Zebra Technologies radio frequency identification User Manual

Zebra

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)

Programming Guide

58978L-008

therein are owned by ZIH Corp. Unauthorized reproduction of this manual or the software and/or firmware in the printer may result in imprisonment of up to one year and fines of up to $10,000 (17 U.S.C.506). Copyright violators may be subject to civil liability.

, ZPL II®, and ZebraLink™ programs; Element Energy Equalizer® Circuit; E3®; and

ZebraLink and all product names and numbers are trademarks, and Zebra, the Zebra logo, ZPL, ZPL II, Element Energy Equalizer Circuit, and E

All other brand names, product names, or trademarks belong to their respective holders. For additional trademark information, please see “Trademarks” on the product CD.

This RFID product is manufactured under one or more licenses, which contain certain exclusions. This product may not be sold, used, leased, offered for sale, or otherwise transferred, exported, and im ported in the Transpor tation Market. The Transportation Market means (i) Electronic Toll and Traffic Management (ETTM), (ii) Public Sector Vehicle Registration, Inspection and Licensing Programs, (iii) Railroad Locomotive and Wagon tracking, (iv) airport-based ground transportation management systems (GTMS) and taxi dispatch, (v) revenue-based parking, and (vi) vehicle-initiated mobile payment applications, where the RFID tag is initially attached to the vehicle but not incorporated at the point of vehicle manufacture.

Proprietary Statement This manual contains proprietary information of Zebra Technologies Corporation and its

subsidiaries (“Zebra Technologies”). It is intended solely for the information and use of parties operating and maintaining the equipment described herein. Such proprietary information may not be used, reproduced, or disclosed to any other parties for any other purpose without the express, written permission of Zebra Technologies Corporation.

Product Improvements Continuous improvement of products is a policy of Zebra Technologies Corporation.

All specifications and designs are subject to change without notice.

Liability Disclaimer Zebra Technologies Corporation takes steps to ensure that its published Engineering

specifications and manuals are correct; however, errors do occur. Zebra Technologies Corporation reserves the right to correct any such errors and disclaims liability resulting therefrom.

Limitation of Liability In no event shall Zebra Technologies Corporation or anyone else involved in the creation,

production, or delivery of the accompanying product (including hard ware and software) be liab le for any damages whatsoever (including, without limitation, consequential damages including loss of busin ess profi ts, business interruption, or loss of business information) arising out of the use of, the results of use of, or inability to use such product, even if Zebra Technologies Corporation has been advised of the possibility of such damages. Some jurisdictions do not allow the exclusion or limitation of incidental or consequential damages, so the above limitation or exclusion may not apply to you.

Part Number: 58978L-008 Rev. A

About This Document . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Who Should Use This Document . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

How This Document Is Organized . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Contacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Document Conventions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11

1 • Introduction to RFID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

RFID Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

RFID Label Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

Considering RFID Transponder (Tag) Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

Accounting for Transponder Inlay Placement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Selecting and Purchasing RFID Labels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Performing Label Placement Tests. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Storing RFID Labels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Radio Frequency Interference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

ZPL Commands for RFID Applications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

SGD Commands for RFID Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

2 • RFID Printer Setup and Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Set Tag Type. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Set RF Power Levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Perform RFID Transponder Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Download Latest Firmware. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

3 • RFID Control Panel Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

11/14/2008 RFID Programming Guide 58978L-008 Rev. A

Contents

4 • Creating Basic RFID Label Formats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Create and Send an RFID Label Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

Sample RFID Label Formats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

RFID Label Format 1—Encode a Gen 2 Tag in Hexadecimal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

RFID Label Format 2—Encode a Gen 2 Tag in ASCII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

RFID Label Format 3—Read Data from Tag and Print Data on Label . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

RFID Label Format 4—Encode Tag, Read Tag, and Print Data on Label . . . . . . . . . 34

RFID Label Format 5—Encode a Class 1 64-bit Tag in Hexadecimal . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

RFID Label Format 6—Encode Tag, Read Tag, and Return Results to Host. . . . . . . 37

5 • RFID Antenna Location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

RXi and RXi HF. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

RZ400 and RZ600 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

R110PAX4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

RP4T. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

R4Mplus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

6 • Transponder Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

Basic Transponder Characteristics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

Electronic Product Code (EPC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

EPC Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

EPC Structure in RFID Labels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

EPC Class 1, Generation 2 (Gen 2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

Data Content. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

Data and Tag Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

Gen 2 Memory Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

7 • Troubleshooting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

RFID Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

RFID Error Codes and Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

Error and Status Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

Error Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

8 • ZPL II Commands for RFID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

ZPL Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

Printer and Firmware Compatibility. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

^HL or ~HL Return RFID Data Log to Host . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

^HR Calibrate RFID Transponder Position . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

^HV Host Verification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88

^MM Print Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89

^RA Read AFI or DSFID Byte . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

^RB Define EPC Data Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

^RE Enable/Disable E.A.S. Bit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

^RF Read or Write RFID Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96

58978L-008 Rev. A RFID Programming Guide 11/14/2008

Contents

^RI Get RFID Tag ID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

^RM Enable RFID Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101

^RN Detect Multiple RFID Tags in Encoding Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102

~RO Reset Advanced Counters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103

^RQ Quick Write EPC Data and Passwords . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105

^RR Specify RFID Retries for a Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107

^RS Set Up RFID Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108

^RT Read RFID Tag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .115

~RV Report RFID Encoding Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .117

^RW Set RF Power Levels for Read and Write . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .118

^RZ Set RFID Tag Password and Lock Tag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120

^WF Encode AFI or DSFID Byte . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123

^WT Write (Encode) RFID Tag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125

^WV Verify RFID Encoding Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127

9 • SGD Commands for RFID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129

Printer and Firmware Compatibility. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130

odometer.rfid.valid_resettable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132

odometer.rfid.void_resettable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133

rfid.error.response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134

rfid.position.program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135

rfid.reader_1.antenna_port . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136

rfid.reader_1.power.read . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137

rfid.reader_1.power.single_power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138

rfid.reader_1.power.write . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139

rfid.tag.calibrate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141

rfid.tag.data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142

rfid.tag.test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143

rfid.tag.type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144

10 • RFID Applicator Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149

Timing Diagrams for RFID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150

Single Signal Mode. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150

Double Signal Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152

Applicator Interface Connector Pin Configuration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153

Jumper Configurations and Pinouts for +5 V I/O Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156

Pinouts for +24-28 V I/O Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159

11/14/2008 RFID Programming Guide 58978L-008 Rev. A

Contents

Notes • ___________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

58978L-008 Rev. A RFID Programming Guide 11/14/2008

About This Document

This section provides you with contact information, documen t struc ture and organization, and additional reference documents.

Contents

Who Should Use This Document. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

How This Document Is Organized . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Contacts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Document Conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

11/14/2008 RFID Programming Guide 58978L-008 Rev. A

About This Document

Who Should Use This Document

This Programming Guide is intended for use by the label format developer o r printer integrator to create label formats that will encode RFID tags. The following printers/print engines are supported by this Programming Guide:

• R110Xi, R170Xi, and R110Xi HF

• RZ400 and RZ600

•R110PAX4

• R4Mplus

• R2844-Z

•RP4T

How This Document Is Organized

The RFID Programming Guide is set up as follows:

Section Description

About This Document on page 7 This section provides you with contact information, document

structure and organization, and additional reference documents.

Introduction to RFID on page 13 This section describes the basic concepts of Radio Frequency

Identification (RFID) and how RFID works with your printer.

RFID Printer Setup and Operation on page 17

RFID Control Panel Parameters on page 21

Creating Basic RFID Label Formats on page 29

Troubleshooting on page 49 This section provides information about RFID operational errors

ZPL II Commands for RFID

on page 79 SGD Commands for RFID

on page 129

How you set up your printer for RFID applications is de termined in part by the transponder that you select. This section guides you through some tasks that you may need to perform on your printer to make RFID reading and encoding possible. When you have completed this section, you will be ready to program your RFID label formats.

This section shows the control panel para meters that appear on most Zebra RFID printers that have a graphic display.

After you have selected a transponder type and set your printer appropriately, use the ZPL samples in this section as a base for programming your own RFID label formats.

that you might need to troubleshoot. For other types of pr oblems, consult the user guide for your printer.

This section contains the ZPL II commands for RFID-specific applications.

This section contains the Set/Get/Do (SGD) commands for RFIDspecific applications.

RFID Antenna Location on page 39 Operations to test the RFID functions and display RFID tag data

require you to place an RFID label over the RFID antenna area. This section shows the location of the RFID antenna in the various Zebra RFID printers.

58978L-008 Rev. A RFID Programming Guide 11/14/2008

Section Description

About This Document

How This Document Is Organized

Transponder Characteristics on page 43

This section describes the dif ferent characteristi cs of some common transponder types.

RFID Applicator Signals on page 149 This section applies to printers that have applicator ports and that

are being used in a print and apply system. Included are timing diagrams for good and bad RFID tags and the pin configuration for the applicator port. For basic timing diagrams, see the User Guide for your printer.

11/14/2008 RFID Programming Guide 58978L-008 Rev. A

About This Document

Contacts

Technical Support via the Internet is available 24 hours per day, 365 days per year.

Web Site: www.zebra.com E-mail Back Technical Library:

E-mail address: emb@zebra.com Subject line: Emaillist

Self Service Knowledge Base: www.zebra.com/knowledgebase Online Case Registration: www.zebra.com/techrequest

Which Department

Do You Need?

Regional Headquarters

Technical Support

For questions on the operation of Zebra equipment and software, please call your distributor. For additional assistance, contact us.

Please have your model and serial numbers available.

Repair Service Department

For back-to-base service and repair.

Technical Tr aining Department

For Zebra product training courses.

Inquiry Department

For product literature and distributor and dealer information.

Customer Service Department (US) Internal Sales Department (UK)

For printers, parts, media, and ribbon, please call your distributor or contact us.

Key:

T: Telephone F: Facsimile E: E-mail

The Americas

Zebra Technologies In ternational, LLC 333 Corporate W oods Parkway Vernon Hills, IL 60061-3109 U.S.A.

T: +1 847 793 2600 Toll-free +1 800 423 0422 F: +1 847 913 8766

T: +1 877 ASK ZEBRA (275 9327) F: +1 847 913 2578

Hardware: ts1@zebra.com Software: ts3@zebra.com

Kiosk printers:

T: +1 866 322 5202 E: kiosksupport@zebra.com

T: +1 877 ASK ZEBRA (275 9327) F: +1 847 821 1797

E: repair@zebra.com To request a repair in the U.S.,

go to www.zebra.com/repair T: +1 847 793 6868

T: +1 847 793 6864 F: +1 847 913 2578

E: ttamerica@zebra.com

T: +1 877 ASK ZEBRA (275 9327) E: inquiry4@zebra.com

T: +1 877 ASK ZEBRA (275 9327) E: clientcare@zebra.com

Europe, Africa,

Middle East, India

Zebra Technologies Europe Limited Dukes Meadow Millboard Road Bourne End Buckinghamshire, SL8 5XF United Kingdom

T: +44 (0) 1628 556000 F: +44 (0) 1628 556001

T: +44 (0) 1628 556039 F: +44 (0) 1628 556003

E: Tseurope@zebra.com

T: +44 (0) 1772 693069 F: +44 (0) 1772 693046

New requests: ukrma@zebra.com Status updates:

repairupdate@zebra.com

T: +44 (0) 1628 556000 F: +44 (0) 1628 556001

E: Eurtraining@zebra.com

T: +44 (0) 1628 556037 F: +44 (0) 1628 556005

E: mseurope@zebra.com

T: +44 (0) 1628 556032 F: +44 (0) 1628 556001

E: cseurope@zebra.com

Asia Pacific

Zebra Technologies Asia Pacific Pte. Ltd. 120 Robinson Road #06-01 Parakou Building Singapore 068913

T: + 65 6858 0722 F: +65 6885 0838

T: +65 6858 0722 F: +65 6885 0838

E: China: tschina@zebra.com

All other areas:

tsasiapacific@zebra.com

T: +65 6858 0722 F: +65 6885 0838

E: China: tschina@zebra.com

All other areas:

tsasiapacific@zebra.com

T: + 65 6858 0722 F: +65 6885 0838

E: China: tschina@zebra.com

All other areas:

tsasiapacific@zebra.com

E: China: GCmarketing@zebra.com

All other areas:

AP ACChannelmarketing@zebra.com

T: +65 6858 0722 F: +65 6885 0836

E: China: order-csr@zebra.com

All other areas:

csasiapacific@zebra.com

58978L-008 RFID Programming Guide 11/14/08

Document Conventions

PAUSE

The following conventions are used throughout this document to convey certain information.

Alternate Color (online only) Cross-references contain hot links to other sections in this guide. If you are viewing this guide online in .p df format, you can click the cross-reference (blue text) to jump directly to its location.

LCD Display Examples Text from a printer’s Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) appears in

Bubbledot ICG font.

Command Line Examples Command line examples appear in Courier New font. For example, type

Files and Directories File names and directories appear in Courier New font. For example, the

Icons Used

ZTools to get to the Post-Install scripts in the bin directory.

Zebra<version number>.tar file and the /root directory.

About This Document

Document Conventions

Important • Advises you of informatio n that is essential to complete a task.

Note • Indicates neutral or positive information that emphasizes or supplements important

points of the main text.

Example • Provides an example, often a scenario, to better clarify a section of text.

Illustration Callouts Callouts are used when an illustration contains information that needs

to be labeled and described. A table that contains the labels and descriptions follows the graphic. Figure 1 provides an example.

Figure 1 • Sample Figure with Callouts

FEED button

CANCEL button

11/14/2008 RFID Programming Guide 58978L-008 Rev. A

About This Document

Notes • ___________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

Document Conventions

58978L-008 Rev. A RFID Programming Guide 11/14/2008

Introduction to RFID

This section describes the basic concepts of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) and how RFID works with your printer.

Contents

RFID Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

RFID Label Selection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

Considering RFID Transponder (Tag) Types. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

Accounting for Transponder Inlay Placement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Selecting and Purchasing RFID Labels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Performing Label Placement Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Storing RFID Labels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Radio Frequency Interference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

ZPL Commands for RFID Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

SGD Commands for RFID Applications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

11/14/2008 RFID Programming Guide 58978L-008 Rev. A

Introduction to RFID

RFID Overview

An RFID printer encodes (writes) information on ultra-thin HF or UHF RFID transponders that are embedded in “smart” labels, tickets, and tags. The printer encodes the information; verifies proper encoding; and prints bar codes, graphics, and/or text on the label’s surface.

The RFID transponder is sometimes called the RFID tag or an inlay. The transponder is usually made of an antenna that is bonded to an integrated cir cu it (IC) chip. The IC chip contains the RF circuit, coders, decoders, and memory. If you hold an RFID label up to the light, you can see the transponder’s antenna, and you can fe el a bump in the label whe re the IC chip is located.

Encoding and printing of an RFID label usually are completed on the first try, but some failures may occur. If you experience consistent failures, it may signal a problem with the RFID tags, with your label formats, or with the transponder placement.

RFID Label Selection

To select RFID labels for your printer, consider the type of RFID transponder and where the transponder is placed on the label.

Considering RFID Transponder (Tag) Types

When selecting RFID labels, consider both your RFID printer and your application. Use tag types that have been specifically approved for use in your printer. Failure to do so may result in the inability to read or write to (encode) the embedded RFID tags. To ensure that an approved tag type will perform up to your expectations, evaluate the transponder’s data transmission rates, memory, antenna design, and write capabilities.

As new transponders become commercially available, Zebra will evaluate them for compatibility with your printer. For more information about which tag types can be used with your printer, see Table 9, Supported Tag Types and Default Values, on page 111, or contact your authorized Zebra reseller.

Note • RFID transponders operate on different frequencies. You must use a frequency that

complies with local regulations in your country.

For different transponder types, the following characteristics vary:

• The amount of programmable memory, which can include a tag ID (TID), Electronic Product Code (EPC) data, and user memory.

• The way that data is segmented.

• Whether the tag can be locked.

Before you purchase RFID labels, determine what type of RFID transponder to use. Different transponder types can have different attributes. Some transponders can only be read while others can be read and written to repeatedly. Transponders also have different amounts of available memory, which corresponds to the amount of data that can be encoded in it. Select the combination that best suits your needs. For more information on different transponder types, see Transponder Characteristics on page 43.

58978L-008 Rev. A RFID Programming Guide 11/14/2008

Accounting for Transponder Inlay Placement

Communication between the RFID label and the printer is established when the label’s transponder inlay lines up with the printer’s antenna. The optimal transponder programming position varies with the transponder size, its configuration, and the type of RFID IC chip used. For transponder inlay placement information, go to http://www.zebra.com/rfid_transponders.

Print quality may be affected by pri nting directly ove r the transponder. In particular, there is an area on each label immediately around the location of the IC chip where the printer may print with low quality. Design your printed label around the location of the chip in the type of approved RFID label that you select.

Selecting and Purchasing RFID Labels

Before you purchase a large quantity of the RFID labels you selected, test a small batch of the labels to make sure they function as you need them to. You may need to adjust the transponder location or switch to a different tag type if the RFID labels do not work in your application.

To order labels with transponders that are approved for your specific RFID printer, contact your authorized Zebra reseller, or go to http://www.zebra.com/smart_labels for more information.

Introduction to RFID

RFID Label Selection

Performing Label Placement Tests

After an RFID label is encoded, how well it functions depends on several things:

• where the label is placed on an item

• the contents of the item (such as metals or liquids)

• the location of the RFID readers.

Perform label placement tests with your readers to identify where labels should be placed on an item to ensure high read rates. Contact the supplier of your RFID transponders for assistance with these types of issues.

Storing RFID Labels

Store RFID labels at temperatures ranging from 60 to 203 °F (15.5 to 95 °C) in environmentally stable conditions. Limit RFID label exposure to electrostatic discharge (ESD). Low-humidity environments may require th e use of anti stat ic ma ts, straps, or clothing to help counter ESD.

11/14/2008 RFID Programming Guide 58978L-008 Rev. A

Introduction to RFID

Radio Frequency Interference

Radio Frequency (RF) interference can be caused by many sources. This interference can affect RFID performance by limiting the ra nge of the RFID tag s or prev enting readin g/writin g to the tags.

• Foil and metal-based media should not be used for RFID applications. Metal reflects radio frequency signals and is a leading source of RF interference.

• Water and other liquids can absorb RF signals. Some media adhesives and label materials can be unexpected sources of liquids that cause performance problems.

• Other RF equipment can cause interference if the equipment is positioned too close together. Allow sufficient physical space between the RFID printer and other RF products that share the same bandwidth (such as antennas, readers, wireless LANs, or other RFID printer/encoders).

ZPL Commands for RFID Applications

Each RFID label has memory that can be read and most have memory that can be written to through Zebra Programming Language (ZPL) commands. Use ZPL to read and write to (encode) RFID labels just as you would use ZPL to print data on the labels. You can use serialized fields, field variables, and any other ZPL features (such as the command ^HV

on page 88 to return the results to a host computer).

RFID-specific ZPL commands are described in ZPL II Commands for RFID on page 79. For examples of how to use the ZPL commands, see Create and Send an RFID Label Format

on page 30.

For more information about non-RFID ZPL commands and how to use them, refer to the ZPL II Programming Guide. A copy is available online at http://www.zebra.com/manuals.

SGD Commands for RFID Applications

Your RFID printer is able to use Set/Get/Do (SGD) commands just as it does ZPL commands. Many ZPL commands have equivalent SGD commands. Usually, you will need to run one SGD command for each parameter in the corresponding ZPL command . RFID-specific SGD commands are described in SGD Commands for RFID on page 129.

For more information about non-RFID SGD commands and how to use them, refer to the ZPL II Programming Guide. A copy is available online at http://www.zebra.com/manuals.

58978L-008 Rev. A RFID Programming Guide 11/14/2008

RFID Printer Setup

and Operation

How you set up your printer for RFID applications is determined in part by the transponder that you select. This section guides you through some tasks that you may need to perform on your printer to make RFID reading and encoding possible. When you have completed this section, you will be ready to program your RFID label formats.

Contents

Set Tag Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Set RF Power Levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Perform RFID Transponder Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Download Latest Firmware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

11/14/2008 RFID Programming Guide 58978L-008 Rev. A

RFID Printer Setup and Operation

Set Tag Type

After you select a transponder type and purchase labels, set the transponder (tag) type on the printer. Do this through the control panel menu (see Specify RFID Tag Type on page 27) or through the

Set RF Power Levels

Each transponder has specific radio frequency (RF) power setting requirements for read and write operations, which define how much power is necessary to “energize” the transponder in its targeted encoding field. The tag type that you are using must match the RFID power settings of the printer. If necessary, you can change the power settings:

• through the control panel (see View or Change RFID Read Power on page 24 or View or

Change RFID Write Power on page 25)

• through the

• through SGD commands (see

• rfid.reader_1.power.read on page 137

• rfid.reader_1.power.single_power on page 138

• rfid.reader_1.power.write on page 139)

^RS ZPL command (see ^RS on page 108).

^RW ZPL command (see ^RW on page 118)

Perform RFID Transponder Calibration

If you are using RFID labels that were desi gned to meet the specifications of your printer, you do not need to perform RFID transponder calibration. The printer will automatically place the labels in the optimal programming position. For transponder placement specifications, go to

http://www.zebra.com/rfid_transponders.

If you are using RFID labels that were n ot desi gned for your printer, you may need to perform an RFID transponder calibration to determine the optimal programming position for your media. You can perform this calibration through the parameter (see Calibrate RFID Tag on page 23) or through the

or ~HL on page 84). To return to the default programming position at any time, use the

RESTORE option in the

Tag on page 23).

RFID TAG CALIB control panel parameter (see Calibrate RFID

RFID TAG CALIB control panel

^HR ZPL command (see ^HL

58978L-008 Rev. A RFID Programming Guide 11/14/2008

Download Latest Firmware

Zebra may update printer and reader firmware periodically to add new functionality or to fix any known issues with older firmware. At any time, you may download th e most recent firmware for your RFID printer. For the firmware files and the downloading instructions, go to

http://www.zebra.com/firmware.

Important • Download only the firmware designed for your printer and for your region or

country. Downloading inappropriate firmware may disable your printer or some or all of the RFID functionality.

Before downloading new firmware, p rint a printe r configuration label and verify that the ne w printer firmware version is appropriate for your printer. The underlined part of the firmware version shown in Table 1 must match exactly with what was originally installed on your printer.

Table 1 • RFID Printer Firmware Versions

RFID Printer Setup and Operation

Download Latest Firmware

Printer

Firmware Version

R110Xi/R170Xi (UHF) R60.X.X R110Xi HF R65.X.X R110PAX4R62

.X.X

R63.X.X

R4Mplus SP994X

SP999

X SP1027X SP1056X SP1082

RZ400/RZ600 R53.X.X

11/14/2008 RFID Programming Guide 58978L-008 Rev. A

RFID Printer Setup and Operation

Notes • ___________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

Download Latest Firmware

58978L-008 Rev. A RFID Programming Guide 11/14/2008

RFID Control Panel

Parameters

This section shows the control panel parameters that appear on most Zebra RFID printers that have a graphic display.

Note • The RP4T does not display these parameters.

The parameters shown in Table 2 on page 22 display only if you have an RFID reader and antenna installed. Depending on whi ch type of printer you have an d which version of firmware that you are using, not all parameters or options for the parameters may display.

Note • When you enter Setup mode, press PREVIOUS or MINUS (-) (depending on the

printer) to access the RFID parameters without scrolling through all of the other printer parameters. Refer to the user guide for your printer for specific instruc tions on how to use the control panel.

11/14/2008 RFID Programming Guide 58978L-008 Rev. A

RFID Control Panel Parameters

PRINT MODE

- RFID +

RFID TEST QUICK SLOW

Table 2 • RFID Parameters (Page 1 of 7)

Parameter Action/Explanation

Select Print Mode

Print mode settings tell the printer the method of media delivery to use. Make sure that your printer can support the selected optio n. Use RFID mode when printing batches of RFID labels to increase throughput time.

Default: (R110PAX4) APPLICATOR Default: (all other RFID printers) RFID Selections: vary by printer

To change the value shown:

1. Press the left oval/MINUS (-) or the right oval/PLUS (+) to scroll

through the options.

Perform RFID Test

In the RFID test, the printer attempts to read and write to a transponder. In the slow version, the printer first displays the hardware version, the reader firmware version, and the program position. If the printer fails the test, the control panel displays READ ERROR. No printer movement occurs with this test.

To perform the RFID test:

1. Position an RFID label with its transponder over an RFID antenna location. For the location of the RFID antenna on your printer, see

RFID Antenna Location on page 39.

2. Press the left oval/

MINUS (-) to select QUICK.

OR Press the right oval/

PLUS (+) to select SLOW.

3. If necessary, press the right oval/PLUS (+) to select CONTINUE.

58978L-008 Rev. A RFID Programming Guide 11/14/2008

Table 2 • RFID Parameters (Page 2 of 7)

RFID TAG CALIB RESTORE RUN

Parameter Action/Explanation

Calibrate RFID Tag

This parameter sets the RFID programming position through a tag calibration, or it restores the programming position back to the printer default.

RESTORE Selecting this option resets the RFID programming position to the printer default.

Note • With some printers and firmware versions, no label

movement or changes to the control panel occur. W ith others, the printer displays PROGRAM POSITION RESTORED.

• For the R110PAX4, the RFID programming po sition is zero (the printer programs the tag without moving the label). By default, the print engine has backfeed set to After, which places the transponder in the optimal place for encoding for Zebra-specified media. If you are using a backfeed setting other than After, do not use the RESTORE function unless the position of the transponder in your media accounts for this change.

• For other RFID printers, the RFID programming position is the label length minus 1 mm (0.04 in.).

RFID Control Panel Parameters

RUN If the media being used does not conform to transponder placement

requirements for your printer, use the

RUN option to have the printer

determine the optimum programming position for the non-standard labels.

Important • Do not perform transponder calibration for RFID

media that meets the transponder placement specifications for your printer. RFID tag calibration is necessary only if the transponder is not in the ideal location for programming at the printer’s default position.

The printer feeds an RFID label one millimeter at a time while taking readings (via the READ TAG command and the WRITE TAG commands) to profile the RFID transponder. Based on the results, the printer determines the optimum programming position for the me dia and saves th e position to nonvolatile memory (the value is saved even if the power is turned off). The calibrated value is used as the programming position for

^RS command unless the command specifies a different value.

the Tag calibration takes into account the print mode, backfeed mode, and tear

off position. The

^HR ZPL command performs the same calibration and

returns a results table to the host (see ^HL or ~HL on page 84). An auto- calibration occurs after the tag calibration. This realigns the media to its proper rest position and updates the media tracking values in the printer.

To restore the programming position to the default:

1. Press the left oval/MINUS (-) to select RESTORE.

11/14/2008 RFID Programming Guide 58978L-008 Rev. A

To calibrate an RFID tag:

1. Loa d the printer with RFID media.

2. Close the printhead.

3. Press the right oval/

PLUS (+) to select RUN.

RFID Control Panel Parameters

RFID VALID CTR

956 RESET

RFID VOID CTR

23 RESET

RFID READ PWR

Printer Firmware Version

Selections

Default

H, M, L 0–30

RXi R60.15.8Z and earlier X — L

R60.16.4Z X X L R60.16.5Z and later (M4xxx…x reader) X X L R60.16.5Z and later (M5xxx…x reader) — X 16

R4Mplus SP994P, SP999F, SP1027F, SP1056E, SP1082F,

and earlier

X—L

SP994Q, SP999G, SP1027G , SP1056F, SP1082G, and later

XXL

R110PAX4 R62.15.8Z and earlier X — L

R62.16.4Z and later X X L R63.15.8Z and earlier X — L

R63.16.4Z and later X X L RZx00 all versions — X 16 RP4T all versions — X 16

Table 2 • RFID Parameters (Page 3 of 7)

Parameter Action/Explanation

View Valid RFID Label Counter

This parameter displays the total number of valid RFID labels that have been printed/encoded. You can use this parameter or

odometer.rfid.valid_resettable on page 132 to reset the counter to zero.

To reset the counter to zero:

1. Press the right oval/PLUS (+) to select RESET.

View Void RFID Label Counter

This parameter displays the total number of RFID labels that have been voided. You can use this parameter or odometer.rfid.void_resettable

on page 133 to reset the counter to zero.

To reset the counter to zero:

1. Press the right oval/PLUS (+) to select RESET.

View or Change RFID Read Power

This parameter displays the current value for RFID read power.

Note •

· This parameter does not appear on the R110Xi HF printer.

· On some printers, the options vary based on the reader. Check

the printer configuration label for the RFID_HW_VER line or perform the RFID SLOW test (see Perform RFID Test

on page 22) to determine the reader type.

58978L-008 Rev. A RFID Programming Guide 11/14/2008

To change the value shown:

1. Press the left oval/MINUS (-) or the right oval/PLUS (+) to scroll

through the options.

Table 2 • RFID Parameters (Page 4 of 7)

RFID WRITE PWR

Printer Firmware Version

Selections

Default

H, M, L 0–30

RXi R60.15.8Z and earlier X — L

R60.16.4Z X X L

R60.16.5Z and later (M4xxx…x reader) X X L

R60.16.5Z and later (M5xxx…x reader) — X 16 R4Mplus SP994P, SP999F, SP1027F, SP1056E, SP1082F,

and earlier

X—L

SP994Q, SP999G, SP1027G , SP1056F, SP1082G,

and later

XXL

R110PAX4 R62.15.8Z and earlier X — L

R62.16.4Z and later X X L

R63.15.8Z and earlier X — L

R63.16.4Z and later X X L RZx00 all versions — X 16 RP4T all versions — X 16

RFID POWER

LOW

Parameter Action/Explanation

View or Change RFID Write Power

This parameter displays the current value for RFID write power.

Note •

· This parameter does not appear on the R110Xi HF printer.

· On some printers, the options vary based on the reader. Check

the printer configuration label for the RFID_HW_VER line or perform the RFID SLOW test (see Perform RFID Test

on page 22) to determine the reader type.

RFID Control Panel Parameters

To change the value shown:

1. Press the left oval/MINUS (-) or the right oval/PLUS (+) to scroll

through the options.

View or Change RFID Read/Write Power

Note • This parameter appears only for the R110Xi HF printer,

which uses identical RF power settings for read and write operations.

This parameter displays the current value for RFID power.

Default: LOW Selections: HIGH, MEDIUM, LOW

11/14/2008 RFID Programming Guide 58978L-008 Rev. A

To change the value shown:

1. Press the left oval/MINUS (-) or the right oval/PLUS (+) to scroll

through the options.

RFID Control Panel Parameters

RFID ANTENNA ANTENNA PORT 1

RFID ERR STATUS

Table 2 • RFID Parameters (Page 5 of 7)

Parameter Action/Explanation

Select the RFID Antenna Port

This parameter displays the current antenna port.

Default: ANTENNA PORT 1 Selections: ANTENNA PORT 1, ANTENNA PORT 2

To change the value shown:

1. Press the left oval/MINUS (-) or the right oval/PLUS (+) to scroll

through the options.

RFID Error Status

During an error condition, an error message show s on the second li ne of the display. See Table 6 on page 53 in the RFID Troubleshooting section for descriptions of the error messages. This field cannot be modified.

Note • This parameter appears only for the R110Xi HF printer.

58978L-008 Rev. A RFID Programming Guide 11/14/2008

Table 2 • RFID Parameters (Page 6 of 7)

RFID TAG TYPE CLASS 1 96-BIT

Parameter Action/Explanation

Specify RFID Tag Type

Select the RFID tag type that you are using. See Table 9, Supported Tag

Types and Default V a lu es on page 111 for tag types that your printer

supports. If a tag type is supported but does not appear on your printer’s control panel, you may need to upgrade the printer’s firmware (see

http://www.zebra.com/firmware).

UHF Tag Type Selections

• NONE

• CLASS 0 (EPC Class 0)

• CLASS 0+ (EPC Class 0 Plus)

• CLASS 1 64-BIT (EPC Class 1 64-bit)

• CLASS 1 96-BIT (EPC Class 1 96-bit)

•UCODE EPC 1.19

• CLASS 0+ IMPINJ (Impinj Class 0 Plus)

• ISO18000A (ISO 18000-06A)

• GEN2 (EPC Class 1, Gen 2)

• ISO18000B (ISO 18000-06B)

HF Tag Type Selections

• NONE

• AUTO DETECT (query tag to determine)

• TAG-IT (Texas Instruments Tagit tags)

• ICODE (Phillips Icode tags)

• PICO (Pico Tag Inside Technology’s)

• ISO15693

• EPC (13.56 MHz)

•UID

• MIFARE ULTRALT (Mifare UltraLight)

RFID Control Panel Parameters

11/14/2008 RFID Programming Guide 58978L-008 Rev. A

To change the value shown:

1. Press the left oval/MINUS (-) or the right oval/PLUS (+) to scroll

through the options.

RFID Control Panel Parameters

RFID TAG DATA

Table 2 • RFID Parameters (Page 7 of 7)

Parameter Action/Explanation

Read and Display RFID Tag Data

When this option is selected, the reader attempts to read a tag over the RFID antenna, even if the printhead is open. Results are displayed in hexadecimal format. The printer rereads the tag every 2 seconds, so if the tag changes, data is displayed for the current tag over the antenna. No printer movement occurs while tag data is read.

• If no tag data can be read, the text line of the LCD display.

• If a tag is present, the data for that tag appears on the b ottom line of the display in hexadecimal format. If there is more data than can fit on th e bottom line (such as for 96-bit tags), the bottom line will cycle from the first 8 bytes (most significant) to the next 4 byt es (least sig nificant) approximately every 2 seconds. The hexadecimal data that can fit on two screens is displayed and cycled through.

For example, if the tag contains the data

0x112233445566778899001122, when this option is selected,

the bottom line of the display shows: seconds followed by through these indefinitely.

NO DATA appears on the bottom

1122334455667788 for 2

99001122 for 2 seconds. The printer cycles

To read RFID tag data:

1. Position an RFID label with its transponder over an RFID antenna location. For the location of the RFID antenna on your printer, see

RFID Antenna Location on page 39.

58978L-008 Rev. A RFID Programming Guide 11/14/2008

Creating Basic RFID

Label Formats

After you have selected a transponder type and set your printer appropriately, use the ZPL samples in this section as a base for programming your own RFID label formats.

For specific information about individual ZPL commands, see ZPL II Commands for RFID

on page 79.

Contents

Create and Send an RFID Label Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

Sample RFID Label Formats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

RFID Label Format 1—Encode a Gen 2 Tag in Hexadecimal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

RFID Label Format 2—Encode a Gen 2 Tag in ASCII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

RFID Label Format 3—Read Data from Tag and Print Data on Label. . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

RFID Label Format 4—Encode Tag, Read Tag, and Print Data on Label . . . . . . . . . . 34

RFID Label Format 5—Encode a Class 1 64-bit Tag in Hexadecimal . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

RFID Label Format 6—Encode Tag, Read Tag, and Return Results to Host . . . . . . . 37

11/14/2008 RFID Programming Guide 58978L-008 Rev. A

Creating Basic RFID Label Formats

Create and Send an RFID Label Format

The following pages contain sample RFID label formats that you can modify to create your own RFID label formats.

To create an RFID label based on a sample label, complete these steps:

1. Using any word processor or text editor that is capable of creating ASCII-only files (for

example, use Microsoft

Word and save as a .txt file), type in the label format exactly as

shown in the desired sample.

2. Save the file to your computer.

When naming the file, use choose to name a file

3. Set up the printer, and turn the power On (I).

4. Copy the file to the printer.

.zpl as the extension for the file (for example, you may

format1.zpl).

If you are connected to the printer via the parallel port, from the DOS command window, use the “COPY” command to send a file to the printer. For example, if your file name is format1.zpl, type:

COPY FORMAT1.ZPL XXXX

XXXX is the port to which your printer is connected (such as LPT1).

where

5. Compare you r lab el re sults with t hose sh own in the samp le. If yo ur print out d oes not look

like the one shown, confirm that t he fil e yo u crea ted is identica l to the format sh own, t hen repeat the printing procedure.

6. Check the RFID data on your label. a. Open the printhead, and place the label above the antenna in the printer. b. Use the control panel to view the transponder data (see Read and Display RFID Tag

Data on page 28).

c. Co mpare your RFID data with that shown i n the samp le. If yo ur control pa nel displ ay

does not look like what is shown, confirm that the file you created is id entical to the format shown, then repeat the printing procedure.

7. When you are certain that the file you created is correct, substitute your data in the label

format where necessary.

58978L-008 Rev. A RFID Programming Guide 11/14/2008

+ 132 hidden pages