Texas Instruments AN-2241, SolarMagic SM72445 User Manual

AN-2241 SM72445 Evaluation Board
User's Guide
Literature Number: SNVA649
May 2012
Contents
1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 5
2 System Overview ................................................................................................................ 5
3 SM72445 Evaluation module Design Specification .................................................................. 6
4 Schematic .......................................................................................................................... 9
2
Table of Contents SNVA649–May 2012
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1 Evaluation Board Simplified Diagram .................................................................................... 5
2 Panel Mode Operation Using Converter's FET (“Boost” waveform is taken at drain of Q3, “Buck”
3 Slew Rate Limit (between the two markers) and Soft OVP (after the second marker)............................ 7
4 Start-Up Pattern With Unloaded Output ................................................................................. 7
5 Load Connect and Stand-By Sequence After Start-Up................................................................ 8
6 Circuit Schematic ........................................................................................................... 9
7 Top Assembly Diagram................................................................................................... 10
8 Bottom Assembly Diagram............................................................................................... 11
List of Figures
waveform was taken at drain of Q4.)..................................................................................... 6
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User's Guide
SNVA649–May 2012
AN-2241 SM72445 Evaluation Board
The SolarMagic™ SM72445 Evaluation Board is designed to demonstrate the operation and the capabilities of the SM72445 MPPT controller. The board consists of a high efficiency, four-switch Buck­Boost DC/DC converter and a bidirectional FET based switch designed to bypass the DC/DC converter for cases when DC/DC conversion is not needed and during failure of the DC/DC converter (over-current protection, over-temperature, and so forth). The board also includes auxiliary circuits such as driver, current sensor, temperature sensor and additional OVP circuitry.
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DC/DC converter
Panel Mode
Bi-directional switch
SM72445
SM72295
Curr.
Sense amp.
Comparator
Temp. sensor
PV
Panel
LOAD
PWM signal
Gate Drive
Current
sense
Input
Current
sense
Input voltage
sense
Output voltage
sense
Protection trigger
Out current sense
Protection trigger
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1 Introduction
The SM72445 is designed to maximize the energy production of a photovoltaic panel through the control of a four switch buck-boost converter as well as an optional FET bi-directional switch (two FETs) designed to maximize the efficiency at 1:1 conversion ratios. The maximum voltage and power transferred depend on the component choice (driver, passive components, FET, and so forth). The SM72445 performs optimization of the operating point of the solar panel through a high speed Perturb&Observe algorithm. The input voltage and current are sampled at a high rate and digitally filtered while the algorithm updates the output PWM waveform at a rate up to 1.2ms/step. The PWM waveforms include dead-time and can be directly fed to the drivers controlling the DC/DC converter’s switches. The SM72445 is designed to operate at 110kHz, 137kHz and 220kHz depending on the operating mode set. The SM72445 includes and I2C slave module with 8 address settings to communicate monitoring information and to allow remote shut-down and configuration modifications.
The SolarMagic™ SM72445 Evaluation Board is based off of the SM3320-1A1 power optimizer, and shares all of its best-in-class power optimization features. This includes its ability to mitigate real-world mismatch, its 99.5% peak efficiency, and its Panel-Mode operation. In addition, the same ultra-low profile form factor of the original SM3320-1A1 is maintained so that it can be integrated into the same junction box designs.
This Evaluation module is fully operational and can be used with panels from 15V up to 50V (absolute) operating voltage and up to 300W of power. Proper heat-sinking of the Power FETs must be achieved for power levels above 50W at room temperature.
The absolute maximum output voltage is 50V. The maximum operating current is 11A
Introduction
2 System Overview
Figure 1 depicts how the SM72445 design would be implemented in its intended application. In this
example, the SM72445 senses the input and output voltages and currents, filters them digitally and calculates power. It then issues four PWM pulses to the gate drivers to control the converter's switches. The SM72445 also operates an additional switch (called Panel-Mode or PM switch) to optimize efficiency when operating close to a 1:1 conversion ratio. Optionally, the switch can be omitted for reduced cost. The SM72445 then utilizes the converter at a 1:1 conversion ratio and increases efficiency by reducing the switching frequency of the converter
Figure 6 shows the detailed schematic with component references.
Figure 1. Evaluation Board Simplified Diagram
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5
Buck
Boost
SM72445 Evaluation module Design Specification
3 SM72445 Evaluation module
Design Specification
Symbol Parameter Min Typ Max
V
MPP
P
MPP
V
OC
I
SC
V
OUT
I
OUT
OVP Overvoltage Protection Threshold 45V OTP Overtemperature Protection Threshold 125oC
MPP
EFF
PM
EFF
CONFIGURATION MODES
The SM72445 is configured through I2C communication or through resistor settings on pin A0, A2, A4 and A6. The default configuration setting on the board is:
Pin name Pin Voltage Description A0 3.0V “Soft” output voltage limit of 40V (AVOUT=3V) A2 0V 220kHz operation, uses dedicated FET switch for higher efficiency A4 5.0V Internal current protection not used A6 1.56V Long slew rate limit, 60s in a 1:1 conversion ratio at start-up before enabling
PV Module MPP Voltage 15 Vdc 40Vdc PV Module Power 10 W 350 W PV Module Open Circuit Voltage 50 Vdc PV Module Short-Circuit Current 11A Output Voltage 0 Vdc 43 Vdc Output Current 12.5A
MPP Efficiency 98.5% Panel-Mode Efficiency 99.5%
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optimization
Modifications to the configuration can be performed by changing the resistor settings. The change in configuration will only happen at start-up and during reset of the IC.
“PANEL MODE” OPERATION
The board is configured to use “Panel Mode” FETs to reach the highest possible efficiency at a 1:1 conversion ratio. The SM72445 will disconnect the DC/DC converter and turn on this switch whenever it detects that the panel is matched to the load. The detail of this operation can be found in the SM72445 datasheet. Alternatively, the SM72445 can be configured to run the DC/DC converter in a Panel-Mode behavior instead, driving the high-side FETs of the converter in a mostly ONstate (Figure 2) and achieving the same function as the dedicated Panel-Mode FETs. This option optimizes the component count and the cost of the solution but slightly reduces the efficiency of the system in the band close to a 1:1 conversion ratio. To configure the board in this mode, the resistor couple R29 and R39 can be changed to modify the voltage at pin A2. In addition, T1 should be removed. Check the SM72445 datasheet for additional details on the different configuration settings.
Figure 2. Panel Mode Operation Using Converter's FET (“Boost” waveform is taken at drain of Q3,
“Buck” waveform was taken at drain of Q4.)
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“SOFT” OUTPUT VOLTAGE LIMIT
The soft output voltage limit of “Soft OVP” is designed to prevent the output voltage from reaching dangerous level when the system is running the converter in boost mode. This mechanism works by reducing the duty cycle of the converter when the voltage at pin AVOUT is increasing above the voltage at pin A0.
SLEW RATE LIMIT
The slew rate limit is designed to limit the rate of rise of the output voltage when and only when the converter is running in boost mode. The rise of the duty cycle will be limited to ensure that the output voltage will rise in a controlled manner, especially during transients such as when the load is reduced or gets removed (before the SM72445 returns in stand-by mode). To test the slew rate limit, start-up the system with a current load at 1.5A and with an input that has a maximum power point above 3A. The output voltage will increase very rapidly until it reaches the input voltage. The output voltage will then increase slowly above the input voltage as limited by the slew rate setting programmed.
SM72445 Evaluation module Design Specification
Figure 3. Slew Rate Limit (between the two markers) and Soft OVP (after the second marker)
STARTUP
When starting up at no load, the SM72445 will increase the duty cycle until a 1:1 conversion ratio is reached. The system will then enter a stand-by mode and wait for the detection of power by sensing the output current. When the voltage on AIOUT rises above the internal threshold, the system will wait for a typical period of 64 seconds and exit the stand-by mode. This is to allow the proper start-up of a potential inverter connected to the string of panels in which the SM72445 based optimizer would be inserted. Upon exiting stand-by mode, the system will enter “PM mode” (see SM72445 datasheet for further explanation). MPPT will be enabled if power variation is detected. If no power variation is detected such as when the system is connected to a DC Electronic load for example, MPPT will be enabled only after the “PM mode” timer expires after an additional period of 64 seconds.
Figure 4. Start-Up Pattern With Unloaded Output
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SM72445 Evaluation module Design Specification
Figure 5. Load Connect and Stand-By Sequence After Start-Up
When a load is already present on the output of the board, the SM72445 will increase the duty cycle and immediately enable MPPT operation when the voltages on AIOUT and AIIN rise above the internal threshold.
INTERNAL CURRENT PROTECTION
If the voltage at AIOUT rises above the value set in A4, the system will reset. If AIOUT is set at or above VDDA, this feature will be de-activated. The default setting for this board has this feature de-activated. Current protection is performed using an external comparator
BOARD CURRENT PROTECTION
The board features a current protection circuit with U11A activating the PM pin of the SM72445 and forcing the PM mode bypass switch to turn on (or the bridge to switch to 1:1 operation if the board is reconfigured) when the output current reaches 13.5A. The output current will then be limited by the input (solar panel) current. It is important to verify that the maximum solar panel current does not exceed the rating of the components.
TEMPERATURE PROTECTION
U2 and U3 are strategically placed near the highest source of heat in the system (Q1 and Q4). When the temperature reaches the tripping point (120 C), the ICs will activate the PM mode of the SM72445 by forcing the PM pin low.
OVER-VOLTAGE PROTECTION
U11B forces the SM72445 to reset if the output voltage rises above 44V.
PANEL MODE SWITCH
Q5 and Q6 form a bi-directional switch controlled by the SM72445 and driven by U13 through T1. The SM72445 supplies a 440kHz square waveform to turn on the switch.
GATE DRIVER
U7 is a quad 3A gate driver (two high and two low). It contains high-side operational amplifiers and buffers used to sense the input current for MPPT purposes.
HEATSINKING
SM72445 evaluation board does not come with a heatsink. Therefore, in order to run the evaluation board at elevated power ratings, an appropriate heatsink should be added on Q1, Q2, Q3 and Q4 as well as diode D1. Care must be taken to prevent electrical contact between the drains of the MOSFETs in the process of proper heatsinking. At elevated power operation please note the increase in temperature across these semiconductor devices.
TEST SETUP
To perform an evaluation on the SM72445 evaluation board, it is suggested that the user connect the input to a SAS (Solar Array Simulator) and the output to a load bank, preferably in Current mode (Voltage mode sometimes causes regulation issues with some electronic load when used with the evaluation board). The following sequence can be used to verify the operation of the board:
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Connect S.A.S. to input.
Connect Electronic load to output.
Turn on SAS Verify proper startup pattern (see Figure 4).
Set Electronic load to 2A and turn on Electronic load.
Wait two minutes and verify that SAS is operating at Maximum Power Point. If output voltage is
close to 40V, increase Electronic load current.
Vary Electronic load current and verify that the SAS is operating at Maximum Power Point in
step-up (lower load current) and step-down (higher load current) operation.
4 Schematic
Schematic
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Figure 6. Circuit Schematic
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Schematic
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AN-2241 SM72445 Evaluation Board SNVA649–May 2012
Figure 7. Top Assembly Diagram
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Bill of Material
5 Bill of Material
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Figure 8. Bottom Assembly Diagram
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Bill of Material
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Table 1. Bill of Material
Designator Part Description Qty. Manufacturer Part number
C1, C2, C3, C4, CAP, CERM, 3.3µF, 50V, ±20%, X7R, 1210 28 TDK C3225X7R1H335M C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, C10, C11, C12, C13, C14, C16, C20, C25, C27, C30, C42, C45, C47, C53, C55, C57, C67, C70, C72
C15, C17, C22, CAP, CERM, 0.1µF, 16V, ±10%, X7R, 0603 8 Taiyo Yuden EMK107B7104KA-T C26, C32, C63, C64, C65
C18, C19 CAP, CERM, 1000pF, 100V, ±10%, X7R, 0805 2 Kemet C0805C102K1RACTU C21 CAP, CERM, 0.1µF, 100V, ±10%, X7R, 0805 1 Kemet C0805C104K1RACTU C23, C33, C34, CAP, CERM, 2.2µF, 16V, ±10%, X7R, 0805 4 Taiyo Yuden EMK212B7225KG-T
C38 C24 CAP, CERM, 330pF, 50V, ±10%, X7R, 0603 1 Kemet C0603C331K5RACTU C29, C37, C39, CAP, CERM, 0.01µF, 50V, ±10%, X7R, 0603 4 Kemet C0603C103K5RACTU
C59 C31, C35, C40, CAP, CERM, 1µF, 16V, ±10%, X7R, 0805 5 Taiyo Yuden EMK212B7105KG-T
C46, C54 C43, C61, C62, CAP, CERM, 1000pF, 50V, ±10%, X7R, 0603 6 Kemet C0603C102K5RACTU
C66, C69, C82 C68, C71 CAP, CERM, 0.47µF, 16V, ±10%, X7R, 0805 2 TDK C2012X7R1C474K C73 CAP, CERM, 150pF, 50V, ±5%, C0G/NP0, 0603 1 Kemet C0603C151J5GACTU D1 DIODE SCHOTTKY 30A 100V TO-220AB 1 Vishay-Semiconductor V30100S-E3/4W D2, D7, D9, D12, Diode, Schottky, 100V, 1A, PowerDI123 7 Diodes Inc. DFLS1100-7
D13, D14, D15 D3, D4, D5, D6 Diode, Schottky, 30V, 1A, SOD-123 4 ON Semiconductor MBR130T1G D8, D10 Diode, Schottky, 30V, 0.2A, SOT-23 2 Diodes Inc. BAT54S-7-F J1, J2, J3, J4 PC Quick-Fit 0.250 Horizontal Tab 4 Keystone Electronics 4910 L1 Inductor 20 µH EFD-30 core 1 Pulse Electronics PA2965.203NL L2, L3 Choke, Filter 2 Pulse PA2972NL L4 Inductor, Shielded Drum Core, Ferrite, 220 µH, 1 Coiltronics DR74-221-R
P1 Header, TH, 100mil, 1x2, Tin plated, 230 mil 1 Samtec Inc. TSW-102-07-T-S
Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4 MOSFET 55V, 6.5m Ω 4 International Rectifier IRF3205Z-010PBF Q5, Q6 MOSFET 60V, 2.4m Ω 2 International Rectifier IRFS3206TRRPBF R1, R10 RES .004 Ω 2W 1% 2512 SMD 2 Stackpole Electronics Inc CSNL2512FT4L00 R2, R54 RES, 174k Ω, 1%, 0.125W, 0805 2 Vishay-Dale CRCW0805174KFKEA R3, R4, R22, R23, RES, 10.0k Ω, 1%, 0.1W, 0603 13 Vishay-Dale CRCW060310k0FKEA
R36, R42, R43, R45, R47, R48, R49, R64, R72
R5 RES, 124k Ω, 1%, 0.1W, 0603 1 Vishay-Dale CRCW0603124kFKEA R6 RES, 1.00 Ω, 1%, 0.125W, 0805 1 Vishay-Dale CRCW08051R00FNEA R7, R13 RES, 10.0k Ω, 1%, 0.25W, 1206 2 Vishay-Dale CRCW120610K0FKEA R8, R12, R16, RES, 499 Ω, 1%, 0.1W, 0603 6 Vishay-Dale CRCW0603499RFKEA
R58, R60, R67 R9 RES, 12.4k Ω, 1%, 0.1W, 0603 1 Vishay-Dale CRCW060312k4FKEA R11, R14 RES, 10.0 Ω, 1%, 1W, 1218 SMD 2 Vishay-Dale CRCW121810R0FKEK R15 RES, 4.22k Ω, 1%, 0.1W, 0603 1 Vishay-Dale CRCW06034k22FKEA R17 RES, 1.0 Ω, 1%, 0.1W, 0603 1 Panasonic ERJ3RQF1R0V
0.56A, 0.907 Ω, SMD
above insulator
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Bill of Material
Table 1. Bill of Material (continued)
Designator Part Description Qty. Manufacturer Part number
R18, R19 RES, 10.0 Ω, 1%, 0.125W, 0805 2 Vishay-Dale CRCW080510R0FKEA R20, R53, R69 RES, 2.00k Ω, 1%, 0.1W, 0603 3 Vishay-Dale CRCW06032k00FKEA R21 RES, 49.9 Ω, 1%, 0.1W, 0603 1 Vishay-Dale CRCW060349R9FKEA R25, R34, R35, RES, 0 Ω, 5%, 0.1W, 0603 5 Vishay-Dale CRCW06030000Z0EA
R37, R44 R26, R87 RES, 59.0k Ω, 1%, 0.1W, 0603 2 Vishay-Dale CRCW060359K0FKEA R28, R30 RES, 19.1k Ω, 1%, 0.1W, 0603 2 Vishay-Dale CRCW060319K1FKEA R31 RES, 31.6k Ω, 1%, 0.1W, 0603 1 Vishay-Dale CRCW060331K6FKEA R32, R33 RES, 4.99 Ω, 1%, 0.125W, 0805 2 Vishay-Dale CRCW08054R99FNEA R38 RES, 29.4k Ω, 1%, 0.1W, 0603 1 Vishay-Dale CRCW060329K4FKEA R39 RES, 15.8k Ω, 1%, 0.1W, 0603 1 Vishay-Dale CRCW060315K8FKEA R41 RES, 14.3k Ω, 1%, 0.1W, 0603 1 Vishay-Dale CRCW060314K3FKEA R51, R52 RES, 12.4k Ω, 1%, 0.25W, 1206 2 Vishay-Dale CRCW120612K4FKEA R55 RES, 100k Ω, 1%, 0.1W, 0603 1 Vishay-Dale CRCW0603100KFKEA R56 RES, 45.3k Ω, 1%, 0.1W, 0603 1 Vishay-Dale CRCW060345K3FKEA R57, R59, R62, RES, 20.0k Ω, 1%, 0.1W, 0603 5 Vishay-Dale CRCW060320K0FKEA
R70, R74 R61 RES, 26.1k Ω, 1%, 0.1W, 0603 1 Vishay-Dale CRCW060326K1FKEA R63 RES, 40.2k Ω, 1%, 0.1W, 0603 1 Vishay-Dale CRCW060340K2FKEA R71 RES, 76.8k Ω, 1%, 0.125W, 0805 1 Vishay-Dale CRCW080576K8FKEA R73 RES, 23.2k Ω, 1%, 0.1W, 0603 1 Vishay-Dale CRCW060323K2FKEA T1 SMT GATE TRANS 1:1 1500V 403 uH 0.60R 1 Pulse Electronics PA2001NL TP1, TP2 Test Point, SMT, Miniature 2 Keystone Electronics 5015 U1 100V, 150 mA Constant On-Time Buck Switching 1 National Semiconductor SM72485
U2, U3 1.6V, LLP-6 Factory Preset Temperature Switch 2 National Semiconductor SM72480
U5 5V Micropower Voltage Regulator 1 National Semiconductor SM72238 U7 Photovoltaic Full Bridge Driver 1 National Semiconductor SM72295 U8 Programmable Maximum Power Point Tracking 1 Texas Instruments SM72445
U9 5-Pin Microprocessor Reset Circuits 1 National Semiconductor SM72240 U10 Precision, CMOS Input, RRIO, Wide Supply 1 National Semiconductor SM72501
U11 Dual Micropower Rail-To-Rail Input CMOS 1 National Semiconductor SM72375
U13 Dual 5A Compound Gate Driver 1 National Semiconductor SM72482
Regulator
and Temperature Sensor
Controller With Adjustable PWM Frequency
Range Amplifier
Comparator with Open Drain Output
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