of the messages that appear on-screen indicating a problem in operation or a malfunctioning unit.
The Glossary defines many of the terms used throughout the manual.
Throughout this manual, typeface conventions have been adopted to help you quickly learn to use the instrument and its associated software:
Soft key and soft key icon names are in bold italic
Keypad key names and the names of icons other than soft icons are in bold
Menu and screen names are in UPPERCASE
Menu items, the options you can select, are in italic, except when they appear as the lead-in to a bulleted list item, when they’re bold
xxiii
Preface: About the Manual
Additional, important information appears throughout the manual in the form of Tips, Notes, Cautions, and See Also references:
NOTE: Notes provide additional information related to the text. They are designed to increase your understanding of the subject matter.
TIP: Tips suggest an action (an alternative method or shortcut) you can perform to help make the related procedure easier or quicker. They are designed to show you how to increase your efficiency.
CAUTION ! Cautions warn you about hazardous procedures, pitfalls to avoid, and procedures that must be done that might not be immediately obvious. They are designed to help you avoid costly or dangerous mistakes.
See Also
Cross references point you to locations anywhere in the manual where related information appears.
You frequently need to press several keys in succession to access the functions of the SDA units. When that is the case, the manual will tell you something like "press the Function and 2 def keys."
This means that you should first press the Function key, release it, and then press the 2 def key.
xxiv
The Stealth Digital Analyzer (SDA) cable network measurement tools test a wide range of critical parameters, helping you prove and maintain your system’s performance. Advanced features include tools to support preventative maintenance programs for improving network quality. Applications include aligning amplifiers such as optical nodes, testing the performance of both forward and reverse path networks, finding and fixing sources of reverse path ingress, measuring signal quality (both continuous and bursty digital carriers), and fulfilling FCC and CENELEC proof-of- performance requirements.
You can perform comprehensive troubleshooting and preventative maintenance tests with accuracy and ease using Acterna’s SDA products:
•Quickly check frequency response, signal levels, hum, carrier-to-noise (C/N) ratio, depth of modulation, and monitor the general performance of the cable system
•Perform tests without interfering with CATV subscribers' service
•Evaluate system performance precisely and diagnose and eliminate problems quickly to maintain quality operation of your CATV system equipment.
Acterna’s Stealth Sweep System consists of at least two major components: a headend transmitter and a field receiver.
The SDA Family: Introduction
NOTE: One benefit of the SDA products is the increased sweep speed provided by the new SDA Stealth Sweep and
1 |
SDA Transmit operating modes. |
|
|
|
Keep in mind that in order to take advantage of these new |
|
features, you must be using SDA equipment both in the |
|
headend (SDA-5500 or SDA-5510) and in the field (SDA- |
|
5000). |
|
|
In one lightweight package, the SDA-5000 is a powerful multipurpose troubleshooting assistant:
•A multipurpose forward and reverse sweep tool
•An advanced field spectrum analyzer that can measure ingress and noise to 5 microsecond bursts
•A digital carrier analysis tool capable of displaying digital signal performance characteristics
To check the frequency response of your system, the SDA-5500 headend transmitter injects low-level signals in the forward downstream path, inserting signals in vacant channel or spectrum areas. It also monitors the cable system's carrier levels in occupied spectrum areas for use in the noninterfering Sweepless Sweep, where the carrier itself is used as the sweep signal. In addition to generating carriers and using existing channels for sweep test signals, the SDA-5500 sends headend signal level readings to the downstream receivers with every sweep update. This technique enables the receivers to compensate for any signal level changes, maintaining the utmost measurement accuracy. The SDA-5510 performs reverse sweep functions only, but unlike the SDA-5500, it allows multiple receivers to work with one headend unit. The SDA-5500 and SDA-5510 can be used together using separate telemetry data carriers.
2
The SDA Family: Field Unit (SDA-5000)
The SDA field receivers conduct a battery of signal level measurements, |
1 |
|
|
including a full scan of the cable spectrum to 1 GHz, in addition to |
|
performing sweep reception. A proprietary digital signal processing (DSP) |
|
technique measures hum and carrier-to-noise (C/N) ratio on modulated |
|
carriers. |
|
The receivers are streamlined, hand-held instruments weighing |
|
approximately 7.5 pounds. A 320 X 240 backlighted dot matrix LCD shows |
|
measurement data in both graphical and numerical formats. An extended- |
|
life Nickel Metal Hydride (NiMH) battery (typically 4-5 hours operating time) |
|
is standard. |
|
Features of the SDA-5000 include: |
|
•Fast scanning and spectrum analysis for ingress and noise detection (catch bursty noise as fast as 5 microseconds)
•A desired/undesired TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) digital carrier analysis allowing you to see the quality and performance of cable modems and digital set-top boxes in the reverse path
•Simple operation through the expanded and redesigned Navigator interface
•Built in pre-amp for reverse path alignment and analysis that reduces the jumper cables and assorted boxes you must carry and simplifies alignment methods. The pre-amp also allows you to better see ingress and noise from high value test points
These features address advanced services such as Internet, IP telephony, digital video, QAM analysis, and DVB.
Acterna offers current Stealth customers upgrade paths for units already purchased.
•Fast peak detection circuits see ingress from even transient noise sources
•Programmable dwell-time in spectrum mode
•“Dwell” on each frequency longer to find more of the noise more quickly
•Zero span offers infinite dwell
•Fast spectrum scanning makes searching for ingress interactive, eliminating the wait for the trace to ‘acquire’
3
The SDA Family: Field Unit (SDA-5000)
•Observe noise signals clearly with the built-in pre-amp. Instead of needing to guess about a signal that is just above the noise floor, the built-in pre-amp allows you to clearly see and diagnose noise
1• Easily see the difference between meter-induced intermodulation and system intermodulation and CPD (common path distortion). A built-in low-pass filter strips away higher power forward path signals to examine just the reverse path
•Save money, connections, and time. Carry just one box with all the tools needed to find ingress
•D/U (desired/undesired) measures signal quality in-service and inchannel when you’re examining TDMA signals
•See data packet collisions
•View relative transmission levels for all the transmitters present in a cascade
•See how heavy network traffic is in a given amplifier cascade
•Level measurements allow you to align both TDMA and continuous digital channels
•Adjust return path amplifier tilt and gain
•Display injection levels and absolute headend signal levels
•Calculate system gain and tilt automatically
•Reliably measure reverse sweep and level with an improved test point compensation setup
•Compensate for test point loss in complex two-way amps using improved, informative displays
The SDA-5000 field meter also offers interoperability with Acterna’s PathTrak Performance Monitoring System. Interoperability is an exciting feature that enables you to solve return path ingress problems more effectively. Node spectrum data received at the PathTrak System can be broadcast to the field unit, allowing you to compare local (field) spectrum
4
The SDA Family: Headend Units (SDA-5500 and SDA-5510) |
|
measurements with remote (PathTrak System/headend) spectrum |
|
measurements. |
|
New Features and Benefits of the SDA-5000 |
1 |
•Faster forward sweep with all signals, including 64/256 QAM carriers
•QAM digital analysis (OPT4)
•Improved interoperation with StealthWare
•CW loopback
•Sweep loopback
•Efficient, practical, graphical test point compensation configuration
The SDA-5500 is a standard 19" rack mount unit weighing approximately fifteen pounds. Its 320 X 240 dot matrix LCD shows measurement data in both graphical and numerical form. It is a full-featured signal analysis meter with a complete spectrum display and an analog representation of single channel measurement data. When tuned to a specific channel, a comprehensive set of information is provided, including:
•tuned channel
•video frequency and level
•audio frequency and level
•differences between video and audio carrier levels
The SDA-5500 performs essential cable TV system preventive maintenance tests with accuracy and ease. Signal levels, hum, C/N, and, in tandem with the SDA-5000, frequency response, can be quickly tested without interfering with subscribers’ service.
The Sweep System is made up of two components: the field unit (SDA5000), and one or both of the headend units (SDA-5500 and SDA-5510). Sweep response is tested by injecting a low-level signal in vacant spectrum areas and by monitoring cable system carrier levels in occupied spectrum
5
The SDA Family: Headend Units (SDA-5500 and SDA-5510)
areas. In addition to generating the sweep test signal, the SDA-5500 continuously monitors the system carriers. It sends headend level readings to the field receiver with every sweep update. In this way, any headend level
1 changes are compensated for by the receiver, maintaining measurement accuracy.
Sweep response measurements won’t be affected by changing signal levels in the headend. The SDA-5500 has the measurement capability of the SDA5000 so you can keep an eye on headend levels.
With the Reverse Sweep option (OPT2), a transmitter is built into the handheld sweep receiver. The headend sweep transmitter (SDA-5500) is set up to receive the reverse sweep sent from the field. When a reverse sweep is activated from a field test point, the headend transmitter receives the telemetry signal indicating which receiver is sending the sweep. The headend transmitter measures the sweep and sends the results to the field via its telemetry signal. The field receiver with the tagged serial number then displays the sweep response as measured in the headend.
•Faster forward sweep with all signals, including 64/256 QAM carriers
•New Navigator user interface
The SDA-5510 is a standard 19" rack mount unit weighing approximately fifteen pounds. Its 320 X 240 dot matrix LCD shows measurement data in both graphical and numerical form. It is a full-featured signal analysis meter, with a complete spectrum display and an analog representation of single channel measurement data. When it’s tuned to a specific channel, comprehensive information is provided:
•tuned channel
•video frequency and level
•audio frequency and level
•differences between video and audio carrier levels.
The SDA-5510 handles the reverse sweep job for up to 10 technicians.
By adding the SDA-5510 to the Sweep System, you take responsibility for single-user reverse sweep away from the SDA-5500. This speeds the reverse sweep rate and increases the forward sweep speed. In addition, the SDA-5510 sends out reverse ingress/noise information with every update of
6