Yamaha YFM350RZ, YFM35RZ User Manual
READ THIS MANUAL CAREFULLY!
It contains important safety information.
LIRE ATTENTIVEMENT CE MANUEL!
Il comprend d’importantes informations de sécurité.
¡LEA ESTE MANUAL ATENTAMENTE!
Contiene indicaciones importantes acerca de la seguridad.
OWNER’S MANUAL
MANUEL DU PROPRIÉTAIRE
MANUAL DEL PROPIETARIO
YFM35RZ
YFM350RZ
1BS-28199-60
PRINTED ON RECYCLED PAPER
IMPRIMÉ SUR PAPIER RECYCLÉ
IMPRESO EN PAPEL RECICLADO
YAMAHA MOTOR CO., LTD.
PRINTED IN JAPAN
2009.04-0.3×1 CR
(E,F,S)
READ THIS MANUAL CAREFULLY!
It contains important safety information.
OWNER’S MANUAL
YFM35RZ
YFM350RZ
1BS-28199-60-E0
EBU28991
Read this manual carefully before operating this vehicle. This manual should stay with this ve-
hicle if it is sold.
EC Declaration of Conformity
conforming to Directive 98/37/EC, 2006/42/EC
We, YAMAHA MOTOR CO., LTD. 2500 Shingai, Iwata, Japan,
declare in sole responsibility, that the product
YFM350 (YFM35R) (JY4AH18W090004846–)
(Make, model)
to which this declaration applies, conforms to the essential health
and safety requirements of Directive 98/37/EC, 2006/42/EC
(If applicable)
and to the other relevant Directives of EEC
(Title and/or number and date of issue of the other Directives of EEC)
(If applicable)
To effect correct application of the essential health and safety requirements
stated in the Directives of EEC, the following-standards and/or technical
specifications were consulted:
(Title and/or number and date of issue of standards and/or specifications)
Authorized Representative
YAMAHA MOTOR EUROPE N.V.
Koolhovenlaan 101, 1119 NC Schiphol-Rijk, The Netherlands
2004/108/EC
ANSI/SVIA 1-2007
Signature
General Manager
RV Engineering Division
RV Operations
Date of Issue
Shinya Shimada
18 February, 2009
EBU17170
INTRODUCTION
EBU17322
Congratulations on your purchase of the Yamaha YFM35RZ/YFM350RZ. This ATV represents the result of
many years of Yamaha experience in the production of fine sporting, touring, and pacesetting racing machines. With the purchase of this Yamaha, you can now appreciate the high degree of craftsmanship and
reliability that have made Yamaha a leader in these fields.
This manual will provide you with a good basic understanding of the features and operation of this ATV.
This manual includes important safety information. It provides information about special techniques and skills necessary to ride the ATV. It also includes basic maintenance and inspection proce-
dures. If you have any questions regarding the operation or maintenance of your ATV, please consult a
Yamaha dealer.
AN IMPORTANT SAFETY MESSAGE:
● Read this manual completely before operating your ATV. Make sure you understand all instructions.
● Pay close attention to the warning and notice labels on the ATV.
● This ATV should not be ridden by anyone under 16 years of age.
● This ATV is a high-performance ATV for off-road use only, for sport-type recreational and competitive use
by experienced operators.
EBU17330
IMPORTANT MANUAL INFORMATION
EBU17342
FAILURE TO FOLLOW THE WARNINGS CONTAINED IN THIS MANUAL CAN RESULT IN SERIOUS INJURY OR DEATH.
Particularly important information is distinguished in this manual by the following notations:
This is the safety alert symbol. It is used to alert you to potential personal injury hazards. Obey all safety messages that follow this symbol to avoid possible injury or death.
WARNING
NOTICE
TIP
A WARNING indicates a hazardous situation which, if not avoided,
could result in death or serious injury.
A NOTICE indicates special precautions that must be taken to avoid
damage to the vehicle or other property.
A TIP provides key information to make procedures easier or clearer.
* Product and specifications are subject to change without notice.
EBU17350
IMPORTANT NOTICE
EBU17372
This ATV is designed and manufactured for use on unpaved surfaces only. It is unsafe to operate this ATV
on any paved surface, paved street, paved road or motorway.
Please check your local riding laws and regulations before operating this ATV.
EBU17390
YFM35RZ/YFM350RZ
OWNER’S MANUAL
©2009 by Yamaha Motor Co., Ltd.
1st edition, April 2009
All rights reserved.
Any reprinting or unauthorized use
without the written permission of
Yamaha Motor Co., Ltd.
is expressly prohibited.
Printed in Japan.
EBU17420
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LOCATION OF THE WARNING AND
SPECIFICATION LABELS ............................ 1-1
SAFETY INFORMATION .............................. 2-1
DESCRIPTION .............................................. 3-1
Left view ...................................................... 3-1
Right view.................................................... 3-1
Controls and instruments ............................ 3-2
INSTRUMENT AND CONTROL
FUNCTIONS .................................................. 4-1
Main switch ................................................ 4-1
Indicator lights ............................................ 4-2
Handlebar switches .................................... 4-2
Throttle lever .............................................. 4-3
Speed limiter .............................................. 4-3
Clutch lever ................................................ 4-4
Brake lever ................................................. 4-5
Brake pedal ................................................ 4-5
Parking brake lever .................................... 4-6
Shift pedal .................................................. 4-7
Drive select lever ........................................ 4-7
Fuel tank cap .............................................. 4-8
Fuel .............................................................4-8
Fuel cock ..................................................4-10
Starter (choke) ..........................................4-11
Seat ..........................................................4-12
Adjusting the front shock absorber
assemblies ..............................................4-13
Adjusting the rear shock absorber
assembly .................................................4-14
PRE-OPERATION CHECKS ..........................5-1
Fuel .............................................................5-3
Engine oil ....................................................5-3
Front and rear brakes .................................5-3
Throttle lever ...............................................5-3
Drive chain ..................................................5-4
Tires ............................................................5-4
Chassis fasteners .......................................5-6
Instruments, lights and switches .................5-6
OPERATION...................................................6-1
Starting a cold engine .................................6-1
Starting a warm engine ...............................6-3
Operating the drive select lever and
driving in reverse ......................................6-3
Shifting ....................................................... 6-4
Engine break-in .......................................... 6-6
Parking ....................................................... 6-7
Parking on a slope ..................................... 6-7
Accessories and loading ............................ 6-8
RIDING YOUR ATV ...................................... 7-1
GETTING TO KNOW YOUR ATV............... 7-2
RIDE WITH CARE AND GOOD
JUDGMENT .............................................. 7-2
BE CAREFUL WHERE YOU RIDE............. 7-9
TURNING YOUR ATV .............................. 7-12
CLIMBING UPHILL ................................... 7-13
RIDING DOWNHILL.................................. 7-16
CROSSING A SLOPE............................... 7-18
CROSSING THROUGH SHALLOW
WATER ................................................... 7-19
RIDING OVER ROUGH TERRAIN ........... 7-20
SLIDING AND SKIDDING ......................... 7-21
WHAT TO DO IF... .................................... 7-22
WHAT TO DO... ........................................ 7-22
PERIODIC MAINTENANCE AND
ADJUSTMENT ............................................... 8-1
Owner’s manual and tool kit ....................... 8-1
Periodic maintenance chart for the
emission control system ........................... 8-3
General maintenance and lubrication
chart ..........................................................8-5
Checking the spark plug .............................8-9
Engine oil and oil filter element .................8-11
Cleaning the air filter element ...................8-15
Cleaning the spark arrester ......................8-18
Adjusting the carburetor ............................8-20
Adjusting the engine idling speed .............8-20
Adjusting the throttle cable free play .........8-21
Valve clearance ........................................8-22
Brakes .......................................................8-22
Checking the front and rear brake pads ...8-22
Checking the brake fluid level ...................8-23
Changing the brake fluid ...........................8-25
Checking the front brake lever free play ...8-25
Checking the brake pedal position ............8-25
Adjusting the parking brake free play .......8-26
Brake light switches ..................................8-27
Adjusting the clutch lever free play ...........8-28
Drive chain slack .......................................8-29
Lubricating the drive chain ........................8-31
Checking and lubricating the cables .........8-32
Checking and lubricating the brake and
clutch levers ............................................8-32
Checking and lubricating the brake and
shift pedals ..............................................8-33
Checking the wheel hub bearings .............8-34
Lubricating the swingarm pivots ............... 8-34
Lubricating the rear suspension relay arm
and connecting arm pivoting points ........ 8-35
Lubricating the upper and lower arm
pivots ...................................................... 8-36
Lubricating the steering shaft ................... 8-37
Battery ...................................................... 8-37
Replacing the fuse ................................... 8-40
Replacing a headlight bulb ....................... 8-40
Adjusting a headlight beam ...................... 8-42
Replacing the tail/brake light bulb ............ 8-43
Removing a wheel .................................... 8-43
Installing a wheel ...................................... 8-44
Troubleshooting ....................................... 8-44
Troubleshooting chart .............................. 8-46
CLEANING AND STORAGE.......................... 9-1
Cleaning ..................................................... 9-1
Storage ....................................................... 9-2
SPECIFICATIONS ...................................... 10-1
CONSUMER INFORMATION ...................... 11-1
Identification numbers .............................. 11-1
EBU29680
LOCATION OF THE WARNING AND SPECIFICATION LABELS
EBU27153
Read and understand all of the labels on your ATV. These labels contain important information for safe and
proper operation.
Never remove any labels from your ATV. If a label becomes difficult to read or comes off, request a replacement label from your Yamaha dealer.
For Europe
4
1
2
3
5
1
678
1-1
12
1
4D3-2816L-20
3
43P-2816R-00
1-2
64
MODEL : YFM350
MAX. POWER : 20.0 kW
MASS IN RUNNING ORDER : 180 kg
5YT-2156A-00
1
1AS-2816P-00
7
5
4AA-22259-40
8
25.0 kPa
0.25 kgf/cm²
3.6 psi
25.0 kPa
0.25 kgf/cm²
3.6 psi
5YT-2816M-M0
1-3
YEAR OF CONSTRUCTION
: 2009
YAMAHA MOTOR CO., LTD.
2500 SHINGAI, IWATA, JAPAN
5PG-2817L-10
Familiarize yourself with the following pictograms and read the explanatory text, then make sure to check
the pictograms that apply to your model.
1
Read the Owner’s manual.
ALWAYS use an approved helmet and
protective gear.
NEVER permit children under age 6 to
operate this ATV.
Operation of this ATV by children under the
age of 6 increases the risk of severe injury
or death.
Adult supervision required for children under
age 16.
NEVER permit children under age 10 to
operate this ATV.
Operation of this ATV by children under the
age of 10 increases the risk of severe injury
or death.
Adult supervision required for children under
age 16.
NEVER permit children under age 12 to
operate this ATV.
Operation of this ATV by children under the
age of 12 increases the risk of severe injury
or death.
Adult supervision required for children under
age 16.
NEVER operate this ATV if you are under
age 16.
Operating this ATV if you are under the age
of 16 increases your chance of severe injury
or death.
NEVER use on paved roads.
NEVER carry passengers.
1-4
NEVER use with drugs or alcohol.
NEVER store fuel or flammable liquids.
This unit contains high-pressure nitrogen
gas.
Mishandling can cause explosion. Do not
incinerate, puncture or open.
Use unleaded gasoline only.
Measure tire pressure when tires are cold.
**.* kPa
*.** kgf/cm²
*.* psi
Adjust tire pressure.
Improper tire pressure can cause loss of
control.
Loss of control can result in severe injury or
death.
**.* kPa
*.** kgf/cm²
*.* psi
Turning the ATV in 4WD-LOCK
(“DIFF.LOCK”) takes more effort.
Operate at a slow speed and allow extra
time and distance for maneuvers to avoid
loss of control.
This pictogram shows the loading limits
and/or maximum load capacity for this ATV.
Follow all load limits and other loading
guidelines in this manual.
Load may include the driver, passenger,
human protective gear, accessories, goods,
luggage, and all other load related items.
Make sure you do not exceed the load limits.
Overloading can cause loss of control.
Loss of control can result in severe injury or
death.
1
1-5
This pictogram shows trailer Hitch Tow
1
weight limit. (Combined weight of the trailer
and all cargo in the trailer.)
Overloading can cause loss of control.
Loss of control can result in severe injury or
death.
This pictogram shows trailer Hitch Tongue
weight limit. (Weight on the trailer tongue.)
Overloading can cause loss of control.
Loss of control can result in severe injury or
death.
1-6
For Oceania
2
1
1
34
5
1-7
12
1
Improper ATV use can result in SEVERE
INJURY or DEATH.
WARNING
ALWAYS USE
AN A PPR OVE D ON P UBL IC PASSENGERS WIT H DRU GS
HELMET AND ROADS
PROTECTIVE
NEVER
•
without proper training or instruction.
•
at speeds too fast for your skills or
the conditions.
•
on public roads-a collision can occur
with another vehicle.
•
with a passenger-passengers affect balance
and steering and increase risk
of losing control.
ALWAYS :
• use proper riding techniques to avoid
vehicle overturns on hills and rough terrain
and it turns.
•
avoid paved surfaces-pavement may
seriously affect handling and control.
FOLLOW ALL INSTRUCTIONS AND WARNINGS.
GEAR
NEVER USE
operate :
NEVER CARRY NEVER USE
OR ALCOHOL
LOCATE AND READ OWNER'S MANUAL.
5FE-21568-11
1-8
3
WARNING
NEVER ride as a
Passengers can cause
a loss of control,
resulting in SEVERE
INJURY or DEATH.
5FE-2151H-01
4
Improper tire pressure or overloading can cause
loss of control.
Loss of control can result in severe injury or
death.
OPERATING TIRE PRESSURE: Set with tires cold
•
Recommended
•
Minimum
•
Never set tire pressure below minimum.
It could cause the tire to dislodge from the rim.
LOADING
•
Maximum weight capacity
Includes weight of operator, cargo and accessories.
WARNING
:
Front
:
25.0
kPa,
:
25.0
Rear
:
Front
Rear
kPa,
:
22.0
kPa,
:
22.0
kPa,
:
100 kg,
5YT-2816M-00
(
3.6 psi
(
3.6 psi
()
3.2 psi
()
3.2 psi
(220 lbs).
passenger.
)
)
5
1
4AA-22259-40
1-9
EBU17431
SAFETY INFORMATION
EBU17463
2
AN ATV IS NOT A TOY AND CAN BE HAZARDOUS TO OPERATE.
An ATV handles differently from other vehicles, including motorcycles and cars. A collision or rollover can occur quickly, even during routine
maneuvers such as turning and riding on hills or
over obstacles, if you fail to take proper precautions.
SEVERE INJURY OR DEATH can result if you do
not follow these instructions:
● Read this manual and all labels carefully and fol-
low the operating procedures described.
● Never operate an ATV without proper training or
instruction.
● Always follow the age recommendation:
– A child under 16 years old should never operate an ATV with engine size greater than 90 cc.
● Never allow a child under age 16 to operate an
ATV without adult supervision, and never allow
continued use of an ATV by a child if he or she
does not have the abilities to operate it safely.
● Never carry a passenger on an ATV.
● Always avoid operating an ATV on any paved
surfaces, including sidewalks, driveways, parking lots and paved streets.
● Never operate an ATV on any paved street,
paved road or motorway.
● Watch carefully for other vehicles when operat-
ing on unpaved public streets or roads. Make
sure you know your country’s laws and regulations before you ride on unpaved public streets
or roads.
● Never operate an ATV without wearing an ap-
proved motorcycle helmet that fits properly. You
should also wear eye protection (goggles or face
shield), gloves, boots, a long-sleeved shirt or a
jacket, and long pants.
● Never consume alcohol or drugs before or while
operating this ATV.
● Never operate at speeds too fast for your skills
or the riding conditions. Always go at a speed
that is proper for the terrain, visibility, operating
conditions, and your experience.
● Never attempt wheelies, jumps, or other stunts.
2-1
● Always inspect your ATV each time you use it to
make sure it is in safe operating condition. Always follow the inspection and maintenance
procedures and schedules described in this
manual.
● Always keep both hands on the handlebars and
both feet on the footboards of the ATV during
operation.
● Always go slowly and be extra careful when op-
erating on unfamiliar terrain. Always be alert to
changing terrain conditions when operating the
ATV.
● Never operate on excessively rough, slippery or
loose terrain until you have learned and practiced the skills necessary to control the ATV on
such terrain. Always be especially cautious on
these kinds of terrain.
● Always follow proper procedures for turning as
described in this manual. Practice turning at low
speeds before attempting to turn at faster
speeds and never turn at excessive speeds.
● Never operate the ATV on hills too steep for the
ATV or for your abilities. Practice on smaller hills
before attempting larger hills.
● Always follow proper procedures for climbing
hills as described in this manual. Check the terrain carefully before you start up any hill. Never
climb hills with excessively slippery or loose surfaces. Shift your weight forward. Never open the
throttle suddenly or make sudden gear changes.
Never go over the top of a hill at high speed.
● Always follow proper procedures for going down
hills and for braking on hills as described in this
manual. Check the terrain carefully before you
start down any hill. Shift your weight backward.
Never go down a hill at high speed. Avoid going
down a hill at an angle that would cause the vehicle to lean sharply to one side. Go straight
down the hill where possible.
● Always follow proper procedures for crossing
the side of a hill as described in this manual.
Avoid hills with excessively slippery or loose surfaces. Shift your weight to the uphill side of the
ATV. Never attempt to turn the ATV around on
any hill until you have mastered the turning technique described in this manual on level ground.
Avoid crossing the side of a steep hill if possible.
● Always use proper procedures if you stall or roll
backwards when climbing a hill. To avoid stalling, use the proper gear and maintain a steady
2
2-2
speed when climbing a hill. If you stall or roll
backwards, follow the special procedure for
braking described in this manual. Dismount on
the uphill side or to a side if pointed straight up-
2
hill. Turn the ATV around and remount, following
the procedure described in this manual.
● Always check for obstacles before operating in a
new area.
● Never attempt to operate over large obstacles,
such as large rocks or fallen trees. Always follow
proper procedures when operating over obstacles as described in this manual.
● Always be careful when skidding or sliding.
Learn to safely control skidding or sliding by
practicing at low speeds and on level, smooth
terrain. On extremely slippery surfaces, such as
ice, go slowly and be very cautious in order to reduce the chance of skidding or sliding out of control.
● Never operate an ATV in fast flowing water or in
water deeper than that recommended in this
manual. Remember that wet brakes may have
reduced stopping ability. Test your brakes after
leaving water. If necessary, apply them several
times to let friction dry out the linings.
● Always be sure there are no obstacles or people
behind you when you operate in reverse. When
it is safe to proceed in reverse, go slowly.
● Always use the size and type of tires specified in
this manual.
● Always maintain proper tire pressure as de-
scribed in this manual.
● Never modify an ATV through improper installa-
tion or use of accessories.
● Never exceed the stated load capacity for an
ATV. Cargo should be properly distributed and
securely attached. Reduce speed and follow instructions in this manual for carrying cargo or
pulling a trailer. Allow greater distance for braking.
EWB00071
WARNING
Avoid Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
All engine exhaust contains carbon monoxide,
a deadly gas. Breathing carbon monoxide can
cause headaches, dizziness, drowsiness, nausea, confusion, and eventually death.
Carbon Monoxide is a colorless, odorless,
tasteless gas which may be present even if you
do not see or smell any engine exhaust. Deadly
levels of carbon monoxide can collect rapidly
2-3
and you can quickly be overcome and unable
to save yourself. Also, deadly levels of carbon
monoxide can linger for hours or days in enclosed or poorly ventilated areas. If you experience any symptoms of carbon monoxide
poisoning, leave the area immediately, get
fresh air, and SEEK MEDICAL TREATMENT.
● Do not run engine indoors. Even if you try to
ventilate engine exhaust with fans or open
windows and doors, carbon monoxide can
rapidly reach dangerous levels.
● Do not run engine in poorly ventilated or par-
tially enclosed areas such as barns, garages,
or carports.
● Do not run engine outdoors where engine
exhaust can be drawn into a building
through openings such as windows and
doors.
EWB02591
WARNING
When transporting the ATV in another vehicle,
be sure it is kept upright and that the fuel cock
is in the “OFF” position. Otherwise, fuel may
leak out of the carburetor or fuel tank.
2
2-4
EBU17680
DESCRIPTION
EBU17690
Left view
3
1. Front shock absorber assembly spring preload adjusting
ring
2. Fuel cock
3. Throttle stop screw
4. Air filter case
5. Battery
6. Owner’s tool kit
7. Oil filter element
8. Shift pedal
EBU17700
Right view
1. Spark arrester
2. Fuse
3. Rear shock absorber assembly spring preload adjusting
nut
4. Drive select lever
5. Fuel tank cap
6. Spark plug
7. Engine oil filler cap
8. Brake pedal
9. Rear brake light switch
10.Rear brake fluid reservoir
3-1
EBU17712
Controls and instruments
1. Clutch lever
2. Parking brake lever
3. Front brake fluid reservoir
4. Brake lever
5. Throttle lever
6. Main switch
7. Handlebar switches
TIP
The ATV you have purchased may differ slightly
from the figures shown in this manual.
3
3-2
EBU17733
INSTRUMENT AND CONTROL FUNCTIONS
EBU17760
Main switch
The positions of the main switch are as follows:
ON
All electrical systems are supplied with power. The
4
headlights and taillight come on when the light
switch is on, and the engine can be started. The
key cannot be removed.
OFF
All electrical systems are off. The key can be removed.
1. Main switch
4-1
EBU17792
Indicator lights
EBU18061
Handlebar switches
4
1. Reverse indicator light “R”
2. Neutral indicator light “N”
EBU17830
Reverse indicator light “”
This indicator light comes on when the transmission is in the reverse position.
EBU17860
Neutral indicator light “”
This indicator light comes on when the transmission is in the neutral position.
1. Light switch “ //OFF”
2. Engine stop switch “ / ”
3. Start switch “”
EBU18080
Engine stop switch “ / ”
Set this switch to “” before starting the engine.
The engine stop switch controls the ignition and
stops the engine when it is running. Use this switch
to stop the engine in an emergency situation. The
engine will not start or run when this switch is set
to “”.
4-2
EBU18101
Start switch “”
Push this switch to crank the engine with the starter. See the starting instructions on page 6-1 prior
to starting the engine.
EBU18152
Light switch “ //OFF”
Set this switch to “” to turn on the low beams
4
and the taillight. Set the switch to “” to turn on
the high beams and the taillight. Set the switch to
“OFF” to turn off all the lights.
ECB00041
NOTICE
Do not use the headlights with the engine
turned off for an extended period of time, otherwise the battery may discharge to the point
that the starter motor will not operate properly.
If this should happen, remove the battery and
recharge it. See page 8-37 for battery charging
information.
EBU18282
Throttle lever
Once the engine is running, pushing the throttle lever will increase the engine speed.
Regulate the speed of the ATV by varying the
throttle position. Because the throttle is springloaded, the ATV will decelerate, and the engine will
return to an idle any time the throttle lever is released.
1. Throttle lever
Before starting the engine, check the throttle to be
sure it is operating smoothly. Make sure it returns
to the idle position as soon as the lever is released.
EBU18323
Speed limiter
Your ATV is equipped with an adjustable speed
limiter. The speed limiter keeps the throttle from
fully opening, even when the throttle lever is
pushed to the maximum.
1. Loosen the locknut.
4-3
2. To increase the maximum engine power available and the maximum speed of the ATV, turn
the adjusting screw in direction (a). To decrease the maximum engine power available
and the maximum speed of the ATV, turn the
adjusting screw in direction (b). Do not turn
the adjusting screw out more than 12 mm
(0.47 in) or the throttle cable could be damaged. Always make sure the throttle lever free
play is adjusted to 2.0–4.0 mm (0.08–0.16 in).
(See page 8-21.) WARNING! Improper ad-
justment of the speed limiter and throttle
could cause throttle cable damage or improper throttle operation. You could lose
control, resulting in an accident.
[EWB00241]
4
1. Locknut
2. Adjusting screw
3. No more than 12 mm (0.47 in)
3. Tighten the locknut.
EBU18382
Clutch lever
The clutch lever is located on the left handlebar
and the ignition circuit cut-off system is incorporated in the clutch lever holder. To disengage the
clutch, pull the clutch lever toward the handlebar
grip. To engage the clutch, release the clutch lever.
The clutch lever should be pulled rapidly and released slowly for smooth clutch operation. (See
page 6-1 for a description of the ignition circuit cutoff system.)
4-4
4
1. Clutch lever 1. Brake lever
EBU18411
Brake lever
The brake lever is located at the right handlebar
grip. To apply the front brake, pull the brake lever
toward the handlebar grip.
EBU18432
Brake pedal
The brake pedal is located on the right side of the
ATV. To apply the rear brake, push down on the
brake pedal.
4-5
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