lectable minimum current; safety
backup termination on maximum
time
Charging continuously qualified
➤
by temperature and voltage lim
its
Pulse-width modulation control
➤
ideal for high-efficiency switchmode power conversion
➤ Direct LED control outputs dis-
play charge status and fault conditions
Pin Connections
1
16
ICTL
BAT
VCOMP
ICOMP
I
TERM
SNS
TM
TS
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
16-Pin Narrow
DIP or SOIC
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
PN205401.eps
LED2/DSEL
LED
1
MOD
V
CC
V
SS
LCOM
LED
3
TPWM
General Description
The bq2054 Lithium Ion Fast-
Charge IC is designed to optimize
charging of lithium ion (Li-Ion)
chemistry batteries. A flexible
pulse-width modulation regulator
allows the bq2054 to control voltage
and current during charging. The
regulator frequency is set by an ex
ternal capacitor for design flexibility.
The switch-mode design keeps
power dissipation to a minimum.
The bq2054 measures battery tem
perature using an external thermis
tor for charge qualification. Charging
begins when power is applied or on
battery insertion.
For safety, the bq2054 inhibits
charging until the battery voltage
and temperature are within con-
Pin Names
TMTime-out programming
ICTL
BATBattery voltage input
VCOMPVoltage loop comp input
ICOMPCurrent loop comp input
I
TERM
SNSSense resistor input
TSTemperature sense input
input
Inrush current control
output
Minimum current
termination select input
figured limits. If the battery voltage
is less than the low-voltage thresh
old, the bq2054 provides low-current
conditioning of the battery.
A constant current-charging phase re
plenishes up to 70% of the charge ca
pacity, and a voltage-regulated phase
returns the battery to full. The charge
cycle terminates when the charging
-
current falls below a user-selectable
current limit. For safety, charging ter
minates after maximum time and is
suspended if the temperature is out
side the preconfigured limits.
-
-
The bq2054 provides status indica
tions of all charger states and faults
for accurate determination of the
battery and charge system condi
tions.
TPWMRegulator timebase input
LED
3
Charge status output 3
LCOMCommon LED output
V
SS
V
CC
System ground
5.0V±10% power
MODModulation control output
LED
LED
1
2
Charge status output 1
/Charge status output 2/
DSELDisplay select input
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
6/99 H
1
bq2054
Pin Descriptions
TMTime-out programming input
This input sets the maximum charge time.
The resistor and capacitor values are deter
mined using Equation 5. Figure 7 shows the
resistor/capacitor connection.
ICTL
BATBattery voltage input
VCOMPVoltage loop compensation input
I
TERM
ICOMPCurrent loop compensation input
SNSCharging current sense input
Inrush current control output
is driven low during the fault or
ICTL
charge-complete states of the chip. It is used
to disconnect the capacitor across the battery
pack terminals, preventing inrush currents
from tripping overcurrent protection fea
tures in the pack when a new battery is in
serted.
BAT is the battery voltage sense input. This
potential is generally developed using a
high-impedance resistor divider network
connected between the positive and the
negative terminals of the battery. See Figure 4 and Equation 1.
This input uses an external R-C network for
voltage loop stability.
Minimum current termination select
This three-state input is used to set I
fast charge termination. See Table 2.
This input uses an external R-C network for
current loop stability.
Battery current is sensed via the voltage de
veloped on this pin by an external sense re
sistor, R
, connected in series with the
SNS
negative terminal of the battery pack. See
Equation 6.
MIN
TSTemperature sense input
This input is used to monitor battery tempera
ture. An external resistor divider network sets
the lower and upper temperature thresholds.
-
See Figure 6 and Equations 3 and 4.
TPWMRegulation timebase input
This input uses an external timing capacitor
to ground to set the pulse-width modulation
(PWM) frequency. See Equation 7.
LCOMCommon LED output
-
-
Common output for LED
in a high-impedance state during initiali
zation to read programming input on
DSEL.
MODCurrent-switching control output
MOD is a pulse-width modulated push/pull
output that is used to control the charging
current to the battery. MOD switches high
to enable current flow and low to inhibit current flow.
LED
–
Charger display status 1–3 outputs
1
LED
3
These charger status output drivers are for
the direct drive of the LED display. Display
modes are shown in Table 1. These outputs are
tri-stated during initialization so that DSEL
can be read.
for
DSELDisplay select input
This three-level input controls the LED
charge display modes. See Table 1.
V
CC
VCCsupply
5.0V,±10% power
V
SS
-
Ground
-
. This output is
1–3
-
-
1–3
2
bq2054
Charge Algorithm
The bq2054 uses a two-phase fast charge algorithm. In
phase 1, the bq2054 regulates constant current (I
I
) until V
MAX
bq2054 then transitions to phase 2 and regulates con
stant voltage (V
falls below the programmed I
ing current must remain below I
ore a valid fast charge termination is detected. Fast
charge then terminates, and the bq2054 enters the
Charge Complete state. See Figures 1 and 2.
(= V
CELL
CELL=VREG
BAT-VSNS
) rises to V
) until the charging current
threshold. The charg
MIN
for 120±40ms bef
MIN
REG
SNS
. The
Charge Qualification
The bq2054 starts a charge cycle when power is applied
while a battery is present or when a battery is inserted.
Figure 2 shows the state diagram for pre-charge qualifi
cation and temperature monitoring. The bq2054 first
checks that the battery temperature is within the al
lowed, user-configurable range. If the temperature is out
of range, the bq2054 enters the Charge Pending state
and waits until the battery temperature is within the allowed range. Charge Pending is enunciated by LED
flashing.
I
MAX
Thermal monitoring continues throughout the charge
cycle, and the bq2054 enters the Charge Pending state
when the temperature out of range. (There is one excep
tion; if the bq2054 is in the Fault state—see below—the
=
out-of-range temperature is not recognized until the
bq2054 leaves the Fault state.) All timers are sus
pended (but not reset) while the bq2054 is in Charge
Pending. When the temperature comes back into range,
the bq2054 returns to the point in the charge cycle
where the out-of-range temperature was detected.
When the temperature is valid, the bq2054 then regu
lates current to I
period t
transient voltage spikes that may occur when charge
current is first applied), the chip begins monitoring
V
CELL
expiration of time-out limit t
-
short), the bq2054 enters the Fault state. If V
achieved before expiration of the time limit, the chip be
-
gins fast charging.
Once in the Fault state, the bq2054 waits until V
cycled or a new battery insertion is detected. It then
starts a new charge cycle and begins the qualification
3
process again.
(which prevents the chip from reacting to
HO
.IfV
CELL
(=I
COND
does not rise to at least V
/5). After an initial holdoff
MAX
(e.g. the cell has failed
MTO
MIN
Voltage
before the
MIN
CC
V
REG
-
-
-
is
-
is
I
COND
I
MIN
Current
Qualification
Figure 1. bq2054 Charge Algorithm
Fast Charge
Phase 1Phase 2
Current
Time
3
GR205401.eps
V
MIN
Voltage
bq2054
V
BAT
Charge
VCC 4.5V
V
< V
LCO
Qualification Test
V
BAT
PASS: V
Fast
< V
BAT
REG
V
Chip On
Present
BAT
< V
>
V
>
V
BAT
< V
MIN
MIN
REG
HCO
Current
Regulation
@ I
COND
Phase 1
I = I
MAX
Temperature
in Range
V
V
t t > t
V
BAT
V
Temperature
Checks On
Battery
Status?
Fail: t = tQT or
< V
BAT
BAT
>
BAT
> V
< V
> V
MTO
LCO
HCO
LCO
HCO
or
Temperature Out
of Range or
Thermistor Absent
V
LED3 =1
or
Absent
< V
BAT
V
BAT > VHCO
Fault
MOD = 0
or
LCO
V
V
Charge
Pending
LED3 flash
MOD = 0
BAT
BAT
V
or
V
LCO
HCO
I
SNS
V
V
> I
BAT
BAT
MIN
V
or
V
I
SNS
>
t t
LCO
HCO
<
I
or
MTO
MIN
Phase 2
V = V
REG
Charge
Complete
V
BAT
V
BAT
< V
> V
LCO
HCO
Figure 2. bq2054 State Diagram
4
Temperature Out
or
of Range or
Thermistor Absent
Temperature In
Range, Return
to Original State
FG205401.eps
bq2054
Charge Status Display
Charge status is enunciated by the LED driver outputs
LED
–LED3. Three display modes are available in the
1
bq2054; the user selects a display mode by configuring
pin DSEL. Table 1 shows the three display modes.
The bq2054 does not distinguish between an overvoltage fault and a “battery absent” condition. The
bq2054 enters the Fault state, enunciated by turning on
LED
, whenever the battery is absent. The bq2054,
3
therefore, gives an indication that the charger is on even
when no battery is in place to be charged.
Configuring the Display Mode and I
DSEL/LED
is an LED driver pin as an output and a programming
pin as an input. The selection of pull-up, pull-down, or
no pull resistor programs the display mode on DSEL per
Table 1. The bq2054 latches the programming data
sensed on the DSEL input when any one of the following
three events occurs:
1.V
2.The bq2054 leaves the Fault state.
rises to a valid level.
CC
3.The bq2054 detects battery insertion.
The LEDs go blank for approximately 750ms (typical)
while new programming data is latched.
Table 1. bq2054 Display Output Summary
ModeCharge Action StateLED
Battery absent or over-voltage faultLowLowHigh
Pre-charge qualificationFlashLowLow
DSEL = 0
(Mode 1)
Charge pending (temperature out of range)XXFlash
Battery absent or over-voltage faultLowLowHigh
DSEL = 1
(Mode 2)
Charge pending (temperature out of range)XXFlash
Battery absent or over-voltage faultLowLowHigh
Fast charge: current regulationLowHighLow
DSEL = Float
(Mode 3)
Fast charge: voltage regulationHighHighLow
Charge pending (temperature out of range)XXFlash
Note:1 = VCC; 0 = VSS; X = LED state when fault occurred; Flash =
Fast chargingHighLowLow
Charge completeLowHighLow
Charging faultXXHigh
Pre-charge qualificationHighHighLow
Fast chargeLowHighLow
Charge completeHighLowLow
Charging faultXXHigh
Pre-charge qualificationFlashFlashLow
Charge completeHighLowLow
Charging faultXXHigh
MIN
is a bi-directional pin with two functions; it
2
1
sec. low,
6
1
1
sec high.
6
LED
2
LED
3
5
bq2054
Fast charge terminates when the charging current drops
below a minimum current threshold programmed by the
value of I
(see Table 2) and remains below that
TERM
level for 120±40ms.
Table 2. I
I
TERM
FloatI
Termination Thresholds
MIN
I
MIN
0I
1I
MAX
MAX
MAX
/10
/20
/30
Figure 3 shows the bq2054 configured for display mode 2
and I
MIN=IMAX
/10.
Voltage and Current Monitoring
The bq2054 monitors battery pack voltage at the BAT
pin. The user must implement a voltage divider between the positive and negative terminals of the battery
pack to present a scaled battery pack voltage to the BAT
pin. The bq2054 also uses the voltage across a sense resistor (R
tery pack and ground to monitor the current into the
pack. See Figure 4 for the configuration of this network.
The resistor values are calculated from the following:
Equation 1
) between the negative terminal of the bat-
SNS
NV
RB1
RB2
*
REG
=−
.205
1
V
These parameters are typically specified by the battery
manufacturer. The total resistance presented across the
battery pack by RB1 + RB2 should be between 150k
and 1MΩ. The minimum value ensures that the divider
network does not drain the battery excessively when the
power source is disconnected. Exceeding the maximum
value increases the noise susceptibility of the BAT pin.
The current sense resistor, R
mines the fast charge current. The value of R
(see Figure 5), deter
SNS
SNS
given by the following:
Equation 2
V
0 250.
I
=
MAX
R
SNS
where:
I
n
= Desired maximum charge current
MAX
Hold-Off Period
Both V
the first 1.33±0.19 seconds of both the Charge Qualification and Fast Charge phases. This condition prevents
premature termination due to voltage spikes that may
occur when charge is first applied.
HCO
and I
terminations are ignored during
MIN
Ω
-
is
where:
n
N = Number of cells in series
n
V
= Desired fast-charging voltage per cell
REG
6
bq2054
V
CC
10K
1K
1K
1K
6
LED2/DSEL
LED1
V
CC
V
SS
LCOM
LED3
16
15
13
12
11
10
bq2054
V
SS
FG205402.eps
Figure 3. Configured Display Mode/IMIN Threshold
V
CC
BAT +
RB1
3
BAT
13
V
CC
12
V
SS
SNS
bq2054
V
SS
7
FG205403.eps
RB2
R
SNS
BAT -
Figure 4. Configuring the Battery Divider
7
V
lt
bq2054
Battery Insertion and Removal
V
is interpreted by the bq2054 to detect the pres
CELL
ence or absence of a battery. The bq2054 determines
that a battery is present when V
High-Voltage Cutoff (V
the Low-Voltage Cutoff (V
HCO=VREG
= 0.8V). When V
LCO
is between the
CELL
+ 0.25V) and
CELL
outside this range, the bq2054 determines that no bat
tery is present and transitions to the Fault state. Tran
sitions into and out of the range between V
LCO
and V
HCO
are treated as battery insertions and removals, respec
tively. The V
limit also implicitly serves as an over-
HCO
voltage charge termination.
Inrush Current Control
Whenever the bq2054 is in the fault or charge-complete
state, the ICTL
used to disconnect the capacitor usually present in the
charger across the positive and negative battery termi
nals, preventing the cap from supplying large inrush
currents to a newly inserted battery. Such inrush cur
rents may trip the overcurrent protection circuitry usu
ally present in Li-Ion battery packs.
V
CC
output is driven low. This output can be
bq2054
RT1
Temperature Monitoring
-
The bq2054 monitors temperature by examining the
voltage presented between the TS and SNS pins by a re
sistor network that includes a Negative Temperature
Coefficient (NTC) thermistor. Resistance variations
is
around that value are interpreted as being proportional
-
to the battery temperature (see Figure 6).
The temperature thresholds used by the bq2054 and
their corresponding TS pin voltage are:
-
TCO (Temperature Cutoff): Higher limit of the tem
n
perature range in which charging is allowed. V
0.4*V
CC
HTF (High-Temperature Fault): Threshold to which
n
temperature must drop after temperature cutoff is
exceeded before charging can begin again. V
0.44 * V
-
n
-
-
CC
LTF (Low-Temperature Fault): Lower limit of the
temperature range in which charging is allowed.
V
=0.6*V
LTF
CC
V
CC
Colder
TCO
HTF
-
-
=
=
13
V
CC
12
V
SS
SNS
TS
V
SS
RT2
7
8
R
Figure 5. Configuring
Temperature Sensing
SNS
NTC
Thermistor
RT
˚t
BAT -
V
= 0.6V
LTF
CC
age
o
V
= 0.44V
HTF
V
TCO
= 0.4V
CC
CC
SS
Figure 6. Voltage Equivalent
of Temperature
LTF
HTF
TCO
HotterV
Temperature
8
bq2054
A resistor-divider network can be implemented that
presents the defined voltage levels to the TS pin at the
desired temperatures (see Figure 6).
The equations for determining RT1 and RT2 are:
Equation 3
0 250
(.)
V
−
06
.*
V
=
CC
1
CC
*()
RT1RT2R
+
(* )
RT2 R
+
LTF
LTF
Equation 4
044
.
=
+
1
1
+RT1RT2R
*()
RT2 R
(* )
HTF
HTF
where:
R
n
n
= thermistor resistance at LTF
LTF
R
= thermistor resistance at HTF
HTF
TCO is determined by the values of RT1 and RT2. 1%
resistors are recommended.
Disabling Temperature Sensing
Temperature sensing can be disabled by placing 10k
resistors between TS and SNS and between SNS and
V
.
CC
Maximum Time-Out
MTO is programmed from 1 to 24 hours by an R-C net
work on the TM pin (see Figure 7) per the equation:
Equation 5
t
= 0.5*R*C
MTO
Where R is in kΩandCisinµF, t
maximum value for C (0.1µF) is typically used.
The MTO timer is reset at the beginning of fast charge
and when fast charge transitions from the current regu
lated to the voltage regulated mode. If MTO expires dur
ing the current regulated phase, the bq2054 enters the
Fault state and terminates charge. If the MTO timer ex
pires during the voltage regulated phase, fast charging
terminates and the bq2054 enters the Charge Complete
state.
The MTO timer is suspended (but not reset) during the
out-of-range temperature (Charge Pending) state.
is in hours. The
MTO
V
CC
R
1
TM
C
13
V
CC
12
V
SS
bq2054
V
SS
FG205406.eps
Figure 7. R-C Network for Setting MTO
Charge Regulation
Ω
The bq2054 controls charging through pulse-width
modulation of the MOD output pin, supporting both
constant-current and constant-voltage regulation.
Charge current is monitored at the SNS pin, and charge
voltage is monitored at the BAT pin. These voltages are
compared to an internal reference, and the MOD output
modulated to maintain the desired value.
-
Voltage at the SNS pin is determined by the value of re
sistor R
Equation 6
The switching frequency of the MOD output is deter
mined by an external capacitor (CPWM) between the
pin TPWM and ground, per the following:
-
Equation 7
-
Where C is inµF and F is in kHz. A typical switching
rate is 100kHz, implying C
width is modulated between 0 and 90% of the switching
period.
To prevent oscillation in the voltage and current control
loops, frequency compensation networks (C or R-C) are typi
cally required on the V
, so nominal regulated current is set by:
SNS
I
= 0.250V/R
MAX
F
PWM
COMP
= 0.1/C
and I
SNS
PWM
= 0.001µF. MOD pulse
PWM
pins (respectively).
COMP
-
-
-
9
Absolute Maximum Ratings
SymbolParameterMinimumMaximumUnitNotes
bq2054
V
CC
V
T
T
OPR
T
STG
T
SOLDER
VCCrelative to V
SS
DC voltage applied on any pin ex
cluding V
relative to V
CC
SS
-
-0.3+7.0V
-0.3+7.0V
Operating ambient temperature-20+70°CCommercial
Storage temperature-55+125°C
Soldering temperature-+260°C10 sec. max.
Note:Permanent device damage may occur if Absolute Maximum Ratings are exceeded. Functional opera
tion should be limited to the Recommended DC Operating Conditions detailed in this data sheet. Expo
sure to conditions beyond the operational limits for extended periods of time may affect device reliability.
-
-
10
bq2054
DC Thresholds (T
= T
A
; VCC= 5V±10%)
OPR
SymbolParameterRatingUnitToleranceNotes
Internal reference voltage2.05V1%TA= 25°C
V
REF
Temperature coefficient-0.5mV/°C10%
V
LTF
V
HTF
V
TCO
V
HCO
V
MIN
V
LCO
TS maximum threshold0.6*V
TS hysteresis threshold0.44*V
TS minimum threshold0.4*V
CC
CC
CC
High cutoff voltage2.3VV1%
Under-voltage threshold at BAT0.2*V
CC
Low cutoff voltage0.8V
0.250V10%I
V
SNS
Current sense at SNS
0.050V10%I
V
V
V
V
0.03VLow-temperature fault
±
0.03VHigh-temperature fault
±
0.03VTemperature cutoff
±
0.03V
±
0.03V
±
MAX
COND
11
bq2054
Recommended DC Operating Conditions (T
= T
A
OPR)
SymbolParameterMinimum Typical MaximumUnitNotes
V
V
V
I
CC
I
IZ
V
V
V
V
I
OH
I
OL
I
IL
I
IH
CC
TEMP
CELL
IH
IL
OH
OL
Supply voltage4.55.05.5V
Temperature sense voltage0-V
Per cell battery voltage input0-V
CC
CC
VVTS- V
VV
BAT
- V
SNS
SNS
Supply current-24mAOutputs unloaded
DSEL tri-state open detection-2-2
tri-state open detection-22
I
TERM
Logic input highVCC-0.3--VDSEL, I
Logic input low--VSS+0.3VDSEL, I
LED
, ICTL, output highVCC-0.8--VI
1-3
MOD output highV
LED
, ICTL, output low--VSS+0.8VVI
1-3
MOD output low--V
LCOM output low--V
LED
, ICTL, source-10--mAVOH=VCC-0.5V
1-3
-0.8--VI
CC
+0.8VVI
SS
0.5VI
SS+
MOD source-5.0--mAV
LED
, ICTL, sink10--mAVOL= VSS+0.5V
1-3
MOD sink5--mAV
LCOM sink30--mAV
DSEL logic input low source--+30
logic input low source--+70
I
TERM
DSEL logic input high source-30--
I
logic input high source-70--
TERM
ANote 2
µ
A
µ
TERM
TERM
10mA
≤
OH
10mA
≤
OH
10mA
≤
OL
10mA
≤
OL
30mA
≤
OL
OH=VCC
OL
OL
AV = VSSto VSS+ 0.3V, Note 2
µ
AV = VSSto VSS+ 0.3V
µ
AV = VCC- 0.3V to V
µ
AV = VCC- 0.3V to V
µ
-0.5V
= VSS+0.8V
= VSS+0.5V
Notes:1. All voltages relative to VSSexcept where noted.
2. Conditions during initialization after V
applied.
CC
CC
CC
12
bq2054
Impedance
SymbolParameterMinimumTypical MaximumUnitNotes
R
BATZ
R
SNSZ
R
TSZ
R
PROG1
R
PROG2
R
MTO
Timing (T
BAT pin input impedance50--M
SNS pin input impedance50--M
TS pin input impedance50--M
Soft-programmed pull-up or pull-down
resistor value (for programming)
Notes:Change 3 = April 1996 C changes from Dec. 1995 B.
Change 4 = Sept. 1996 D changes from April 1996 C.
Change 5 = Nov. 1996 E changes from Sept. 1996 D.
Change 6 = Oct. 1997 F changes from Nov. 1996 E.
Change 7 = Oct. 1997 G changes from Oct. 1997 F.
Change 8 = June 1999 H changes from Oct. 1997 G.
MTO
) to t
MTO
Ordering Information
bq2054
Package Option:
PN = 16-pin plastic DIP
SN = 16-pin narrow SOIC
Device:
bq2054 Li-Ion Fast-Charge IC
15
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party’s products or services does not constitute TI’s approval, warranty or endorsement thereof.
Copyright 1999, Texas Instruments Incorporated
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