Texas Instruments MSP430x4xx User Manual

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User’s G uide

2005 Mixed Signal Products

SLAU056E

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About This Manual

Related Documentation From Texas Instruments

Preface

Read This First

This manual discusses modules and peripherals of the MSP430x4xx family of devices. Each discussion presents the module or peripheral in a general sense. Not all features and functions of all modules or peripherals are present on all devices. In addition, modules or peripherals may differ in their exact implementation between device families, or may not be fully implemented on an individual device or device family.

Pin functions, internal signal connections and operational paramenters differ from device-to-device. The user should consult the device-specific datasheet for these details.

FCC Warning

This equipment is intended for use in a laboratory test environment only. It generates, uses, and can radiate radio frequency energy and has not been tested for compliance with the limits of computing devices pursuant to subpart J of part 15 of FCC rules, which are designed to provide reasonable protection against radio frequency interference. Operation of this equipment in other environments may cause interference with radio communications, in which case the user at his own expense will be required to take whatever measures may be required to correct this interference.

Notational Conventions

Program examples, are shown in a special typeface.

iii

Glossary

ACLK Auxiliary Clock See Basic Clock Module ADC Analog-to-Digital Converter BOR Brown-Out Reset See System Resets, Interrupts, and Operating Modes BSL Bootstrap Loader See www.ti.com/msp430 for application reports CPU Central Processing Unit See RISC 16-Bit CPU DAC Digital-to-Analog Converter DCO Digitally Controlled Oscillator See FLL+ Module dst Destination See RISC 16-Bit CPU FLL Frequency Locked Loop See FLL+ Module GIE General Interrupt Enable See System Resets Interrupts and Operating Modes INT(N/2) Integer portion of N/2 I/O Input/Output See Digital I/O ISR Interrupt Service Routine LSB Least-Significant Bit LSD Least-Significant Digit LPM Low-Power Mode See System Resets Interrupts and Operating Modes MAB Memory Address Bus MCLK Master Clock See FLL+ Module MDB Memory Data Bus MSB Most-Significant Bit MSD Most-Significant Digit NMI (Non)-Maskable Interrupt See System Resets Interrupts and Operating Modes PC Program Counter See RISC 16-Bit CPU POR Power-On Reset See System Resets Interrupts and Operating Modes PUC Power-Up Clear See System Resets Interrupts and Operating Modes RAM Random Access Memory SCG System Clock Generator See System Resets Interrupts and Operating Modes SFR Special Function Register SMCLK Sub-System Master Clock See FLL+ Module SP Stack Pointer See RISC 16-Bit CPU SR Status Register See RISC 16-Bit CPU src Source See RISC 16-Bit CPU TOS Top-of-Stack See RISC 16-Bit CPU WDT Watchdog Timer See Watchdog Timer

Register Bit Conventions

Each register is shown with a key indicating the accessibility of the each individual bit, and the initial condition:

Key Bit Accessibility

rw Read/write r Read only r0 Read as 0 r1 Read as 1 w Write only w0 Write as 0 w1 Write as 1 (w) No register bit implemented; writing a 1 results in a pulse.

The register bit is always read as 0.

h0 Cleared by hardware

h1 Set by hardware

−0,−1 Condition after PUC

−(0),−(1) Condition after POR

Contents

1 Introduction 1-1

1.1 Architecture 1-2

1.2 Flexible Clock System 1-2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.3 Embedded Emulation 1-3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.4 Address Space 1-4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.4.1 Flash/ROM 1-4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.4.2 RAM 1-4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.4.3 Peripheral Modules 1-5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.4.4 Special Function Registers (SFRs) 1-5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.4.5 Memory Organization 1-5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2 System Resets, Interrupts, and Operating Modes 2-1

2.1 System Reset and Initialization 2-2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.1.1 Brownout Reset (BOR) 2-3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.1.2 Device Initial Conditions After System Reset 2-4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.2 Interrupts 2-5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.2.1 (Non)-Maskable Interrupts (NMI) 2-6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.2.2 Maskable Interrupts 2-9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.2.3 Interrupt Processing 2-10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.2.4 Interrupt Vectors 2-12. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.2.5 Special Function Registers (SFRs) 2-12. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.3 Operating Modes 2-13. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.3.1 Entering and Exiting Low-Power Modes 2-15. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.4 Principles for Low-Power Applications 2-16. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.5 Connection of Unused Pins 2-16. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3 RISC 16-Bit CPU 3-1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.1 CPU Introduction 3-2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.2 CPU Registers 3-4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.2.1 Program Counter (PC) 3-4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.2.2 Stack Pointer (SP) 3-5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.2.3 Status Register (SR) 3-6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.2.4 Constant Generator Registers CG1 and CG2 3-7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.2.5 General−Purpose Registers R4 - R15 3-8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.3 Addressing Modes 3-9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.3.1 Register Mode 3-10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.3.2 Indexed Mode 3-11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.3.3 Symbolic Mode 3-12. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.3.4 Absolute Mode 3-13. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

vii

Contents

3.3.5 Indirect Register Mode 3-14. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.3.6 Indirect Autoincrement Mode 3-15. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.3.7 Immediate Mode 3-16. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.4 Instruction Set 3-17. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.4.1 Double-Operand (Format I) Instructions 3-18. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.4.2 Single-Operand (Format II) Instructions 3-19. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.4.3 Jumps 3-20. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.4.4 Instruction Cycles and Lengths 3-72

3.4.5 Instruction Set Description 3-74. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4 FLL+ Clock Module 4-1

4.1 FLL+ Clock Module Introduction 4-2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4.2 FLL+ Clock Module Operation 4-5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4.2.1 FLL+ Clock features for Low-Power Applications 4-5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4.2.2 LFXT1 Oscillator 4-6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4.2.3 XT2 Oscillator 4-6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4.2.4 Digitally-Controlled Oscillator (DCO) 4-7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4.2.5 Frequency Locked Loop (FLL) 4-7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4.2.6 DCO Modulator 4-8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4.2.7 Disabling the FLL Hardware and Modulator 4-9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4.2.8 FLL Operation from Low-Power Modes- 4-9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4.2.9 Buffered Clock Output 4-9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4.2.10 FLL+ Fail-Safe Operation 4-10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4.3 FLL+ Clock Module Registers 4-11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5 Flash Memory Controller 5-1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5.1 Flash Memory Introduction 5-2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5.2 Flash Memory Segmentation 5-3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5.3 Flash Memory Operation 5-4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5.3.1 Flash Memory Timing Generator 5-4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5.3.2 Erasing Flash Memory 5-5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5.3.3 Writing Flash Memory 5-8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5.3.4 Flash Memory Access During Write or Erase 5-14. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5.3.5 Stopping a Write or Erase Cycle 5-15. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5.3.6 Configuring and Accessing the Flash Memory Controller 5-15. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5.3.7 Flash Memory Controller Interrupts 5-15. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5.3.8 Programming Flash Memory Devices 5-15. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5.4 Flash Memory Registers 5-17. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6 Supply Voltage Supervisor 6-1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6.1 SVS Introduction 6-2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6.2 SVS Operation 6-4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6.2.1 Configuring the SVS 6-4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6.2.2 SVS Comparator Operation 6-4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6.2.3 Changing the VLDx Bits 6-5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6.2.4 SVS Operating Range 6-6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6.3 SVS Registers 6-7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

viii

Contents

7 Hardware Multiplier 7-1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7.1 Hardware Multiplier Introduction 7-2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7.2 Hardware Multiplier Operation 7-3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7.2.1 Operand Registers 7-3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7.2.2 Result Registers 7-4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7.2.3 Software Examples 7-5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7.2.4 Indirect Addressing of RESLO 7-6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7.2.5 Using Interrupts 7-6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7.3 Hardware Multiplier Registers 7-7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

8 DMA Controller 8-1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

8.1 DMA Introduction 8-2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

8.2 DMA Operation 8-4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

8.2.1 DMA Addressing Modes 8-4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

8.2.2 DMA Transfer Modes 8-5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

8.2.3 Initiating DMA Transfers 8-12. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

8.2.4 Stopping DMA Transfers 8-14. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

8.2.5 DMA Channel Priorities 8-14. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

8.2.6 DMA Transfer Cycle Time 8-15. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

8.2.7 Using DMA with System Interrupts 8-16. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

8.2.8 DMA Controller Interrupts 8-16. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

8.2.9 Using the I2C Module with the DMA Controller 8-17. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

8.2.10 Using ADC12 with the DMA Controller 8-17. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

8.2.11 Using DAC12 With the DMA Controller 8-17. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

8.3 DMA Registers 8-18. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9 Digital I/O 9-1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9.1 Digital I/O Introduction 9-2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9.2 Digital I/O Operation 9-3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9.2.1 Input Register PxIN 9-3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9.2.2 Output Registers PxOUT 9-3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9.2.3 Direction Registers PxDIR 9-3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9.2.4 Function Select Registers PxSEL 9-4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9.2.5 P1 and P2 Interrupts 9-5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9.2.6 Configuring Unused Port Pins 9-6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9.3 Digital I/O Registers 9-7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

10 Watchdog Timer, Watchdog Timer+ 10-1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

10.1 Watchdog Timer Introduction 10-2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

10.2 Watchdog Timer Operation 10-4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

10.2.1 Watchdog Timer Counter 10-4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

10.2.2 Watchdog Mode 10-4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

10.2.3 Interval Timer Mode 10-4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

10.2.4 Watchdog Timer Interrupts 10-5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

10.2.5 WDT+ Enhancements 10-5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

10.2.6 Operation in Low-Power Modes 10-6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

10.2.7 Software Examples 10-6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

10.3 Watchdog Timer Registers 10-7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Contents

11 Basic Timer1 11-1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

11.1 Basic Timer1 Introduction 11-2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

11.2 Basic Timer1 Operation 11-4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

11.2.1 Basic Timer1 Counter One 11-4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

11.2.2 Basic Timer1 Counter Two 11-4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

11.2.3 16-bit Counter Mode 11-4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

11.2.4 Basic Timer1 Operation: Signal fLCD 11-5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

11.2.5 Basic Timer1 Interrupts 11-5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

11.3 Basic Timer1 Registers 11-6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12 Timer_A 12-1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12.1 Timer_A Introduction 12-2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12.2 Timer_A Operation 12-4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12.2.1 16-Bit Timer Counter 12-4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12.2.2 Starting the Timer 12-5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12.2.3 Timer Mode Control 12-5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12.2.4 Capture/Compare Blocks 12-11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12.2.5 Output Unit 12-13. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12.2.6 Timer_A Interrupts 12-17. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12.3 Timer_A Registers 12-19. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13 Timer_B 13-1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13.1 Timer_B Introduction 13-2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13.1.1 Similarities and Differences From Timer_A 13-2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13.2 Timer_B Operation 13-4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13.2.1 16-Bit Timer Counter 13-4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13.2.2 Starting the Timer 13-5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13.2.3 Timer Mode Control 13-5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13.2.4 Capture/Compare Blocks 13-11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13.2.5 Output Unit 13-14. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13.2.6 Timer_B Interrupts 13-18. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13.3 Timer_B Registers 13-20. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14 USART Peripheral Interface, UART Mode 14-1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14.1 USART Introduction: UART Mode 14-2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14.2 USART Operation: UART Mode 14-4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14.2.1 USART Initialization and Reset 14-4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14.2.2 Character Format 14-4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14.2.3 Asynchronous Communication Formats 14-5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14.2.4 USART Receive Enable 14-9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14.2.5 USART Transmit Enable 14-10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14.2.6 UART Baud Rate Generation 14-11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14.2.7 USART Interrupts 14-17. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14.3 USART Registers: UART Mode 14-21. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Contents

15 USART Peripheral Interface, SPI Mode 15-1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15.1 USART Introduction: SPI Mode 15-2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15.2 USART Operation: SPI Mode 15-4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15.2.1 USART Initialization and Reset 15-4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15.2.2 Master Mode 15-5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15.2.3 Slave Mode 15-6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15.2.4 SPI Enable 15-7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15.2.5 Serial Clock Control 15-9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15.2.6 SPI Interrupts 15-11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15.3 USART Registers: SPI Mode 15-13. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16 OA 16-1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16.1 OA Introduction 16-2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16.2 OA Operation 16-4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16.2.1 OA Amplifier 16-4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16.2.2 OA Input 16-4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16.2.3 OA Output 16-4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16.2.4 OA Configurations 16-5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16.3 OA Registers 16-11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

17 Comparator_A 17-1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

17.1 Comparator_A Introduction 17-2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

17.2 Comparator_A Operation 17-4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

17.2.1 Comparator 17-4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

17.2.2 Input Analog Switches 17-4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

17.2.3 Output Filter 17-5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

17.2.4 Voltage Reference Generator 17-5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

17.2.5 Comparator_A, Port Disable Register CAPD 17-6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

17.2.6 Comparator_A Interrupts 17-6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

17.2.7 Comparator_A Used to Measure Resistive Elements 17-7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

17.3 Comparator_A Registers 17-9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

18 LCD Controller 18-1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

18.1 LCD Controller Introduction 18-2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

18.2 LCD Controller Operation 18-4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

18.2.1 LCD Memory 18-4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

18.2.2 Blinking the LCD 18-4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

18.2.3 LCD Timing Generation 18-4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

18.2.4 LCD Voltage Generation 18-5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

18.2.5 LCD Outputs 18-5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

18.2.6 Static Mode 18-6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

18.2.7 2-Mux Mode 18-9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

18.2.8 3-Mux Mode 18-12. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

18.2.9 4-Mux Mode 18-15. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

18.3 LCD Controller Registers 18-18. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Contents

19 LCD_A Controller 19-1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

19.1 LCD_A Controller Introduction 19-2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

19.2 LCD_A Controller Operation 19-4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

19.2.1 LCD Memory 19-4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

19.2.2 Blinking the LCD 19-4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

19.2.3 LCD_A Voltage And Bias Generation 19-5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

19.2.4 LCD Timing Generation 19-8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

19.2.5 LCD Outputs 19-8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

19.2.6 Static Mode 19-9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

19.2.7 2-Mux Mode 19-12. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

19.2.8 3-Mux Mode 19-15. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

19.2.9 4-Mux Mode 19-18. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

19.3 LCD Controller Registers 19-21. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

20 ADC12 20-1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

20.1 ADC12 Introduction 20-2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

20.2 ADC12 Operation 20-4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

20.2.1 12-Bit ADC Core 20-4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

20.2.2 ADC12 Inputs and Multiplexer 20-5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

20.2.3 Voltage Reference Generator 20-6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

20.2.4 Auto Power-Down 20-6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

20.2.5 Sample and Conversion Timing 20-7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

20.2.6 Conversion Memory 20-10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

20.2.7 ADC12 Conversion Modes 20-10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

20.2.8 Using the Integrated Temperature Sensor 20-16. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

20.2.9 ADC12 Grounding and Noise Considerations 20-17. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

20.2.10 ADC12 Interrupts 20-18. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

20.3 ADC12 Registers 20-20. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

21 SD16 21-1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

21.1 SD16 Introduction 21-2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

21.2 SD16 Operation 21-4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

21.2.1 ADC Core 21-4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

21.2.2 Analog Input Range and PGA 21-4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

21.2.3 Voltage Reference Generator 21-4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

21.2.4 Auto Power-Down 21-4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

21.2.5 Channel Selection 21-5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

21.2.6 Digital Filter 21-6

21.2.7 Conversion Memory Registers: SD16MEMx 21-9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

21.2.8 Conversion Modes 21-10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

21.2.9 Conversion Operation Using Preload 21-13. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

21.2.10 Using the Integrated Temperature Sensor 21-15. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

21.2.1 1 Interrupt Handling 21-16. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

21.3 SD16 Registers 21-18. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

xii

Contents

22 SD16_A 22-1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

22.1 SD16_A Introduction 22-2

22.2 SD16_A Operation 22-4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

22.2.1 ADC Core 22-4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

22.2.2 Analog Input Range and PGA 22-4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

22.2.3 Voltage Reference Generator 22-4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

22.2.4 Auto Power-Down 22-4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

22.2.5 Channel Selection 22-5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

22.2.6 Analog Input Characteristics 22-5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

22.2.7 Digital Filter 22-6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

22.2.8 Conversion Memory Register: SD16MEM0 22-10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

22.2.9 Conversion Modes 22-11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

22.2.10 Using the Integrated Temperature Sensor 22-12. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

22.2.1 1 Interrupt Handling 22-13. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

22.3 SD16_A Registers 22-14. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

23 DAC12 23-1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

23.1 DAC12 Introduction 23-2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

23.2 DAC12 Operation 23-5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

23.2.1 DAC12 Core 23-5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

23.2.2 DAC12 Reference 23-6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

23.2.3 Updating the DAC12 Voltage Output 23-6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

23.2.4 DAC12_xDAT Data Format 23-7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

23.2.5 DAC12 Output Amplifier Offset Calibration 23-8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

23.2.6 Grouping Multiple DAC12 Modules 23-9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

23.2.7 DAC12 Interrupts 23-10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

23.3 DAC12 Registers 23-11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

24 Scan IF 24-1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

24.1 Scan IF Introduction 24-2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

24.2 Scan IF Operation 24-4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

24.2.1 Scan IF Analog Front End 24-4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

24.2.2 Scan IF Timing State Machine 24-14. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

24.2.3 Scan IF Processing State Machine 24-20. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

24.2.4 Scan IF Debug Register 24-26. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

24.2.5 Scan IF Interrupts 24-27. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

24.2.6 Using the Scan IF with LC Sensors 24-28. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

24.2.7 Using the Scan IF With Resistive Sensors 24-32. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

24.2.8 Quadrature Decoding 24-33. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

24.3 Scan IF Registers 24-35. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

xiii

Chapter 1

Introduction

This chapter describes the architecture of the MSP430.

Topic Page

1.1 Architecture 1-2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.2 Flexible Clock System 1-2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.3 Embedded Emulation 1-3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.4 Address Space 1-4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1-1Introduction

Architecture

1.1 Architecture

The MSP430 incorporates a 16-bit RISC CPU, peripherals, and a flexible clock system that interconnect using a von-Neumann common memory address bus (MAB) and memory data bus (MDB). Partnering a modern CPU with modular memory-mapped analog and digital peripherals, the MSP430 offers solutions for demanding mixed-signal applications.

Key features of the MSP430x4xx family include:

- Ultralow-power architecture extends battery life J 0.1-µA RAM retention J 0.8-µA real-time clock mode J 250-µA / MIPS active

- High-performance analog ideal for precision measurement J 12-bit or 10-bit ADC — 200 ksps, temperature sensor, V J 12-bit dual-DAC J Comparator-gated timers for measuring resistive elements J Supply voltage supervisor

- 16-bit RISC CPU enables new applications at a fraction of the code size. J Large register file eliminates working file bottleneck J Compact core design reduces power consumption and cost J Optimized for modern high-level programming J Only 27 core instructions and seven addressing modes J Extensive vectored-interrupt capability

- In-system programmable Flash permits flexible code changes, field

upgrades and data logging

1.2 Flexible Clock System

The clock system is designed specifically for battery-powered applications. A low-frequency auxiliary clock (ACLK) is driven directly from a common 32-kHz watch crystal. The ACLK can be used for a background real-time clock self wake-up function. An integrated high-speed digitally controlled oscillator (DCO) can source the master clock (MCLK) used by the CPU and high-speed peripherals. By design, the DCO is active and stable in less than 6 µs. MSP430-based solutions effectively use the high-performance 16-bit RISC CPU in very short bursts.

Ref

1-2 Introduction

- Low-frequency auxiliary clock = Ultralow-power stand-by mode

- High-speed master clock = High performance signal processing

Figure 1−1.MSP430 Architecture

Embedded Emulation

MCLK

ACLK SMCLK

ACLK

SMCLK

Flash/

ROM

MAB 16-Bit

JTAG/Debug

MDB 16-Bit

Watchdog

Clock

System

RISC CPU

16-Bit

JTAG

1.3 Embedded Emulation

Dedicated embedded emulation logic resides on the device itself and is accessed via JTAG using no additional system resources.

RAM

Peripheral

Peripheral Peripheral Peripheral

Bus

Conv.

Peripheral

MDB 8-Bit

Peripheral Peripheral

The benefits of embedded emulation include:

- Unobtrusive development and debug with full-speed execution,

breakpoints, and single-steps in an application are supported.

- Development is in-system subject to the same characteristics as the final

application.

- Mixed-signal integrity is preserved and not subject to cabling interference.

1-3Introduction

Address Space

1.4 Address Space

The MSP430 von-Neumann architecture has one address space shared with special function registers (SFRs), peripherals, RAM, and Flash/ROM memory as shown in Figure 1−2. See the device-specific data sheets for specific memory maps. Code access are always performed on even addresses. Data can be accessed as bytes or words.

The addressable memory space is 64 KB with future expansion planned.

Figure 1−2.Memory Map

Access

0FFFFh 0FFE0h

0FFDFh

0200h

01FFh

0100h

0FFh

010h

1.4.1 Flash/ROM

Word/Byte

Word

Byte

0Fh

Interrupt Vector Table

Flash/ROM

RAM

16-Bit Peripheral Modules

8-Bit Peripheral Modules

Special Function Registers

The start address of Flash/ROM depends on the amount of Flash/ROM present and varies by device. The end address for Flash/ROM is 0FFFFh. Flash can be used for both code and data. Word or byte tables can be stored and used in Flash/ROM without the need to copy the tables to RAM before using them.

1.4.2 RAM

1-4 Introduction

The interrupt vector table is mapped into the upper 16 words of Flash/ROM address space, with the highest priority interrupt vector at the highest Flash/ROM word address (0FFFEh).

RAM starts at 0200h. The end address of RAM depends on the amount of RAM present and varies by device. RAM can be used for both code and data.

1.4.3 Peripheral Modules

Peripheral modules are mapped into the address space. The address space from 0100 to 01FFh is reserved for 16-bit peripheral modules. These modules should be accessed with word instructions. If byte instructions are used, only even addresses are permissible, and the high byte of the result is always 0.

The address space from 010h to 0FFh is reserved for 8-bit peripheral modules. These modules should be accessed with byte instructions. Read access of byte modules using word instructions results in unpredictable data in the high byte. If word data is written to a byte module only the low byte is written into the peripheral register , ignoring the high byte.

1.4.4 Special Function Registers (SFRs)

Some peripheral functions are configured in the SFRs. The SFRs are located in the lower 16 bytes of the address space, and are organized by byte. SFRs must be accessed using byte instructions only. See the device-specific data sheets for applicable SFR bits.

1.4.5 Memory Organization

Address Space

Bytes are located at even or odd addresses. Words are only located at even addresses as shown in Figure 1−3. When using word instructions, only even addresses may be used. The low byte of a word is always an even address. The high byte is at the next odd address. For example, if a data word is located at address xxx4h, then the low byte of that data word is located at address xxx4h, and the high byte of that word is located at address xxx5h.

Figure 1−3.Bits, Bytes, and Words in a Byte-Organized Memory

xxxAh

157146. . Bits . .

. . Bits . .9180

Byte

Word (High Byte)

Word (Low Byte)

xxx9h

xxx8h

xxx7h xxx6h

xxx5h xxx4h

xxx3h

1-5Introduction

Chapter 2

System Resets, Interrupts,

and Operating Modes

This chapter describes the MSP430x4xx system resets, interrupts, and operating modes.

Topic Page

2.1 System Reset and Initialization 2-2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.2 Interrupts 2-5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.3 Operating Modes 2-13. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.4 Principles for Low-Power Applications 2-16. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.5 Connection of Unused Pins 2-16. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2-1System Resets, Interrupts, and Operating Modes

System Reset and Initialization

2.1 System Reset and Initialization

The system reset circuitry shown in Figure 2−1 sources both a power-on reset (POR) and a power-up clear (PUC) signal. Different events trigger these reset signals and different initial conditions exist depending on which signal was generated.

Figure 2−1.Power-On Reset and Power-Up Clear Schematic

Brownout

Reset

0 V

SVS_POR

RST/NMI

WDTNMI

WDTSSEL

WDTIFG

† From watchdog timer peripheral module

† †

†

WDTQn

†

EQU

KEYV

(from flash module)

~ 50us

Resetwd1

Resetwd2

S R

S S S S

POR

Latch

Delay

PUC

Latch

MCLK

POR

PUC

A POR is a device reset. A POR is only generated by the following three events:

- Powering up the device

- A low signal on the RST/NMI pin when configured in the reset mode

- An SVS low condition when PORON = 1.

A PUC is always generated when a POR is generated, but a POR is not generated by a PUC. The following events trigger a PUC:

- A POR signal

- Watchdog timer expiration when in watchdog mode only

- Watchdog timer security key violation

- A Flash memory security key violation

2-2 System Resets, Interrupts, and Operating Modes

2.1.1 Brownout Reset (BOR)

All MSP430x4xx devices have a brownout reset circuit. The brownout reset circuit detects low supply voltages such as when a supply voltage is applied to or removed from the VCC terminal. The brownout reset circuit resets the device by triggering a POR signal when power is applied or removed. The operating levels are shown in Figure 2−2.

System Reset and Initialization

The POR signal becomes active when VCC crosses the V remains active until VCC crosses the V elapses. The delay t hysteresis V V

(B_IT−)

Figure 2−2.Brownout Timing

(B_IT+)

(B_IT−)

CC(start)

Set Signal for POR circuitry

hys(B_IT−)

level. It

(BOR)

CC.

(BOR)

hys(B_ IT−)

CC(start)

threshold and the delay t

(B_IT+)

is adaptive being longer for a slow ramping V

ensures that the supply voltage must drop below

to generate another POR signal from the brownout reset circuitry.

The

(BOR)

As the V

level is significantly above the V

(B_IT−)

level of the POR circuit,

(MIN)

the BOR provides a reset for power failures where VCC does not fall below V

See device-specific datasheet for parameters.

(MIN).

2-3System Resets, Interrupts, and Operating Modes

System Reset and Initialization

2.1.2 Device Initial Conditions After System Reset

After a POR, the initial MSP430 conditions are:

- The RST/NMI pin is configured in the reset mode.

- I/O pins are switched to input mode as described in the Digital I/O chapter.

- Other peripheral modules and registers are initialized as described in their

respective chapters in this manual.

- Status register (SR) is reset.

- The watchdog timer powers up active in watchdog mode.

- Program counter (PC) is loaded with address contained at reset vector

location (0FFFEh). CPU execution begins at that address.

Software Initialization

After a system reset, user software must initialize the MSP430 for the application requirements. The following must occur:

- Initialize the SP, typically to the top of RAM.

- Initialize the watchdog to the requirements of the application.

- Configure peripheral modules to the requirements of the application.

Additionally, the watchdog timer, oscillator fault, and flash memory flags can be evaluated to determine the source of the reset.

2-4 System Resets, Interrupts, and Operating Modes

2.2 Interrupts

The interrupt priorities are fixed and defined by the arrangement of the modules in the connection chain as shown in Figure 2−3. The nearer a module is to the CPU/NMIRS, the higher the priority . Interrupt priorities determine what interrupt is taken when more than one interrupt is pending simultaneously.

There are three types of interrupts:

- System reset

- (Non)-maskable NMI

- Maskable

Figure 2−3.Interrupt Priority

System Reset and Initialization

CPU

PUC

Circuit

WDT Security Key

Flash Security Key

Priority

GMIRS

GIE

NMIRS

OSCfault

Flash ACCV

Reset/NMI

MAB − 5LSBs

High

Module

Low

Module

12 12 12 12 1

Bus

Grant

WDT

Timer

Module

2-5System Resets, Interrupts, and Operating Modes

System Reset and Initialization

2.2.1 (Non)-Maskable Interrupts (NMI)

(Non)-maskable NMI interrupts are not masked by the general interrupt enable bit (GIE), but are enabled by individual interrupt enable bits (ACCVIE, NMIIE, OFIE). When a NMI interrupt is accepted, all NMI interrupt enable bits are automatically reset. Program execution begins at the address stored in the (non)-maskable interrupt vector, 0FFFCh. User software must set the required NMI interrupt enable bits for the interrupt to be re-enabled. The block diagram for NMI sources is shown in Figure 2−4.

A (non)-maskable NMI interrupt can be generated by three sources:

- An edge on the RST/NMI pin when configured in NMI mode

- An oscillator fault occurs

- An access violation to the flash memory

Reset/NMI Pin

At power-up, the RST/NMI pin is configured in the reset mode. The function of the RST/NMI pins is selected in the watchdog control register WDTCTL. If the RST/NMI pin is set to the reset function, the CPU is held in the reset state as long as the RST/NMI pin is held low. After the input changes to a high state, the CPU starts program execution at the word address stored in the reset vector, 0FFFEh.

If the RST/NMI pin is configured by user software to the NMI function, a signal edge selected by the WDTNMIES bit generates an NMI interrupt if the NMIIE bit is set. The RST/NMI flag NMIIFG is also set.

Note: Holding RST/NMI Low

When configured in the NMI mode, a signal generating an NMI event should not hold the RST/NMI pin low . If a PUC occurs from a different source while the NMI signal is low, the device will be held in the reset state because a PUC changes the RST/NMI pin to the reset function.

Note: Modifying WDTNMIES

When NMI mode is selected and the WDTNMIES bit is changed, an NMI can be generated, depending on the actual level at the RST/NMI pin. When the NMI edge select bit is changed before selecting the NMI mode, no NMI is generated.

2-6 System Resets, Interrupts, and Operating Modes

Figure 2−4.Block Diagram of (Non)-Maskable Interrupt Sources

ACCV

ACCVIFG

FCTL1.1

ACCVIE

IE1.5

Clear

System Reset and Initialization

PUC

RST/NMI

IFG1.4

PUC

IE1.4

PUC

OSCFault

IFG1.1

IE1.1

PUC

Clear

NMIIFG

NMIIE

OFIFG

OFIE

NMI_IRQA

WDTTMSEL

WDTNMIES

Counter

WDTNMI

WDT

WDTTMSEL

KEYV

WDTQn EQU

IFG1.0

Clear

POR

IRQA

IE1.0

Clear

Flash Module

POR PUC

System Reset

Generator

WDTIE

WDTIFG

PUC POR

PUC

POR

NMIRS

IRQ

IRQA: Interrupt Request Accepted

Watchdog Timer Module

PUC

2-7System Resets, Interrupts, and Operating Modes

System Reset and Initialization

Oscillator Fault

The oscillator fault signal warns of a possible error condition with the crystal oscillator. The oscillator fault can be enabled to generate an NMI interrupt by setting the OFIE bit. The OFIFG flag can then be tested by NMI the interrupt service routine to determine if the NMI was caused by an oscillator fault.

A PUC signal can trigger an oscillator fault, because the PUC switches the LFXT1 to LF mode, therefore switching of f the HF mode. The PUC signal also switches off the XT2 oscillator.

Flash Access Violation

The flash ACCVIFG flag is set when a flash access violation occurs. The flash access violation can be enabled to generate an NMI interrupt by setting the ACCVIE bit. The ACCVIFG flag can then be tested by NMI the interrupt service routine to determine if the NMI was caused by a flash access violation.

2-8 System Resets, Interrupts, and Operating Modes

Example of an NMI Interrupt Handler

The NMI interrupt is a multiple-source interrupt. An NMI interrupt automatically resets the NMIIE, OFIE and ACCVIE interrupt-enable bits. The user NMI service routine resets the interrupt flags and re-enables the interrupt-enable bits according to the application needs as shown in Figure 2−5.

Figure 2−5.NMI Interrupt Handler

Start of NMI Interrupt Handler

Reset by HW:

OFIE, NMIIE, ACCVIE

System Reset and Initialization

OFIFG=1

User’s Software,

Oscillator Fault

Handler

Optional

Set NMIIE, OFIE,

ACCVIE Within One

Instruction

RETI

End of NMI Interrupt

Handler

yes

ACCVIFG=1

yes

Reset ACCVIFG

User’s Software,

Flash Access

Violation Handler

Example 1:

BIS #(NMIIE+OFIE+ACCVIE), &IE1

Example 2:

BIS Mask,&IE1 ; Mask enables only

NMIIFG=1

yes

Reset NMIIFGReset OFIFG

User’s Software,

External NMI

Handler

; interrupt sources

Note: Enabling NMI Interrupts with ACCVIE, NMIIE, and OFIE

Care should be taken when the ACCVIE, NMIIE, and OFIE enable bits are set inside of an NMI interrupt service routine. This re-enables the interrupt and can cause stack overflow if the interrupt flag has become set, due to nested interrupts. When set inside of an NMI service routine, they should be set by the last instruction of the routine before the RETI instruction.

2.2.2 Maskable Interrupts

Maskable interrupts are caused by peripherals with interrupt capability including the watchdog timer overflow in interval-timer mode. Each maskable interrupt source can be disabled individually by an interrupt enable bit, or all maskable interrupts can be disabled by the general interrupt enable (GIE) bit in the status register (SR).

2-9System Resets, Interrupts, and Operating Modes

System Reset and Initialization

Each individual peripheral interrupt is discussed in the associated peripheral module chapter in this manual.

2.2.3 Interrupt Processing

When an interrupt is requested from a peripheral and the peripheral interrupt enable bit and GIE bit are set, the interrupt service routine is requested. Only the individual enable bit must be set for (non)-maskable interrupts to be requested.

Interrupt Acceptance

The interrupt latency is 6 cycles, starting with the acceptance of an interrupt request, and lasting until the start of execution of the first instruction of the interrupt-service routine, as shown in Figure 2−6. The interrupt logic executes the following:

1) Any currently executing instruction is completed.

2) The PC, which points to the next instruction, is pushed onto the stack.

3) The SR is pushed onto the stack.

4) The interrupt with the highest priority is selected if multiple interrupts occurred during the last instruction and are pending for service.

5) The interrupt request flag resets automatically on single-source flags. Multiple source flags remain set for servicing by software.

6) The SR is cleared with the exception of SCG0, which is left unchanged. This terminates any low-power mode. Because the GIE bit is cleared, further interrupts are disabled.

7) The content of the interrupt vector is loaded into the PC: the program continues with the interrupt service routine at that address.

Figure 2−6.Interrupt Processing

Before

Interrupt

Item1

SP TOS

Item2

After

Interrupt

Item1 Item2

SP TOS

2-10 System Resets, Interrupts, and Operating Modes

Return From Interrupt

The interrupt handling routine terminates with the instruction:

RETI (return from an interrupt service routine)

The return from the interrupt takes 5 cycles to execute the following actions and is illustrated in Figure 2−7.

1) The SR with all previous settings pops from the stack. All previous settings of GIE, CPUOFF, etc. are now in effect, regardless of the settings used during the interrupt service routine.

2) The PC pops from the stack and begins execution at the point where it was interrupted.

Figure 2−7.Return From Interrupt

Before After

System Reset and Initialization

Return From Interrupt

Item1 Item2

SP TOS

Item1 Item2

PC SR

Interrupt nesting is enabled if the GIE bit is set inside an interrupt service routine. When interrupt nesting is enabled, any interrupt occurring during an interrupt service routine will interrupt the routine, regardless of the interrupt priorities.

2-11System Resets, Interrupts, and Operating Modes

System Reset and Initialization

2.2.4 Interrupt Vectors

The interrupt vectors and the power-up starting address are located in the address range 0FFFFh − 0FFE0h as described in Table 2−1. A vector is programmed by the user with the 16-bit address of the corresponding interrupt service routine. See the device-specific data sheet for the complete interrupt vector list.

Table 2−1.Interrupt Sources,Flags, and Vectors

INTERRUPT SOURCE

Power-up, external reset, watchdog, flash password

NMI, oscillator fault, flash memory access violation

device-specific 0FFFAh 13 device-specific 0FFF8h 12 device-specific 0FFF6h 11 Watchdog timer WDTIFG maskable 0FFF4h 10 device-specific 0FFF2h 9 device-specific 0FFF0h 8 device-specific 0FFEEh 7 device-specific 0FFECh 6 device-specific 0FFEAh 5 device-specific 0FFE8h 4 device-specific 0FFE6h 3 device-specific 0FFE4h 2 device-specific 0FFE2h 1 device-specific

INTERRUPT

FLAG

WDTIFG KEYV

NMIIFG OFIFG ACCVIFG

SYSTEM

INTERRUPT

Reset 0FFFEh 15, highest

(non)-maskable (non)-maskable (non)-maskable

WORD

ADDRESS

0FFFCh 14

0FFE0h 0, lowest

PRIORITY

2.2.5 Special Function Registers (SFRs)

Some module enable bits, interrupt enable bits, and interrupt flags are located in the SFRs. The SFRs are located in the lower address range and are implemented in byte format. SFRs must be accessed using byte instructions. See the device-specific datasheet for the SFR configuration.

2-12 System Resets, Interrupts, and Operating Modes

2.3 Operating Modes

The MSP430 family is designed for ultralow-power applications and uses different operating modes shown in Figure 2−9.

The operating modes take into account three different needs:

- Ultralow-power

- Speed and data throughput

- Minimization of individual peripheral current consumption

The MSP430 typical current consumption is shown in Figure 2−8.

Figure 2−8.Typical Current Consumption of 41x Devices vs Operating Modes

Operating Modes

90 45

300

200

LPM0 LPM2 LPM3 LPM4

Operating Modes

0.9

0.7

VCC = 3 V VCC = 2.2 V

0.1 0.1

A @ 1 MHzµ

ICC/

315 270

225 180 135

The low-power modes 0−4 are configured with the CPUOFF , OSCOFF, SCG0, and SCG1 bits in the status register The advantage of including the CPUOFF, OSCOFF, SCG0, and SCG1 mode-control bits in the status register is that the present operating mode is saved onto the stack during an interrupt service routine. Program flow returns to the previous operating mode if the saved SR value is not altered during the interrupt service routine. Program flow can be returned to a d i fferent operating mode by manipulating the saved SR value on the stack inside of the interrupt service routine. The mode-control bits and the stack can be accessed with any instruction.

When setting any of the mode-control bits, the selected operating mode takes effect immediately. Peripherals operating with any disabled clock are disabled until the clock becomes active. The peripherals may also be disabled with their individual control register settings. All I/O port pins and RAM/registers are unchanged. Wake up is possible through all enabled interrupts.

2-13System Resets, Interrupts, and Operating Modes

Operating Modes

Figure 2−9.MSP430x4xx Operating Modes For Basic Clock System

WDT Active,

Time Expired, Overflow

WDT Active,

Security Key Violation

CPUOFF = 1

SCG0 = 0 SCG1 = 0

LPM0

CPU Off, FLL+ On,

MCLK On, ACLK On

CPUOFF = 1

SCG0 = 1 SCG1 = 0

LPM1

CPU Off, FLL+ Off,

MCLK On, ACLK On

RST/NMI

Reset Active

WDTIFG = 1

Active Mode

CPU Is Active

Peripheral Modules Are Active

CPUOFF = 1

SCG0 = 0 SCG1 = 1

LPM2

CPU Off, FLL+ Off,

MCLK Off, ACLK On

POR

WDTIFG = 0

PUC

CPUOFF = 1

VCC On

RST/NMI is Reset Pin WDT is Active

CPUOFF = 1 OSCOFF = 1

SCG0 = 1 SCG1 = 1

CPU Off, FLL+ Off,

MCLK Off, ACLK On

DC Generator Off

RST/NMI

NMI Active

SCG0 = 1 SCG1 = 1

LPM4

CPU Off, FLL+ Off,

MCLK Off, ACLK Off

DC Generator Off

LPM3

SCG1 SCG0 OSCOFF CPUOFF Mode CPU and Clocks Status

0 0 0 0 Active CPU is active, all enabled clocks are active 0 0 0 1 LPM0 CPU, MCLK are disabled

SMCLK , ACLK are active

0 1 0 1 LPM1 CPU, MCLK, DCO osc. are disabled

DC generator is disabled if the DCO is not used for MCLK or SMCLK in active mode SMCLK , ACLK are active

1 0 0 1 LPM2 CPU, MCLK, SMCLK, DCO osc. are disabled

DC generator remains enabled ACLK is active

1 1 0 1 LPM3 CPU, MCLK, SMCLK, DCO osc. are disabled

DC generator disabled ACLK is active

1 1 1 LPM4 CPU and all clocks disabled

2-14 System Resets, Interrupts, and Operating Modes

2.3.1 Entering and Exiting Low-Power Modes

An enabled interrupt event wakes the MSP430 from any of the low-power operating modes. The program flow is:

- Enter interrupt service routine: J The PC and SR are stored on the stack

J The CPUOFF, SCG1, and OSCOFF bits are automatically reset

- Options for returning from the interrupt service routine: J The original SR is popped from the stack, restoring the previous

operating mode.

J The SR bits stored on the stack can be modified within the interrupt

service routine returning to a different operating mode when the RETI instruction is executed.

; Enter LPM0 Example

BIS #GIE+CPUOFF,SR ; Enter LPM0

; ... ; Program stops here ; ; Exit LPM0 Interrupt Service Routine

BIC #CPUOFF,0(SP) ; Exit LPM0 on RETI RETI

Operating Modes

; Enter LPM3 Example

BIS #GIE+CPUOFF+SCG1+SCG0,SR ; Enter LPM3

; ... ; Program stops here ; ; Exit LPM3 Interrupt Service Routine

BIC #CPUOFF+SCG1+SCG0,0(SP) ; Exit LPM3 on RETI RETI

Extended Time in Low-Power Modes

The negative temperature coefficient of the DCO should be considered when the DCO is disabled for extended low-power mode periods. If the temperature changes significantly, the DCO frequency at wake-up may be significantly different from when the low-power mode was entered and may be out of the specified operating range. To avoid this, the DCO can be set to it lowest value before entering the low-power mode for extended periods of time where temperature can change.

; Enter LPM4 Example with lowest DCO Setting

BIC.B #FN_8+FN_4+FN_3+FN_2,&SCFI0 ; Lowest Range MOV.B #010h,&SCFI1 ; Select Tap 2 BIS #GIE+CPUOFF+OSCOFF+SCG1+SCG0,SR ; Enter LPM4

; ... ; Program stops ; Interrupt Service Routine

BIC #CPUOFF+OSCOFF+SCG1+SCG0,0(SR); Exit LPM4 on RETI RETI

2-15System Resets, Interrupts, and Operating Modes

Principles for Low-Power Applications

2.4 Principles for Low-Power Applications

Often, the most important factor for reducing power consumption is using the MSP430’s clock system to maximize the time in LPM3. LPM3 power consumption is less than 2 µA typical with both a real-time clock function and all interrupts active. A 32-kHz watch crystal is used for the ACLK and the CPU is clocked from the DCO (normally off) which has a 6-µs wake-up.

- Use interrupts to wake the processor and control program flow.

- Peripherals should be switched on only when needed.

- Use low-power integrated peripheral modules in place of software driven

functions. For example Timer_A and Timer_B can automatically generate PWM and capture external timing, with no CPU resources.

- Calculated branching and fast table look-ups should be used in place of

flag polling and long software calculations.

- Avoid frequent subroutine and function calls due to overhead.

- For longer software routines, single-cycle CPU registers should be used.

2.5 Connection of Unused Pins

The correct termination of all unused pins is listed in Table 2−2.

Table 2−2.Connection of Unused Pins

Pin Potential Comment AV

REF+

/Ve

REF−

XIN DV XOUT Open XT2IN DV XT2OUT Open 43x and 44x devices Px.0 to Px.7 Open Switched to port function, output direction RST

/NMI DVCC or V R03 DV COM0 Open TDO Open TDI Open TMS Open TCK Open Sxx

REF−

DV DV Open DV DV

Open

CC SS

SS SS CC

43x and 44x devices

47 kΩ pullup with 10nF pull down

2-16 System Resets, Interrupts, and Operating Modes

Chapter 3

  

This chapter describes the MSP430 CPU, addressing modes, and instruction

set.

Topic Page

3.1 CPU Introduction 3-2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.2 CPU Registers 3-4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.3 Addressing Modes 3-9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.4 Instruction Set 3-17. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3-1RISC 16-Bit CPU

CPU Introduction

3.1 CPU Introduction

The CPU incorporates features specifically designed for modern programming techniques such as calculated branching, table processing and the use of high-level languages such as C. The CPU can address the complete address range without paging.

The CPU features include:

- RISC architecture with 27 instructions and 7 addressing modes.

- Orthogonal architecture with every instruction usable with every

- Full register access including program counter, status registers, and stack

- Single-cycle register operations.

- Large 16-bit register file reduces fetches to memory.

- 16-bit address bus allows direct access and branching throughout entire

addressing mode.

pointer.

memory range.

- 16-bit data bus allows direct manipulation of word-wide arguments.

- Constant generator provides six most used immediate values and

reduces code size.

- Direct memory-to-memory transfers without intermediate register holding.

- Word and byte addressing and instruction formats.

The block diagram of the CPU is shown in Figure 3−1.

3-2 RISC 16-Bit CPU

Figure 3−1.CPU Block Diagram

MDB − Memory Data Bus Memory Address Bus −MAB

CPU Introduction

015

R0/PC Program Counter 0

R1/SP Stack Pointer

R2/SR/CG1 Status

R3/CG2 Constant Generator

R4 General Purpose

R5 General Purpose

R6 General Purpose

R7 General Purpose

R8 General Purpose

R9 General Purpose

R10 General Purpose

R11 General Purpose

R12 General Purpose

R13 General Purpose

Zero, Z Carry, C Overflow, V Negative, N

R14 General Purpose

R15 General Purpose

dst src

16−bit ALU

MCLK

3-3RISC 16-Bit CPU

CPU Registers

3.2 CPU Registers

The CPU incorporates sixteen 16-bit registers. R0, R1, R2 and R3 have dedicated functions. R4 to R15 are working registers for general use.

3.2.1 Program Counter (PC)

The 16-bit program counter (PC/R0) points to the next instruction to be executed. Each instruction uses an even number of bytes (two, four, or six), and the PC is incremented accordingly. Instruction accesses in the 64-KB address space are performed on word boundaries, and the PC is aligned to even addresses. Figure 3−2 shows the program counter .

Figure 3−2.Program Counter

15 0

Program Counter Bits 15 to 1

The PC can be addressed with all instructions and addressing modes. A few examples:

MOV #LABEL,PC ; Branch to address LABEL MOV LABEL,PC ; Branch to address contained in LABEL MOV @R14,PC ; Branch indirect to address in R14

3-4 RISC 16-Bit CPU

3.2.2 Stack Pointer (SP)

The stack pointer (SP/R1) is used by the CPU to store the return addresses

of subroutine calls and interrupts. It uses a predecrement, postincrement

scheme. In addition, the SP can be used by software with all instructions and

addressing modes. Figure 3−3 shows the SP. The SP is initialized into RAM

by the user, and is aligned to even addresses.

Figure 3−4 shows stack usage.

Figure 3−3.Stack Pointer

15 0

CPU Registers

Figure 3−4.Stack Usage

0xxxh 0xxxh − 2 0xxxh − 4 0xxxh − 6 0xxxh − 8

The special cases of using the SP as an argument to the PUSH and POP

instructions are described and shown in Figure 3−5.

Stack Pointer Bits 15 to 1

MOV 2(SP),R6 ; Item I2 −> R6 MOV R7,0(SP) ; Overwrite TOS with R7 PUSH #0123h ; Put 0123h onto TOS POP R8 ; R8 = 0123h

POP R8Address

I1 I2

0123h

PUSH #0123h

I1 I2

0123h

Figure 3−5.PUSH SP - POP SP Sequence

PUSH SP

old

The stack pointer is changed after a PUSH SP instruction.

POP SP

The stack pointer is not changed after a POP SP instruction. The POP SP instruction places SP1 into the stack pointer SP (SP2=SP1)

1SP

3-5RISC 16-Bit CPU

CPU Registers

3.2.3 Status Register (SR)

The status register (SR/R2), used as a source or destination register, can be used in the register mode only addressed with word instructions. The remaining combinations of addressing modes are used to support the constant generator. Figure 3 −6 shows the SR bits.

Figure 3−6.Status Register Bits

15 0

Reserved

Table 3−1 describes the status register bits.

Table 3−1.Description of Status Register Bits

Bit Description

V Overflow bit. This bit is set when the result of an arithmetic operation

overflows the signed-variable range.

ADD(.B),ADDC(.B) Set when:

SUB(.B),SUBC(.B),CMP(.B) Set when:

SCG1 System clock generator 1. This bit, when set, turns off the DCO dc

generator, if DCOCLK is not used for MCLK or SMCLK.

SCG0 System clock generator 0. This bit, when set, turns off the FLL+ loop

control

OSCOFF Oscillator Off. This bit, when set, turns off the LFXT1 crystal oscillator,

when LFXT1CLK is not use for MCLK or SMCLK CPUOFF CPU off. This bit, when set, turns off the CPU. GIE General interrupt enable. This bit, when set, enables maskable

interrupts. When reset, all maskable interrupts are disabled. N Negative bit. This bit is set when the result of a byte or word operation

is negative and cleared when the result is not negative.

Word operation: N is set to the value of bit 15 of the

Byte operation: N is set to the value of bit 7 of the

Z Zero bit. This bit is set when the result of a byte or word operation is 0

and cleared when the result is not 0. C

Carry bit. This bit is set when the result of a byte or word operation

produced a carry and cleared when no carry occurred.

879

CPU

OSC

SCG1V

SCG0 GIE Z C

Positive + Positive = Negative Negative + Negative = Positive, otherwise reset

Positive − Negative = Negative Negative − Positive = Positive, otherwise reset

result

OFF

3-6 RISC 16-Bit CPU

3.2.4 Constant Generator Registers CG1 and CG2

Six commonly-used constants are generated with the constant generator registers R2 and R3, without requiring an additional 16-bit word of program code. The constants are selected with the source-register addressing modes (As), as described in Table 3−2.

Table 3−2.Values of Constant Generators CG1, CG2

R2 00 − − − − − Register mode

R2 01 (0) Absolute address mode

R2 10 00004h +4, bit processing

R2 11 00008h +8, bit processing

R3 00 00000h 0, word processing

R3 01 00001h +1

R3 10 00002h +2, bit processing

R3 11 0FFFFh −1, word processing

The constant generator advantages are:

CPU Registers

- No special instructions required

- No additional code word for the six constants

- No code memory access required to retrieve the constant

The assembler uses the constant generator automatically if one of the six constants is used as an immediate source operand. Registers R2 and R3, used in the constant mode, cannot be addressed explicitly; they act as source-only registers.

Constant Generator − Expanded Instruction Set

The RISC instruction set of the MSP430 has only 27 instructions. However, the constant generator allows the MSP430 assembler to support 24 additional, emulated instructions. For example, the single-operand instruction:

CLR dst

is emulated by the double-operand instruction with the same length:

MOV R3,dst

where the #0 is replaced by the assembler, and R3 is used with As=00.

INC dst

is replaced by:

ADD 0(R3),dst

3-7RISC 16-Bit CPU

CPU Registers

3.2.5 General−Purpose Registers R4 - R15

The twelve registers, R4−R15, are general-purpose registers. All of these registers can be used as data registers, address pointers, or index values and can be accessed with byte or word instructions as shown in Figure 3−7.

Figure 3−7.Register-Byte/Byte-Register Operations

High Byte Low Byte

Unused

Byte

Example Register-Byte Operation Example Byte-Register Operation

R5 = 0A28Fh R5 = 01202h R6 = 0203h R6 = 0223h Mem(0203h) = 012h Mem(0223h) = 05Fh

ADD.B R5,0(R6) ADD.B @R6,R5

08Fh 05Fh

+ 012h + 002h

0A1h 00061h

Mem (0203h) = 0A1h R5 = 00061h C = 0, Z = 0, N = 1 C = 0, Z = 0, N = 0

Memory

Byte-Register Operation

High Byte Low Byte

Byte

Memory

+ (Addressed byte) + (Low byte of register)

−>(Addressed byte) −>(Low byte of register, zero to High byte)

3-8 RISC 16-Bit CPU

(Low byte of register) (Addressed byte)

3.3 Addressing Modes

Seven addressing modes for the source operand and four addressing modes for the destination operand can address the complete address space with no exceptions. The bit numbers in Table 3−3 describe the contents of the As (source) and Ad (destination) mode bits.

Table 3−3.Source/Destination Operand Addressing Modes

As/Ad Addressing Mode Syntax Description

00/0 Register mode Rn Register contents are operand 01/1 Indexed mode X(Rn) (Rn + X) points to the operand. X

01/1 Symbolic mode ADDR (PC + X) points to the operand. X

01/1 Absolute mode &ADDR The word following the instruction

10/− Indirect register

mode

11/− Indirect

autoincrement

11/−

Immediate mode #N The word following the instruction

@Rn Rn is used as a pointer to the

@Rn+ Rn is used as a pointer to the

Addressing Modes

is stored in the next word.

is stored in the next word. Indexed mode X(PC) is used.

contains the absolute address. X is stored in the next word. Indexed mode X(SR) is used.

operand.

operand. Rn is incremented afterwards by 1 for .B instructions and by 2 for .W instructions.

contains the immediate constant N. Indirect autoincrement mode @PC+ is used.

The seven addressing modes are explained in detail in the following sections. Most of the examples show the same addressing mode for the source and destination, but any valid combination of source and destination addressing modes is possible in an instruction.

Note: Use of Labels EDE, TONI, TOM, and LEO

Throughout MSP430 documentation EDE, TONI, TOM, and LEO are used as generic labels. They are only labels. They have no special meaning.

3-9RISC 16-Bit CPU

Addressing Modes

3.3.1 Register Mode

The register mode is described in Table 3−4.

Table 3−4.Register Mode Description

Assembler Code Content of ROM

MOV R10,R11 MOV R10,R11

Length: One or two words Operation: Move the content of R10 to R11. R10 is not affected. Comment: Valid for source and destination Example: MOV R10,R11

Before: After:

R11

0A023hR10

0FA15h

old

R11

PC PC

0A023hR10

0A023h

old

+ 2

Note: Data in Registers

The data in the register can be accessed using word or byte instructions. If byte instructions are used, the high byte is always 0 in the result. The status bits are handled according to the result of the byte instruction.

3-10 RISC 16-Bit CPU

3.3.2 Indexed Mode

The indexed mode is described in Table 3−5.

Table 3−5.Indexed Mode Description

Assembler Code Content of ROM

MOV 2(R5),6(R6) MOV X(R5),Y(R6)

Length: T wo or three words Operation: Move the contents of the source address (contents of R5 + 2)

Comment: Valid for source and destination

Addressing Modes

X = 2 Y = 6

to the destination address (contents of R6 + 6). The source and destination registers (R5 and R6) are not affected. In indexed mode, the program counter is incremented automatically so that program execution continues with the next instruction.

Example: MOV 2(R5),6(R6);

Before:

0FF16h 0FF14h 0FF12h

01094h

01092h

01090h

01084h

01082h

01080h

Address Space

00006h

00002h

04596h PC

0xxxxh

05555h

0xxxxh

01234h

0xxxxh

R5 R6

01080h 0108Ch

0108Ch

+0006h 01092h

01080h +0002h 01082h

After:

0FF16h 0FF14h 0FF12h

01094h 01092h 01090h

01084h 01082h 01080h

Address Space

0xxxxh 00006h

00002h 04596h

0xxxxh 01234h 0xxxxh

R5 R6

01080h

0108Ch

3-11RISC 16-Bit CPU

Addressing Modes

3.3.3 Symbolic Mode

The symbolic mode is described in Table 3−6.

Table 3−6.Symbolic Mode Description

Assembler Code Content of ROM

MOV EDE,TONI MOV X(PC),Y(PC)

Length: T wo or three words Operation: Move the contents of the source address EDE (contents of

X = EDE − PC

Y = TONI − PC

PC + X) to the destination address TONI (contents of PC + Y). The words after the instruction contain the differences between the PC and the source or destination addresses. The assembler computes and inserts offsets X and Y automatically. With symbolic mode, the program counter (PC) is incremented automatically so that program execution

continues with the next instruction. Comment: Valid for source and destination Example: MOV EDE,TONI ;Source address EDE = 0F016h

;Dest. address TONI=01114h

Before:

0FF16h 0FF14h 0FF12h

0F018h 0F016h 0F014h

01116h 01114h 01112h

Address Space

011FEh

0F102h

04090h PC

0xxxxh 0A123h 0xxxxh

0xxxxh

05555h

0xxxxh

0FF14h

+0F102h

0F016h

0FF16h

+011FEh

01114h

After:

0FF16h 0FF14h 0FF12h

0F018h 0F016h 0F014h

01116h 01114h 01112h

Address Space

0xxxxh

011FEh 0F102h 04090h

0xxxxh

0A123h

0xxxxh

0A123h

0xxxxh

3-12 RISC 16-Bit CPU

3.3.4 Absolute Mode

The absolute mode is described in Table 3−7.

Table 3−7.Absolute Mode Description

Assembler Code Content of ROM

MOV &EDE,&TONI MOV X(0),Y(0)

Length: T wo or three words Operation: Move the contents of the source address EDE to the

Comment: Valid for source and destination Example: MOV &EDE,&TONI ;Source address EDE=0F016h,

Addressing Modes

X = EDE

Y = TONI

destination address TONI. The words after the instruction contain the absolute address of the source and destination addresses. With absolute mode, the PC is incremented automatically so that program execution continues with the next instruction.

;dest. address TONI=01114h

Before:

0FF16h 0FF14h 0FF12h

0F018h 0F016h 0F014h

01116h 01114h 01112h

Address Space

01114h

0F016h

04292h PC

0xxxxh 0A123h 0xxxxh

0xxxxh

01234h

0xxxxh

After:

0FF16h 0FF14h 0FF12h

0F018h 0F016h 0F014h

01116h 01114h 01112h

Address Space

0xxxxh

01114h 0F016h 04292h

0xxxxh 0A123h

0xxxxh

0xxxxh 0A123h

0xxxxh

This address mode is mainly for hardware peripheral modules that are located at an absolute, fixed address. These are addressed with absolute mode to ensure software transportability (for example, position-independent code).

3-13RISC 16-Bit CPU

Addressing Modes

3.3.5 Indirect Register Mode

The indirect register mode is described in Table 3−8.

Table 3−8.Indirect Mode Description

Assembler Code Content of ROM

MOV @R10,0(R11) MOV @R10,0(R11)

Length: One or two words Operation: Move the contents of the source address (contents of R10) to

Comment: Valid only for source operand. The substitute for destination

Example: MOV.B @R10,0(R11)

the destination address (contents of R11). The registers are not modified.

operand is 0(Rd).

Before:

0FF16h 0FF14h 0FF12h

0FA34h 0FA32h 0FA30h

002A8h 002A7h 002A6h

Address Space

0xxxxh

0000h

04AEBh

0xxxxh

05BC1h

0xxxxh

0xxh 012h 0xxh

R10 R11

0FA33h 002A7h

After:

0FF16h 0FF14h 0FF12h

0FA34h 0FA32h 0FA30h

002A8h 002A7h 002A6h

Address Space

0xxxxh

0000h

04AEBh

0xxxxh

05BC1h

0xxxxh

0xxh

05Bh

0xxh

R10

R11

0FA33h 002A7h

3-14 RISC 16-Bit CPU

3.3.6 Indirect Autoincrement Mode

The indirect autoincrement mode is described in Table 3−9.

Table 3−9.Indirect Autoincrement Mode Description

Assembler Code Content of ROM

MOV @R10+,0(R11) MOV @R10+,0(R11)

Length: One or two words Operation: Move the contents of the source address (contents of R10) to

the destination address (contents of R11). Register R10 is incremented by 1 for a byte operation, or 2 for a word operation after the fetch; it points to the next address without any overhead. This is useful for table processing.

Comment: Valid only for source operand. The substitute for destination

operand is 0(Rd) plus second instruction INCD Rd.

Example: MOV @R10+,0(R11)

Addressing Modes

Before:

0FF18h

0FF16h 0FF14h 0FF12h

0FA34h 0FA32h 0FA30h

010AAh

010A8h 010A6h

Address Space

0xxxxh

00000h

04ABBh

0xxxxh

0xxxxh 05BC1h 0xxxxh

0xxxxh 01234h 0xxxxh

R10

R11

0FA32h 010A8h

After:

0FF18h 0FF16h

0FF14h 0FF12h

0FA34h 0FA32h 0FA30h

010AAh

010A8h 010A6h

Address Space

0xxxxh

00000h

04ABBh

0xxxxh

05BC1h

0xxxxh

05BC1h

0xxxxh

R11

0FA34hR10

010A8h

The autoincrementing of the register contents occurs after the operand is fetched. This is shown in Figure 3−8.

Figure 3−8.Operand Fetch Operation

Instruction Address Operand

+1/ +2

3-15RISC 16-Bit CPU

Addressing Modes

3.3.7 Immediate Mode

The immediate mode is described in Table 3−10.

Table 3−10.Immediate Mode Description

Assembler Code Content of ROM

MOV #45h,TONI MOV @PC+,X(PC)

Length: T wo or three words

It is one word less if a constant of CG1 or CG2 can be used.

Operation: Move the immediate constant 45h, which is contained in the

word following the instruction, to destination address TONI. When fetching the source, the program counter points to the word following the instruction and moves the contents to the destination.

Comment: Valid only for a source operand.

X = TONI − PC

Example: MOV #45h,TONI

Before:

0FF16h 0FF14h 0FF12h

010AAh

010A8h 010A6h

Address Space

01192h

00045h

040B0h PC

0xxxxh 01234h 0xxxxh

0FF16h

+01192h

010A8h

After:

0FF18h 0FF16h

0FF14h 0FF12h

010A8h 010A6h

Address Space

0xxxxh

01192h 00045h

040B0h

0xxxxh010AAh 00045h 0xxxxh

3-16 RISC 16-Bit CPU

3.4 Instruction Set

Instruction Set

The complete MSP430 instruction set consists of 27 core instructions and 24 emulated instructions. The core instructions are instructions that have unique op-codes decoded by the CPU. The emulated instructions are instructions that make code easier to write and read, but do not have op-codes themselves, instead they are replaced automatically by the assembler with an equivalent core instruction. There is no code or performance penalty for using emulated instruction.

There are three core-instruction formats:

- Dual-operand

- Single-operand

- Jump

All single-operand and dual-operand instructions can be byte or word instructions by using .B or .W extensions. Byte instructions are used to access byte data or byte peripherals. Word instructions are used to access word data or word peripherals. If no extension is used, the instruction is a word instruction.

The source and destination of an instruction are defined by the following fields:

src The source operand defined by As and S-reg dst The destination operand defined by Ad and D-reg As The addressing bits responsible for the addressing mode used

for the source (src) S-reg The working register used for the source (src) Ad The addressing bits responsible for the addressing mode used

for the destination (dst) D-reg The working register used for the destination (dst) B/W Byte or word operation:

0: word operation

1: byte operation

Note: Destination Address

Destination addresses are valid anywhere in the memory map. However, when using an instruction that modifies the contents of the destination, the user must ensure the destination address is writable. For example, a masked-ROM location would be a valid destination address, but the contents are not modifiable, so the results of the instruction would be lost.

3-17RISC 16-Bit CPU

Instruction Set

3.4.1 Double-Operand (Format I) Instructions

Figure 3−9 illustrates the double-operand instruction format.

Figure 3−9.Double Operand Instruction Format

15 0

Op-code

Table 3−11 lists and describes the double operand instructions.

Table 3−11.Double Operand Instructions

Mnemonic S-Reg,

D-Reg

MOV(.B) ADD(.B) src,dst src + dst → dst **** ADDC(.B) src,dst src + dst + C → dst ** ** SUB(.B) src,dst dst + .not.src + 1 → dst **** SUBC(.B) src,dst dst + .not.src + C → dst **** CMP(.B) src,dst dst − src **** DADD(.B) src,dst src + dst + C → dst (decimally) * * * * BIT(.B) src,dst src .and. dst 0 * * * BIC(.B) src,dst .not.src .and. dst → dst −−−− BIS(.B) src,dst src .or. dst → dst −−−− XOR(.B) src,dst src .xor. dst → dst ** ** AND(.B)

src,dst src → dst − − − −

src,dst src .and. dst → dst 0 * * *

8714 13 12 11 10 9 6 5 4 3 2 1

B/W D-Reg

AdS-Reg

Operation Status Bits

VNZC

* The status bit is affected

− The status bit is not affected 0 The status bit is cleared 1 The status bit is set

Note: Instructions CMP and SUB

The instructions CMP and SUB are identical except for the storage of the result. The same is true for the BIT and AND instructions.

3-18 RISC 16-Bit CPU

3.4.2 Single-Operand (Format II) Instructions

Figure 3−10 illustrates the single-operand instruction format.

Figure 3−10. Single Operand Instruction Format

Instruction Set

15 0

Table 3−12 lists and describes the single operand instructions.

Table 3−12.Single Operand Instructions

Mnemonic

RRC(.B)

RRA(.B) dst MSB → MSB →....LSB → C0***

PUSH(.B) src SP − 2 SWPB dst Swap bytes −−−− CALL dst SP − 2 → SP, PC+2 → @SP −−−−

RETI TOS

SXT

S-Reg, D-Reg

dst C → MSB →.......LSB → C * * * *

dst Bit 7 → Bit 8........Bit 15 0 * * *

Op-code

8714 13 12 11 10 9 6 5 4 3 2 1

B/W D/S-Reg

Operation Status Bits

→ SP, src → @SP −−−−

→ PC

dst

→ SR, SP + 2 → SP ****

TOS

→ PC,SP + 2 → SP

VNZC

* The status bit is affected

− The status bit is not affected 0 The status bit is cleared 1 The status bit is set

All addressing modes are possible for the CALL instruction. If the symbolic mode (ADDRESS), the immediate mode (#N), the absolute mode (&EDE) or the indexed mode x(RN) is used, the word that follows contains the address information.

3-19RISC 16-Bit CPU

Instruction Set

3.4.3 Jumps

Figure 3−11 shows the conditional-jump instruction format.

Figure 3−11. Jump Instruction Format

15 0

Op-code

Table 3−13 lists and describes the jump instructions.

Table 3−13.Jump Instructions

Mnemonic S-Reg, D-Reg Operation

JEQ/JZ Label Jump to label if zero bit is set JNE/JNZ Label Jump to label if zero bit is reset JC Label Jump to label if carry bit is set JNC Label Jump to label if carry bit is reset JN Label Jump to label if negative bit is set JGE Label Jump to label if (N .XOR. V) = 0 JL Label Jump to label if (N .XOR. V) = 1 JMP

Conditional jumps support program branching relative to the PC and do not affect the status bits. The possible jump range is from −511 to +512 words relative to the PC value at the jump instruction. The 10-bit program-counter offset is treated as a signed 10-bit value that is doubled and added to the program counter:

8714 13 12 11 10 9 6 5 4 3 2 1

C 10-Bit PC Offset

Label Jump to label unconditionally

3-20 RISC 16-Bit CPU

new

= PC

+ 2 + PC

old

offset

× 2

Instruction Set

ADC[.W] Add carry to destination ADC.B Add carry to destination

Syntax ADC dst or ADC.W dst

ADC.B dst

Operation dst + C −> dst Emulation ADDC #0,dst

ADDC.B #0,dst

Description The carry bit (C) is added to the destination operand. The previous contents

of the destination are lost.

Status Bits N: Set if result is negative, reset if positive

Z: Set if result is zero, reset otherwise C: Set if dst was incremented from 0FFFFh to 0000, reset otherwise

Set if dst was incremented from 0FFh to 00, reset otherwise

V: Set if an arithmetic overflow occurs, otherwise reset

Mode Bits OSCOFF, CPUOFF, and GIE are not affected. Example The 16-bit counter pointed to by R13 is added to a 32-bit counter pointed to

by R12. ADD @R13,0(R12) ; Add LSDs ADC 2(R12) ; Add carry to MSD

Example The 8-bit counter pointed to by R13 is added to a 16-bit counter pointed to by

R12. ADD.B @R13,0(R12) ; Add LSDs ADC.B 1(R12) ; Add carry to MSD

RISC 16−Bit CPU

3-21

Instruction Set

ADD[.W] Add source to destination ADD.B Add source to destination

Syntax ADD src,dst or ADD.W src,dst

ADD.B src,dst

Operation src + dst −> dst Description The source operand is added to the destination operand. The source operand

is not affected. The previous contents of the destination are lost.

Status Bits N: Set if result is negative, reset if positive

Z: Set if result is zero, reset otherwise C: Set if there is a carry from the result, cleared if not V: Set if an arithmetic overflow occurs, otherwise reset

Mode Bits OSCOFF, CPUOFF, and GIE are not affected. Example R5 is increased by 10. The jump to TONI is performed on a carry.

ADD #10,R5 JC TONI ; Carry occurred

...... ; No carry

Example R5 is increased by 10. The jump to TONI is performed on a carry.

ADD.B #10,R5 ; Add 10 to Lowbyte of R5 JC TONI ; Carry occurred, if (R5) ≥ 246 [0Ah+0F6h]

...... ; No carry

3-22

RISC 16−Bit CPU

Instruction Set

ADDC[.W] Add source and carry to destination ADDC.B Add source and carry to destination

Syntax ADDC src,dst or ADDC.W src,dst

ADDC.B src,dst

Operation src + dst + C −> dst Description The source operand and the carry bit (C) are added to the destination operand.

The source operand is not affected. The previous contents of the destination are lost.

Status Bits N: Set if result is negative, reset if positive

Z: Set if result is zero, reset otherwise C: Set if there is a carry from the MSB of the result, reset otherwise V: Set if an arithmetic overflow occurs, otherwise reset

Mode Bits OSCOFF, CPUOFF, and GIE are not affected. Example The 32-bit counter pointed to by R13 is added to a 32-bit counter , eleven words

(20/2 + 2/2) above the pointer in R13. ADD @R13+,20(R13) ; ADD LSDs with no carry in

ADDC @R13+,20(R13) ; ADD MSDs with carry ... ; resulting from the LSDs

Example The 24-bit counter pointed to by R13 is added to a 24-bit counter , eleven words

above the pointer in R13. ADD.B @R13+,10(R13) ; ADD LSDs with no carry in

ADDC.B @R13+,10(R13) ; ADD medium Bits with carry ADDC.B @R13+,10(R13) ; ADD MSDs with carry ... ; resulting from the LSDs

RISC 16−Bit CPU

3-23

Instruction Set

AND[.W] Source AND destination AND.B Source AND destination

Syntax AND src,dst or AND.W src,dst

AND.B src,dst

Operation src .AND. dst −> dst Description The source operand and the destination operand are logically ANDed. The

result is placed into the destination.

Status Bits N: Set if result MSB is set, reset if not set

Z: Set if result is zero, reset otherwise C: Set if result is not zero, reset otherwise ( = .NOT. Zero) V: Reset

Mode Bits OSCOFF, CPUOFF, and GIE are not affected. Example The bits set in R5 are used as a mask (#0AA55h) for the word addressed by

TOM. If the result is zero, a branch is taken to label TONI. MOV #0AA55h,R5 ; Load mask into register R5

AND R5,TOM ; mask word addressed by TOM with R5 JZ TONI ;

...... ; Result is not zero

; ; ;or ; ; AND #0AA55h,TOM JZ TONI

Example The bits of mask #0A5h are logically ANDed with the low byte TOM. If the result

is zero, a branch is taken to label TONI. AND.B #0A5h,TOM ; mask Lowbyte TOM with 0A5h

JZ TONI ;

...... ; Result is not zero

3-24

RISC 16−Bit CPU

Instruction Set

BIC[.W] Clear bits in destination BIC.B Clear bits in destination

Syntax BIC src,dst or BIC.W src,dst

BIC.B src,dst

Operation .NOT.src .AND. dst −> dst Description The inverted source operand and the destination operand are logically

ANDed. The result is placed into the destination. The source operand is not affected.

Status Bits Status bits are not affected. Mode Bits OSCOFF, CPUOFF, and GIE are not affected. Example The six MSBs of the RAM word LEO are cleared.

BIC #0FC00h,LEO ; Clear 6 MSBs in MEM(LEO)

Example The five MSBs of the RAM byte LEO are cleared.

BIC.B #0F8h,LEO ; Clear 5 MSBs in Ram location LEO

RISC 16−Bit CPU

3-25

Instruction Set

BIS[.W] Set bits in destination BIS.B Set bits in destination

Syntax BIS src,dst or BIS.W src,dst

BIS.B src,dst

Operation src .OR. dst −> dst Description The source operand and the destination operand are logically ORed. The

result is placed into the destination. The source operand is not affected.

Status Bits Status bits are not affected. Mode Bits OSCOFF, CPUOFF, and GIE are not affected. Example The six LSBs of the RAM word TOM are set.

BIS #003Fh,TOM; set the six LSBs in RAM location TOM

Example The three MSBs of RAM byte TOM are set.

BIS.B #0E0h,TOM ; set the 3 MSBs in RAM location TOM

3-26

RISC 16−Bit CPU

Instruction Set

BIT[.W] Test bits in destination BIT.B Test bits in destination

Syntax BIT src,dst or BIT.W src,dst Operation src .AND. dst

Description The source and destination operands are logically ANDed. The result affects

only the status bits. The source and destination operands are not affected.

Status Bits N: Set if MSB of result is set, reset otherwise

Z: Set if result is zero, reset otherwise C: Set if result is not zero, reset otherwise (.NOT. Zero) V: Reset

Mode Bits OSCOFF, CPUOFF, and GIE are not affected. Example If bit 9 of R8 is set, a branch is taken to label TOM.

BIT #0200h,R8 ; bit 9 of R8 set? JNZ TOM ; Yes, branch to TOM ... ; No, proceed

Example If bit 3 of R8 is set, a branch is taken to label TOM.

BIT.B #8,R8 JC TOM

Example A serial communication receive bit (RCV) is tested. Because the carry bit is

equal to the state of the tested bit while using the BIT instruction to test a single bit, the carry bit is used by the subsequent instruction; the read information is shifted into register RECBUF. ;

; Serial communication with LSB is shifted first:

; xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx BIT.B #RCV,RCCTL ; Bit info into carry RRC RECBUF ; Carry −> MSB of RECBUF

; cxxx xxxx

...... ; repeat previous two instructions

...... ; 8 times

; cccc cccc

; ^ ^

; MSB LSB ; Serial communication with MSB shifted first:

BIT.B #RCV,RCCTL ; Bit info into carry RLC.B RECBUF ; Carry −> LSB of RECBUF

; xxxx xxxc

...... ; repeat previous two instructions

...... ; 8 times

; cccc cccc

; | LSB

; MSB

RISC 16−Bit CPU

3-27

Instruction Set

* BR, BRANCH Branch to .......... destination

Syntax BR dst Operation dst −> PC Emulation MOV dst,PC Description An unconditional branch is taken to an address anywhere in the 64K address

space. All source addressing modes can be used. The branch instruction is a word instruction.

Status Bits Status bits are not affected. Example Examples for all addressing modes are given.

BR #EXEC ;Branch to label EXEC or direct branch (e.g. #0A4h)

; Core instruction MOV @PC+,PC

BR EXEC ; Branch to the address contained in EXEC

; Core instruction MOV X(PC),PC ; Indirect address

BR &EXEC ; Branch to the address contained in absolute

; address EXEC ; Core instruction MOV X(0),PC ; Indirect address

BR R5 ; Branch to the address contained in R5

; Core instruction MOV R5,PC ; Indirect R5

BR @R5 ; Branch to the address contained in the word

; pointed to by R5. ; Core instruction MOV @R5,PC ; Indirect, indirect R5

BR @R5+ ; Branch to the address contained in the word pointed

; to by R5 and increment pointer in R5 afterwards. ; The next time—S/W flow uses R5 pointer—it can ; alter program execution due to access to ; next address in a table pointed to by R5 ; Core instruction MOV @R5,PC ; Indirect, indirect R5 with autoincrement

BR X(R5) ; Branch to the address contained in the address

; pointed to by R5 + X (e.g. table with address ; starting at X). X can be an address or a label ; Core instruction MOV X(R5),PC ; Indirect, indirect R5 + X

3-28

RISC 16−Bit CPU

Instruction Set

CALL Subroutine Syntax CALL dst Operation dst −> tmp dst is evaluated and stored

SP − 2 −> SP PC −> @SP PC updated to TOS tmp −> PC dst saved to PC

Description A subroutine call is made to an address anywhere in the 64K address space.

All addressing modes can be used. The return address (the address of the following instruction) is stored on the stack. The call instruction is a word instruction.

Status Bits Status bits are not affected. Example Examples for all addressing modes are given.

CALL #EXEC ; Call on l a b e l EXEC or immediate address (e.g. #0A4h)

; SP−2 → SP, PC+2 → @SP, @PC+ → PC

CALL EXEC ; Call on the address contained in EXEC

; SP−2 → SP, PC+2 → @SP, X(PC) → PC ; Indirect address

CALL &EXEC ; Call on the address contained in absolute address

; EXEC ; SP−2 → SP, PC+2 → @SP, X(0) → PC ; Indirect address

CALL R5 ; Call on the address contained in R5

; SP−2 → SP, PC+2 → @SP, R5 → PC ; Indirect R5

CALL @R5 ; Call on the address contained in the word

; pointed to by R5 ; SP−2 → SP, PC+2 → @SP, @R5 → PC ; Indirect, indirect R5

CALL @R5+ ; Call on the address contained in the word

; pointed to by R5 and increment pointer in R5. ; The next time—S/W flow uses R5 pointer— ; it can alter the program execution due to ; access to next address in a table pointed to by R5 ; SP−2 → SP, PC+2 → @SP, @R5 → PC ; Indirect, indirect R5 with autoincrement

CALL X(R5) ; Call on the address contained in the address pointed

; to by R5 + X (e.g. table with address starting at X) ; X can be an address or a label ; SP−2 → SP, PC+2 → @SP, X(R5) → PC ; Indirect, indirect R5 + X

RISC 16−Bit CPU

3-29

Instruction Set

* CLR[.W] Clear destination * CLR.B Clear destination

Syntax CLR dst or CLR.W dst

CLR.B dst

Operation 0 −> dst Emulation MOV #0,dst

MOV.B #0,dst

Description The destination operand is cleared. Status Bits Status bits are not affected. Example RAM word TONI is cleared.

CLR TONI ; 0 −> TONI

Example Register R5 is cleared.

CLR R5

Example RAM byte TONI is cleared.

CLR.B TONI ; 0 −> TONI

3-30

RISC 16−Bit CPU

Instruction Set

* CLRC Clear carry bit Syntax CLRC Operation 0 −> C Emulation BIC #1,SR Description The carry bit (C) is cleared. The clear carry instruction is a word instruction. Status Bits N: Not affected

Z: Not affected C: Cleared V: Not affected

Mode Bits OSCOFF, CPUOFF, and GIE are not affected. Example The 16-bit decimal counter pointed to by R13 is added to a 32-bit counter

pointed to by R12. CLRC ; C=0: defines start

DADD @R13,0(R12) ; add 16-bit counter to low word of 32-bit counter DADC 2(R12) ; add carry to high word of 32-bit counter

RISC 16−Bit CPU

3-31

Instruction Set

* CLRN Clear negative bit Syntax CLRN Operation 0 → N

or (.NOT.src .AND. dst −> dst)

Emulation BIC #4,SR Description The constant 04h is inverted (0FFFBh) and is logically ANDed with the

destination operand. The result is placed into the destination. The clear negative bit instruction is a word instruction.

Status Bits N: Reset to 0

Z: Not affected C: Not affected V: Not affected

Mode Bits OSCOFF, CPUOFF, and GIE are not affected. Example The Negative bit in the status register is cleared. This avoids special treatment

with negative numbers of the subroutine called. CLRN

CALL SUBR

......

SUBR JN SUBRET ; If input is negative: do nothing and return

......

SUBRET RET

3-32

RISC 16−Bit CPU

Instruction Set

* CLRZ Clear zero bit Syntax CLRZ Operation 0 → Z

or (.NOT.src .AND. dst −> dst)

Emulation BIC #2,SR Description The constant 02h is inverted (0FFFDh) and logically ANDed with the

destination operand. The result is placed into the destination. The clear zero bit instruction is a word instruction.

Status Bits N: Not affected

Z: Reset to 0 C: Not affected V: Not affected

Mode Bits OSCOFF, CPUOFF, and GIE are not affected. Example The zero bit in the status register is cleared.

CLRZ

RISC 16−Bit CPU

3-33

Instruction Set

CMP[.W] Compare source and destination CMP.B Compare source and destination

Syntax CMP src,dst or CMP.W src,dst

CMP.B src,dst

Operation dst + .NOT .src + 1

or (dst − src)

Description The source operand is subtracted from the destination operand. This is

accomplished by adding the 1s complement of the source operand plus 1. The two operands are not affected and the result is not stored; only the status bits are affected.

Status Bits N: Set if result is negative, reset if positive (src >= dst)

Z: Set if result is zero, reset otherwise (src = dst) C: Set if there is a carry from the MSB of the result, reset otherwise V: Set if an arithmetic overflow occurs, otherwise reset

Mode Bits OSCOFF, CPUOFF, and GIE are not affected. Example R5 and R6 are compared. If they are equal, the program continues at the label

EQUAL. CMP R5,R6 ; R5 = R6?

JEQ EQUAL ; YES, JUMP

Example Two RAM blocks are compared. If they are not equal, the program branches

to the label ERROR.

MOV #NUM,R5 ; number of words to be compared MOV #BLOCK1,R6 ; BLOCK1 start address in R6 MOV #BLOCK2,R7 ; BLOCK2 start address in R7

L$1 CMP @R6+,0(R7) ; Are Words equal? R6 increments

JNZ ERROR ; No, branch to ERROR INCD R7 ; Increment R7 pointer DEC R5 ; Are all words compared? JNZ L$1 ; No, another compare

Example The RAM bytes addressed by EDE and TONI are compared. If they are equal,

the program continues at the label EQUAL.

CMP.B EDE,TONI ; MEM(EDE) = MEM(TONI)? JEQ EQUAL ; YES, JUMP

3-34

RISC 16−Bit CPU

Instruction Set

* DADC[.W] Add carry decimally to destination * DADC.B Add carry decimally to destination

Syntax DADC dst or DADC.W src,dst

DADC.B dst

Operation dst + C −> dst (decimally) Emulation DADD #0,dst

DADD.B #0,dst

Description The carry bit (C) is added decimally to the destination. Status Bits N: Set if MSB is 1

Z: Set if dst is 0, reset otherwise C: Set if destination increments from 9999 to 0000, reset otherwise

Set if destination increments from 99 to 00, reset otherwise

V: Undefined

Mode Bits OSCOFF, CPUOFF, and GIE are not affected. Example The four-digit decimal number contained in R5 is added to an eight-digit deci-

mal number pointed to by R8. CLRC ; Reset carry

; next instruction’s start condition is defined DADD R5,0(R8) ; Add LSDs + C DADC 2(R8) ; Add carry to MSD

Example The two-digit decimal number contained in R5 is added to a four-digit decimal

number pointed to by R8. CLRC ; Reset carry

; next instruction’s start condition is defined DADD.B R5,0(R8) ; Add LSDs + C DADC 1(R8) ; Add carry to MSDs

RISC 16−Bit CPU

3-35

Instruction Set

DADD[.W] Source and carry added decimally to destination DADD.B Source and carry added decimally to destination

Syntax DADD src,dst or DADD.W src,dst

DADD.B src,dst

Operation src + dst + C −> dst (decimally) Description The source operand and the destination operand are treated as four binary

coded decimals (BCD) with positive signs. The source operand and the carry bit (C) are added decimally to the destination operand. The source operand is not affected. The previous contents of the destination are lost. The result is not defined for non-BCD numbers.

Status Bits N: Set if the MSB is 1, reset otherwise

Z: Set if result is zero, reset otherwise C: Set if the result is greater than 9999

Set if the result is greater than 99

V: Undefined

Mode Bits OSCOFF, CPUOFF, and GIE are not affected. Example The eight-digit BCD number contained in R5 and R6 is added decimally to an

eight-digit BCD number contained in R3 and R4 (R6 and R4 contain the MSDs).

CLRC ; clear carry DADD R5,R3 ; add LSDs DADD R6,R4 ; add MSDs with carry JC OVERFLOW ; If carry occurs go to error handling routine

Example The two-digit decimal counter in the RAM byte CNT is incremented by one.

CLRC ; clear carry DADD.B #1,CNT ; increment decimal counter

or SETC

DADD.B #0,CNT ; ≡ DADC.B CNT

3-36

RISC 16−Bit CPU

Instruction Set

* DEC[.W] Decrement destination * DEC.B Decrement destination

Syntax DEC dst or DEC.W dst

DEC.B dst

Operation dst − 1 −> dst Emulation SUB #1,dst

Emulation SUB.B #1,dst Description The destination operand is decremented by one. The original contents are

lost.

Status Bits N: Set if result is negative, reset if positive

Z: Set if dst contained 1, reset otherwise C: Reset if dst contained 0, set otherwise V: Set if an arithmetic overflow occurs, otherwise reset.

Set if initial value of destination was 08000h, otherwise reset. Set if initial value of destination was 080h, otherwise reset.

Mode Bits OSCOFF, CPUOFF, and GIE are not affected. Example R10 is decremented by 1

DEC R10 ; Decrement R10

; Move a block of 255 bytes from memory location starting with EDE to memory location starting with ;TONI. Tables should not overlap: start of destination address TONI must not be within the range EDE ; to EDE+0FEh ;

MOV #EDE,R6 MOV #255,R10

L$1 MOV.B @R6+,TONI−EDE−1(R6)

DEC R10 JNZ L$1

; Do not transfer tables using the routine above with the overlap shown in Figure 3−12.

Figure 3−12. Decrement Overlap

EDE

TONI

EDE+254

TONI+254

RISC 16−Bit CPU

3-37

Instruction Set

* DECD[.W] Double-decrement destination * DECD.B Double-decrement destination

Syntax DECD dst or DECD.W dst

DECD.B dst

Operation dst − 2 −> dst Emulation SUB #2,dst

Emulation SUB.B #2,dst Description The destination operand is decremented by two. The original contents are lost. Status Bits N: Set if result is negative, reset if positive

Z: Set if dst contained 2, reset otherwise C: Reset if dst contained 0 or 1, set otherwise V: Set if an arithmetic overflow occurs, otherwise reset.

Set if initial value of destination was 08001 or 08000h, otherwise reset. Set if initial value of destination was 081 or 080h, otherwise reset.

Mode Bits OSCOFF, CPUOFF, and GIE are not affected. Example R10 is decremented by 2.

DECD R10 ; Decrement R10 by two

; Move a block of 255 words from memory location starting with EDE to memory location ; starting with TONI ; Tables should not overlap: start of destination address TONI must not be within the ; range EDE to EDE+0FEh ;

MOV #EDE,R6 MOV #510,R10

L$1 MOV @R6+,TONI−EDE−2(R6)

DECD R10 JNZ L$1

Example Memory at location LEO is decremented by two.

DECD.B LEO ; Decrement MEM(LEO)

Decrement status byte STATUS by two.

DECD.B STATUS

3-38

RISC 16−Bit CPU

Instruction Set

* DINT Disable (general) interrupts Syntax DINT Operation 0 → GIE

or (0FFF7h .AND. SR → SR / .NOT.src .AND. dst −> dst)

Emulation BIC #8,SR Description All interrupts are disabled.

The constant 08h is inverted and logically ANDed with the status register (SR). The result is placed into the SR.

Status Bits Status bits are not affected. Mode Bits GIE is reset. OSCOFF and CPUOFF are not affected. Example The general interrupt enable (GIE) bit in the status register is cleared to allow

a nondisrupted move of a 32-bit counter. This ensures that the counter is not modified during the move by any interrupt.

DINT ; All interrupt events using the GIE bit are disabled NOP MOV COUNTHI,R5 ; Copy counter MOV COUNTLO,R6 EINT ; All interrupt events using the GIE bit are enabled

Note: Disable Interrupt

If any code sequence needs to be protected from interruption, the DINT should be executed at least one instruction before the beginning of the uninterruptible sequence, or should be followed by a NOP instruction.

RISC 16−Bit CPU

3-39

Instruction Set

* EINT Enable (general) interrupts Syntax EINT Operation 1 → GIE

or (0008h .OR. SR −> SR / .src .OR. dst −> dst)

Emulation BIS #8,SR Description All interrupts are enabled.

The constant #08h and the status register SR are logically ORed. The result is placed into the SR.

Status Bits Status bits are not affected. Mode Bits GIE is set. OSCOFF and CPUOFF are not affected. Example The general interrupt enable (GIE) bit in the status register is set.

; Interrupt routine of ports P1.2 to P1.7 ; P1IN is the address of the register where all port bits are read. P1IFG is the address of ; the register where all interrupt events are latched. ;

PUSH.B &P1IN BIC.B @SP,&P1IFG ; Reset only accepted flags EINT ; Preset port 1 interrupt flags stored on stack

; other interrupts are allowed BIT #Mask,@SP JEQ MaskOK ; Flags are present identically to mask: jump

......

MaskOK BIC #Mask,@SP

......

INCD SP ; Housekeeping: inverse to PUSH instruction

; at the start of interrupt subroutine. Corrects

; the stack pointer. RETI

3-40

Note: Enable Interrupt

The instruction following the enable interrupt instruction (EINT) is always executed, even if an interrupt service request is pending when the interrupts are enable.

RISC 16−Bit CPU

Instruction Set

* INC[.W] Increment destination * INC.B Increment destination

Syntax INC dst or INC.W dst

INC.B dst

Operation dst + 1 −> dst Emulation ADD #1,dst Description The destination operand is incremented by one. The original contents are lost. Status Bits N: Set if result is negative, reset if positive

Z: Set if dst contained 0FFFFh, reset otherwise

Set if dst contained 0FFh, reset otherwise

C: Set if dst contained 0FFFFh, reset otherwise

Set if dst contained 0FFh, reset otherwise

V: Set if dst contained 07FFFh, reset otherwise

Set if dst contained 07Fh, reset otherwise

Mode Bits OSCOFF, CPUOFF, and GIE are not affected. Example The status byte, STATUS, of a process is incremented. When it is equal to 11,

a branch to OVFL is taken.

INC.B STATUS CMP.B #11,STATUS JEQ OVFL

RISC 16−Bit CPU

3-41

Instruction Set

* INCD[.W] Double-increment destination * INCD.B Double-increment destination

Syntax INCD dst or INCD.W dst

INCD.B dst

Operation dst + 2 −> dst Emulation ADD #2,dst

Emulation ADD.B #2,dst Example The destination operand is incremented by two. The original contents are lost. Status Bits N: Set if result is negative, reset if positive

Z: Set if dst contained 0FFFEh, reset otherwise

Set if dst contained 0FEh, reset otherwise

C: Set if dst contained 0FFFEh or 0FFFFh, reset otherwise

Set if dst contained 0FEh or 0FFh, reset otherwise

V: Set if dst contained 07FFEh or 07FFFh, reset otherwise

Set if dst contained 07Eh or 07Fh, reset otherwise

Mode Bits OSCOFF, CPUOFF, and GIE are not affected. Example The item on the top of the stack (TOS) is removed without using a register .

.......

PUSH R5 ; R5 is the result of a calculation, which is stored

; in the system stack INCD SP ; Remove TOS by double-increment from stack

; Do not use INCD.B, SP is a word-aligned

; register RET

Example The byte on the top of the stack is incremented by two.

INCD.B 0(SP) ; Byte on TOS is increment by two

3-42

RISC 16−Bit CPU

Instruction Set

* INV[.W] Invert destination * INV.B Invert destination

Syntax INV dst

INV.B dst

Operation .NOT.dst −> dst Emulation XOR #0FFFFh,dst

Emulation XOR.B #0FFh,dst Description The destination operand is inverted. The original contents are lost. Status Bits N: Set if result is negative, reset if positive

Z: Set if dst contained 0FFFFh, reset otherwise

Set if dst contained 0FFh, reset otherwise

C: Set if result is not zero, reset otherwise ( = .NOT. Zero)

Set if result is not zero, reset otherwise ( = .NOT. Zero)

V: Set if initial destination operand was negative, otherwise reset

Mode Bits OSCOFF, CPUOFF, and GIE are not affected. Example Content of R5 is negated (twos complement).

MOV #00AEh,R5 ; R5 = 000AEh INV R5 ; Invert R5, R5 = 0FF51h INC R5 ; R5 is now negated, R5 = 0FF52h

Example Content of memory byte LEO is negated.

MOV.B #0AEh,LEO ; MEM(LEO) = 0AEh INV.B LEO ; Invert LEO, MEM(LEO) = 051h INC.B LEO ; MEM(LEO) is negated,MEM(LEO) = 052h

RISC 16−Bit CPU

3-43

Instruction Set

JC Jump if carry set JHS Jump if higher or same

Syntax JC label

JHS label

Operation If C = 1: PC + 2 × offset −> PC

If C = 0: execute following instruction

Description The status register carry bit (C) is tested. If it is set, the 10-bit signed offset

contained in the instruction LSBs is added to the program counter. If C is reset, the next instruction following the jump is executed. JC (jump if carry/higher or same) is used for the comparison of unsigned numbers (0 to 65536).

Status Bits Status bits are not affected. Example The P1IN.1 signal is used to define or control the program flow.

BIT #01h,&P1IN ; State of signal −> Carry JC PROGA ; If carry=1 then execute program routine A

...... ; Carry=0, execute program here

Example R5 is compared to 15. If the content is higher or the same, branch to LABEL.

CMP #15,R5 JHS LABEL ; Jump is taken if R5 ≥ 15

...... ; Continue here if R5 < 15

3-44

RISC 16−Bit CPU

Instruction Set

JEQ, JZ Jump if equal, jump if zero Syntax JEQ label, JZ label Operation If Z = 1: PC + 2 × offset −> PC

If Z = 0: execute following instruction

Description The status register zero bit (Z) is tested. If it is set, the 10-bit signed offset

contained in the instruction LSBs is added to the program counter. If Z is not set, the instruction following the jump is executed.

Status Bits Status bits are not affected. Example Jump to address TONI if R7 contains zero.

TST R7 ; Test R7 JZ TONI ; if zero: JUMP

Example Jump to address LEO if R6 is equal to the table contents.

CMP R6,Table(R5) ; Compare content of R6 with content of

; MEM (table address + content of R5) JEQ LEO ; Jump if both data are equal

...... ; No, data are not equal, continue here

Example Branch to LABEL if R5 is 0.

TST R5 JZ LABEL

......

RISC 16−Bit CPU

3-45

Instruction Set

JGE Jump if greater or equal Syntax JGE label Operation If (N .XOR. V) = 0 then jump to label: PC + 2 × offset −> PC

If (N .XOR. V) = 1 then execute the following instruction

Description The status register negative bit (N) and overflow bit (V) are tested. If both N

and V are set or reset, the 10-bit signed offset contained in the instruction LSBs is added to the program counter. If only one is set, the instruction following the jump is executed.

This allows comparison of signed integers.

Status Bits Status bits are not affected. Example When the content of R6 is greater or equal to the memory pointed to by R7,

the program continues at label EDE. CMP @R7,R6 ; R6 ≥ (R7)?, compare on signed numbers

JGE EDE ; Yes, R6 ≥ (R7)

...... ; No, proceed

......

3-46

RISC 16−Bit CPU

Instruction Set

JL Jump if less Syntax JL label Operation If (N .XOR. V) = 1 then jump to label: PC + 2 × offset −> PC

If (N .XOR. V) = 0 then execute following instruction

Description The status register negative bit (N) and overflow bit (V) are tested. If only one

is set, the 10-bit signed offset contained in the instruction LSBs is added to the program counter. If both N and V are set or reset, the instruction following the jump is executed.

This allows comparison of signed integers.

Status Bits Status bits are not affected. Example When the content of R6 is less than the memory pointed to by R7, the program

continues at label EDE. CMP @R7,R6 ; R6 < (R7)?, compare on signed numbers

JL EDE ; Yes, R6 < (R7)

...... ; No, proceed

......

RISC 16−Bit CPU

3-47

Instruction Set

JMP Jump unconditionally Syntax JMP label Operation PC + 2 × offset −> PC Description The 10-bit signed offset contained in the instruction LSBs is added to the

program counter.

Status Bits Status bits are not affected. Hint: This one-word instruction replaces the BRANCH instruction in the range of

−511 to +512 words relative to the current program counter.

3-48

RISC 16−Bit CPU

Instruction Set

JN Jump if negative Syntax JN label Operation if N = 1: PC + 2 × offset −> PC

if N = 0: execute following instruction

Description The negative bit (N) of the status register is tested. If it is set, the 10-bit signed

offset contained in the instruction LSBs is added to the program counter. If N is reset, the next instruction following the jump is executed.

Status Bits Status bits are not affected. Example The result of a computation in R5 is to be subtracted from COUNT. If the result

is negative, COUNT is to be cleared and the program continues execution in another path.

SUB R5,COUNT ; COUNT − R5 −> COUNT JN L$1 ; If negative continue with COUNT=0 at PC=L$1

...... ; Continue with COUNT≥0

......

L$1 CLR COUNT

......

RISC 16−Bit CPU

3-49

Instruction Set

JNC Jump if carry not set JLO Jump if lower

Syntax JNC label

JLO label

Operation if C = 0: PC + 2 × offset −> PC

if C = 1: execute following instruction

Description The status register carry bit (C) is tested. If it is reset, the 10-bit signed offset

contained in the instruction LSBs is added to the program counter. If C is set, the next instruction following the jump is executed. JNC (jump if no carry/lower) is used for the comparison of unsigned numbers (0 to 65536).

Status Bits Status bits are not affected. Example The result in R6 is added in BUFFER. If an overflow occurs, an error handling

routine at address ERROR is used. ADD R6,BUFFER ; BUFFER + R6 −> BUFFER

JNC CONT ; No carry, jump to CONT

ERROR ...... ; Error handler start

......

CONT ...... ; Continue with normal program flow

......

Example Branch to STL2 if byte STATUS contains 1 or 0.

CMP.B #2,STATUS JLO STL2 ; STATUS < 2

...... ; STATUS ≥ 2, continue here

3-50

RISC 16−Bit CPU

Instruction Set

JNE Jump if not equal JNZ Jump if not zero

Syntax JNE label

JNZ label

Operation If Z = 0: PC + 2 × offset −> PC

If Z = 1: execute following instruction

Description The status register zero bit (Z) is tested. If it is reset, the 10-bit signed offset

contained in the instruction LSBs is added to the program counter. If Z is set, the next instruction following the jump is executed.

Status Bits Status bits are not affected. Example Jump to address TONI if R7 and R8 have different contents.

CMP R7,R8 ; COMPARE R7 WITH R8 JNE TONI ; if different: jump

...... ; if equal, continue

RISC 16−Bit CPU

3-51

Instruction Set

MOV[.W] Move source to destination MOV.B Move source to destination

Syntax MOV src,dst or MOV.W src,dst

MOV.B src,dst

Operation src −> dst Description The source operand is moved to the destination.

The source operand is not affected. The previous contents of the destination are lost.

Status Bits Status bits are not affected. Mode Bits OSCOFF, CPUOFF, and GIE are not affected. Example The contents of table EDE (word data) are copied to table TOM. The length

of the tables must be 020h locations. MOV #EDE,R10 ; Prepare pointer

MOV #020h,R9 ; Prepare counter

Loop MOV @R10+,TOM−EDE−2(R10) ; Use pointer in R10 for both tables

DEC R9 ; Decrement counter JNZ Loop ; Counter ≠ 0, continue copying

...... ; Copying completed

......

Example The contents of table EDE (byte data) are copied to table TOM. The length of

the tables should be 020h locations MOV #EDE,R10 ; Prepare pointer

MOV #020h,R9 ; Prepare counter

Loop MOV.B @R10+,TOM−EDE−1(R10) ; Use pointer in R10 for

; both tables DEC R9 ; Decrement counter JNZ Loop ; Counter ≠ 0, continue

; copying

...... ; Copying completed

......

3-52

RISC 16−Bit CPU

Instruction Set

* NOP No operation Syntax NOP Operation None Emulation MOV #0, R3 Description No operation is performed. The instruction may be used for the elimination of

instructions during the software check or for defined waiting times.

Status Bits Status bits are not affected.

The NOP instruction is mainly used for two purposes:

- To fill one, two, or three memory words

- To adjust software timing

Note: Emulating No-Operation Instruction

Other instructions can emulate the NOP function while providing different numbers of instruction cycles and code words. Some examples are:

Examples: MOV #0,R3 ; 1 cycle, 1 word

MOV 0(R4),0(R4) ; 6 cycles, 3 words MOV @R4,0(R4) ; 5 cycles, 2 words BIC #0,EDE(R4) ; 4 cycles, 2 words JMP $+2 ; 2 cycles, 1 word BIC #0,R5 ; 1 cycle, 1 word

However, care should be taken when using these examples to prevent unintended results. For example, if MOV 0(R4), 0(R4) is used and the value in R4 is 120h, then a security violation will occur with the watchdog timer (address 120h) because the security key was not used.

RISC 16−Bit CPU

3-53

Instruction Set

* POP[.W] Pop word from stack to destination * POP.B Pop byte from stack to destination

Syntax POP dst

POP.B dst

Operation @SP −> temp

SP + 2 −> SP temp −> dst

Emulation MOV @SP+,dst or MOV.W @SP+,dst Emulation MOV.B @SP+,dst

Description The stack location pointed to by the stack pointer (TOS) is moved to the

destination. The stack pointer is incremented by two afterwards.

Status Bits Status bits are not affected. Example The contents of R7 and the status register are restored from the stack.

POP R7 ; Restore R7 POP SR ; Restore status register

Example The contents of RAM byte LEO is restored from the stack.

POP.B LEO ; The low byte of the stack is moved to LEO.

Example The contents of R7 is restored from the stack.

POP.B R7 ; The low byte of the stack is moved to R7,

; the high byte of R7 is 00h

Example The contents of the memory pointed to by R7 and the status register are

restored from the stack. POP.B 0(R7) ; The low byte of the stack is moved to the

; the byte which is pointed to by R7 : Example: R7 = 203h ; Mem(R7) = low byte of system stack : Example: R7 = 20Ah ; Mem(R7) = low byte of system stack

POP SR ; Last word on stack moved to the SR

Note: The System Stack Pointer

The system stack pointer (SP) is always incremented by two, independent of the byte suffix.

3-54

RISC 16−Bit CPU

Instruction Set

PUSH[.W] Push word onto stack PUSH.B Push byte onto stack

Syntax PUSH src or PUSH.W src

PUSH.B src

Operation SP − 2 → SP

src → @SP

Description The stack pointer is decremented by two, then the source operand is moved

to the RAM word addressed by the stack pointer (TOS).

Status Bits Status bits are not affected. Mode Bits OSCOFF, CPUOFF, and GIE are not affected. Example The contents of the status register and R8 are saved on the stack.

PUSH SR ; save status register PUSH R8 ; save R8

Example The contents of the peripheral TCDA T is saved on the stack.

PUSH.B &TCDAT ; save data from 8-bit peripheral module,

; address TCDAT, onto stack

Note: The System Stack Pointer

The system stack pointer (SP) is always decremented by two, independent of the byte suffix.

RISC 16−Bit CPU

3-55

Instruction Set

* RET Return from subroutine Syntax RET Operation @SP→ PC

SP + 2 → SP

Emulation MOV @SP+,PC Description The return address pushed onto the stack by a CALL instruction is moved to

the program counter. The program continues at the code address following the subroutine call.

Status Bits Status bits are not affected.

3-56

RISC 16−Bit CPU

Instruction Set

RETI Return from interrupt Syntax RETI Operation TOS → SR

SP + 2 → SP TOS → PC SP + 2 → SP

Description The status register is restored to the value at the beginning of the interrupt

service routine by replacing the present SR contents with the TOS contents. The stack pointer (SP) is incremented by two.

The program counter is restored to the value at the beginning of interrupt service. This is the consecutive step after the interrupted program flow. Restoration is performed by replacing the present PC contents with the TOS memory contents. The stack pointer (SP) is incremented.

Status Bits N: restored from system stack

Z: restored from system stack C: restored from system stack V: restored from system stack

Mode Bits OSCOFF, CPUOFF, and GIE are restored from system stack. Example Figure 3−13 illustrates the main program interrupt.

Figure 3−13. Main Program Interrupt

PC −6 PC −4

PC −2 PC PC +2

PC +4 PC +6 PC +8

Interrupt Request

Interrupt Accepted

PC+2 is Stored Onto Stack

PC = PCi

PCi +2 PCi +4

PCi +n−4 PCi +n−2

PCi +n

RETI

RISC 16−Bit CPU

3-57

Instruction Set

* RLA[.W] Rotate left arithmetically * RLA.B Rotate left arithmetically

Syntax RLA dst or RLA.W dst

RLA.B dst

Operation C <− MSB <− MSB−1 .... LSB+1 <− LSB <− 0

Emulation ADD dst,dst

ADD.B dst,dst

Description The destination operand is shifted left one position as shown in Figure 3−14.

The MSB is shifted into the carry bit (C) and the LSB is filled with 0. The RLA instruction acts as a signed multiplication by 2.

An overflow occurs if dst ≥ 04000h and dst < 0C000h before operation is performed: the result has changed sign.

Figure 3−14. Destination Operand—Arithmetic Shift Left

Word

Byte

15 0

An overflow occurs if dst ≥ 040h and dst < 0C0h before the operation is performed: the result has changed sign.

Status Bits N: Set if result is negative, reset if positive

Z: Set if result is zero, reset otherwise C: Loaded from the MSB V: Set if an arithmetic overflow occurs:

the initial value is 04000h ≤ dst < 0C000h; reset otherwise Set if an arithmetic overflow occurs: the initial value is 040h ≤ dst < 0C0h; reset otherwise

Mode Bits OSCOFF, CPUOFF, and GIE are not affected. Example R7 is multiplied by 2.

RLA R7 ; Shift left R7 (× 2)

Example The low byte of R7 is multiplied by 4.

RLA.B R7 ; Shift left low byte of R7 (× 2) RLA.B R7 ; Shift left low byte of R7 (× 4)

3-58

Note: RLA Substitution

The assembler does not recognize the instruction: RLA @R5+ nor RLA.B @R5+. It must be substituted by: ADD @R5+,−2(R5) or ADD.B @R5+,−1(R5).

RISC 16−Bit CPU

Instruction Set

* RLC[.W] Rotate left through carry * RLC.B Rotate left through carry

Syntax RLC dst or RLC.W dst

RLC.B dst

Operation C <− MSB <− MSB−1 .... LSB+1 <− LSB <− C

Emulation ADDC dst,dst Description The destination operand is shifted left one position as shown in Figure 3−15.

The carry bit (C) is shifted into the LSB and the MSB is shifted into the carry bit (C).

Figure 3−15. Destination Operand—Carry Left Shift

Word

Byte

15 0

Status Bits N: Set if result is negative, reset if positive

Z: Set if result is zero, reset otherwise C: Loaded from the MSB V: Set if an arithmetic overflow occurs

the initial value is 04000h ≤ dst < 0C000h; reset otherwise Set if an arithmetic overflow occurs: the initial value is 040h ≤ dst < 0C0h; reset otherwise

Mode Bits OSCOFF, CPUOFF, and GIE are not affected. Example R5 is shifted left one position.

RLC R5 ; (R5 x 2) + C −> R5

Example The input P1IN.1 information is shifted into the LSB of R5.

BIT.B #2,&P1IN ; Information −> Carry RLC R5 ; Carry=P0in.1 −> LSB of R5

Example The MEM(LEO) content is shifted left one position.

RLC.B LEO ; Mem(LEO) x 2 + C −> Mem(LEO)

Note: RLC and RLC.B Substitution

The assembler does not recognize the instruction:

RLC @R5+.

It must be substituted by:

ADDC @R5+,−2(R5).

RISC 16−Bit CPU

3-59

Instruction Set

RRA[.W] Rotate right arithmetically RRA.B Rotate right arithmetically

Syntax RRA dst or RRA.W dst

RRA.B dst

Operation MSB −> MSB, MSB −> MSB−1, ... LSB+1 −> LSB, LSB −> C Description The destination operand is shifted right one position as shown in Figure 3−16.

The MSB is shifted into the MSB, the MSB is shifted into the MSB−1, and the LSB+1 is shifted into the LSB.

Figure 3−16. Destination Operand—Arithmetic Right Shift

Word

Byte

15 0

Status Bits N: Set if result is negative, reset if positive

Z: Set if result is zero, reset otherwise C: Loaded from the LSB V: Reset

Mode Bits OSCOFF, CPUOFF, and GIE are not affected. Example R5 is shifted right one position. The MSB retains the old value. It operates

equal to an arithmetic division by 2. RRA R5 ; R5/2 −> R5

; The value in R5 is multiplied by 0.75 (0.5 + 0.25). ;

PUSH R5 ; Hold R5 temporarily using stack RRA R5 ; R5 × 0.5 −> R5 ADD @SP+,R5 ; R5 × 0.5 + R5 = 1.5 × R5 −> R5 RRA R5 ; (1.5 × R5) × 0.5 = 0.75 × R5 −> R5

......

Example The low byte of R5 is shifted right one position. The MSB retains the old value.

It operates equal to an arithmetic division by 2. RRA.B R5 ; R5/2 −> R5: operation is on low byte only

; High byte of R5 is reset PUSH.B R5 ; R5 × 0.5 −> T OS RRA.B @SP ; TOS × 0.5 = 0.5 × R5 × 0.5 = 0.25 × R5 −> TOS ADD.B @SP+,R5 ; R5 × 0.5 + R5 × 0.25 = 0.75 × R5 −> R5

......

3-60

RISC 16−Bit CPU

Instruction Set

RRC[.W] Rotate right through carry RRC.B Rotate right through carry

Syntax RRC dst or RRC.W dst

RRC dst

Operation C −> MSB −> MSB−1 .... LSB+1 −> LSB −> C

Description The destination operand is shifted right one position as shown in Figure 3−17.

The carry bit (C) is shifted into the MSB, the LSB is shifted into the carry bit (C).

Figure 3−17. Destination Operand—Carry Right Shift

Word

15 0

Byte

Status Bits N: Set if result is negative, reset if positive

Z: Set if result is zero, reset otherwise C: Loaded from the LSB V: Set if initial destination is positive and initial carry is set, otherwise reset

Mode Bits OSCOFF, CPUOFF, and GIE are not affected. Example R5 is shifted right one position. The MSB is loaded with 1.

SETC ; Prepare carry for MSB RRC R5 ; R5/2 + 8000h −> R5

Example R5 is shifted right one position. The MSB is loaded with 1.

SETC ; Prepare carry for MSB RRC.B R5 ; R5/2 + 80h −> R5; low byte of R5 is used

RISC 16−Bit CPU

3-61

Instruction Set

* SBC[.W] Subtract source and borrow/.NOT. carry from destination * SBC.B Subtract source and borrow/.NOT. carry from destination

Syntax SBC dst or SBC.W dst

SBC.B dst

Operation dst + 0FFFFh + C −> dst

dst + 0FFh + C −> dst

Emulation SUBC #0,dst

SUBC.B #0,dst

Description The carry bit (C) is added to the destination operand minus one. The previous

contents of the destination are lost.

Status Bits N: Set if result is negative, reset if positive

Z: Set if result is zero, reset otherwise C: Set if there is a carry from the MSB of the result, reset otherwise.

Set to 1 if no borrow, reset if borrow.

V: Set if an arithmetic overflow occurs, reset otherwise.

Mode Bits OSCOFF, CPUOFF, and GIE are not affected. Example The 16-bit counter pointed to by R13 is subtracted from a 32-bit counter

pointed to by R12. SUB @R13,0(R12) ; Subtract LSDs

SBC 2(R12) ; Subtract carry from MSD

Example The 8-bit counter pointed to by R13 is subtracted from a 16-bit counter pointed

to by R12. SUB.B @R13,0(R12) ; Subtract LSDs

SBC.B 1(R12) ; Subtract carry from MSD

Note: Borrow Implementation. The borrow is treated as a .NOT. carry : Borrow Carry bit

Yes 0 No 1

3-62

RISC 16−Bit CPU

Instruction Set

* SETC Set carry bit Syntax SETC Operation 1 −> C Emulation BIS #1,SR Description The carry bit (C) is set. Status Bits N: Not affected

Z: Not affected C: Set V: Not affected

Mode Bits OSCOFF, CPUOFF, and GIE are not affected. Example Emulation of the decimal subtraction:

Subtract R5 from R6 decimally Assume that R5 = 03987h and R6 = 04137h

DSUB ADD #06666h,R5 ; Move content R5 from 0−9 to 6−0Fh

; R5 = 03987h + 06666h = 09FEDh

INV R5 ; Invert this (result back to 0−9)

; R5 = .NOT. R5 = 06012h SETC ; Prepare carry = 1 DADD R5,R6 ; Emulate subtraction by addition of:

; (010000h − R5 − 1)

; R6 = R6 + R5 + 1

; R6 = 0150h

RISC 16−Bit CPU

3-63

Instruction Set

* SETN Set negative bit Syntax SETN Operation 1 −> N Emulation BIS #4,SR Description The negative bit (N) is set. Status Bits N: Set

Z: Not affected C: Not affected V: Not affected

Mode Bits OSCOFF, CPUOFF, and GIE are not affected.

3-64

RISC 16−Bit CPU

* SETZ Set zero bit Syntax SETZ Operation 1 −> Z Emulation BIS #2,SR Description The zero bit (Z) is set. Status Bits N: Not affected

Z: Set C: Not affected V: Not affected

Mode Bits OSCOFF, CPUOFF, and GIE are not affected.

Instruction Set

RISC 16−Bit CPU

3-65

Instruction Set

SUB[.W] Subtract source from destination SUB.B Subtract source from destination

Syntax SUB src,dst or SUB.W src,dst

SUB.B src,dst

Operation dst + .NOT.src + 1 −> dst

or [(dst − src −> dst)]

Description The source operand is subtracted from the destination operand by adding the

source operand’s 1s complement and the constant 1. The source operand is not affected. The previous contents of the destination are lost.

Status Bits N: Set if result is negative, reset if positive

Z: Set if result is zero, reset otherwise C: Set if there is a carry from the MSB of the result, reset otherwise.

Set to 1 if no borrow, reset if borrow.

V: Set if an arithmetic overflow occurs, otherwise reset

Mode Bits OSCOFF, CPUOFF, and GIE are not affected. Example See example at the SBC instruction. Example See example at the SBC.B instruction.

Note: Borrow Is Treated as a .NOT.

The borrow is treated as a .NOT. carry : Borrow Carry bit

Yes 0 No 1

3-66

RISC 16−Bit CPU

Texas Instruments MSP430x4xx User Manual

Specifications and Main Features

Frequently Asked Questions

User Manual

IMPORTANT NOTICE

About This Manual

Read This First

Related Documentation From Texas Instruments

FCC Warning

Notational Conventions

Glossary

Register Bit Conventions

Contents

1.1 Architecture

1.2 Flexible Clock System

1.3 Embedded Emulation

1.4 Address Space

1.4.1 Flash/ROM

1.4.2 RAM

1.4.3 Peripheral Modules

1.4.4 Special Function Registers (SFRs)

1.4.5 Memory Organization

2.1 System Reset and Initialization

2.1.1 Brownout Reset (BOR)

2.1.2 Device Initial Conditions After System Reset

Software Initialization

2.2 Interrupts

2.2.1 (Non)-Maskable Interrupts (NMI)

Reset/NMI Pin

Oscillator Fault

Flash Access Violation

Example of an NMI Interrupt Handler

2.2.2 Maskable Interrupts

2.2.3 Interrupt Processing

Interrupt Acceptance

Return From Interrupt

2.2.4 Interrupt Vectors

2.2.5 Special Function Registers (SFRs)

2.3 Operating Modes

2.3.1 Entering and Exiting Low-Power Modes

Extended Time in Low-Power Modes

2.4 Principles for Low-Power Applications

2.5 Connection of Unused Pins

3.1 CPU Introduction

3.2 CPU Registers

3.2.1 Program Counter (PC)

3.2.2 Stack Pointer (SP)

3.2.3 Status Register (SR)

3.2.4 Constant Generator Registers CG1 and CG2

3.3 Addressing Modes

3.3.1 Register Mode

3.3.2 Indexed Mode

3.3.3 Symbolic Mode

3.3.4 Absolute Mode

3.3.5 Indirect Register Mode

3.3.6 Indirect Autoincrement Mode

3.3.7 Immediate Mode

3.4 Instruction Set

3.4.1 Double-Operand (Format I) Instructions

3.4.2 Single-Operand (Format II) Instructions

3.4.3 Jumps