User's Guide
OS Selector 8.0
Compute with confidence
www.acronis.com
Copyright © SWsoft, 2000-2002. All rights reserved.
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Copyright © SWsoft, 2000-2002 3
ENTIRE RISK
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4
Table of Contents
ABOUT THIS GUIDE ............................................................................................ 9
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................... 11
1.1 ACRONIS OS SELECTOR AS A BOOT MANAGER............................11
1.2 ACRONIS OS SELECTOR AS A PARTITION MANAGER.................... 12
1.3 ACRONIS OS SELECTOR KEY FEATURES ...................................... 12
1.4 MAIN DISK ADMINISTRATOR FEATURES....................................... 13
1.5 ACRONIS OS SELECTOR SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS........................ 14
1.6 HOW DOES ACRONIS OS SELECTOR FUNCTION? .......................... 15
1.7 WHAT IS A BOOT CONTEXT?......................................................... 15
CHAPTER 2. BASIC INFORMATION................................................................ 17
2.1 WHAT IS A HARD DISK? ................................................................ 17
2.1.1 HARD DISK ARCHITECTURE ..................................................................... 17
2.1.2 HOW DOES HARD DISK WORK?................................................................ 17
2.2 HARD DISK FORMATTING ............................................................. 18
2.2.1 PHYSICAL FORMATTING ...........................................................................18
2.2.2 LOGICAL FORMATTING ............................................................................. 18
2.3 FILE SYSTEMS................................................................................ 19
2.3.1 FAT16...................................................................................................... 19
2.3.2 FAT32...................................................................................................... 20
2.3.3 NTFS........................................................................................................20
2.3.4 LINUX EXT2 .............................................................................................20
2.3.5 LINUX EXT3 .............................................................................................21
2.3.6 LINUX REISERFS ......................................................................................21
2.4 PARTITIONS ................................................................................... 21
2.4.1 WHEN IS IT USEFUL TO HAVE MULTIPLE PARTITIONS? ............................21
2.4.2 PARTITION STRUCTURE ON A HARD DISK ................................................. 21
2.5 BOOT SEQUENCE ........................................................................... 23
2.5.1 VERY BEGINNING .....................................................................................23
2.5.2 BOOTING WITHOUT THE BOOT MANAGER ................................................ 23
2.5.3 WHAT DOES THE BOOT MANAGER DO? ....................................................23
2.6 MANAGING PARTITIONS................................................................ 24
2.6.1 SETTING AN ACTIVE PARTITION ...............................................................24
2.6.2 ACCESSING THE SAME FILES FROM MULTIPLE OPERATING SYSTEMS ......24
2.6.3 EFFICIENCY OF DISK SPACE USAGE..........................................................24
2.7 HIDDEN PARTITIONS ..................................................................... 25
2.8 DRIVE LETTERS .............................................................................26
2.9 ASSIGNMENT OF LETTERS IN DIFFERENT OPERATING SYSTEMS .. 26
2.9.1 MS-DOS 5.0-6.22, MS-DOS 7.0, WINDOWS 95 (ORIGINAL) ...................26
2.9.2 MS-DOS 7.1/8.0, WINDOWS 95 OSR2/98/ME ........................................ 27
2.9.3 OS/2 .........................................................................................................27
2.9.4 WINDOWS NT/2000/XP............................................................................27
2.10 TROUBLES ARISING FROM CHANGING LETTER ASSIGNMENT ...... 28
2.11 1024 OR 4096 CYLINDER LIMIT .................................................... 28
2.12 64K BOOT CODE LIMIT................................................................. 30
CHAPTER 3. INSTALLING AND UNINSTALLING ACRONIS OS SELECTOR... 31
3.1 GETTING STARTED ........................................................................31
3.2 INSTALLATION............................................................................... 32
3.3 REPAIRING/UPGRADING ACRONIS OS SELECTOR......................... 34
Copyright © SWsoft, 2000-2002 5
CHAPTER 4. BOOT MENU .............................................................................. 35
4.1 BOOTING OPERATING SYSTEMS..................................................... 36
4.2 RUNNING ACRONIS OS SELECTOR TOOLS .................................... 37
4.3 TUNING ACRONIS OS SELECTOR .................................................. 37
CHAPTER 5. ACRONIS OS SELECTOR SETUP ............................................... 39
5.1 AUTOMATIC SETUP OPERATION MODE......................................... 39
5.2 ACRONIS OS SELECTOR SETUP MAIN WINDOW ........................... 40
5.3 TWO VIEW MODES OF CONFIGURATION LIST ............................... 42
5.4 MANIPULATING AN OPERATING SYSTEM CONFIGURATION.......... 44
5.4.1 SETTING A DEFAULT CONFIGURATION .....................................................44
5.4.2 COPYING................................................................................................... 44
5.4.3 DELETING .................................................................................................44
5.4.4 HIDING ..................................................................................................... 45
5.4.5 EDITING CONFIGURATION PROPERTIES..................................................... 45
5.5 MANIPULATING AN OPERATING SYSTEM...................................... 47
5.5.1 COPYING................................................................................................... 47
5.5.2 DELETING .................................................................................................47
5.5.3 HIDING ..................................................................................................... 48
5.5.4 EDITING OPERATING SYSTEM PROPERTIES ...............................................48
5.5.5 DELETING THE INFORMATION ABOUT REMOVED HARD DISK ................... 50
5.6 SPECIAL CONFIGURATION LIST ITEMS .......................................... 51
5.6.1 BOOT FROM FLOPPY SECTION ..................................................................51
5.6.2 SEPARATOR ..............................................................................................52
5.6.3 COMMENT ................................................................................................ 53
5.7 ACRONIS OS SELECTOR OPTIONS ................................................. 54
5.7.1 STANDARD OPTIONS.................................................................................55
5.7.2 INPUT DEVICE OPTIONS ............................................................................ 55
5.7.3 PASSWORDS..............................................................................................56
5.8 OS DETECTION WIZARD ............................................................... 57
5.8.1 INTRO PAGE..............................................................................................57
5.8.2 PARTITION PAGE.......................................................................................57
5.8.3 BOOT SECTOR SELECTION PAGE............................................................... 58
5.8.4 SEARCH RESULT PAGE ............................................................................. 59
5.9 DEACTIVATING ACRONIS OS SELECTOR ...................................... 60
5.10 UNINSTALLING ACRONIS OS SELECTOR....................................... 60
CHAPTER 6. DISK ADMINISTRATOR ............................................................. 62
6.1 RUNNING DISK ADMINISTRATOR .................................................. 62
6.2 DISK ADMINISTRATOR MAIN WINDOW SURVEY .......................... 62
6.3 DISK ADMINISTRATOR INTERFACE ............................................... 64
6.3.1 USING THE MOUSE ...................................................................................64
6.3.2 USING THE KEYBOARD .............................................................................65
6.4 DISK ADMINISTRATOR APPEARANCE SETUP MENU ........................
(«V
IEW» MENU) ............................................................................ 65
6.5 PENDING OPERATIONS .................................................................. 66
6.6 GETTING HELP............................................................................... 67
CHAPTER 7. MAIN OPERATIONS WITH DISK ADMINISTRATOR.................. 68
7.1 CREATING A PARTITION ................................................................ 68
7.1.1 CREATING BOOTABLE PARTITIONS........................................................... 69
7.1.2 CREATING A PARTITION WITH DISK ADMINISTRATOR ..............................70
7.2 COPYING OR MOVING A PARTITION .............................................. 72
7.3 RESIZING A PARTITION.................................................................. 74
7.4 FORMATTING A PARTITION ........................................................... 75
6 Table of Contents
7.5 DELETING A PARTITION ................................................................ 75
7.6 CHANGING THE PARTITION LABEL................................................ 76
7.7 VIEW DETAILS ABOUT A PARTITION ............................................. 77
7.7.1 GENERAL PROPERTIES SHEET...................................................................77
7.7.2 FILE SYSTEM PROPERTIES SHEET ............................................................. 78
7.7.3 ERRORS SHEET .........................................................................................78
7.8 GETTING DETAILED INFORMATION ABOUT A HARD DISK ............ 79
7.8.1 STANDARD PROPERTY SHEET ...................................................................79
7.8.2 HARD DISK PROPERTY SHEET .................................................................. 80
7.8.3 EXTENDED PROPERTIES SHEET ................................................................. 81
7.8.4 EDD PROPERTIES SHEET..........................................................................81
CHAPTER 8. ADVANCED OPERATIONS WITH DISK ADMINISTRATOR ........ 82
8.1 CONVERTING A PARTITION ........................................................... 82
8.2 CHANGING THE PARTITION TYPE.................................................. 83
8.3 SETTING AN ACTIVE PARTITION ................................................... 84
8.4 HIDING A PARTITION ..................................................................... 84
8.5 RESIZING CLUSTERS/BLOCKS ....................................................... 85
8.6 RESIZING THE FAT16 ROOT FOLDER............................................ 86
8.7 MOVING A PARTITION IN THE PARTITION TABLE ......................... 87
CHAPTER 9. PARTICULARITIES OF OPERATING SYSTEM FUNCTIONING ... 89
9.1 DOS-TYPE OPERATING SYSTEMS.................................................. 89
9.1.1 SUPPORTED VERSIONS..............................................................................89
9.1.2 BOOT SEQUENCE ......................................................................................89
9.1.3 SYSTEM AND CONFIGURATION FILES........................................................ 90
9.1.4 LIMITATIONS ............................................................................................ 91
9.2 WINDOWS 95/98/ME..................................................................... 91
9.2.1 SUPPORTED VERSIONS..............................................................................91
9.2.2 BOOTING DETAILS AND LIMITATIONS ...................................................... 91
9.2.3 SYSTEM FOLDERS ..................................................................................... 92
9.2.4 DETAILS ON WINDOWS 95/98/ME INSTALLATION .......................................
WITH ACRONIS OS SELECTOR .................................................................. 92
9.3 WINDOWS NT/2000/XP ................................................................ 93
9.3.1 SUPPORTED VERSIONS..............................................................................93
9.3.2 BOOTING PECULIARITIES .......................................................................... 93
9.3.3 SYSTEM AND CONFIGURATION FILES........................................................ 94
9.3.4 SYSTEM FOLDERS ..................................................................................... 94
9.3.5 LIMITATIONS ............................................................................................ 95
9.4 LINUX ............................................................................................ 95
9.5 OTHER OPERATING SYSTEMS........................................................ 95
CHAPTER 10. WINDOWS 95/98/ME INSTALLATION WIZARD ..................... 97
10.1 WIZARD START ............................................................................. 97
10.2 PREPARATION TO UPGRADING WINDOWS 95/98/ME .......................
WITHOUT SAVING ITS OLD VERSION............................................. 98
10.3 PREPARATION TO UPGRADING WINDOWS 95/98/ME .......................
WITH SAVING ITS OLD VERSION ................................................... 99
10.4 PREPARATION TO NEW WINDOWS 95/98/ME ..................................
O
PERATING SYSTEM INSTALLATION........................................... 100
CHAPTER 11. INSTALLING/UPDATING WINDOWS NT/2000/XP................ 102
11.1 INSTALLING A NEW WINDOWS NT/2000/XP .............................102
11.1.1 STARTING THE INSTALLATION ................................................................102
11.1.2 1
ST
INSTALLATION STAGE ....................................................................... 104
Copyright © SWsoft, 2000-2002 7
11.1.3 2
ND
INSTALLATION STAGE ....................................................................... 105
11.2 INSTALLING WINDOWS 2000/XP .....................................................
V
IA UPGRADING WINDOWS 95/98/ME ....................................... 105
11.3 INSTALLING WINDOWS 2000/XP .....................................................
BY UPGRADING ANOTHER WINDOWS NT/2000/XP.................... 108
11.4 RESTORING (REPAIRING) AN ALREADY-INSTALLED ........................
W
11.4.1 GAINING ACCESS TO WINDOWS NT/2000/XP BOOT MENU ................... 109
11.4.2 RUNNING WINDOWS NT/2000/XP SETUP PROGRAM ...................................
TO RESTORE AN ALREADY INSTALLED OPERATING SYSTEM ..................109
INDOWS NT/2000/XP OPERATING SYSTEM ............................ 109
APPENDIX A. TEXT EDITOR ........................................................................ 111
A.1 GENERAL INFORMATION ............................................................. 111
A.2 MAIN FUNCTIONS ........................................................................ 111
APPENDIX B. DISK EDITOR ......................................................................... 113
B.1 RUNNING DISK EDITOR ...............................................................113
B.2 NAVIGATING DISK EDITOR ......................................................... 114
B.3 VIEW MODES............................................................................... 114
B.3.1 HEXADECIMAL MODE............................................................................. 115
B.3.2 PARTITION TABLE MODE........................................................................115
B.3.3 FAT16/FAT32/NTFS BOOT SECTOR MODE ...............................................
OR FAT32 FS INFO SECTOR MODE ........................................................116
B.4 SIMPLE EDITING AND UNDOING CHANGES ................................. 116
B.5 EDITING IN THE PARTITION TABLE MODE .................................. 117
B.6 USING BLOCKS AND CLIPBOARD ................................................ 119
B.7 SEARCH ....................................................................................... 120
APPENDIX C. ACRONIS OS SELECTOR ON-LINE HELP ............................ 121
C.1 CONTROLS ................................................................................... 121
C.2 USING THE MOUSE ...................................................................... 121
C.3 USING THE KEYBOARD ................................................................ 122
APPENDIX D. COMPATIBILITY WITH OTHER SOFTWARE ......................... 123
D.1 DOS FDISK ................................................................................123
D.2 NORTON UTILITIES ...................................................................... 123
D.3 DISK COMPRESSION SOFTWARE.................................................. 124
D.4 OTHER BOOT MANAGERS ........................................................... 124
D.5 ANTI-VIRUS SOFTWARE............................................................... 124
D.6 DISK OVERLAY SOFTWARE ......................................................... 124
APPENDIX E. FAQ (FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS) ........................... 126
APPENDIX F. GLOSSARY ............................................................................. 129
8 Table of Contents
About This Guide
The purpose of this Guide is to help in using Acronis OS Selector and solving
problems that might arise while working with it.
User Guide consists of the following chapters and appendices:
Chapter 1 «Introduction» provides an overview of Acronis OS Selector and its
main features.
Chapter 2 «Basic Information» makes the user acquainted with the basic
concepts, terms and principles that are necessary when working with Acronis
OS Selector.
Chapter 3 «Installing and Uninstalling Acronis OS Selector» tells how to
install and uninstall Acronis OS Selector and what other actions the
Installation program performs.
Chapter 4 «Boot Menu» describes the appearance and functioning of Acronis
OS Selector Boot Menu.
Chapter 5 «Acronis OS Selector Setup» gives detailed description of Acronis
OS Selector Setup and all the configuring options that are provided by its
interface.
Chapter 6 «Disk Administrator» provides a description of Disk Administrator’s
interface and basic working principles.
Chapter 7 «Main Operations with Disk Administrator» provides detailed
information and instructions for performing the most common operations
with partitions in the Disk Administrator, such as creating, formatting,
moving and resizing.
Chapter 8 «Advanced Operations with Disk Administrator» explains how and
what for one can use advanced features of Disk Administrator, such as
resizing clusters, changing partition type, etc.
Chapter 9 «Particularities of Operating System Functioning» describes the
particularities of functioning of different operating systems in the context of
their operation together with Acronis OS Selector.
Chapter 10 «Windows 95/98/ME Installation Wizard» gives detailed
information about how the Installation Wizard can be used to install or
upgrade Windows 95/98/ME operating systems.
Appendix A. «Text Editor» contains the description of the text editor that is
provided with Acronis OS Selector.
Copyright © SWsoft, 2000-2002 9
Appendix B. «Disk Editor» acquaints the user with the additional feature –
direct sector-by-sector hard disk editing.
Appendix C. «Acronis OS Selector On-Line Help» covers the functioning of
the Acronis OS Selector built-in hypertext On-Line Help.
Appendix D. «Compatibility with Other Software» describes how different
programs react on partition structure and actions performed by Disk
Administrator.
Appendix E. «FAQ (Frequently Asked Questions)» answers some frequently
asked questions about Acronis OS Selector.
Appendix F. «Glossary» contains the main terms that are used in this
Guide, and the Acronis OS Selector interface, together with brief
explanations.
10 About this Guide
Chapter 1. Introduction
This chapter contains the following general information about Acronis OS
Selector:
Acronis OS Selector as a Boot Manager
Acronis OS Selector as a Partition Manager
Acronis OS Selector Key Features
Main Disk Administrator features
Acronis OS Selector System Requirements
How does Acronis OS Selector Function?
What is a Boot Context?
1.1 Acronis OS Selector as a Boot Manager
The main function of a boot manager is to allow the user to install multiple
operating systems on one computer and to choose the necessary one when
the computer is booted.
All boot managers can be divided into several complexity levels:
1. Boot managers that are able to boot an operating system by reading the
boot sector from the first sector of a partition. These boot managers do
not recognize file systems and hence cannot support multiple operating
systems that are installed on one partition. They have the simplest user
interface and occupy minimum disk space. The examples are OS/2
BootManager and Linux’s LILO.
2. Boot managers that can load the boot sector from a file with a specified
name. These usually are parts of an operating system (built-in boot
managers) that are supposed to somehow help the operating system to
co-exist with other operating systems. Built-in boot managers have the
simplest user interface. Examples are: NT OS Loader.
3. Full-scale boot managers that can detect file systems (FAT), recognize
different operating systems, and are able to automatically detect them.
These boot managers are aware of system and configuration files of
operating systems and are able to create backup copies of them, to allow
the user to have multiple operating systems with same system file names
or multiple copies of configurations of one operating system on one
partition. Examples are: BootWizard 3.x, System Commander, BootIt.
4. Only Acronis OS Selector 8.0 can be put on the last, highest level of
complexity. Unlike all other boot managers, it allows users to have
multiple operating systems with same named system folders on one
Copyright © SWsoft, 2000-2002 11
partition and allows hiding any specified partitions from any given
operating system.
Aside from performing its main function, Acronis OS Selector has many
additional features.
1.2 Acronis OS Selector as a Partition Manager
When new operating systems are installed, hard disks are replaced or added
and in some other cases the necessity arises in relocating the information on
hard disks. That is why the Acronis OS Selector distribution package now
includes Disk Administrator – a program that allows users to easily perform a
variety of operations with partitions such as creating and deleting, formatting
and resizing on the fly without data loss, moving and copying.
Because of the limitations in the FAT16 file system that is used in many
popular operating systems such as MS-DOS and Windows 95/98/ME, up to
40% of disk space might be wasted. With help from our Disk Administrator
you will be able to easily analyze the waste and reduce it by choosing
appropriate partition or cluster sizes or converting the partitions to the FAT32
file system. Reverse conversion is also possible.
With the same ease the Disk Administrator can perform various actions with
NTFS, Linux Ext2/Ext3, Linux Swap, and even Linux Ext3 and ReiserFS
partitions.
You can also get detailed information about the hard disk drive geometry and
partitions, as well as view and edit their content sector-by-sector.
1.3 Acronis OS Selector Key Features
Here the key features of Acronis OS Selector as a boot manager are listed:
• Supports more than 100 operating systems on one computer.
• Supports operating systems both on primary and logical partitions of any
hard disk.
• Can boot both from A: and B: floppy drives.
• Supports multiple operating systems on one FAT partition.
• Automated backing up and restoring the critical system and configuration
files, such as IO.SYS, MSDOS.SYS, COMMAND.COM, CONFIG.SYS etc.
• Detects possible boot virus infection.
• Ability to establish password protection on Boot Menu and any operating
system configuration.
12 Chapter 1 : Introduction
The following features are unique to Acronis OS Selector:
• Standardized intuitive user interface.
• Power-off from Boot Menu.
• Flexible Boot Menu appearance adjustment.
• Fast creating and adjustment of different configurations of an operating
system.
• Actions that can be performed from the installation media (usually a
bootable diskette or a CD-ROM), such as activating and deactivating
Acronis OS Selector, uninstalling it, running Disk Administrator etc.
• Supports operating systems with same system folder names (like
Program Files) on one partition.
• Very flexible adjustment of boot context for each operating system
including the possibility to hide any partition. A special mode is provided
to hide partitions for Windows NT, 2000, and XP operating systems.
• Can be installed on any FAT16 or FAT32 partition of any hard disk or on
a separate partition that will be hidden from all operating systems.
• Increased stability in case of partition structure and hard disk
configuration changes.
1.4 Main Disk Administrator features
Disk Administrator has the following main features:
• Create and format FAT16, FAT32, NTFS, Linux Ext2/Ext3, Linux ReiserFS
and Linux Swap partitions;
• Convert FAT16<=>FAT32 partitions without data loss;
• Copy and move any partitions;
• Resize FAT16, FAT32, NTFS, Linux Ext2/Ext3, Linux ReiserFS and Linux
Swap partitions on the fly without data loss;
• Select cluster/block size and any other file system parameters manually;
• Delete partitions of any type;
• Edit partition label;
• Adjust logical partition chain parameters automatically;
• View partition and file system parameters;
• Optional usage of 64-kilobyte clusters.
Copyright © SWsoft, 2000-2002 13
g
g
The following features are unique to Disk Administrator:
• Choose the precise position of a partition on the disk and in the partition
structure (primary/logical), its size, file system type, label, and cluster
size (when the partition is created, moved or resized). All these actions
can be performed in one pass.
• As a result, you can copy a partition to free space of smaller size.
• Built-in sector-by-sector hard disk and partition editor.
• Different sorting modes of the partition list.
• View partition letters and numbers and their changes for different
operating systems.
• Support of hard disks of any type (IDE, SCSI) and of any size that are
visible through BIOS in any mode (Normal, Large, LBA), including the
extended BIOS functions.
• View detailed hard disk information.
1.5 Acronis OS Selector System Requirements
Acronis OS Selector requires the following hardware:
• CPU – at least i386.
• RAM – at least 16MB (we recommend having more memory when
working with large hard disks and partitions).
• Disk space – 2MB plus extra space on any FAT16 or FAT32 partition to
store backups of system files of detected operating systems. If there are
no FAT partitions on the computer, the installation program helps to
create a special partition to install Acronis OS Selector.
• 3.5-inch floppy drive – to install from an installation diskette.
• CD-ROM – to install from CD-ROM.
• Video-card and monitor – VGA-compatible (VBE 2.0 compatible video-card
is recommended).
• Mouse – handy, but not mandatory.
Acronis OS Selector may conflict with boot virus checkers that are built into many
existing BIOSes because Acronis OS Selector frequently modifies the contents of
MBR and boot sectors. This function should be disabled for proper Acronis OS
Selector installation and functioning. Some anti-virus software may also alert you for
possible virus presence for example in the REINSTAL.COM file. If you have
to suspect that the computer is really infected, perform the necessary dia
and cures and then restore Acronis OS Selector from clean installation media.
rounds
nostics
14 Chapter 1 : Introduction
1.6 How does Acronis OS Selector Function?
During the installation on your computer, Acronis OS Selector writes its own
code into the MBR of the first hard disk, and thus gains control before any
other operation system. The old MBR content is stored in the \BOOTWIZ\
MBRBACKS.DAT file to enable a restore of the configuration as it was before
Acronis OS Selector installation. Acronis OS Selector MBR contains the
information about what hard disk and partition holds the main part of the
boot manager. With help from this information, the MBR code loads the
Acronis OS Selector boot sector (it is located in the
\BOOTWIZ\BOOTSECT.SYS file) and passes control to it. In turn, this boot
sector code looks for the BOOTWIZ.SYS (Acronis OS Selector Loader) file in
the root folder and loads it. The loader checks if any changes were done to
the partition structure and boot sectors since the last execution. If there are
any changes then \BOOTWIZ\ BOOTCFG.EXE (Acronis OS Selector Setup) is
automatically executed. It then tracks the changes and tries to find any new
operating systems with their help. The configurations of the newly found
operating systems are automatically added to the Boot Menu configurations.
The \BOOTWIZ\ BOOTMENU.EXE program is then executed. This is the
Acronis OS Selector Boot Menu itself.
The Boot Menu allows you to choose which operating system to boot. The
boot manager itself performs all the actions that are necessary for the
preparation of boot context for the selected operating system and passes
control to its boot sector. Then the operating system is booted normally
without any help from Acronis OS Selector.
1.7 What is a Boot Context?
Every operating system configuration that was detected by Acronis OS
Selector has its own boot context that includes the following elements:
• Operating system partition (operating system boot partition, partition of
system files). Such partitions are marked with a «Boot» flag in Acronis OS
Selector Setup interface.
• Boot sector of an operating system (for operating systems installed on
FAT partitions). Operating system is booted by loading it to memory
address 0000h:7C00h and executing it.
• Boot sector modifiers. Some modification of the boot sector data is
needed to allow certain operating systems to be booted from a logical
partition and/or from non-first hard disk. Acronis OS Selector allows
modification of the following parameters: BIOS extension usage for
MS-DOS 7.1/8.0 (Windows 95OSR2/98/ME), hard disk number, absolute
boot sector number, or boot partition letter for OS/2.
Copyright © SWsoft, 2000-2002 15
• System files of an operating system that are backed up by Acronis OS
Selector in its own folder and are copied by it to their place (usually the
root folder of the operating system partition) before booting the
operating system. Backing up the system files allows the installation of
multiple operating systems with same system file names, like IO.SYS,
MSDOS.SYS, COMMAND.COM, NTLDR etc. on one partition.
• System folders of an operating system that are copied by Acronis OS
Selector from its folder where they are stored to their proper place
before the operating system is booted. It allows multiple operating
systems with same system folder names to share one partition while
preventing possible conflicts. System folder names usually include
Windows or WinNT, Program Files, etc. A partition where folders with
these names are stored is called a system folder partition of an operating
system. Such a partition is marked with a «Win» flag in Acronis OS
Selector Setup interface.
• Hidden partition list for an operating system. Hiding any specified
partitions from an operating system allows very flexible changes in letter
assignment to partitions by the operating system and some more exotic
things like booting operating systems, that cannot execute without
Acronis OS Selector, from different hard disks and logical partitions.
• Active partition list for an operating system. For some operating systems
the order of letter assignment depends on which primary partitions are
active. For each operating system, Acronis OS Selector allows separate
selection of active partitions on all hard disks.
• LBA partition support flag that defines if there is any need to set LBA type
for partitions that can only be accessed via BIOS extension.
• Configuration files of an operating system configuration. These are files
that Acronis OS Selector backups in its folder and copies back to their
place (usually the root folder of the operating system partition) before
the operating system is booted. Backing up configuration files allows
users to have multiple configurations of an operating system on one
partition that differ only by the contents of their configuration files (the
latter being usually CONFIG.SYS, AUTOEXEC.BAT, BOOT.INI etc.).
16 Chapter 1 : Introduction
Chapter 2. Basic Information
This chapter elaborates on basic concepts that are related to hard disk
partitioning. This will help you to better understand and use Acronis OS
Selector.
2.1 What is a Hard Disk?
A hard disk is a part of a computer that is used for long-term information
storage. Unlike Random Access Memory (RAM) that loses all the data when
the power is switched off, a hard disk continually stores data, thus allowing
the saving of programs, documents and other information. Hard disks also
have much higher capacity than RAM; modern hard disk capacity can exceed
hundreds of gigabytes.
2.1.1 Hard Disk Architecture
A hard disk consists of the following basic parts: magnetic platters, axis,
read/write heads and integrated electronics.
• Magnetic platters actually are the hard disks that are made of metal or
plastic that gives the name to the entire device. Both sides of each
platter are covered with iron oxide or some other magnetic material.
• Magnetic platters are installed on one spindle and rotate on it as one
body.
• For each side of each platter there is a separate read/write head. The
heads are also joined together and move radially with respect to the
magnetic platters, thus allowing access to any point of any platter.
• Integrated electronics are used to process computer commands, magnetic
platter rotation control, read/write head movements and for data
buffering and transfer of it between the hard disk and the computer.
2.1.2 How does Hard Disk Work?
In a computer, all data is stored as bit sequences. On hard disks each bit is
stored as a magnetic charge (positive or negative) on the magnetized platter
surface. When a computer saves the data, it sends it to the hard disk as a
sequence of bits, the hard disk receives the data, positions the magnetic
heads and records the information received with their help by magnetizing
the platter surface. Reading the data from a hard disk is done in a similar
way.
Read/write heads can access any point of any platter at any time, so the
data may be stored and read with high speed in a random sequence (unlike
sequential access to data on magnetic tapes).
Copyright © SWsoft, 2000-2002 17
2.2 Hard Disk Formatting
A computer needs to have access to the necessary information at any time,
but even the smallest of hard disks can hold millions and millions of bits. So
how does a computer know where to look for the data required or where to
store the new data? Dividing the disks into small easily identifiable parts
solves this problem. This allows the computer to easily find the needed data.
The process of creation of such parts is called formatting. There are two
levels of formatting:
• physical formatting (or low-level formatting),
• logical formatting.
2.2.1 Physical Formatting
Physical formatting of a hard disk must be performed first. Usually users do
not have to worry about this, since the manufacturer usually provides lowlevel formatting. Physical formatting divides the surface of the magnetic
platters into tracks and sectors.
• Tracks are concentric circles that are drawn on magnetic surfaces by the
magnetic heads. The tracks are assigned numbers from zero and up
center wards.
• Tracks in their turn are divided into small areas that are called sectors
and contain a fixed amount of data. Usual sector size is 512 bytes (1
byte is equal to 8 bits).
• All tracks that can be accessed without moving the read/write heads
form a cylinder. Track number and cylinder number are all the same.
Access to data inside one cylinder is much faster than re-positioning of
heads from one cylinder to another.
Over time the magnetic surface gradually loses its properties and there
appear areas where data storage becomes impossible. Sectors that fall into
these areas are called bad. Fortunately the quality of modern hard disks is
such that they usually become outdated before failing. Most modern hard
disks are also able to substitute bad sectors with good ones from a special
reserve. But if bad sectors appear, they should be software treated, for
example by marking them so that they are not used.
2.2.2 Logical Formatting
A physically formatted disk also must be logically formatted. Logical
formatting means that a file system is created on the disk so that files can be
written to it or read from it. Different operating systems (OS) use different
file systems, so the way the disk should be formatted depends on the OS you
want to install.
18 Chapter 2 : Basic Information
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g
For more detailed information about file systems see paragraph 2.3 «File Systems».
Formatting of a whole hard disk for one file system heavily limits the number of
operatin
can be solved. Prior to logical formatting a hard disk it must be
partition can then be formatted with its own file system. This will allow installin
different OSes. Partitioning also allows more efficient use of disk space.
For more detailed information about partitions see paragraph 2.4 «Partitions».
systems that can be installed on this hard disk. Fortunately this problem
2.3 File Systems
All file systems consist of structures that are necessary for data storage and
management. These structures usually include the operating system boot
record, folders and files. File systems perform the following basic actions:
1. Allocated and free space (and bad sector) tracking.
partitioned. Each
2. File names and folders support.
3. Tracking of physical file positions on the disk.
Different file systems are used by different operating systems. Some
operating systems can use only one file system, while others are able to use
multiple ones. Let us now go into more details about some of the most
widely used file systems.
2.3.1 FAT16
FAT16 file system is used widely in DOS-compatible operating systems (DRDOS, MS-DOS, PC-DOS etc.), Windows 95/98/ME, Windows NT/2000/XP, and
is supported by most of the other operating systems.
Main FAT16 features are the file allocation table (FAT) and clusters. FAT is
the core of the file system. For better security several copies of FAT exist
(usually 2). A cluster is the minimum data storage unit in the FAT16 file
system. One cluster contains a fixed number of sectors that equals to a
power of 2. FAT stores the information about which clusters are free,
allocated or bad, and also tells which files are stored in which clusters.
Maximum FAT16 file system size is 4 GB, maximum number of clusters is
65525 and maximum cluster size is 128 sectors. Usually the minimum cluster
size that results in not more than 65525 clusters is chosen. The more the
partition size the more the cluster size has to be. Many operating systems
work with 128-sector clusters incorrectly, thus reducing the maximum size of
a FAT16 partition to 2 GB.
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Usually the larger the cluster size the greater disk space losses (waste) become. For
more detailed information about cluster size management see paragraph 2.6
«Managing Partitions».
The FAT16 file system, like many others, has a root folder. But unlike all
others its root folder is stored in a special place and is limited in size
(standard formatting creates a root folder with 512 entries). Acronis OS
Selector Disk Administrator allows you to change the size of the root folder
for an existing partition.
Initially FAT16 had file name limitations of 8 characters in name and 3
characters in extension, but long file name support in Windows 95 and
Windows NT eliminated this limitation. OS/2 also supports long names, but in
another way. Yet another is used in UMSDOS file system that allows the
Linux operating system to work on FAT disks.
2.3.2 FAT32
FAT32 operating system first appeared in Windows 95 OSR2 and is also
supported in Windows 98/ME and Windows 2000/XP. FAT32 is an extension
of FAT16. FAT32 mainly differs from FAT16 by 28-bit cluster numbers and
more flexible root folder that is no longer limited in size. The reason for
creating FAT32 was the need to support large (more than 8 gigabytes) hard
disks and the impossibility of building more complicated file system into
MS-DOS that remains the base for Windows 95/98/ME.
Maximum FAT32 file system size is 2 terabytes.
2.3.3 NTFS
NTFS is the basic Windows NT/2000/XP file system. Its organization is kept
secret, so no other operating system fully supports it. Basic NTFS structure is
an MFT (Master File Table). NTFS stores a backup copy of the MFT’s critical
part to decrease the probability of data damage and loss. All other NTFS data
structures are special files (metafiles).
NTFS, like FAT, uses clusters to store files, but cluster size is independent
from partition size. NTFS is a 64-bit file system; it uses Unicode to store file
names, with a journaling (or so-called failure-proof) file system, that
supports compression and encryption.
Files in folders are indexed to speed up search routines.
2.3.4 Linux Ext2
Ext2 is the basic file system for the Linux operating system. Ext2 is a 32-bit
file system, its maximum size is 16 terabytes. The basic data structure, which
describes a file, is an I-node. Area to store the table of all I-nodes should be
allocated in advance (during formatting). Acronis OS Selector Disk
20 Chapter 2 : Basic Information
Administrator allows you to change the size of i-nodes table for an existing
partition.
2.3.5 Linux Ext3
Officially introduced with their version 7.2 of the Linux operating system,
Ext3 is the Red Hat Linux journaling file system. It is forward and backward
compatible with Linux Ext2. It has multiple journaling modes and broad
cross-platform compatibility in both 32- and 64-bit architectures.
2.3.6 Linux ReiserFS
The ReiserFS file system was officially added to Linux in 2001. ReiserFS is
free of most of Ext2 disadvantages; and it is a 64-bit journaling file system
with dynamic allocation of memory for data structures.
2.4 Partitions
As previously mentioned, a physically formatted disk has to be partitioned.
Each partition may be viewed as an independent unit that can be formatted
with any desirable file system.
2.4.1 When is it Useful to Have Multiple Partitions?
Formatting the whole hard disk with one file system is not always the best
way to use your disk space and resources. On the contrary, several partitions
allow you to:
• Install more than one operating system;
• Use disk space more effectively and efficiently;
• Physically separate programs and data according to functions or some
other feature.
2.4.2 Partition Structure on a Hard Disk
A special place – a partition table – is left in the very first sector of the hard
disk (this sector is called MBR, or Master Boot Record) to store information
about the hard disk partitioning. This table consists of four entries and
contains the following information about the partition:
• Status (a flag that shows if a partition is active);
• Type (0 – the entry is empty);
• First sector number;
• Size in sectors.
Copyright © SWsoft, 2000-2002 21
Status flag of a partition on the first hard disk usually tells the default MBR
code that boot should be performed from this partition. Partition type
identifies it with a certain operating system. An operating system usually
recognizes only partitions with the numbers it knows and ignores the rest.
Such table structure has the following limitations:
• Maximum amount of partitions is four;
• Maximum number of types – 255;
• Maximum supported hard disk size is 4 terabytes.
The first limitation proved to be the most serious, so partition type 5 is now
used not for partition description but as a reference to the sector where another
partition table is located (let us call such partition table the extended partition
table). Thus it became possible to have an unlimited number of partitions on a
hard disk.
Partitions whose information is stored in MBR are called primary, while all
others are known logical partition. The point of such division is that many
operating systems can only be booted from a primary partition and only on
the first hard disk.
Most operating systems impose the following limitations on partition
structure of a hard disk:
• There can be only one primary partition for this operating system and it
is booted from it. All other primary partitions should be of types that are
not recognized by this OS;
• In the MBR partition table there can be only one reference to a partition
table and such extended partitions must include all the logical partitions
of this hard disk;
• Primary partitions should not overlap with the logical partition;
• Each extended partition table may hold only one usual partition and only
one reference to a partition table;
• Each partition table must be located in the first sector of a cylinder;
• Each subsequent table must be located further from the beginning of the
hard disk then the previous one;
• A partition that is described in an extended partition table must be
located right after it, usually at the beginning of the next track.
The limitation of only one reference to a usual partition and only one
reference to a partition table results in all logical partitions of a hard disk
forming a linear chain.
22 Chapter 2 : Basic Information
2.5 Boot Sequence
2.5.1 Very Beginning
Whenever a computer is turned on or rebooted, control is given to BIOS
(Base Input/Output System) that is stored in the computer ROM. BIOS
initializes and tests the hardware and then loads the first sector from the
boot disk device (usually it is the first hard disk, and the sector is the MBR)
and passes control to it. All the actions that follow depend on the contents of
this sector.
Some words should be said about how the hard disks are counted. BIOS
assigns hard disks sequential numbers starting from 080h, the sequence is
defined by the order in which the disks are plugged into IDE controllers
(Primary Master, Primary Slave, Secondary Master, Secondary Slave), next
follow the SCSI hard disks. This sequence would be broken if you change the
boot sequence in the BIOS setup. Thus if you have set that booting should
be done from hard disk E (do not confuse letters that are assigned to the
hard disks by BIOS with partition letters!), then the sequence would start
with the disk that would have otherwise been the third (usually its Secondary
Master). In Acronis OS Selector BIOS hard disk sequence is used, but the
initial number is 1.
2.5.2 Booting without the Boot Manager
Usually the MBR of the hard disk contains the code that is written there by a
standard partitioning program (FDISK) and performs the following actions:
• Searches the partition table for the first partition that is marked as
active;
• Attempts to load into memory the first sector of the partition found. Such
sector of a partition is called the boot sector;
• Passes control to the loaded sector.
The boot sector usually contains the code that attempts to boot an operating
system from the partition. Each operating system has its own boot code.
2.5.3 What does the Boot Manager do?
Installing a boot manager on your computer slightly changes the boot
sequence. Usually the boot manager writes its own code into the MBR that
loads into memory, not the boot sector of an operating system, but the boot
manager’s code. A boot manager usually offers you a choice of operating
systems to boot, and the booting of the chosen operating system happens
only after your selection.
Copyright © SWsoft, 2000-2002 23
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2.6 Managing Partitions
2.6.1 Setting an Active Partition
If you do not have a boot manager but you have created several primary
partitions, then you must select a partition from which the operating system
will be booted. There is a status flag for that in the partition table. This flag
should be on only for one partition, and it should be a partition and not an
unused entry or a reference to the partition table.
Some modern BIOSes check the partition table to see if there is any active
partition in it before passing control to MBR.
Make sure that the partition is formatted and contains an operatin
setting it as active.
2.6.2 Accessing the Same Files from Multiple Operating Systems
There are several basic differences between primary and logical partitions (it
refers mainly to the FAT partitions):
• Most operating systems can boot only from a primary partition (excluding
OS/2, Linux, and with some limitations and with help of Acronis OS
Selector, Windows 95 OSR2, 98, and ME).
• Some operating systems recognize only one primary partition and ignore
all others (OS/2).
• All boot managers, except the Acronis OS Selector, must be installed only
on the primary partition of the first hard disk.
Considering these limitations one can decide which partitions to use for what
purposes. Primary partitions are best used to boot operating systems and
store system folders and files only. On the other hand, logical partitions can
be used to store all data, because they will be accessible by the operating
systems. If you are planning to install many different operating systems on
your computer, then those that can be booted from logical partitions are
better installed there to save primary partition space.
system before
2.6.3 Efficiency of Disk Space Usage
If you have a large hard disk, but must use the FAT file system, then you
should know some of its peculiarities to use the disk space more efficiently.
As previously discussed, the main FAT feature is breaking the partition into
clusters of fixed size ranging from 512 bytes to 64 kilobytes.
In FAT16, 16-bits are reserved to store numbers of clusters, so the maximum
number of clusters is 65525. The result is that the bigger the partition size
the bigger the cluster is needed, and the maximum partition size is about 4
gigabytes. However bigger cluster size results in higher hard disk space
24 Chapter 2 : Basic Information
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losses (waste) due to the adjustment of allocated space to cluster
boundaries.
The following table gives the approximate dependence of these losses (hard
disk waste) versus the cluster size:
Partition size Cluster size Wastes
<127M 2K 2%
128÷255M
256÷511M
512÷1023M
1024÷2047M
2048÷4096M
4K 4%
8K 10%
16K 25%
32K 40%
64K 50%
One of the ways to reduce losses is to break the disk space into smaller
partitions. The other is to use the FAT32 file system where 32 bits are
assigned to the cluster number (28 bits actually), raising the maximum
partition size to 4 terabytes. But FAT32 has its own drawback:
• If clusters size is small and partition size is big then the file allocation
table size increases, and may lead to slowing down the booting of the
operating system and file access.
2.7 Hidden Partitions
Disk Administrator allows you to hide partitions. Hiding is done to prevent an
operating system from detecting a partition, assigning a letter to it and
accessing its files, i.e. the partition becomes invisible to the operating system
and the applications that run under it.
Hiding partitions is useful when important data should be protected from
unauthorized or occasional access. Unlike other software Acronis OS Selector
can hide any partition regardless of their type, or whether they exist as
primary or not. A special mode is provided to hide partitions for Windows NT,
2000, and XP operating systems.
Be careful when creating several primary partitions, and leaving all of them visible
since some operatin
experience trouble in handling them.
systems (Windows 95/98/ME being first on the list) may
Copyright © SWsoft, 2000-2002 25
2.8 Drive Letters
Most operating systems when booting assign letters (C, D,...) to all partitions
on all hard disks. You, your applications and the operating system itself
identify file placement in a partition using these letters.
An operating system may change letter assignment if you plug or unplug
hard disks or perform different actions with partitions. Some changes in
letter assignment may lead to troubles in parts or in the entire configuration
of an operating system. This usually happens when letters are changed for
the partitions where the system files and folders of an operating system are
stored.
To avoid such changes in configuration and/or to solve the problems
associated with drive letters, you should know the following:
• How the operating systems assign letters to disks.
• What problems arise if the letter order is changed?
• What actions should be performed during partition management to avoid
changing the letter order?
• How to solve the problems that arise with unavoidable changes.
2.9 Assignment of Letters in Different Operating Systems
2.9.1 MS-DOS 5.0-6.22, MS-DOS 7.0, Windows 95 (original)
These operating systems assign letters in a fixed order. This order has
settled with the evolution of MS-DOS and abides by the following rules:
• Letter assignment begins with letter C: and goes on to letter Z:. Letters
A: and B: are reserved for floppy disk drives.
• A partition to which the letter C: was assigned is treated as the boot
partition, i.e. the partition from which the operating system was booted.
So if the partition from which the operating system will boot is assigned
a letter that is different from C:, most probably the booting will not
execute properly.
• Only partitions of types 1 (FAT12), 4, 6 (FAT16) are recognized. The real
type of file system is determined by the contents of the partition and not
by its type. Partitions of all other types are skipped.
• Only the first suitable partition is looked for in any extended partition
table, the rest are ignored.
• Records of type 5 (Extended) are treated as a reference to the next
partition table, and only the first reference in any partition table is
followed, all other records are ignored. Thus all the logical partitions
form a linear chain.
26 Chapter 2 : Basic Information
• The first suitable active primary partition from the first hard disk is
looked for. If there is none then the first suitable primary partition is
looked for.
• Then the first suitable primary partitions of the rest hard disks are looked
for in a similar way.
• Then all the suitable logical partitions are looked for following the chain
on the first, then on the second, the third etc. hard disk.
• Then all the remaining primary partitions of the first, second etc. hard
disks are looked for.
Letter sequence in Windows 95 may differ slightly from that of the MS-DOS
7.0, if drives are connected to the computer that are partially visible or
completely invisible to BIOS. Letters to partitions on such devices will be
assigned after all the letters from MS-DOS 7.0.
2.9.2 MS-DOS 7.1/8.0, Windows 95 OSR2/98/ME
The order of letter assignment in these operating systems is similar to
previous ones with the following exceptions:
• Additional partition types are recognized: 11 (FAT32), 12 (FAT32 LBA)
and 13 (FAT16 LBA), resulting from FAT32 and large hard disk support.
• Additional partition type 15 (EXTENDED LBA) is recognized as a
reference to the next partition table.
FAT16 LBA, FAT32 LBA and Extended LBA partition types mean the same as FAT16,
FAT32 and Extended respectively, but additionally inform MS-DOS 7.1/8.0 that these
partitions should be accessed through BIOS extension.
2.9.3 OS/2
Letter assignment for this operating system is similar to that for MS-DOS 5.0
with the following exceptions:
• Partition status is ignored, i.e. on the first step the first suitable primary
partition is looked for.
• Partitions with type 7 (HPFS) are also looked for.
• All the primary partitions except the first ones are completely ignored.
2.9.4 Windows NT/2000/XP
These systems differ from all the rest that use letters for disks, because it is
possible to change the letter that is assigned to a partition. Initial assignment
though is similar to that for MS-DOS 5.0–7.0 (for Windows NT 3.x) and for
MS-DOS 7.1/8.0 (for Windows NT 4.0, Windows 2000/XP). Windows NT 4.0
does not support the FAT32 file system but does assign letters to FAT32
partitions. One should also keep in mind that letter assignment for these
systems may differ heavily from that for other operating systems since it
Copyright © SWsoft, 2000-2002 27
does not matter if hard disks and other disk drives that are connected to the
computer are visible to BIOS or not.
When changing the structure of partitions it is necessary to make sure that
the letters for the partitions where the swap file (\PAGEFILE.SYS) do not
change, otherwise the system may become unbootable.
2.10 Troubles Arising from Changing Letter Assignment
Changing letters may damage your application setup. For example, let us
suppose that you have installed several applications on a certain partition
that at that moment had letter D: assigned to it. You have decided to create
shortcuts to these applications so that it would be easy to run them under
Windows 95. Every time you run an application via a shortcut, Windows
addresses to the partition D: in order to find and run corresponding software.
If the letter for this partition is changed, the shortcut will point to an
incorrect partition, and Windows will be unable to find the software to run
the application since now the letter D: is assigned to another partition.
Changing partition letters usually affects all system configurations that are
based on original partition letters. Those are usually the settings from
AUTOEXEC.BAT, CONFIG.SYS, WIN.INI, SYSTEM.INI, and several other
configuration files, and also in Windows 95/98/ME and Windows NT/2000/XP
system registry.
Letter assignment usually changes when the following changes to the
partition structure are performed:
• A partition is created.
• A partition is moved.
• A partition is deleted.
• An extra hard disk is plugged in.
• Some hard disk is unplugged.
Some letter changes may be avoided by using our partition hiding function.
Acronis OS Selector allows the hiding of any partition from any operating
system.
2.11 1024 or 4096 Cylinder Limit
For a long time the main way to access hard disks was through BIOS, i.e.
interrupt 13h functions. In order to read or write to a disk three bytes had to
be passed containing cylinder number (10 bits), head number (6 bits) and
sector number (6 bits), so that the hard disk size was limited to 2016
megabytes. To overcome this limitation there was an attempt to use the
leftover 2 bits, thus raising the maximum capacity to 8064 megabytes. But
28 Chapter 2 : Basic Information
since this was done in different ways, there appeared several BIOS
functioning modes:
• Normal. In this mode cylinder number takes 12 bits, and head number
takes 6 bits, allowing for 4096 cylinders and 64 heads.
• Large and LBA. In these modes cylinder number takes 10 bits and head
number takes 8 bits, allowing for 1024 cylinders and 256 heads.
Few operating systems support the Normal mode. In the LBA mode errors in
operating systems in calculating the hard disk parameters result in limitation
of 255 heads, limiting the size to ~8032 megabytes.
BIOS extension that allowed addressing sectors via absolute numbers instead
of cylinder, head, and sector numbers was a considerable advance. Absolute
number takes 64 bits, thus allowing addressing hard disks of enormous
capacity.
So the troubles with limitations arise in the following cases:
• If an application (or an operating system) does not support BIOS
extension, it will be able to see not more than 1024 * number_of_heads
* sectors_per_track sectors or 4096 * number_of_heads *
sectors_per_track sectors if the application supports the Normal mode,
usually these are 8064 megabytes.
• If the program has an error in calculating hard disk parameters (all
MS-DOS version have this error), and BIOS reports 256 heads on the
hard disk.
• If BIOS does not support extension (usually these are BIOSes that were
released before 1994).
In some BIOSes even the extension does not allow to address more than
8064 megabytes.
BIOS problems can be solved by installing some program like EZ-Drive, DM6
DDO, MaxBlast, that uploads its own interrupt 13h code that is free of abovementioned disadvantages. Acronis OS Selector whenever possible works
through BIOS extension and is fully compatible with EZ-Drive type programs.
Copyright © SWsoft, 2000-2002 29
2.12 64K Boot Code Limit
Some operating systems, namely MS-DOS 6.x and earlier versions, and
Windows NT 4.0 and earlier versions, have an error in the boot code in
converting the absolute sector number into cylinder, head, and sector
numbers. They suppose that the result of division of absolute sector number
by the number of sectors per track will not exceed 16 bits, i.e. 64 K. Since
most modern hard disks have 63 sectors per track, this results in 2016megabyte limitation of boot code location.
Be careful when moving a partition containing an operating system with the abovementioned limitation since the operating system may become unbootable.
30 Chapter 2 : Basic Information
Chapter 3. Installing and Uninstalling Acronis OS Selector
3.1 Getting Started
Before installing Acronis OS Selector you should undertake several additional
steps to insure yourself from data losses:
• BACK-UP ALL IMPORTANT DATA! You may even want to purchase a
copy of Acronis TrueImage – it takes an exact image of your hard disk
drive or separate partitions for complete back-up, and allows you to
restore all of their contents, including operating systems, programs,
personal data and settings. Please visit www.acronis.com
details.
• Create system diskettes for the operating systems that are installed on
your computer.
for complete
All these actions are generally useful before any operations that include
serious computer reconfiguring.
Copyright © SWsoft, 2000-2002 31
3.2 Installation
To install the Acronis OS Selector:
1. Insert the Acronis OS Selector installation CD into the CD-ROM drive and
start the installation procedure.
2. Carefully follow the installation program instructions on the screen.
3. The Acronis OS Selector Installation Wizard will ask you to select the
partition on which you wish the Acronis OS Selector to be installed.
Acronis OS Selector requires a FAT partition to work. However if there are no
FAT partitions on the computer prior to its installation, then you can use the
automatic partition creation mode.
In this mode the Installation program checks if it is possible to create a
partition in the free space that is not occupied by any existing partition. If it
is impossible, the program checks to see if it is possible to free up some
space at the expense of another partition. If this check is successful, a dialog
appears prompting to automatically perform all the actions necessary to
create the partition.
32 Chapter 3 : Installing and Uninstalling Acronis OS Selector
4. After making your installation choices and copying of Acronis OS Selector
files onto your hard disk, you will be offered to create a bootable rescue
diskette or CD-R/W (you may omit this step if you have purchased the
boxed product that contains a bootable CD). It’s very important to create
the rescue media. Using it you will be able to repair/restore the software.
After the installation of Acronis OS Selector is completed, you should restart
your computer.
Acronis OS Selector will gain control immediately after the computer is
rebooted and will search for operating systems.
Copyright © SWsoft, 2000-2002 33
3.3 Repairing/Upgrading Acronis OS Selector
To upgrade or repair your software, start the OS Selector installation
program. It will determine that OS Selector was already installed on your
computer and will offer you several options:
• Upgrade/repair Acronis OS Selector (simple installation of Acronis OS
Selector over the version that is already installed on your computer,
preserving all the settings);
• Activate (activates Acronis OS Selector if it was previously deactivated);
• Deactivate (you will be prompted to choose a configuration for an
operating system that will be booted, and thus bypassing Acronis OS
Selector);
• Uninstall (Acronis OS Selector will be completely removed from your
computer);
• Remove passwords (disable administration password and Boot menu
access password; you have to enter the registration code of your copy of
Acronis OS Selector to disable passwords);
• Restore default display settings (use this option if you have selected a
mode that is not supported by your monitor in the Setup settings);
• Create OS Selector rescue diskette.
34 Chapter 3 : Installing and Uninstalling Acronis OS Selector
Chapter 4. Boot Menu
The Boot Menu is a program that opens a dialog box with the same name
that contains a list of configurations of operating systems that you can see
every time you reboot your computer.
The Boot Menu does not show up in two cases:
1. If you have deactivated Acronis OS Selector.
2. If you have indicated in the Setup options that default configuration
should be booted at once.
In the first case you should activate Acronis OS Selector by booting from the
installation media. In the second, you can get into Boot Menu by managing
to press the
Esc key when Acronis OS Selector is booted.
On Boot menu an access password may be set. This password will be asked
for on every Acronis OS Selector booting. Boot Menu access password may
be set, disabled and changed through the Acronis OS Selector Setup Options
dialog. To learn more about Passwords see 5.7.3 «Passwords».
If in the Setup Options boot default configuration at once option is chosen, the Boot
Menu will not appear and a password will not be used.
Copyright © SWsoft, 2000-2002 35
4.1 Booting operating systems
From «Configuration» menu you can perform the following actions:
Boot begins booting the configuration that is selected in the configuration
list. Double-clicking the item, clicking the OK button or pressing the Enter
key also does it.
An access password can be set for any operating system configuration or
Boot from floppy section. This password will be required for every booting of
a protected configuration or Boot from floppy section. An access password
can be set, disabled, or changed in configuration Properties dialog. To learn
more about Passwords see 5.4.5 «Editing Configuration Properties» and
5.6.1 «Boot From Floppy Section».
• Set default & boot marks the current item in the configuration list as
booted by default and boots it. Hotkey is Ctrl+Enter .
• Edit files opens the text editor and loads the configuration files of current
configuration into it. Thus you can modify them, before booting any
operating system, without entering Setup. This function is available on
the toolbar and with Ctrl+E hotkey.
• Turn off power performs the programmable switching the power off if the
computer provides such a possibility (ATX). This can also be done by
clicking the Close button of Boot Menu dialog box or pressing the Alt+F4
hotkey.
36 Chapter 4 : Boot Menu
4.2 Running Acronis OS Selector Tools
Choosing the «Tools» menu you can:
• Setup manually runs Setup thus allowing the performance of all the
actions necessary for configuring Acronis OS Selector. Also available from
the toolbar or with Ctrl+S hotkey.
• Disk Administrator runs Disk Administrator. Also available from the
toolbar or with Ctrl+D hotkey.
• If administration password (see 5.7.3 «Passwords») is set, the Boot
Menu will ask for this password on every Setup or Disk Administrator
execution or the running of configuration file editing.
4.3 Tuning Acronis OS Selector
You can customize the Acronis OS Selector Boot menu. For example, by
selecting View, you can show/hide the following:
• toolbar; uncheck the box to hide it;
• status bar,
• operating system icons;
Uncheck the box to hide icons near listed configuration names.
• numeration of existing OS configurations;
You can boot the first 10 configurations, using buttons from
0. Uncheck the Show numbers box to hide configuration numbers and
disable fast boot.
• system clock in the bottom right corner of the Boot menu;
1 to 9 and
• setup the system clock style (12- or 24-hour format).
You may also select:
• whether to keep the last configuration booted;
If this mode is enabled, the last used configuration becomes the default.
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• boot menu item alignment (configurations; left, center, right);
If the left or center alignment is enabled, icons are shown to the left of
the configurations. In case of the right alignment, icons are shown to the
right.
• display properties.
Selecting View -> Display properties, you can change:
• resolution (800 x 600 pixels by default)
• color mode - 16-bit, 32768 colors by default; also available: 8-bit and 24-
bit modes; refresh rate (horizontal; ranges from 60 to 150 Hz).
38 Chapter 4 : Boot Menu
Chapter 5. Acronis OS Selector Setup
5.1 Automatic Setup Operation Mode
In 1.6 «How does Acronis OS Selector Function?» it was said that Acronis OS
Selector Loader executes Setup in two cases:
• If the Loader detects any changes in the hard disk partition structure;
• On the first run after installation or update.
In these cases Setup scans the hard disks of your computer for operating
systems, tries to identify them and adds their configurations to the Boot
Menu.
If Setup has been able to identify the operating system it automatically
backups its boot sector and system and configuration files, and creates a list
of system folders if there are any.
Unidentified operating systems are added to the menu under «Unknown
operating system» name and with empty system and configuration files and
system folders lists. You can edit all these parameters if necessary by
manually running Setup from Boot Menu.
Where possible, Setup also automatically detects operating system upgrades.
Sometimes Setup is unable to automatically finish the identification process.
In these cases user intervention is required:
1. A system file of an operating system has been changed, and Acronis OS
Selector does not know if a new operating system was installed, or the
old one was upgraded, or the user or some program modified this file by
mistake. In this case Setup will ask you what to do.
2. Acronis OS Selector has detected that you have started a Windows
NT/2000/XP installation. Windows NT/2000/XP installation consists of
several steps on which Setup might need additional information from
you. See Chapter 11 «Installing/Updating Windows NT/2000/XP» for
details.
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5.2 Acronis OS Selector Setup Main Window
Acronis OS Selector Setup Main Window is a dialog box with pull-down menu
bar, toolbar, configuration list and OK and Help buttons.
You can get to the main window by manually running Setup from Boot Menu.
The following action can be performed from the Setup main window:
• In the «Configuration» menu:
• New/Boot from floppy (in Configurations view). It adds a new Boot from
floppy section to the configurations list of the Boot menu. Also available
from the toolbar or with Ctrl+F hotkey. See 5.6.1 «Boot From Floppy
Section».
• New/Separator (in Configurations view). It adds a new separator to the
configurations list of the Boot menu. Also available from the toolbar or
with Ctrl+E hotkey. See 5.6.2 «Separator».
• New/Comment (in Configurations view). It adds a new comment to the
configurations list of the Boot menu. Also available from the toolbar or
with Ctrl+M hotkey. See 5.6.3 «Comment».
• Set default. It marks the selected item of the configurations list as
bootable by default. Also available with Ctrl+S hotkey. See 5.4.1
«Setting a Default Configuration».
• Copy Configuration. It creates a copy of the selected configuration. Also
available from the toolbar or with Ctrl+C hotkey. See 5.4.2 «Copying».
• Copy Operating System (in Operating systems view). It creates a copy
of the selected operating system. Also available from the toolbar or with
Ctrl+C hotkey. See 5.5.1 «Copying».
• Delete Configuration. It deletes the selected configuration. Also can be
done by pressing the Del key or from the toolbar. See 5.4.3 «Deleting».
• Delete Operating System (in Operating systems view). It deletes the
selected operating system. Also can be done by pressing the Del key or
from the toolbar. See 5.5.2 «Deleting».
40 Chapter 5 : Acronis OS Selector Setup
• Delete Information about a removed hard disk (in Operating systems
view). It deletes the information about the selected removed hard disk
and all the operating systems on it. Also can be done by pressing the
Del key or from the toolbar. See 5.5.2 «Deleting».
• Hide/Unhide Configuration. It hides/unhides the selected configuration.
Also available from the toolbar or with Ctrl+H hotkey. See 5.4.4
«Hiding».
• Hide/Unhide Operating System (in Operating systems view). It
hides/unhides all the configurations of an operating system at once. Also
available from the toolbar or with Ctrl+H hotkey. See 5.4.4 «Hiding».
• Configuration Properties. It opens the dialog where the properties of the
selected configuration can be edited. It can also be accessed by pressing
the Enter key, double-clicking or from the toolbar. See 5.4.5 «Editing
Configuration Properties».
• Operating System Properties (in Operating systems view). It opens the
dialog where the properties of the selected operating system can be
edited. It can also be accessed by pressing the Enter key,
double-clicking or from the toolbar. See 5.5.4 «Editing Operating System
Properties».
• Exit. It closes the Acronis OS Selector Setup and returns to the Boot
menu. This can also be done by pressing Alt+F4 keys.
• In the «View» menu:
• Configurations/Operating systems. It allows selecting the way the
configurations list is displayed. View mode can also be toggled from the
toolbar or with the F5 key.
• Palette. Allows selecting the desired palette for the Acronis OS Selector
interface.
• Options. It opens the dialog where the settings of Acronis OS Selector
can be edited. It can also be accessed from the toolbar. See 5.7.
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• In the «Other» menu:
• OS Detection Wizard. It starts the wizard with the same name. See 5.8.
• Windows 95/98/ME Installation Wizard. It starts the wizard with the same
name. See Chapter 10.
• Deactivate Acronis OS Selector. It allows temporary deactivation of
Acronis OS Selector. See 5.9.
• Uninstall Acronis OS Selector. Allows uninstalling of Acronis OS Selector
from your computer. See 5.10.
• In the «Help» menu:
• Contents. Opens the on-line help on the main window of Acronis OS
Selector Setup. See. Appendix C. .
• About… displays brief information about the name and the version of
the software and about the copyrights.
5.3 Two View Modes of Configuration List
Configuration info in the Setup main window can be presented in two modes:
• Configurations. In this mode all the configurations are shown in the same
order as they appear in Boot Menu. Aside from configurations, Boot From
Floppy section and separators and comments are also present. Icons are
shown to the left of configuration names and Boot From Floppy section
icons are shown. When created, a separator or comment can be
associated with an operating system. In this case it will be
hidden/unhidden/deleted together with this operating system. Only in
this mode it is possible to change the order of components, add or delete
Boot From Floppy sections, separators and comments and edit the Boot
From Floppy section properties.
42 Chapter 5 : Acronis OS Selector Setup
• Operating systems. In this mode you can see a 4–level tree: first level
shows the hard disks (each hard disk is shown with its number and size);
the second one shows partitions (each partition comes with its number,
label, size and type); the third one shows operating systems; and the
fourth one shows operating system configurations. Only in this mode is it
possible to copy and delete operating systems, edit operating system
properties, and delete information about removed hard disks.
Switching between view modes is done either by selecting the corresponding
item from the «View» menu, or from the toolbar, or with F5 hotkey.
Both views also display the hidden («HIDDEN») and locked («LOCKED»)
items. It is possible to hide operating systems, configurations, boot from
floppy or MBR sections, and comments and separators. Hiding is done
manually. Locked items are displayed when a certain hard disk is removed
either physically or from BIOS Setup. Acronis OS Selector treats this hard
Copyright © SWsoft, 2000-2002 43
disk as removed, along with all partitions, operating systems, and
configurations on it.
Hidden and locked items are not displayed in the Boot menu and are grayed
in the Setup lists.
5.4 Manipulating an Operating System Configuration
5.4.1 Setting a Default Configuration
A selected configuration can be made a default configuration. This means
that every time you get into the Boot Menu selection bar it will point on this
configuration. You can also choose automatic (bypassing Boot Menu) or
timeout default booting in Setup options.
The default configuration can be set with the «Set as Default» item of the
«Configuration» menu or with Ctrl+S hotkey.
5.4.2 Copying
An operating system configuration can be copied. In this case another
configuration is created that is totally identical to the original one including
the configuration files. After copying the new configuration, it can be
adjusted to your taste, with files and configuration name edited.
You can copy a configuration by selecting the «Copy» item of the
«Configuration» menu or by pressing the Ctrl+C hotkey.
5.4.3 Deleting
Deleting a configuration leads to complete deleting all its configuration files.
Setup requires a confirmation before performing deleting.
If the configuration deleted is the only configuration of an operating system
then deleting it will also delete the information about this operating system,
so Setup requests another confirmation.
44 Chapter 5 : Acronis OS Selector Setup
See 5.5.2 «Deleting» on details about deleting the information about an
operating system.
5.4.4 Hiding
An operating system configuration can be temporarily removed from Boot
Menu list by hiding it. Hidden configuration can be unhidden again. Hidden
configurations are grayed in Setup list and marked with «HIDDEN» sign.
HIDDEN status can be toggled with corresponding item of the
«Configuration» menu or with the Ctrl+H hotkey.
5.4.5 Editing Configuration Properties
Editing configuration properties is arranged in a dialog box with three
property sheets:
• View. On this sheet you can select the icon types and colors or
completely turn it off.
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• Files. On this sheet different actions can be performed with the
configuration files list: Files can be added, deleted and edited with help
of a built-in text editor.
• Other. On this sheet you can turn on booting from a diskette in the
configuration context, hide/unhide the configuration and set, change or
disable an access password (this password will then be required on
booting the configuration).
In the upper part of the box there is an edit box that allows editing
configuration name. When an operating system is first detected this name is
constructed automatically, but you may need to edit it if, for example, similar
multiple operating systems or multiple configurations of one operating
system, that resulted from copying, are installed on your computer. In the
lower part of the dialog box there are OK , Cancel and Help buttons that
perform standard actions.
46 Chapter 5 : Acronis OS Selector Setup
5.5 Manipulating an Operating System
5.5.1 Copying
Acronis OS Selector allows not only copying a configuration of an operating
system but can also copy a whole operating system. Copying an operating
system includes copying all its system files, all system folders and all the
configurations.
Copying the system folders may be a lengthy process so Setup requests a
confirmation if any is present.
5.5.2 Deleting
You can delete an operating system (information about it), from Acronis OS
Selector, that it had detected. Setup requires a confirmation before doing so.
If you are sure and have confirmed deletion, another confirmation dialog
opens:
If there are system folders associated with this operating system, you can
choose if they should also be deleted.
What really happens is that all backups of system and configuration files are
deleted. Setup either deletes (if you chose deleting) or tries to move the
system folders of the operating system to their proper place. If it cannot do
so (their place is occupied by system folders of another operating system) it
moves them to a special \LOSTFILE folder that is located on the same
partition.
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5.5.3 Hiding
Hiding an operating system results in hiding all its configurations, similarly
the reverse operation («Unhide») makes all the configurations visible.
5.5.4 Editing Operating System Properties
Browsing and editing of operating system properties is done in a dialog box
with four property sheets:
• Files. On this sheet you can perform various actions on the system files
list: add files, delete them and change their parameters (should the file
be the first or the second in the root folder, if the file be modified or not,
and the size of the initial part of the file that must be contiguous on the
disk).
• Folders. This sheet gives you access to the list of system folders. Here
you can add a folder, delete/disable a folder (manually added system
folders can be deleted, standard ones can be disabled), enable a
disabled standard folder, assign a long file name.
48 Chapter 5 : Acronis OS Selector Setup
• Partitions. On this sheet you can see what partitions are visible to this
operating system, hide some partitions or show some of the hidden ones,
and change the active partitions settings. If the given operating system uses
letters to access partitions, these letters are shown in the list and they
change dynamically when partitions are hidden. For Windows NT/2000/XP
type operating systems the letters are shown tentatively. Hidden partitions
are grayed. Partitions with a type that cannot be recognized by the given
operating system are also grayed they cannot be hidden nor unhidden. You
cannot hide a partition from which the operating system itself is booted.
Special partitions are marked with the following flags:
• Boot: a boot partition of an operating system;
• Act: an active partition;
• Win: system folders (Windows, Program Files) partition of an operating
system.
• Other. «Other» sheet allows you to choose some general parameters of
an operating system.
• Write boot sector: check it if the boot sector should be written to the
beginning of the boot partition of the operating system before it is
booted;
Copyright © SWsoft, 2000-2002 49
• Boot as OS/2 operating system: check it if the boot sector should be
modified in memory when booting an OS/2 operating system from a
logical partition;
• Boot as Windows 95OSR2/98/ME operating system: check it if the boot
sector should be modified in memory when booting a Windows
95OSR2/98/ME operating system from a logical partition;
• Large hard disks support for Windows 95OSR2/98/ME operating system:
If this checkbox is checked, LBA type is set for all FAT partitions
rd
spanning beyond the 1023
cylinder, otherwise all LBA types are
cleared;
• Use Windows NT/2000/XP partitions hiding: If this checkbox is checked,
an alternative method to hide partitions is used. This method makes it is
possible to hide partitions even from Windows NT/2000/XP operating
systems, but it is incompatible with other partition managing software;
• Hidden operating system: Toggling this checkbox is equivalent to
performing the hide/unhide operating system operation.
The upper part of the dialog box contains the name of the operating
system and the lower one contains the OK , Cancel and Help buttons.
5.5.5 Deleting the Information about Removed Hard disk
If you plug in an additional hard disk to a computer where Acronis OS
Selector is installed, Acronis OS Selector will register it and will attempt to
find operating systems on it. If you decide to remove this hard disk, the
information about it will remain in Acronis OS Selector configuration files should
you wish to plug in this hard disk again. If you are not going to plug in this hard
disk to your computer again, you can completely delete the information about it
from Acronis OS Selector. Setup requires a confirmation before doing so.
Be careful if you have operating systems that are partially installed on one hard disk
and partially on the other. If you remove one of these disks you will be unable to
boot such an operating system. Acronis OS Selector will of course allow this
operation, but might be unable to properly delete information about it.
50 Chapter 5 : Acronis OS Selector Setup
5.6 Special Configuration List Items
5.6.1 Boot From Floppy Section
Boot From Floppy section allows you to:
• Boot from a diskette directly from Acronis OS Selector Boot Menu;
• Boot from floppy drive B: (if, of course, the operating system on the
bootable diskette allows you to do this);
• Flexibly adjust the Boot From Floppy context.
A Boot From Floppy section can be added to the configuration list either
with the «Boot From Floppy» item of the submenu «New» of the
«Configuration» menu, or from the toolbar, or with Ctrl+F hotkey.
A Boot From Floppy section can be copied, deleted and hidden just like
an operating system configuration.
Boot From Floppy section properties can be browsed and edited in a
dialog box with the following sheets:
• View. Similar to an operating system configuration, here you can choose
the type and color of an icon or turn it off completely.
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• Partitions. Similar to an operating system, on this sheet you can choose
which partitions will be visible and which will not be, when booting will
be done from a diskette. Since it is not known in advance what operating
system will be booted from the diskette, letters are not shown in the
partition list but it is possible to hide partitions of any type.
• Other. On the last property sheet it is possible to select various general
properties of the Boot from floppy section. These parameters correspond
to the parameters with the same name of the Properties sheet described
in 5.4.5 «Editing Configuration Properties» and 5.5.4 «Editing Operating
System Properties».
In the upper part of the dialog box you can edit the name of the Boot
From Floppy section. The lower part, as usual, contains the OK, Cancel
and Help buttons.
5.6.2 Separator
Separators are horizontal rulers that allow breaking the configuration list
components into groups according to, for example, functionality or some
other properties. Separators may help make the configuration list easy to
browse or more understandable. Selection bar in Boot Menu does not stop
on separators.
52 Chapter 5 : Acronis OS Selector Setup
A separator can be added either with the «Separator» item of the «New»
submenu of the «Configuration» menu, or from the toolbar, or with the Ctrl+E
hotkey. If the selection bar in the list is on an operating system configuration, a
dialog box appears where you can associate this separator with this operating
system.
An associated separator will be hidden, disabled and deleted together with
the operating system that it is associated to.
A separator is added before the current list item.
A separator can be copied, deleted and hidden just like an operating system
configuration.
5.6.3 Comment
A comment is a configuration list item that can have an icon assigned to it
and can contain any text. The selection bar in Boot Menu does not stop on
comments. Comments together with separators may help make the
configuration list easy to browse or more understandable.
A comment can be added with the «Comment» item of the «New» submenu
of the «Configuration» menu, or from the toolbar, or with the Ctrl+M
hotkey. A dialog box then appears where you can enter the text of the
comment and, if the selection bar in the list is on an operating system
configuration, associate the comment with this operating system.
An associated comment will be hidden, disabled and deleted together with
the operating system that it is associated to.
A comment is added before the current list item.
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A comment can be copied, deleted and hidden just like an operating system
configuration. Like an operating system configuration, a comment has some
properties:
• View. On this page you can toggle icon display for the comment and
choose its type and color.
• Other. Here you can chose if the comment should be hidden.
5.7 Acronis OS Selector Options
Acronis OS Selector Setup allows configuring not only its own options but
also general parameters and appearance of Boot Menu and other programs
included into the Acronis OS Selector package.
Acronis OS Selector Options are arranged in a dialog box with five property
sheets.
54 Chapter 5 : Acronis OS Selector Setup
5.7.1 Standard Options
The following parameters can be edited on the Standard sheet:
• If a default configuration should be booted at once (in this case the Boot
Menu is not displayed at all), or after the number of seconds that is
entered in the edit box passes (selection bar in Boot Menu list blinks until
the timeout expires, then the default section is booted automatically), or
the default booting can be turned off.
If the default configuration is set to be booted at once you still can enter
the Boot Menu by pressing the Esc key when Acronis OS Selector is
booted.
• Should the last booted configuration be remembered. If this mode is on,
after each booting, the booted configuration becomes the default setting.
• Should the boot viruses be automatically checked for? If this checkbox is
on, then every time the computer is booted, Loader will try to check if a
virus has booted before it and will give a corresponding warning. On
some computers this warning will always appear, so boot virus checking
is off by default.
5.7.2 Input Device Options
Various parameters of input devices that are used in Acronis OS Selector
(keyboard and mouse) are shown on this sheet:
• Mouse type (auto-detect, COM1/2, PS/2 or no mouse at all).
• NumLock state (do not change, off, on).
• Should the fast keyboard autorepeat be set.
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5.7.3 Passwords
On this sheet the global Acronis OS Selector passwords may be set, disabled
or changed. Global passwords are the Administration password and the Boot
Menu access password. Boot Menu access password is required on every
Acronis OS Selector booting except when Boot Menu is not displayed, i.e. if
you choose Boot default configuration at once. Administration password is
required when running Setup and Disk Administrator, and when attempting
to edit configuration files. The Administration password can be used instead
of any another password.
In order to set or change password you should type it into the Password edit
box and confirm it in the Confirmation edit box. In order to disable password,
you must clear both edit boxes.
In extraordinary cases, booting from Acronis OS Selector installation media
may disable global passwords.
56 Chapter 5 : Acronis OS Selector Setup
5.8 OS Detection Wizard
OS Detection Wizard is used for manual addition of operating systems that
Acronis OS Selector could not detect automatically, including the operating
systems who’s boot sectors are stored in files. With help of this Wizard you
can select which partitions will be hidden from an operating system. It is
useful for example for Windows 95/98/ME operating systems for which
system folders reside in different partition than the system files do.
5.8.1 Intro Page
Intro page of Wizard describes what this Wizard does and asks you to press
the Next > button to proceed to the following page.
You can interrupt the Wizard at any time by pressing the Esc key or the
Cancel button. In this case the Wizard will request a confirmation.
5.8.2 Partition Page
On this page of the Wizard you can select which partition should be scanned
for an operating system, which partitions should be active, and which should
be hidden from this operating system.
It is not enough to simply highlight a partition to select it as the boot partition of an
operating system. You must use the Boot part. button for this purpose.
Partition page has the following controls:
• Partition list (for each partition its number, flags, size and type is shown;
hidden partitions are grayed);
Copyright © SWsoft, 2000-2002 57
• Boot part. button allows a partition to be scanned for an operating
system (this partition will become a boot partition for the would-be found
operating system);
• Hide/Unhide button hides a visible partition or makes a hidden partition
visible.
• Set active button specifies the primary partitions that will be set active
when the operation system is scanned for and booted;
5.8.3 Boot Sector Selection Page
On this page you can choose where the boot sector for the operating system
detection should be taken from: directly from boot partition (that has been
selected on the previous page) or from the specified file. This page is
displayed only when looking for operating systems on FAT16/FAT32
partitions.
Click the Browse button to open a standard file selection dialog box.
58 Chapter 5 : Acronis OS Selector Setup
Please note that since the letter order for the detected operating system is
not known in advance, default Acronis OS Selector partition enumeration is
used instead of drive letters.
Choose an appropriate boot sector and click the Next > button, OS Detection
Wizard will then attempt to find an operating system with the specified
parameters.
5.8.4 Search Result Page
If OS Detection Wizard finds an operating system that is not yet present in
Boot Menu, you get to the Search Result page.
Click the Finish button, Wizard will quit and the configuration of the newly
detected operating system will be added to Boot Menu. If for some reasons
you do not want to add it, press the Esc key or click the Cancel button.
If OS Detection Wizard does not find a new operating system, it informs you,
and you can return to the previous pages and search again with new
parameters.
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5.9 Deactivating Acronis OS Selector
Acronis OS Selector can be temporarily deactivated (with the corresponding
item of the «Other» Setup menu or by booting from the installation media
and selecting the corresponding action in the Acronis OS Selector Installation
Wizard). In this case you will be prompted to select the configuration that
will be booted bypassing Acronis OS Selector.
When deactivated, Acronis OS Selector does not have control of your
bootable operating systems or their parameters. To activate Acronis OS
Selector, boot from the installation media and select the corresponding
action in Acronis OS Selector Installation Wizard.
5.10 Uninstalling Acronis OS Selector
Acronis OS Selector can be completely removed from the computer (with the
corresponding item of the «Other» Setup menu or by booting from the
installation media and selecting the corresponding action in Acronis OS
Selector Installation Wizard). You will have to confirm your desire to uninstall
Acronis OS Selector by clicking the Yes button.
60 Chapter 5 : Acronis OS Selector Setup
Two courses of events are the possible:
1. If no actions preventing the original configuration of the computer from
restoration (such as uninstalling and deleting operating systems, moving,
resizing or deleting partitions with operating systems) were performed
since Acronis OS Selector had been installed, you will be prompted to
re-confirm your desire.
2. If restoring your computer to the condition that existed before Acronis
OS Selector installation proves to be impossible you are prompted to
choose a configuration that will be booted after Acronis OS Selector is
uninstalled.
Copyright © SWsoft, 2000-2002 61
g
Chapter 6. Disk Administrator
This chapter contains the following information:
Running Disk Administrator
Disk Administrator Main Window Survey
Disk Administrator Interface
Disk Administrator Appearance Setup Menu («View» Menu)
Pending Operations
Getting Help
6.1 Running Disk Administrator
In spite of Disk Administrator being very carefully debugged and tested
software, different external factors, such as power failures and other
hardware troubles may result in data loss. So before attempting any actions
on changing the partitions structure with the Disk Administrator, some steps
should be undertaken to reduce possible risk. Make sure that you have made
backup copies of important information (again, you may wish to consider
purchasing Acronis TrueImage at www.acronis.com), created boot floppies
for the operating systems that are installed on your computer, and make
sure that you still have the Acronis OS Selector installation media.
Because of possible conflicts that might occur due to hardware and software
differences on different computers, it is undesirable to create hard disk partitions on
one computer and then to use this hard disk on another PC. Doin
data loss.
There are two ways to run Disk Administrator:
1. Booting from the installation diskette (or CD-ROM) allows you to prepare
the hard disk for installing Acronis OS Selector, and also allows you to
perform actions in case of unexpected situations.
2. From the installed Acronis OS Selector Boot Menu. This is the usual way
you will run the Disk Administrator.
6.2 Disk Administrator Main Window Survey
Disk Administrator main window consists of several main parts:
• Title and frame.
• Menu bar.
• Toolbar.
so may lead to
62 Chapter 6 : Disk Administrator
• Current hard disk info line.
• Partition list.
• OK and Help buttons.
The title bar and the frame allow you to move the window around the screen
and also exit Disk Administrator.
The pull-down menu bar allows you to perform all the actions on partitions
and hard disks as well as adjust their appearance and get help.
All basic actions are grouped in the toolbar. Here they are available on one click.
Please note: the toolbar is unavailable in the Acronis OS Selector text mode.
Hard disk info line shows the total number of hard disks on the computer,
the current hard disk number and the total size of the hard disk.
The partition list is a table where the main information about hard disk
partitions and free spaces are listed. Use keyboard or mouse to move along
the list. All the actions in the menu refer to the selected partition or free
space or the hard disk where it is located. Usually the following information
about the partition or the free space is given in the list:
• Partition number in Acronis OS Selector format;
• Partition number or letter (for the selected operating system);
• Label.
• Flags (Primary, Active, Hidden).
• Size.
• Free space.
• Partition type.
Partitions with errors are listed in red.
Copyright © SWsoft, 2000-2002 63
OK button exits the Disk Administrator. Help button opens the help on main
window.
6.3 Disk Administrator Interface
All the functions of Disk Administrator can be performed from the keyboard
and most of them – with the mouse.
6.3.1 Using the Mouse
The Disk Administrator interface is very mouse-oriented. Left-clicking the
necessary partition or free space, and then choosing the desired action from
the toolbar, can perform most actions.
All the actions can be also performed on partitions from the context menu
that opens via a right-click.
64 Chapter 6 : Disk Administrator
6.3.2 Using the Keyboard
Press Alt+<Bold Letter> to get into the menu. For example pressing Alt+H
opens the Help menu.
To choose an item from the menu either press the corresponding hot key or
use the Up and Down keys to move the highlight bar to the chosen item and
press Enter . Press Esc or Alt to leave the menu without performing any
action.
6.4 Disk Administrator Appearance Setup Menu («View» Menu)
Disk Administrator’s great advantage over other similar programs is the
flexible setup of the list of partitions that are shown in the main window. The
following aspects of the main window view can be changed:
• Sorting order of the partition list.
Copyright © SWsoft, 2000-2002 65
• Partition numbers or letters for the chosen operating system are shown.
• Simple or advanced view. Here is an example of an advanced main window
view.
Advanced view differs from the simple one because along with partitions and
free space it also shows the positions of all partition tables on the disk, and
instead of sizes, it shows the cylinders, heads and sectors of the beginning
and end of each disk area.
6.5 Pending Operations
Acronis OS Selector Disk Administrator uses a pending operations technique.
It means that when performing operations with partitions these operations
are not actually executed, but are postponed until you are sure of ALL your
changes. You can see all the changes in the list of partitions as if these
operations were made.
66 Chapter 6 : Disk Administrator
All the actions with pending operations are available from the «Operations»
menu.
• Undo: Undoes the last pending operation. Undone pending operations
can be redone.
• Redo: Redoes the last undone pending operation.
• Undo all: Undoes all pending operations.
• Redo all: Redoes all undone pending operations.
• Commit: Actually performs all the pending operations. Committed
operations cannot be undone, so an additional confirmation is required:
• View: Shows the list of all pending operations. The operations are listed
not in the order they were invoked, but how they will actually be
performed:
6.6 Getting Help
At any time the Disk Administrator can get you context help on the window
that is currently on the screen. For more detailed information about Disk
Administrator performance it is best to review this User Guide.
Aside from usual help features, the Acronis OS Selector package includes a
README.TXT file that contains various useful information about system
requirements, installation and the last changes that were not yet introduced
to the User Guide. You may also visit our web-site for additional updated
information – www.acronis.com
Copyright © SWsoft, 2000-2002 67
Chapter 7. Main Operations with Disk Administrator
This chapter covers the following operations with partitions:
Creating a Partition
Copying or Moving a Partition
Resizing a Partition
Formatting a Partition
Deleting a Partition
Changing the Partition Label
View Details about a Partition
Getting Detailed Information about a Hard Disk
7.1 Creating a Partition
The Create Partition function allows you to create primary or logical
partitions. Up to four primary partitions, or three primary and an unlimited
number of logical partitions can be on one hard disk.
Usually primary partitions are created to install operating systems on them,
and logical ones are used for all other purposes like software installation and
data storage. If you have several hard disks then you can increase
productivity by installing operating systems and software on different disks.
For more details about partitions see Chapter 2 «Basic Information».
You need free space on a hard disk to create a partition. If there is none,
you can create some by reducing the size of one of the existing partitions.
Desired position of free space on a disk may be obtained by moving the
partitions. Moving and resizing partitions is covered in detail below.
Creating a new partition may lead to changes in letter sequence. You should
avoid changes in letter assignment for partitions that may be referred to by
different configuration files and system registries. Hiding the newly created
partition(s) from the operating systems for which they change the letter
sequence can do this. See paragraph 2.9 «Assignment of Letters in Different
Operating Systems» for details about tracking the letter assignment for a
given operating system.
68 Chapter 7 : Main Operations with Disk Administrator
7.1.1 Creating Bootable Partitions
Before creating a partition where you plan to install an operating system, you
should know the limitations that different operating systems impose on their
boot partition.
This table sums up such information about several operating systems.
Operating
system
MS-DOS 6.22 +
Windows 95
(MS-DOS
7.0)
Windows 95
OSR2
(MS-DOS
7.1)
Windows 98
(MS-DOS
7.1)
Windows ME
(MS-DOS
8.0)
Bootable
from
Supports
length
FAT32
NTFS
Linux Ext2/Ext3
Maximum boot code
Free space required for
FAT16
Logical partition
Second hard disk
2
– + – – – 2G 10M
2
– + – – – 8G 50M
+
2
+2 + + – – no 150M
+
2
+2 + + – – no 300M
+
2
+2 + + – – no 600M
+
1
installation
Windows NT
Windows NT
Windows
2000
– – + – + – 2G 100M
3.x
– – + – + – 2G
4.0
3
150M
– – + + + – no 700M
ASPLinux + + + + +4 + No 600M
1
– Approximate value.
2
– With help of Acronis OS Selector and if the partitions are
hidden so that the boot partition is labeled with letter C:.
3
– Fixed in Service Pack 4.
4
– Experimental support.
Copyright © SWsoft, 2000-2002 69
7.1.2 Creating a Partition with Disk Administrator
Creation of a partition requires the following steps:
1. Choose the desired free space in the partition list.
2. Choose the «Create partition» operation (from the menu, toolbar or by
pressing Insert key).
3. Enter the parameters of the new partition in the dialog box.
4. Confirm partition creation by pressing Enter key or the OK button in the
lower part of the box.
In the «Create partition» dialog box you can set the following:
• On the «Standard» sheet:
• Will the partition be primary or logical. Disk Administrator does not allow
the creation of primary partitions if there are no more empty entries in
the MBR partition table. You should also keep in mind that other
partition manipulation software might misinterpret a primary partition as
a logical one.
• The file system that will be created on the partition: FAT16, FAT32,
NTFS, Linux Ext2/Ext3, Linux ReiserFS, or Linux Swap. It is also possible
to create a partition without a file system (if, for example, you further
plan to format it for a file system that is not supported by Disk
Administrator). Partition type is chosen automatically, based on partition
format and size, but can be changed manually later via the change
partition type operation.
• Size of the partition and its position within the selected free space.
These parameters can be changed both from the keyboard by entering
the partition size and the amount of free space before and after the
partition or with the mouse (there is a special control in the dialog box,
partition can be resized by dragging its ends and moved by dragging its
middle).
70 Chapter 7 : Main Operations with Disk Administrator
• On the «Cluster/Block size» sheet:
• Cluster size (for FAT16, FAT32, and NTFS) or block size (for Linux
Ext2/Ext3). This parameter is usually set automatically, but sometimes it
is necessary to define it manually.
• Allows the creation of a partition that is larger than the file system (only
for FAT16). When this mode is on, Disk Administrator can create
partitions that exceed the size of the file system by a cluster or more.
This mode allows for more economic use of the disk space, but some
software (such as MS-DOS installation program, Norton Utilities, etc) can
corrupt such partitions.
• Allows the creation of partitions with 64-kilobyte clusters (only for
FAT16). Not all the operating systems understand such partitions, for
example Windows 95/98/ME cannot boot from them.
• On the «Other» sheet:
• Number of FAT copies (only for FAT16 and FAT32). The majority of
operating systems incorrectly work with partitions for which the number
of FAT copies is other than 2.
• Size of root folder (only for FAT16). The usual size of the root folder is
512 items. This number may be increased if necessary.
• Size of disk space corresponding to one i-node (only for Linux
Ext2/Ext3). This parameter is approximately the lower estimation of the
average assumed file size for the partition, and in fact defines the
number of i-nodes on the partition. The lower these parameters the
more i-nodes there will be on the partition.
• Sparse superblock (kernels 2.0.39+) (only for Linux Ext2/Ext3). When this
checkbox is checked, Ext2/Ext3 superblock is stored in a more optimal
way.
• Filetypes in folders (kernels 2.0.39+) (only for Linux Ext2/Ext3). When this
checkbox is checked, the information about the types of files, which is
usually stored in i-nodes, is also mirrored in folders (directories), thus
significantly reducing the numbed of accesses to disk during certain
operations. It should be noted that setting this flag for a partition that
previously worked without one will make fsck report errors, since for the
earlier-stored files will not be mirrored in the folders. This is a non-fatal
error.
• Files larger than 4G (kernels 2.4.0+) (only for Linux Ext2/Ext3). When this
checkbox is checked, it is permitted to use files with sizes that do not fit
into a 32-bit integer, thus avoiding the 4 GB per file size limitation.
Naturally, this flag makes no sense for a partition less than 4 GB in size.
Copyright © SWsoft, 2000-2002 71
7.2 Copying or Moving a Partition
The Copy partition function allows you to create a partition with the same
information as in the original. You may need to copy a partition in the
following cases:
• To duplicate an operating system before upgrading it without losing the
older version.
• To make a fast copy of one hard disk to another.
• To create a backup copy of the whole partition.
One should not copy partitions that have active system folders of operating systems,
nor the partition where Acronis OS Selector resides.
Moving a partition is different from copying one in that the original partition
is deleted. You may need to move a partition for example to forcefully
change the letter sequence that is assigned to the partitions by an operating
system.
One should not move the partitions that have active system folders of operating
systems, nor the partition where Acronis OS Selector resides to another hard disk.
The following steps should be made to copy a partition:
1. Choose the source partition from the list.
2. Select the Copy partition or Move partition function (from the menu,
toolbar or by pressing the Ctrl+C or Ctrl+M hotkeys).
3. Choose the target hard disk (skip this step if there is only one hard disk
installed on your computer).
72 Chapter 7 : Main Operations with Disk Administrator
T
4. Choose the target free space.
5. Choose the parameters of the new partition in the dialog box.
The dialog box for choosing the partition parameters has the same look and
functionality as the one that appears during partition creation. Please note
that it is impossible to change the file system (only the FAT16ÙFAT32
conversion is possible), and that cluster size can be changed only for
FAT16/FAT32.
When moving a partition on the «Other» sheet, it is possible to set the mode
when file system adjustment is not performed («Disable fitting» checkbox).
Parameters are adjusted when the data areas of the source and destination
partitions overlap. In this case no unnecessary data copying is done, but the
parameters of the resulting partition may become non-standard.
6. Confirm the operation by pressing the Enter key or clicking the OK
button in the lower part of the dialog box.
he creation, copying, moving and resizing partition functions of the Disk
Administrator are fully universalized. It is possible to move a partition, resize it, and
change the cluster size, label and file system type all in one pass. For example it is
possible to copy a partition to a free space of smaller size, a task impossible for any
other similar software!
Copyright © SWsoft, 2000-2002 73
g
g
7.3 Resizing a Partition
Resizing a partition allows you to both resize it and to move it inside the hard
disk area where it was initially located, without data loss. Decreasing
partition size requires free space inside it, while increasing takes some free
space next to the partition.
If you need to increase the size of a partition, and there is no free space next
to it, you can get some by moving and resizing other partitions.
You have to be careful when decreasing the size of a partition where an operating
system or Acronis OS Selector is installed, since some free space should be left for
normal system functioning (for the swap-file, temporary files, drivers etc.). Acronis
OS Selector itself occupies about 2M, and some extra space is required for the
backup copies of the system files of the detected operating systems.
Reducing a FAT partition size decreases waste – thus leading to more
effective disk space usage.
When moving a partition to higher number cylinders (to the right) you should check
if it remains visible to the operatin
7.1 «Creating a Partition».
systems that use it. See the table in paragraph
When converting a partition file system to FAT32 remember that not all operating
systems recognize this file system. See the table in paragraph 7.1 «Creatin
Partition».
Copying, moving and resizing will not be performed on a partition where there are
errors in the file system. Partitions with errors are listed in red in the Disk
Administrator list. You should correct these errors with such software as CHKDSK or
SCANDISK, and start the Disk Administrator afterwards.
Resizing a partition is done in the following steps:
1. Choose the necessary partition from the list.
2. Choose the Resize partition function (from the menu, toolbar or by
pressing Ctrl+R hotkey).
3. Use the dialog box to change the partition parameters.
a
74 Chapter 7 : Main Operations with Disk Administrator
The Choose partition parameters dialog box looks and functions just like the
Move partition dialog box.
4. Confirm the operation by pressing Enter or clicking the OK button in the
lower part of the dialog box.
7.4 Formatting a Partition
Format partition function allows you to format the chosen partition logically,
while erasing all the information that was previously stored on it.
The following steps should be taken to format a partition:
1. Choose the partition to format from the list.
2. A dialog will open where you can choose the new parameters for the
selected partition.
The Format partition parameters dialog box looks and functions just like
the Create partition dialog box.
3. Confirm formatting by pressing Enter or clicking the OK button in the
lower part of the dialog.
7.5 Deleting a Partition
The delete partition function allows you to delete a partition from the hard
disk partition structure. The information that was stored on this partition is
not erased, but may be lost if other partitions are created on the empty
space. The deleted partition can only be recovered with help of special
programs such as the Acronis’ RecoveryExpert – automatically recover ANY
deleted or lost partition with ANY file system, allowing independent work
from a bootable CD or diskette even if your operating system fails to boot
(see www.acronis.com
for full details on purchasing this recovery software).
Copyright © SWsoft, 2000-2002 75
To reduce the probability of accidental partition deletion, the Disk
Administrator asks for an additional confirmation.
Here are the steps that lead to deleting a partition:
1. Choose the partition to delete from the list.
2. Select the Delete partition function (from the menu, toolbar or with the Del
key).
3. Confirm deletion by pressing Y or clicking the Yes button in the
confirmation dialog box.
Deleting a partition may lead to changes in letter sequence that can be
corrected only by the creation of an additional partition.
7.6 Changing the Partition Label
If you have many partitions on a hard disk then giving them thematic names
may help to identify them for easier work. For example if a partition is
labeled GAMES, the type of information that is stored there is obvious.
FAT16/FAT32 partition labels may be up to 11 characters long and should
abide to the MS-DOS rules for file names. Spaces are allowed in labels. NTFS
partition labels are limited to 32 Unicode characters. Disk Administrator
displays and allows entering only the ASCII characters. Linux Ext2/Ext3
partition labels can be up to 16 characters long, and, since their encoding is
not known in advance, it is better not to use characters other than ASCII.
To change a partition label:
1. Choose the desired partition in the list.
2. Choose the Edit label function (from the menu or with the Ctrl+L
hotkey).
3. Edit the label in the dialog box.
4. Confirm the operation by pressing Enter or clicking the OK button in the
lower part of the dialog box.
76 Chapter 7 : Main Operations with Disk Administrator
7.7 View Details about a Partition
To get the details about a partition, you must do the following:
1. Choose the desired partition from the list.
2. Choose the Properties function (from the menu, toolbar or with the
Enter key).
3. Press Enter or Esc or click the OK button in the lower part of the dialog
box to return to the main window after viewing the partition properties.
If Properties view is required for a partition that has not yet been checked by
Disk Administrator, a full file system check is invoked before displaying
information.
The Properties dialog box has several sheets. You can switch between these
sheets either using the mouse by clicking the desired tabs or with the
keyboard by pressing Alt and the highlighted key from the tab title.
7.7.1 General Properties Sheet
This sheet shows the partition’s position on the hard disk and its size in
absolute sectors and in Cylinder-Head-Sector coordinates.
Copyright © SWsoft, 2000-2002 77
7.7.2 File System Properties Sheet
This page is not displayed for partitions with fatal errors in the file system or
with a file system that is not supported by Disk Administrator, nor for free
spaces and tables.
7.7.3 Errors Sheet
This sheet appears if the partition structure or its file system contains errors.
These errors are listed on this sheet. If the partition has file system errors
then they must be corrected with help of disk checking tools such as
CHKDSK, SCANDISK or FSCK, only then can Disk Administrator continue.
78 Chapter 7 : Main Operations with Disk Administrator
7.8 Getting Detailed Information about a Hard Disk
With help of Disk Administrator you can get all the information about a hard
disk that is available from BIOS. This requires the following steps:
1. Choose the hard disk (if there are several of them).
2. Choose the Hard disk properties function (from the Disk menu, the
toolbar or with the Alt+P hotkey).
3. Press Enter or Esc or click the OK button in the lower part of the dialog
box to return to the main window after viewing the disk properties.
The Properties dialog box has several sheets. You can switch between these
sheets either using the mouse by clicking the desired tab or with the
keyboard by pressing Alt and the highlighted key from the tab title.
7.8.1 Standard Property Sheet
This sheet is always there and contains the information that is directly used
by Acronis OS Selector:
• BIOS number is a hexadecimal number, which is used by BIOS functions
to enumerate disks. Hard disks enumeration starts with 80h. Numbers
less than 80h are usually used for floppy disk drives.
• Sectors per Track, Heads, Cylinders describe the geometry of a hard disk.
The geometry is used to correctly invoke usual disk access functions
(interrupt 13h, functions 0–8), since the latter require indication of sector
number on the track, head number, and cylinder number. Maximum
values that can be passed to usual disk access functions are as follows:
• sector number – 63;
• head number – 255;
• cylinder number – 1023.
Copyright © SWsoft, 2000-2002 79
This is where the 7.9 GB maximum accessible disk size limitation for the
usual functions comes from. The areas of a hard disk that lay beyond
this limit can be accessed only via extended disk access functions
(interrupt 13h, functions 41h–48h).
• Total size is the size of the hard disk that is available for Acronis OS
Selector.
7.8.2 Hard Disk Property Sheet
This sheet shows the information that is stored in the BIOS hard disk
parameters table. This table exists for disks number 80h and 81h and stores
the values of the following parameters:
• The number of cylinders, heads, and sectors. These parameters usually
reflect the structure of the hard disk more correctly than function 8, but
not all the BIOSes fill these parameters properly.
• Precompensation cylinder, landing cylinder, defect map, ECC and access
retry. These parameters are of no particular practical value.
• The number of physical cylinders, heads, and sectors. These parameters
usually correspond to the hard disk structure in the «Normal» mode, but
again, not all the BIOSes fill these parameters properly.
80 Chapter 7 : Main Operations with Disk Administrator
7.8.3 Extended Properties Sheet
The presence of this sheet tells that the disk may be accessed with extended
BIOS functions. It shows the following information:
• Physical hard disk geometry (it does not necessarily match the geometry
reported by function 8). Here it does not have much practical value since
extended functions work with absolute sector numbers.
• The hard disk size in sectors. This is the most interesting parameter on
this sheet.
• Sector size. For all the usual hard disk this parameter is equal to 512.
• Various additional information.
7.8.4 EDD Properties Sheet
This Sheet appears for some BIOS extensions that are compatible with
Phoenix specification. It gives various information concerning mainly the IDE
interface parameters for this hard disk.
Copyright © SWsoft, 2000-2002 81
Chapter 8. Advanced Operations with Disk Administrator
This chapter describes the following operations with partitions:
Converting a Partition
Changing the Partition Type
Setting an Active Partition
Hiding a Partition
Resizing Clusters/Blocks
Resizing the FAT16 Root Folder
Moving a Partition in the Partition Table
8.1 Converting a Partition
Two types of partition conversion are possible with help of Disk
Administrator:
1. Primary Ù logical.
2. FAT16 Ù FAT32.
The dialog, which appears when partition conversion is invoked, is
functionally the same as the one for partition resizing, since Disk
Administrator can perform all changes in partition and file system parameters
in one operation.
When converting a boot partition on some operating systems you should be
sure that it will remain bootable under new conditions.
82 Chapter 8 : Advanced Operations with Disk Administrator
8.2 Changing the Partition Type
Each record in any partition table contains a «partition type» field. This is a
certain number that tentatively defines what file system and what operating
system that this partition addresses. There are special type values:
• 0 (Unused) – This record of the table is empty;
• 5 (Extended) – This is a link to the next table in a chain (this type is used
to create chains of logical partitions);
• 15 (Extended LBA) – This is the beginning of a chain of logical partitions,
to access in which MS-DOS mode of Windows 95OSR2/98/ME operating
systems uses extended BIOS functions.
Disk Administrator manages these special partition types automatically – they
cannot be changed manually.
All other types can be assigned to ordinary partitions. Usually Disk
Administrator assigns the partition type itself based on the file system, but
sometimes it is necessary to select it manually. For example, if a partition
without a file system is created, Disk Administrator assigns it its own type; or
if the partition is supposed to be used by some operating system, it is
necessary to assign it a corresponding type.
The following steps are necessary to change the type of a partition:
1. Choose the partition from the list.
2. Choose the Change partition type function (from the menu or with the
Ctrl+T hotkey).
3. Select the desired partition type:
4. Confirm the operation by pressing Enter or clicking the OK button in the
lower part of the dialog box.
Changing the type of the partition table is necessary when changing a
partition table to the higher-level setting, between 5 (Extended) and 15
(Extended LBA). Only MS-DOS 7.1/8.0 and Windows 95OSR2/98/ME need
type 15 entries. Older operating systems do not recognize these parameters.
Copyright © SWsoft, 2000-2002 83
8.3 Setting an Active Partition
If no boot manager is installed on your computer, then the default master
boot record code located at the beginning of the first hard disk will attempt
to boot an operating system from the primary partition that is marked as
active. Only one primary partition may be active.
The following steps allow you to make a partition active with help of the Disk
Administrator:
1. Choose the first hard disk.
2. Choose the primary partition.
3. Select the Set partition as active function (from the menu or with the
Ctrl+A hotkey).
If Acronis OS Selector is installed on your computer, then the setting of an
active partition will not affect anything, since OS Selector itself manages the
active partition flag. This function can also be used to find the letter
sequence for the chosen operating system. In this case changing active
partitions should be done for the given operating system in its properties
dialog. See 5.5.4 «Editing Operating System Properties».
8.4 Hiding a Partition
Hide partition function can be used for temporary blocking access to the
chosen partition. Unlike similar software, the Disk Administrator allows you to
hide not only primary but also logical partitions of any type.
There is also a special mode for hiding partitions from Windows NT/2000/XP
operating systems. This mode should be used with care, since it is
incompatible with other partition management software, including that may
be supplied with these operating systems.
The following steps toggle the hidden flag for the partition:
1. Choose the hard disk.
2. Choose the partition.
3. Select the «Hide/Unhide» function (from the menu or with the Ctrl+H
hotkey).
If Acronis OS Selector is installed on your computer then hiding a partition
will not affect anything since Acronis OS Selector itself manages the partition
hidden flag. This function can also be used to find out the letter sequence for
the chosen operating system. In this case partitions should be hidden in the
context of the given operating system in its properties dialog. See 5.5.4
«Editing Operating System Properties».
84 Chapter 8 : Advanced Operations with Disk Administrator
8.5 Resizing Clusters/Blocks
Resizing clusters/blocks is not a stand-alone operation as it is in other similar
programs. Instead Acronis OS Selector combines it with the create, copy,
move and resize partition functions, as this allows the performance of several
different actions on a partition in one pass.
The word «cluster» is used for Microsoft file systems: FAT16, FAT32, NTFS.
The word «block» is used for all other file systems.
Reducing cluster/block size may significantly reduce disk space waste since
any file, even the smallest one, occupies at least one cluster/block on the
disk. But reducing the cluster size for FAT32 may increase waste due to
increasing the size of the file allocation table, and could also slow down file
access.
For an existing partition, Disk Administrator can change the cluster size only
for FAT16/FAT32 file systems. For NTFS and Linux Ext2/Ext3 file systems it is
possible to choose the size of a cluster/block only when creating or
formatting a partition.
When choosing the cluster size it is necessary to know that NTFS partitions with
clusters larger than 4 KB do not support file compression.
Cluster/block size can be chosen on a special sheet of the partition resizing
(creation, converting, copying, moving, and formatting) dialog.
For each possible cluster/block size the Disk Administrator shows the
following information:
• Minimum and maximum partition size.
• Waste.
• «Larger»/«Smaller» flag appears when it is necessary to
increase/decrease partition size in order to be able to change the
cluster/block size.
Copyright © SWsoft, 2000-2002 85
The «Auto» checkbox is by default checked and the «Auto» label shows
that the cluster/block size is set automatically. Auto-selection gives the
cluster/block size that the partition would have after being formatted
with the standard FORMAT command. Uncheck this checkbox to be able
to choose the cluster/block size manually. Now you can choose the
desired cluster/block size with the radio-buttons.
For the description of other controls that can appear on this sheet see
7.1.2 «Creating a Partition with Disk Administrator».
To resize the cluster of an existing FAT16/FAT32 partition, the following
steps are required:
1. Choose the partition from the list.
2. Select the Resize partition function (from the menu, toolbar or with the
Ctrl+R hotkey).
3. Switch to the «Cluster/block size» sheet in the dialog box.
4. Turn the automatic cluster/block sizing off and select the desired size by
hand.
5. Confirm the operation by pressing Enter or clicking the OK button in the
lower part of the dialog box.
8.6 Resizing the FAT16 Root Folder
Resizing the root folder is not a stand-alone function, but is combined with
creation, copying, moving and resizing a partition.
Resizing the root folder can be done only to a FAT16 file system since in
other file systems the root folder behaves like any other folder, i.e. its size is
changed automatically.
You may need to resize the root folder if, for example, there are many
folders with long names on your hard disk. The longer the name of the file or
folder, the more place it occupies in the folder. Standard root folder size is
512 entries, so if there are no more empty entries, choose the value that is
more than 512.
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The size of the root folder of an existing partition can be changed on the
«Other» sheet of the partition resizing (creation, conversion, copying,
moving, and formatting) dialog.
The Automatic checkbox is checked by default. To be able to manually select
the size of the root folder, uncheck it. Now you can enter the desired size of
the root folder in the input field next to the checkbox.
The following steps are required to resize the root folder:
1. Choose the partition from the list.
2. Choose the Resize partition function (from the menu, toolbar or with the
Ctrl+R hotkey).
3. Switch to the «Other» sheet of the «Resize partition» dialog box.
4. Uncheck the «Automatic» checkbox on the sheet and enter the desired
root folder size manually.
5. Confirm the operation by pressing Enter or clicking the OK button in the
lower part of the dialog box.
8.7 Moving a Partition in the Partition Table
You may need to change the position of a partition in a partition table
(usually in the MBR) if you have installed operating systems (like DR-DOS,
Windows NT/2000/XP) for which the letter or number order depends on the
order of partitions in the table. No other similar software can perform this
function.
Usually there is no need to change the position of a logical partition.
To change the position of a partition in the table:
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1. Choose the partition from the list.
2. Choose the «Arrange in table» function (from the menu or by clicking
Ctrl+G hotkey).
3. Arrange the partition in the list in the dialog box by dragging it with the
mouse or with arrow keys.
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Chapter 9. Particularities of Operating System Functioning
9.1 DOS-type Operating Systems
9.1.1 Supported Versions
Acronis OS Selector supports the following versions of DOS-type operating
systems:
• MS-DOS 5.x–6.x;
• MS-DOS 7.0 (not a separate product but is included in Windows 95);
• MS-DOS 7.1 (not a separate product but is included in Windows
95OSR2/98);
• MS-DOS 8.0 (not a separate product but is included in Windows ME);
• PC-DOS 5.x–7.0;
• DR-DOS 7.x.
Acronis OS Selector will detect MS-DOS 7.x/8.0 as a separate operating system only
if it is not a part of the installed Windows operatin
on your computer with help of the SYS command.
Acronis OS Selector recognizes the following special cases:
• MS-DOS 5.x–6.x or PC-DOS that has Windows 95/98/ME installed over it.
• MS-DOS or PC-DOS that has Windows NT/2000 installed over it.
Acronis OS Selector may not support some DOS versions (for example the Japanese
version). In these cases, system and confi
example, font files should be added) to avoid conflicts between different copies of
these operating systems.
9.1.2 Boot Sequence
DOS boot sequence consists of the following stages:
1. Boot sector (after being loaded into memory and passed control to)
scans the root folder for the first DOS file. Upon finding one, it loads the
first several sectors (the loader) into memory, assuming that they are
positioned contiguously on the disk, and passes control to the loader.
system but was instead installed
uration file lists should be edited (for
2. The loader loads the rest of the first file (boot manager) into memory
and starts it.
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3. Boot manager initializes the memory, scans the partition structure and
assigns letters to partitions, defining the DOS boot partition on the way.
4. Then the boot manager reads the DOS configuration file (CONFIG.SYS)
and if it contains multiple configurations displays a menu on the screen
prompting you to choose one of them, otherwise it just reads the
configuration and loads the indicated drivers and operating system parts
from the second DOS file.
5. After the configuration file has been processed, command interpreter
(default COMMAND.COM) is loaded and executed. Command interpreter
is a plain DOS program.
There are several differences between DOS versions from different vendors:
• MS-DOS 5.x–6.x and PC-DOS assume that their files should be the first
ones in the root folder.
• MS-DOS 5.x–6.x system files have names IO.SYS and MSDOS.SYS.
• PC-DOS and DR-DOS 7.x system files have names IBMBIO.COM and
IBMDOS.COM.
• MS-DOS 7.x/8.0 have one large system file IO.SYS and MSDOD.SYS
becomes a configuration file.
• Letter assignment order differs for different DOS versions (see 2.9
«Assignment of Letters in Different Operating Systems»).
• MS-DOS and PC-DOS assume the boot partition as the partition to which
letter C: has been assigned.
• CONFIG.SYS command set differs for different DOS versions.
• MS-DOS 7.x/8.0 starts WIN.COM instead of COMMAND.COM if the
MSDOS.SYS file has BOOTGUI=1.
• MS-DOS 8.0 cannot function as a stand-alone operating system.
CONFIG.SYS and AUTOEXEC.BAT files processing are blocked. It can
only boot the Windows operating system. A special MS-DOS 8.0 version
on the Windows ME boot disk can function as a stand-alone operating
system, but a check is built into it so that it can only be booted from a
diskette.
9.1.3 System and Configuration Files
Here is the DOS system files list:
• IO.SYS (mandatory for MS-DOS);
• MSDOS.SYS (mandatory for MS-DOS 5.x–6.x);
• IBMBIO.COM (mandatory for PC-DOS);
• IBMDOS.COM (mandatory for PC-DOS);
• DBLSPACE.BIN (mandatory for MS-DOS 5.x–6.2);
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• DRVSPACE.BIN (mandatory for MS-DOS 6.22–8.0);
• LOGO.SYS (optional for MS-DOS 7.x/8.0);
• COMMAND.COM (optional for all DOS versions).
Configuration files list:
• MSDOS.SYS (for MS-DOS 7.x/8.0);
• WINBOOT.INI (alternative MSDOS.SYS);
• CONFIG.SYS (for all DOS versions);
• AUTOEXEC.BAT (for all DOS versions).
9.1.4 Limitations
Different DOS versions have the following limitations:
• Only MS-DOS 7.1/8.0 supports FAT32 along with FAT16 file system.
• Only MS-DOS 7.1/8.0 support extended BIOS and hard disks larger than
8 GB – but only with FAT16 LBA, FAT32 LBA and EXTENDED LBA
partitions. This can cause conflicts with other DOS versions that are
installed on the same computer.
• For MS-DOS, the boot partition should be the partition to which drive
letter C: is assigned, otherwise the operating system’s booting will not
finish.
• MS-DOS and PC-DOS have troubles accessing multiple primary partitions
if the hard disk contains logical partitions that were not recognized by
DOS.
Due to the limitation of boot code in most DOS–like operating systems, their boot
partitions should be located in the first 2 gigabytes of a hard disk.
9.2 Windows 95/98/ME
Under Windows 95/98/ME booting always starts with MS-DOS, thus
everything concerning MS-DOS 7.x/8.0 booting applies to Windows 95/98/ME
as well.
9.2.1 Supported Versions
Acronis OS Selector supports Windows 95, Windows 95OSR2/98/ME and can
detect their language version.
9.2.2 Booting Details and Limitations
Windows booting starts when MS-DOS executes the WIN.COM file. This
program loads the Windows kernel that loads drivers, arranges memory
allocation and starts the shell program (EXPLORER.EXE).
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Drivers that were loaded rescan the partition structure and assign letters to
partitions that were not visible from MS-DOS.
There are several differences between Windows 95/98/ME versions:
• Windows 95 contains MS-DOS 7.0, does not support FAT32 and due to
MS-DOS 7.0 limitations cannot be booted from partitions that are located
beyond the 1024th cylinder.
• Windows 95OSR2/98 contains MS-DOS 7.1 and supports FAT32.
• Windows Millennium Edition contains MS-DOS 8.0, which supports
FAT32, but does not allow the use of MS-DOS.
9.2.3 System Folders
Main Windows part resides in the following folders:
• System (its name can be assigned during installation, default one is
«Windows»).
• Applications (in English and most Eastern Windows versions its name is
«Program Files», in other Western Windows versions this folder has
other names).
• Backup (available in Windows ME and is called «Restore»).
Acronis OS Selector now supports multiple operating systems with folders
with same names on the same partition. These folders are called system
folders. A system folder is transferred to its proper location (to the root
folder) only when this operating system is booted, other times it resides in
the OS Selector system folder.
The above-mentioned folders are added to the system folders list
automatically when an operating system is detected. You can always
manually edit this list by running Setup from Boot Menu and editing the
properties of the selected operating system. For example, sometimes it is
useful to add the «Recycle» folder.
9.2.4 Details on Windows 95/98/ME Installation with Acronis OS Selector
One special thing about Windows 95/98/ME installation is that they always
rewrite MBR code. It means that after Windows 95/98/ME installation is over,
control is no longer passed to Acronis OS Selector. To avoid this Acronis OS
Selector adds a call to REINSTAL.COM to the AUTOEXEC.BAT files, and it
restores Acronis OS Selector MBR code. In case of malfunction you can
manually re-activate Acronis OS Selector by booting from the installation
media and selecting the «Activate» option. See 1.1 «Acronis OS Selector as a
Boot Manager».
Automatic MBR restoration does not work in Windows Millennium Edition, because
this version of Windows does not allow running programs from AUTOEXEC.BAT.
92 Chapter 9 : Particularities of Operating System Functioning
Another special thing about the installation program is that it can be run only
from DOS and during the very first stage creates system and applications
folders. The name of the latter is always fixed (but depends on language
version of Windows). This causes problems in the following cases:
• If you wish to install another Windows 95/98/ME on the same partitions.
• If you wish to install Windows 95/98/ME on the system folders partition
where Windows NT/2000/XP already resides.
• If you wish to install another Windows 95/98/ME on another system
partition.
To solve these problems, and allow the user to freely choose system files
and system folders partitions, and even to some degree the letter order,
Acronis OS Selector Setup now includes a Windows 95/98/ME Installation
Wizard, see Chapter 10.
At the very beginning of its work Windows 95/98/ME installation program
runs the SCANDISK.EXE utility to check if there are any errors in the partition
file systems. This utility may produce error messages about files on partitions
where different DOS and Windows 95/98/ME language versions are installed.
The reason is that different DOS versions have different character sets that
can be used in short file names. NEVER answer affirmative to the offer to
correct these errors. Disk check will not be performed if Windows 95/98/ME
setup program is run with «/is» key.
9.3 Windows NT/2000/XP
9.3.1 Supported Versions
Acronis OS Selector supports Windows NT versions 3.51, 4.0, Windows 2000,
and Windows XP and can also detect their most common language versions.
9.3.2 Booting Peculiarities
Operating systems of Windows NT type consist of two main parts: the boot
part and the main part. These parts can reside on different partitions. Boot
part consists of the operating system kernel loader NTLDR (which is also a
simple boot manager), its configuration file (BOOT.INI) and initial hardware
detection code (NTDETECT.COM). The partition where the boot part resides
is called Windows NT/2000 boot partition.
The loader usually opens a simple menu from which you can choose
Windows NT/2000 configuration or some other operating system whose boot
sector is stored in a file.
Main Windows NT/2000 part resides in the WINNT system folder (this can be
assigned during installation) and in the application folder (Program Files
usually), whose name cannot be changed. A partition where the main part of
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the operating system resides is called the system folder partition. Multiple
operating systems of Windows 95/98/ME and Windows NT/2000 may conflict
because of the application folder (see 9.2.3 «System Folders»).
It is possible that several different Windows NT/2000/XP are booted from
one single loader.
9.3.3 System and Configuration Files
Windows NT/2000/XP system files list:
• NTLDR (mandatory);
• BOOTFONT.BIN (mandatory for those language versions that use their
own font);
• NTDETECT.COM (mandatory);
• NTBOOTDD.SYS (mandatory if the system folder partition cannot be
accessed with usual BIOS hard disk access function).
Configuration files list:
• BOOT.INI (mandatory).
9.3.4 System Folders
The major parts of Windows NT/2000/XP resides in the following folders:
• System (its name can be set during installation, its default value is
«Winnt»).
• Applications (in English and most Eastern Windows versions its name is
«Program Files», in other Western Windows versions this folder has
other names).
• Personal documents and settings (in English and most Eastern Windows
versions its name is «Documents and Settings», in other Western
Windows versions this folder has other names).
Because application folder name cannot be changed, the ability of several
operating systems to have folders with the same names on a partition was
added to Acronis OS Selector. Such folders are called system folders. A
system folder is moved to its place (root folder) only when the corresponding
operating system is booted, otherwise it remains in the OS Selector system
folder.
The above-mentioned folders are added to the system folders list
automatically when an operating system is detected. Nevertheless you can
always manually edit this list by running Setup from Boot Menu and editing
the properties of the selected operating system. For example, sometimes it is
useful to add the «Recycle» folder.
94 Chapter 9 : Particularities of Operating System Functioning
Acronis OS Selector can manage the Windows NT/2000/XP system folders only if
they reside on a FAT16/FAT32 partition.
9.3.5 Limitations
Different Windows NT/2000/XP versions have the following limitations:
• For any Windows NT/2000/XP version the boot partition must be a
primary partition of the first hard disk.
• Windows NT version 3.51 and 4.0 recognizes the FAT16 and NTFS file
systems, Windows 2000 also recognizes the FAT32 file system.
• Boot partition of Windows NT version 3.51 and 4.0 must be located
among the first 2 gigabytes of the hard disk.
9.4 Linux
Acronis OS Selector automatically detects and supports any Linux distribution
if it is booted by LILO or ASPLoader installed in MBR, or if it is booted by any
loader installed in the boot sector of the Linux partition.
Usually Linux itself is installed on an Ext2, Ext3 or ReiserFS partition, which
can be both primary and logical, and can be located on any hard disk. Linux
also requires another partition to manage its virtual memory (Linux Swap).
Strictly speaking, the loader is not a part of an operating system, its main
function is to load the Linux kernel into memory and pass control to it. Since
LILO is the most common Linux loader, let us describe its work in more details
(ASPLoader works similar to it).
The Linux kernel is stored in some file, and the loader has to somehow load it
into memory. Instead of supporting multiple file systems where the kernel might
be stored, LILO developers chose a simpler and a more universal way. The
loader just stores the location of the kernel file in its data structures. These
structures are created by a special activation program called «lilo», and the
process itself is called «activation». Since this program is run from Linux, the
features of the latter allow it to easily locate any file on a disk.
The disadvantage of such technique manifests itself when a Linux partition is
moved or reduced in size. In this case Linux becomes unbootable, and a
Linux boot floppy is required to re-activate the loader.
9.5 Other Operating Systems
Other operating systems are usually installed on their own file systems. They
can have limitations to the location of the boot partition and support of other
file systems. It is useful to know this information prior to installing a new
operating system on the computer.
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Acronis OS Selector automatically detects even operating systems unknown
to it, if they are booted from the boot sector.
Some modern operating systems have special means allowing them to be
booted directly from Windows, among them BeOS and QNX.
We recommend that you do not use other partition management software
that maybe supplied with operating systems, together with Acronis OS
Selector, since they frequently make incorrect changes to the partition
structure. If you need to create a separate partition to install a new
operating system, it is best to use Acronis OS Selector Disk Administrator.
96 Chapter 9 : Particularities of Operating System Functioning
Chapter 10. Windows 95/98/ME Installation Wizard
Windows 95/98/ME Installation Wizard will assist you in arranging your
computer for new Windows installation with flexible prior location tunings.
We strongly recommend, even advanced users, use Windows 95/98/ME
Installation Wizard before Windows installation because in some cases
desirable PC configuration may be impossible without it assistance.
10.1 Wizard Start
After running the Wizard you get to the intro page that describes what this
Wizard is for and offers you to click the Next > button to proceed to the
following page.
You can interrupt the Wizard at any time by pressing the Esc key or the
Cancel button. In this case the Wizard will request a confirmation.
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Next page allows you to choose what would you like to use the Wizard for.
The following options are available:
• Upgrading an existing Windows 95/98/ME operating system without
saving its old version;
• Upgrading an existing Windows 95/98/ME operating system and saving
its old version;
• Installing a new Windows 95/98/ME operating system.
Select the desired option and press Next > to proceed to the following page.
All the following actions of the Wizard depend on your choice.
10.2 Preparation to Upgrading Windows 95/98/ME without Saving its Old Version
No additional actions are required from Acronis OS Selector to allow
upgrading the operating system without saving its old version. You can just
boot the operating system that you wish to upgrade, and perform all the
actions that are necessary for upgrade. Acronis OS Selector will automatically
make all the appropriate changes in Boot Menu configuration list after
reboot.
98 Chapter 10 : Windows 95/98/ME Installation Wizard
10.3 Preparation to Upgrading Windows 95/98/ME with Saving its Old Version
In this mode Windows 95/98/ME Installation Wizard first prompts you to
select the operating system that you wish to upgrade.
Choose the operating system from the list and click the Next > button. On
the following page the Wizard summarizes your choice and tells you about its
following actions.
Confirm your decision by clicking the Finish button. The Wizard quits and
the selected operating system will be copied. After the copying is over you
can exit Setup, boot any of the copies and perform upgrade from it. The
other copy remains like it was right after the copying finished.
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10.4 Preparation to New Windows 95/98/ME Operating System Installation
Since Acronis OS Selector supports various non-standard ways to position
Windows 95/98/ME operating systems and also allows positioning several
such operating systems so that they share system folder partitions, some
preparatory actions are necessary in almost all cases.
This is what the third mode of the Wizard is about.
You should keep in mind that in order to prepare to install a new Windows 95/98/ME
operating system the Wizard needs some DOS-compatible operating system (DRDOS, MS-DOS, PC-DOS) or, even better, a different version of Windows 95/98 (not
Windows ME!), or the Wizard may be unable to continue.
First you are prompted to select which version of the Windows operating
system (Windows 95, Windows 95OSR2, Windows 98 or Windows Millennium
Edition) you are going to install and to select the version of its installation
package (CD-ROM, bootable CD-ROM, diskette set or a hard disk).
Make your choice and click the Next > button.
On the following page you will be able to configure the partition for the
would-be installed operating system context. The following actions can be
done with the list and the buttons below it:
• Selection of the boot partition (partition where the system files of the
operating system will reside). You can select a logical partition, but then
some of the partitions may become unavailable (the Wizard automatically
marks these partitions as hidden). Boot partition is selected with the
Boot part. button and is marked as «Boot» in the list.
• Selection of the system folders partition (the partition where the main part
of the operating system will reside – usually these are the WINDOWS and
Program Files folders). System folders partition is selected with the
Win.Part. button and is marked as «Win» in the list.
100 Chapter 10 : Windows 95/98/ME Installation Wizard
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