Trane Engineered Smoke Control System for Tracer Summit, BAS-APG001-EN User Manual
Applications
Guide
Engineered Smoke
Control System
for TRACER SUMMIT
™
BAS-APG001-EN
Applications
Guide
Engineered Smoke
Control System
for TRACER SUMMIT
™
BAS-APG001-EN
September 2006
Applications Guide, Engineered Smoke Control System for Tracer Summit
This guide and the information in it are the property of American Standard and may not be used or reproduced in whole or in part,
without the written permission of American Standard. Trane, a business of American Standard, Inc., has a policy of continuous product
and product data improvement and reserves the right to change design and specification without notice.
Use of the software contained in this package is provided under a software license agreement. Unauthorized use of the software or
related materials discussed in this guide can result in civil damages and criminal penalties. The terms of this license are included with
the compact disk. Please read them thoroughly.
Although Trane has tested the hardware and software described in this guide, no guarantee is offered that the hardware and software
are error free.
Trane reserves the right to revise this publication at any time and to make changes to its content without obligation to notify any person of such revision or change.
Trane may have patents or patent applications covering items in this publication. By providing this document, Trane does not imply
giving license to these patents.
The following are trademarks or registered trademarks of American Standard: Rover, Trane, and Tracer Summit.
®
™
The following are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective companies or organizations: LonTalk and Lon-
®
™
Works from Echelon Corporation, National Electrical Code from the National Fire Protection Association.
™
Printed in the U.S.A.
© 2006 American Standard All rights reserved
BAS-APG001-EN
NOTICE:
Warnings and Cautions appear at appropriate sections throughout this manual. Read these carefully:
WARNING
Indicates a potentially hazardous situation, which, if not avoided, could result in death or serious injury.
CAUTION
Indicates a potentially hazardous situation, which, if not avoided, may result in minor or moderate injury.
It may also be used to alert against unsafe practices.
CAUTION
Indicates a situation that may result in equipment damage or property damage.
The following format and symbol conventions appear at appropriate sections throughout this manual:
IMPORTANT
Alerts installer, servicer, or operator to potential actions that could cause the product or system to
operate improperly but will not likely result in potential for damage.
Note:
A note may be used to make the reader aware of useful information, to clarify a point, or to describe
options or alternatives.
BAS-APG001-EN
Contents
Contents
Chapter 1 Smoke control overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Methods of smoke control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Compartmentation method. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Dilution method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Pressurization method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Airflow method. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Buoyancy method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Applications of smoke control methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Zoned smoke control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Stairwell smoke control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Elevator shaft smoke control. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Atrium smoke control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Underground building smoke control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Smoke detection and system activation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Zoned smoke control detection and activation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Stairwell smoke control detection and activation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Elevator smoke control detection and activation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Atrium smoke exhausting detection and activation . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Design approaches to smoke control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
No-smoke approach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Tenability approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Dedicated system approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Design considerations for smoke control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Plugholing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Smoke feedback . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Chapter 2 Pre-installation considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Zone operating modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Normal mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Alarm mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Adjacent mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Unaffected mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Associated equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Fire alarm system equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Fire alarm control panel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
BAS-APG001-EN i
Contents
Smoke control system equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Equipment supervision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
System testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Automatic weekly self-testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Manual periodic testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Alarm response. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Automatic smoke control matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Response times. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Cable distance considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Chapter 3 Installation diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Smoke control system overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
System riser diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
System termination diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Tracer MP581 to FSCS wiring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Tracer MP581 to FACP wiring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Chapter 4 Installing the Tracer Summit BMTX BCU. . . . . . . 39
Mounting the hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Operating environment requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Clearances. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Mounting the back of the enclosure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Wiring high-voltage ac power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
EMI/RFI considerations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Checking the earth ground . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Connecting the main circuit board . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Installing the door. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Transtector, Ethernet (UUKL nondedicated only), and LonTalk
connections on the BMTX BCU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Chapter 5 Installing the Tracer MP581 programmable
controller. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Installation guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Selecting a mounting location. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Operating environment requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Clearances and dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Mounting the back of the enclosure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Wiring high-voltage ac power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
BAS-APG001-EN ii
Contents
Circuit requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Wiring high-voltage power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
EMI/RFI considerations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Checking the earth ground . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Wiring inputs and outputs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Input/output wiring guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Wire routing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Providing low-voltage power for inputs and outputs . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Screw terminal locations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Wiring universal inputs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Wiring analog outputs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Wiring binary outputs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Checking binary inputs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Checking outputs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Checking binary outputs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Checking 0–10 Vdc analog outputs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Checking 0–20 mA analog outputs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Wiring LonTalk to the Tracer MP581 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Installing the circuit board . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Verifying operation and communication of the Tracer MP581 . . . . . . . 79
Service Pin button . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Interpreting LEDs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Binary output LEDs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Service LED. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Status LED. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Comm LED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Installing the door. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Removing the door . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Chapter 6 Installing the EX2 expansion module. . . . . . . . . . 85
Storage environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Mounting location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Terminal strips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Mounting the metal-enclosure module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
AC-power wiring. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
Wiring AC-power to the metal-enclosure module. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
I/O bus wiring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Setting the I/O bus addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Input/output terminal wiring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Universal inputs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
BAS-APG001-EN iii
Contents
Binary outputs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Analog outputs (UUKL nondedicated only) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Analog output and universal input setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Interpreting EX2 LEDs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Binary output LEDs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Status LED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Communications LEDs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Chapter 7 Programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Response times . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Operational priority . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Subsequent alarms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Smoke alarm annunciation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Weekly self-test of dedicated systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
End process verification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Communication watchdog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Lamp test and audio alarm silence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
Nondedicated smoke purge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
Variable-air-volume system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Constant-volume system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
UL-tested programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Chapter 8 Network variable bindings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Binding network variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Tracer MP580/581 bindings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
Receiving data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
Sending data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
Heartbeated network variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
Custom bindings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
UUKL binding list (watchdog communication) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
UUKL binding list (smoke alarm status) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
UUKL binding list (FCSP override control) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
UUKL binding list (actuator Open/Close or
On/Off status) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
UUKL binding list (actuator failure status) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
UUKL binding list (FSCP control) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
UUKL binding list (automatic self-test trigger and status) . . . . . . 130
Custom binding report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
Understanding bindings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
iv BAS-APG001-EN
Contents
Node . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Binding types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Basic binding shapes and the hub/target system . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Designing bindings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Appendix A References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
BAS-APG001-EN v
Contents
vi BAS-APG001-EN
Chapter 1
Smoke control overview
Smoke is one of the major problems created by a fire. Smoke threatens
life and property, both in the immediate location of the fire and in
locations remote from the fire. The objectives of smoke control include:
• Maintain reduced-risk escape route environments
• Diminish smoke migration to other building spaces
• Reduce property loss
• Provide conditions that assist the fire service
• Aid in post-fire smoke removal
Smoke consists of airborne solid and liquid particulates, gases formed
during combustion, and the air supporting the particulates and gases.
Smoke control manages smoke movement to reduce the threat to life and
property. This chapter describes:
• Methods of smoke control
• Applications of smoke control methods
• Smoke detection and system activation
• Design approaches to smoke control
• Design considerations for smoke control
BAS-APG001-EN 1
Chapter 1 Smoke control overview
Methods of smoke control
Smoke control system designers use five methods to manage smoke. They
use the methods individually or in combination. The specific methods
used determine the standards of design analysis, performance criteria,
acceptance tests, and routine tests. The methods of smoke control consist
of: compartmentation, dilution, pressurization, air flow, and buoyancy.
Compartmentation method
The compartmentation method provides passive smoke protection to
spaces remote from a fire. The method employs walls, partitions, floors,
doors, smoke barriers, smoke dampers, and other fixed and mechanical
barriers. Smoke control system designers often use the compartmentation
method in combination with the pressurization method.
Dilution method
The dilution method clears smoke from spaces remote from a fire. The
method supplies outside air through the HVAC system to dilute smoke.
Using this method helps to maintain acceptable gas and particulate
concentrations in compartments subject to smoke infiltration from
adjacent compartments. In addition, the fire service can employ the
dilution method to remove smoke after extinguishing a fire. Smoke
dilution is also called smoke purging, smoke removal, or smoke
extraction.
Within a fire compartment, however, dilution may not result in any
significant improvement in air quality. HVAC systems promote a
considerable degree of air mixing within the spaces they serve and
building fires can produce very large quantities of smoke. Also, dilution
within a fire compartment supplies increased oxygen to a fire.
Pressurization method
The pressurization method protects refuge spaces and exit routes. The
method employs a pressure difference across a barrier to control smoke
movement (
either the refuge area or an exit route. The low-pressure side is exposed to
smoke. Airflow from the high-pressure side to the low-pressure side
(through construction cracks and gaps around doors) prevents smoke
infiltration. A path that channels smoke from the low-pressure side to the
outside ensures that gas expansion pressures do not become a problem. A
top-vented elevator shaft or a fan-powered exhaust can provide the path.
2 BAS-APG001-EN
Figure 1 on page 3). The high-pressure side of the barrier is
Methods of smoke control
Figure 1: Sample pressure difference across a barrier
Table 1 provides the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)
recommended minimum pressure difference between the high-pressure
side and the low-pressure side.
Table 1: Recommended minimum pressure difference
Building type
Sprinklered Any 0.05 (12.4)
Non-sprinklered 9 (2.7) 0.10 (24.9)
Non-sprinklered 15 (4.6) 0.14 (34.8)
Non-sprinklered 21 (6.4) 0.18 (44.8)
Notes:
Ceiling height
(ft [m])
Minimum pressure
difference
(In.w.c. [Pa])
• The minimum pressure difference column provides the pressure
difference between the high pressure side and the low-pressure side.
• The minimum pressure difference values incorporate the pressure
induced by the buoyancy of hot smoke.
• A smoke control system should maintain the minimum pressure
differences regardless of stack effect and wind.
• The minimum pressure difference values are based on
recommendations in NFPA 92A (NFPA 2000, Recommended Practice
for Smoke Control Systems).
• In.w.c. is inches of water column.
• Pa is Pascals.
Table 2 on page 4 provides the NFPA recommended maximum allowable
pressure difference across doors. The listed pressure differences take into
account the door closer force and door width.
BAS-APG001-EN 3
Chapter 1 Smoke control overview
Table 2: Maximum allowable pressure differences across doors
Door width
(in. [m])
32 (0.813) 36 (0.914) 40 (1.02) 44 (1.12) 46 (1.17)
Door closer force
(lb. [N])
6 (26.7) 0.45 (112.0) 0.40 (99.5) 0.37 (92.1) 0.34 (84.6) 0.31 (77.1)
8 (35.6) 0.41 (102.0) 0.37 (92.1) 0.34 (84.5) 0.31 (77.1) 0.28 (69.7)
10 (44.5) 0.37 (92.1) 0.34 (84.5) 0.30 (74.6) 0.28 (69.7) 0.26 (64.7)
12 (53.4) 0.34 (84.5) 0.30 (74.6) 0.27 (67.2) 0.25 (62.2) 0.23 (57.2)
14 (62.3) 0.30 (74.6) 0.27 (67.2) 0.24 (59.7) 0.22 (45.7) 0.21 (52.2)
Notes:
Pressure difference
(In.w.c. [Pa])
• Total door opening force is 30 lb. (133 N); door height is 80 in. (2.03 m). NFPA 101 (NFPA 2003, Life
Safety Code) recommends the door opening force.
• N is Newton.
• m is meter.
• In.w.c. is inches of water column.
• Pa is Pascal.
• The pressure difference values are based on recommendations in NFPA 92A (NFPA 2000,
Recommended Practice for Smoke Control Systems).
Airflow method
The airflow method controls smoke in spaces that have barriers with one
or more large openings. It is used to manage smoke in subway, railroad,
and highway tunnels. The method employs air velocity across or between
barriers to control smoke movement (
Figure 2).
Figure 2: Sample airflow method
4 BAS-APG001-EN
Applications of smoke control methods
A disadvantage of the airflow method is that it supplies increased oxygen
to a fire. Within buildings, the airflow method must be used with great
caution. The airflow required to control a wastebasket fire has sufficient
oxygen to support a fire 70 times larger than the wastebasket fire. The
airflow method is best applied after fire suppression or in buildings with
restricted fuel. For more information on airflow, oxygen, and combustion,
refer to Huggett, C. 1980, Estimation of Rate of Heat Release by Means of
Oxygen Consumption Measurements, Fire and Materials.
Buoyancy method
The buoyancy method clears smoke from large volume spaces with high
ceilings. The method employs paths to the outside and relies on hot
combustion gases rising to the highest level in a space. At the high point,
either a powered smoke exhausting system or a non-powered smoke
venting system clears the smoke.
Applications of smoke control methods
Applying the methods of smoke control to spaces within a building
provides a building smoke control system. Smoke control methods are
most commonly applied to building spaces to provide zoned, stairwell,
elevator shaft, and atrium smoke control.
Note:
It is beyond the scope of this user guide to provide
mathematical design analysis information for smoke control.
For references to design analysis information, see
References.
Appendix A,
Zoned smoke control
Zoned smoke control uses compartmentation and pressurization to limit
smoke movement within a building. Typically, a building consists of a
number of smoke control zones. Barriers (partitions, doors, ceilings, and
floors) separate the zones. Each floor of a building is usually a separate
zone (
Figure 3 on page 6). However, a zone can consist of more than one
floor, or a floor can consist of more than one zone.
The zone in which the smoke is detected is the smoke control zone. Zones
next to the smoke control zone are adjacent zones. Zones not next to the
smoke control zone are unaffected zones.
Pressure differences produced by fans limit smoke movement to adjacent
and unaffected zones. The system may pressurize adjacent zones and
leave all unaffected zones in normal operation (Figure 3(a) and Figure
3(c),
page 6). Pressurizing adjacent zones creates a pressure sandwich.
Or, the system may pressurize adjacent zones and some unaffected zones
(Figure 3(b),
control zone, putting it at a negative pressure, relative to adjacent zones.
page 6). In either case, the system exhausts the smoke
BAS-APG001-EN 5
Chapter 1 Smoke control overview
Zoned smoke control cannot limit the spread of smoke within the smoke
control zone. Consequently, occupants of the smoke control zone must
evacuate as soon as possible after fire detection.
Figure 3: Sample arrangements of smoke control zones
+ : Represents high-pressure zone
– : Represents low-pressure zone
When an HVAC system serves multiple floors (Figure 4 on page 7) and
each floor is a separate zone, the following sequence provides smoke
control:
1. In the smoke control zone, the smoke damper in the supply duct
closes and the smoke damper in the return duct opens.
2. In adjacent and/or unaffected zones, the smoke dampers in the return
ducts close and smoke dampers in the supply ducts open.
3. If the system has a return air damper, it closes.
4. Supply and return fans activate.
6 BAS-APG001-EN
Applications of smoke control methods
Figure 4: Sample HVAC operation during smoke control
Note:
For simplicity, Figure 4 does not show the ducts on each floor or
the penthouse equipment.
When an HVAC system serves only one smoke control zone, the following
sequence provides smoke control:
1. In the smoke control zone, the return/exhaust fan activates, the
supply fan deactivates.
2. The return air damper closes, and the exhaust damper opens
(optionally, the outside air damper closes).
3. In the no-smoke zone, the return/exhaust fan deactivates, the supply
fan activates.
4. The return air damper closes, and the outside air damper opens
(optionally, the exhaust air damper closes).
Stairwell smoke control
Stairwell smoke control uses pressurization to prevent smoke migration
through stairwells to floors remote from the source of the smoke.
Secondarily, it provides a staging area for fire fighters.
In the smoke control zone, a pressurized stairwell maintains a positive
pressure difference across closed stairwell doors to limit smoke
infiltration to the stairwell. Stairwell smoke control employs one or more
of these design techniques: compensated pressurization, noncompensated pressurization, single injection pressurization, and multiple
injection pressurization.
Compensated pressurization technique
The compensated stairwell pressurization technique adjusts air pressure
to compensate for various combinations of open and closed stairwell
access doors. The technique maintains constant positive pressure
differences across openings. To compensate for pressure changes, it either
employs modulated supply airflow or over-pressure relief.
BAS-APG001-EN 7
Chapter 1 Smoke control overview
If the technique employs modulated supply airflow, a fan provides at least
minimum pressure when all stairwell access doors are open. Either a
single-speed fan with modulating bypass dampers or a variable frequency
drive varies the flow of air into the stairwell to compensate for pressure
changes.
If the technique employs over-pressure relief, a damper or fan relieves air
to the outside to maintain constant pressure in the stairwell. The amount
of air relieved depends on the air pressure in the stairwell. A barometric
damper, a motor-operated damper, or an exhaust fan can be used to
maintain the air pressure.
Non-compensated pressurization technique
The non-compensated pressurization technique provides a constant
volume of pressurization air. The level of pressurization depends on the
state of the stairwell access doors. When access doors open, the pressure
in the stairwell lowers. When access doors close, the pressure raises. One
or more single-speed fans provide pressurization air (
Non-compensated stairwell pressurization works best when:
Figure 5).
• Stairwells are in a lightly populated building (for example: telephone
exchanges and luxury apartments).
• Stairwell access doors are usually closed, but when used, remain open
only a few seconds.
Figure 5: Sample non-compensated system
8 BAS-APG001-EN
Applications of smoke control methods
Single and multiple injection pressurization techniques
The single injection and multiple injection techniques provide
pressurization air to a stairwell (
more pressurization fans located at ground level, roof level, or any
location in between.
The single injection technique supplies pressurization air to the stairwell
from one location.
Figure 6). Both techniques use one or
IMPORTANT
The single injection technique can fail when stairwell access doors are
open near the air supply injection point. Pressurization air will escape
and the fan will fail to maintain a positive pressure difference across
access doors farther from the injection point.
The multiple injection technique supplies pressurization air to the
stairwell from more than one location. When access doors are open near
one injection point, pressurization air escapes. However, other injection
points maintain positive pressure differences across the remaining access
doors.
Figure 6: Sample single and multiple injection methods
Elevator shaft smoke control
Elevator shaft smoke control uses pressurization to prevent smoke
migration through elevator shafts to floors remote from the source of the
smoke. Elevator shaft smoke control is similar to stairwell smoke control.
The stairwell pressurization techniques described previously are
applicable to elevator shaft pressurization.
Designating an elevator as a fire exit route is an acceptable, though not
typical, practice. NFPA 101 (NFPA 2003, Life Safety Code) allows
elevators to be second fire exit routes from air traffic control towers. For
BAS-APG001-EN 9
Chapter 1 Smoke control overview
more information about elevator shaft smoke control, refer to Klote, J.K.,
and Milke, J.A. (Design of Smoke Management Systems, 1992).
Atrium smoke control
Atrium smoke control uses buoyancy to manage smoke in large-volume
spaces with high ceilings. The buoyancy of hot smoke causes a plume of
smoke to rise and form a smoke layer under the atrium ceiling. NFPA
92B (NFPA 2000, Guide for Smoke Management Systems in Malls, Atria,
and Large Areas) addresses smoke control for atria, malls, and large
areas. Atrium smoke control techniques consist of smoke exhausting,
natural smoke venting, and smoke filling.
Smoke exhausting technique
The smoke exhausting technique employs fans to exhaust smoke from the
smoke layer under the ceiling. Exhausting prevents the smoke layer from
descending and coming into contact with the occupants of the atrium
(
Figure 7). Effective smoke removal requires providing makeup air to the
space. Makeup air replaces the air that is exhausted by the fans. If
makeup air is not introduced, the space will develop a negative pressure,
which will restrict smoke movement.
Figure 7: Sample atrium smoke exhausting technique
10 BAS-APG001-EN
Applications of smoke control methods
Natural smoke venting technique
The natural smoke venting technique employs vents in the atrium ceiling
or high on the atrium walls to let smoke flow out without the aid of fans
(
Figure 8). The applicability of natural venting depends primarily on the
size of the atrium, the outside temperature, and the wind conditions.
When smoke is detected, all vents open simultaneously. The flow rate
through a natural vent depends on the size of the vent, the depth of the
smoke layer, and the temperature of the smoke.
Note:
Thermally activated vents are not appropriate for natural
venting because of the time delay for opening.
Figure 8: Sample natural smoke venting technique
Smoke filling technique
The smoke filling technique allows smoke to collect at the ceiling. Without
fans to exhaust the smoke, the smoke layer grows thicker and descends.
Atrium smoke filling is viable when an atrium is of such size that the
time needed for the descending smoke to reach the occupants is greater
than the time needed for evacuation.
People movement calculations determine evacuation time. For
information on people-movement calculations, refer to SFPE 1995, Fire
Protection Engineering Handbook.
BAS-APG001-EN 11
Chapter 1 Smoke control overview
Underground building smoke control
The smoke control objective for underground buildings is to contain and
remove smoke from the alarm zone. The smoke control system fully
exhausts the alarm zone and provides makeup air to replace the
exhausted air.
Setup and zoning of the smoke detectors is part of the fire alarm system
engineering effort. The fire alarm system signals the smoke control
system to start automatic smoke control operations.
In NFPA 101 (NFPA 2003, Life Safety Code), chapter 11.7 states that an
underground building with over 100 occupants must have an automatic
smoke venting system. Chapter 14.3, for new educational occupancies,
provides smoke zoning requirements. Chapter 12.4.3.3 states that
automatic smoke control must be initiated when two smoke detectors in a
smoke zone activate. Chapter 12.4.3.3 states that the system must be
capable of at least 6 air changes per hour.
Smoke detection and system activation
The appropriate smoke detection and system activation approach
depends on the specifics of the smoke control system and on the code
requirements. Automatic activation has the advantage over manual
activation. Automatic activation provides fast and accurate response.
Each smoke control application has detection and activation
requirements:
• Zoned smoke control
• Stairwell smoke control
• Elevator smoke control
• Atrium smoke exhaust
Note:
Smoke detectors located in HVAC ducts should not be the
primary means of smoke control activation. Duct detectors have
long response times and exhibit degraded reliability when
clogged by airborne particles. However, a duct detector signal
may be used in addition to a primary means of activation. For
more information, refer to Tamura, G.T., Smoke Movement &
Control in High-Rise Buildings.
12 BAS-APG001-EN
Smoke detection and system activation
Zoned smoke control detection and activation
Zoned smoke control activation occurs on a signal from either a sprinkler
water flow switch or a heat detector. For maximum benefit, the zoned
smoke control system should only respond to the first alarm. Two design
techniques that prevent detection of smoke in zones other than the first
zone reporting are:
• Not activating smoke control on smoke detector signals
• Activating smoke control on signals from two separate smoke
detectors located in the same zone
Note:
Zoned smoke control should not activate on a signal from a
manual pull station (pull box). If pull box activation does not
occur in the zone that contains the fire, activation incorrectly
identifies the smoke zone.
Stairwell smoke control detection and activation
Stairwell smoke control activation occurs on an alarm signal from any
device, including sprinkler water flow switches, heat detectors, smoke
detectors, and manual pull stations (pull boxes). Most stairwell smoke
control systems operate in the same manner regardless of the source of
the alarm signal.
Elevator smoke control detection and activation
Elevator smoke control activation occurs on an alarm signal from any
device, including sprinkler water flow switches, heat detectors, smoke
detectors, and manual pull stations (pull boxes). Most elevator smoke
control systems operate in the same manner regardless of the source of
the alarm signal.
Note:
The description of elevator smoke control detection and
activation does not apply to pressurization systems for
elevators intended for occupant evacuation.
Atrium smoke exhausting detection and activation
Atrium smoke exhausting activation occurs on a signal from a beam
smoke detector. A beam smoke detector consists of a light beam
transmitter and a light beam sensor. Typically, the transmitter and the
sensor are located apart from each other. However, when located together,
the transmitter sends its beam to the opposite side of the atrium. At the
opposite side, the beam reflects back to the sensor.
Note:
Atrium smoke control should not activate on a signal from a
manual pull station (pull box). Atrium smoke exhaust systems
have different operating modes depending on fire location.
BAS-APG001-EN 13
Chapter 1 Smoke control overview
Note:
Atrium smoke control should not activate on signals from
sprinkler water flow switches or heat detectors. Since the
temperature of a smoke plume decreases with height,
activation by these devices may not provide reliable results.
Beam smoke detectors minimize interference problems created by
stratified hot air under atrium ceilings. On hot days or days with a high
solar load on the atrium roof, a hot layer of air may form under the
ceiling. The layer can exceed 120
fire may not be hot enough to penetrate the layer and reach ceilingmounted smoke detectors (
Beam-detector installation typically conforms to one of two
configurations: vertical grid or horizontal grid.
Figure 9: Sample stratification
° F (50° C). The smoke from an atrium
Figure 9).
Vertical grid
The vertical grid is the most common beam detector configuration. A
number of beam detectors, located at different levels under the ceiling,
detect the formation and thickening of a smoke layer. The bottom of the
grid is at the lowest expected smoke stratification level.
Horizontal grid
The horizontal grid is an alternate beam detector configuration A number
of beam detectors, located at different levels under the ceiling, detect the
rising smoke plume. Beam detectors are located:
• Below the lowest expected smoke stratification level
• Close enough to each other to ensure intersection with the plume
14 BAS-APG001-EN
Design approaches to smoke control
Design approaches to smoke control
Smoke control methods provide a mechanical means of directing smoke
movement in an enclosed space. The application of one or more methods
to a building provides a building smoke control system. Design
approaches to smoke control include the no smoke, tenability, and
dedicated system approaches.
No-smoke approach
The no-smoke approach provides a smoke control system that prevents
smoke from coming into contact with people or property. Almost all smoke
control systems are based on the no-smoke approach.
While the objective is to eliminate all smoke, some smoke occurs in
protected spaces. By molecular diffusion, minute quantities of smoke
travel against pressurization and airflow. These very low concentrations
of airborne combustion products are detected by their odor. These and
higher levels of diffused contaminants may not result in high-risk
conditions.
Tenability approach
The tenability approach provides a smoke control system that allows
smoke to come into contact with occupants. However, in this approach,
the smoke control system dilutes the by-products of combustion before
they come into contact with people. In atria applications, the natural
mixing of air into a smoke plume can result in significant dilution.
Tenability criteria vary with the application but may include:
• Exposure to toxic gases
• Exposure to heat
• Visibility
Dedicated system approach
The dedicated system approach, such as stairwell and elevator smoke
control, provides a system that has the sole purpose of managing smoke.
It does not function during normal building comfort control.
The advantages of the dedicated system approach include:
• The interface is simple, since there are few components to bypass.
• Modification of controls after installation is unlikely.
• Easy operation and control.
• Limited reliance on other building systems.
The disadvantages of the dedicated system approach include:
• Component failures may go undiscovered since they do not affect
normal building comfort control.
• Building systems may require more physical space.
BAS-APG001-EN 15
Chapter 1 Smoke control overview
Design considerations for smoke control
Two occurrences will hinder smoke control:
• Plugholing
• Smoke feedback
Smoke control systems should be designed to address the problems that
are caused by plugholing and smoke feedback.
Plugholing
Plugholing occurs when an exhaust fan pulls fresh air into the smoke
exhaust (
increases the smoke layer depth. It has the potential of exposing
occupants to smoke.
The maximum flow of smoke (Q
depends on the depth of the smoke layer and the temperature of the
smoke. If the required total smoke exhaust is greater than Q
additional exhaust vents will eliminate plugholing. The distance between
vents must be great enough that the air and smoke flow near one vent
does not affect the air and smoke flow near another vent.
Figure 10). Plugholing decreases the smoke exhaust and
) exhausted without plugholing
max
,
max
Figure 10: Sample plugholing
16 BAS-APG001-EN
Design considerations for smoke control
Smoke feedback
Smoke feedback occurs when smoke enters a pressurization fan intake
and flows into protected spaces. Design techniques reduce the probability
of smoke feedback:
• Supply air intakes located below openings from which smoke might
flow, such as building exhausts, smoke shaft outlets and elevator
vents.
• Automatic shutdown capability to stop the system in the event of
smoke feedback.
For more information on smoke feedback, refer to SFPE 1995, Fire
Protection Engineering Handbook.
BAS-APG001-EN 17
Chapter 1 Smoke control overview
18 BAS-APG001-EN
Loading...