This evaluation board has been designed to demonstrate the LM3423 low-side controller as a stepup/step-down (buck-boost) regulator to deliver constant current to high power LEDs. A complete circuit
schematic and bill of materials for the evaluation board are included at the end of this document. The
printed circuit board consists of two layers of two ounce copper on FR4 material. The LM3423 evaluation
board is designed so that all options available can be evaluated and tested. Most applications will only
require a few options therefore jumpers can be placed, or removed as needed. A schematic of the full
featured LM3423 evaluation board and its bill of materials is provided in this document. Simplified design
examples with schematics and a bill of materials follow.
2Device Description
The LM3423 is a high voltage, low-side NFET controller with an adjustable output current sense voltage.
Output voltage regulation is based on peak current-mode control, which eases the design of loop
compensation while providing inherent input voltage feed-forward compensation. The LM3423 includes a
high-voltage start-up regulator that operates over a wide input range of 4.5V to 75V. The PWM controller
is designed for high speed capability including a switching frequency range to 2.0 MHz. Additional features
include “zero” current shutdown, error amplifier, precision reference, logic-compatible DIM input suitable
for fast PWM dimming of the output, cycle-by-cycle current limit, LED ready flag, fault flag, programmable
fault timer, and thermal shutdown.
Standard Evaluation Board Operating Configuration
•fSW= 600 kHz
•Over-voltage protection set at 56V
•VINrange 4.5V to 35V
•Low side PWM fast dimming
•2 to 8 series connected LEDs (VO< 35V)
•UVLO set at 8.4V
•I
•Fixed or programmable LED current
•High-speed PWM high-side or low-side dimming
•User programmable over-voltage protection (OVP)
•Under-voltage lock-out (UVLO) protection
•Fault protection
•Soft-start
•Hysteretic current-mode control
= 1A
LED
Available features that can be configured on the standard evaluation board by the user for are listed
below:
User's Guide
SNVA376A–December 2008–Revised May 2013
Board
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SNVA376A–December 2008–Revised May 2013AN-1907 LM3423 Buck-Boost Configuration Evaluation Board
•Higher Input and / or Output Voltage Modifications
– Although the standard LM3423 evaluation board is designed to operate at input and output voltages
up to 35V, the device is capable of operating with input and output voltages up to 75V. Operation
up to 75V can be achieved by changing the voltage ratings of the input capacitors (C1, C8, C17),
output capacitors (C4, C7, C11, C16), and transistors Q4, Q5, Q7. For output voltages greater than
35V the OVP resistors R20 and R22 will need to be adjusted.
3Board Connections and Configuration
Connecting the evaluation board to a power supply and load is accomplished through banana-plug type
connectors (refer to Table 1).
Table 1. LM3423 Eval Board Connectors
Connector DesignationFunction or Use
V
IN
GNDPower supply (Negative) primary connection
LED+Connect to anode of LED.
LED-Connect to cathode of LED.
Configuration of the evaluation board is accomplished through the use of on-board jumpers (refer to
Table 2).
Table 2. LM3423 Evaluation Board Jumpers
Jumper DesignationFunction or UseNotes
J1Enable (EN)
OPEN: Disables LM3423.
CLOSED: Enables LM3423.
J2Current Limit (IS)
OPEN: Disables MOSFET RDS(ON) current sensing "Q5".
CLOSED: Enables MOSFET RDS(ON) current sensing "Q5".
J3Current Limit (IS)
OPEN: Disables external sense resistor MOSFET current sensing
"Q5".
CLOSED: Enables external sense resistor MOSFET current
sensing "Q5".
J4A, J4BCurrent Limit (IS): Must be used in conjunction with jumper J2.
OPEN: Enables sensing MOSFET switch current across sense
resistor "R6".
CLOSED: Disables sensing MOSFET switch current across sense
resistor "R6".
TP1Test point for "LED+" connector (LED anode).
TP2Test point for "LED-" connector (LED cathode).
TP3Test point for regulated output voltage.
TP5Test point for L-RDY pin.
TP6Test point for "PWM Dimming" input signal.
TP7Test point for IS pin.
TP8Test point for nDIM pin.
TP9Test point for FLT pin.
TP10Test point for GROUND.
TP11Test point for TIMR pin.
TP12Test point for switch-node.
4LM3423 TSSOP Pin Connection
LM3423 TSSOP Pin Connection
5Board Features
This evaluation board has all the necessary connections and jumpers to evaluate the LM3423 controller in
a boost converter topology with the following operating features and options:
5.1Setting Average LED Current
The LM3423 uses peak current-mode control to regulate the boosted output voltage. An external current
sense resistor R
voltage that is sensed by HSP (pin 19) and HSN (pin 20). HSP and HSN are the inputs to a high side
(i.e. R9) in series with the LED load is used to convert the LED current, I
SENSE
sense amplifier that is used in combination with a resistor tied to CSH (pin 4) and an error amplifier to
program a desired I
SNVA376A–December 2008–Revised May 2013AN-1907 LM3423 Buck-Boost Configuration Evaluation Board
This establishes a current gain determined by a resistor ratio consisting of R17 and R7 along with R9 as
described in the equation:
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Figure 2. High-Side Sensing Circuit
Substituting in the resistor values as listed in the board schematic gives a fixed I
5.2Setting the Current Sense Voltage
By substituting in different resistor values, the LED average current can be user adjusted. The LM3423
controller uses a high-side sense amplifier to regulate LED average current. The CSH pin is regulated by
the error amplifier to be V
understanding the relationship between V
high side amplifier in forces its input terminals to equal potential. Because of this, the V
forced across R
R7 (R
) until V
HSP
. Another way to view this is that the amplifier’s output transistor pulls current through
HSP
HSP
The current flowing down to the CSH pin is given by,
and the voltage at the CSH pin is then given by,
The CSH voltage is the sense voltage gained up by the ratio of R17 to R7. In addition, the control
4
system’s error amplifier regulates the CSH voltage to V
derived,
The above equations show how current in the LED relates to the regulated voltage V
approximately 1.25V for the LM3423.
AN-1907 LM3423 Buck-Boost Configuration Evaluation BoardSNVA376A–December 2008–Revised May 2013
= V
REF
HSN
current of 1A.
LED
. Understanding how average LED current is regulated comes down to
and V
CSH
and this happens when the voltage across R7 is equal to V
The selection of resistors is not arbitrary, for matching and noise performance, the CSH current should be
set to be around 100 µA. This current does not flow in the LEDs and will not affect either off state LED
current or the regulated LED current. CSH current can be above or below this value, but high side
amplifier offset characteristics and jitter performance may be affected slightly.
5.3Inductor Selection
The inductor should be chosen so that the current ripple (ΔiL) is between 20% and 40% of the average
current (<IL>) through the inductor.
The worst case ripple is seen when the input voltage is at its lowest magnitude. This is true if we can say
that the output voltage stays relatively constant.
Design Example:
VO≊ 28V
V
= 18V
IN-MIN
V
V
I
Buck Boost Convertion Ratio:
IN-NOM
IN-MAX
LED
= 24V
= 36V
= 1A
Board Features
Figure 3. Inductor Current Waveform
Therefore:
D @ V
D @ V
tON= @ V
tON= @ V
IN-MAX
IN-MIN
= 0.436
= 0.609
IN-MAX
IN-MIN
= 0.742 µs
= 1.05 µs
Calculate average input current: The average input current is equal to the average inductor current.
Assume efficiency = 85%
IIN= 915 mA @ VIN= 36V
SNVA376A–December 2008–Revised May 2013AN-1907 LM3423 Buck-Boost Configuration Evaluation Board
IIN= 1830 mA @ VIN= 18V
Set inductor current ripple for 30% of average current.
ΔIIN= 915 mA x 0.30 = 275 mA
ΔIIN= 1830 mA x 0.30 = 550 mA
Therefore:
Inductor value @ V
IN-MIN
5.4Peak Current Limit
Due to its peak current-mode control architecture, the LM3423 has inherent cycle-to-cycle current limit
control. Inductor current flowing through the low-side power MOSFET (Q5) is sensed as a voltage
between IS (pin 17) and PGND (pin 14). This voltage is fed into an internal comparator which establishes
the peak current allowed during each switching cycle.
Two methods of switch current sensing are available on the evaluation board. The first is accomplished
through the use of an external sense resistor which allows for higher accuracy in sensing the peak current.
For the LM3423 evaluation board, the sense resistor R6 can be utilized using the jumper configuration as
described in Table 4.
www.ti.com
(10)
(11)
≊ 33 µH
JumperOperation
J2Open Jumper
J3Close Jumper
J4A, J4BOpen Jumper
R6Populate
The current limit (ICL) is calculated by the equation:
Substituting in the resistor value as listed in the board schematic gives a current limit ICLof approximately
4.1A.
6
AN-1907 LM3423 Buck-Boost Configuration Evaluation BoardSNVA376A–December 2008–Revised May 2013
MOSFET switch current can also be sensed directly across the R
need for a sense resistor (see Table 5).
Figure 5. MOSFET R
Sensing Configuration
DS(ON)
of MOSFET Q5, eliminating the
DS(ON)
The trade-off will be less accuracy and performance flexibility for reduced component count, and
increased efficiency. The current limit (ICL) using this sense method is calculated by the equation:
Substituting in the resistor values as listed in the board schematic and an R
(SUD40N10-25) gives a current limit ICLof approximately 10A.
5.5PWM Dimming
The average LED forward current is often controlled or reduced with a pulse-width modulated (PWM)
signal. By reducing the average LED current, light from the LEDs is reduced.
This dimming method allows the converter to operate the LEDs at a specific peak output current level (iL),
which is usually a set point determined by the LED manufacturer. This allows the LED to illuminate with a
consistent light color while still having the ability to reduce its lumens output.
The dimming frequency should be fast enough so that the ON and OFF blinking of the LEDs is not
perceived by the human eye. Usually the dimming frequency should be greater than 120 Hz, but less than
5 kHz for best results.
The LM3423 evaluation board implements PWM dimming by placing a series connected MOSFET in
series with the LED stack. The PWM signal is applied to this MOSFET, and the LED current is interrupted
when the MOSFET turns OFF.
Table 5. MOSFET R
JumperOperation
J2Close Jumper
J3Open Jumper
J4A, J4BClose Jumper
R6No Load
Sensing Configuration
DS(ON)
of 0.025Ω for Q5
DS(ON)
(13)
SNVA376A–December 2008–Revised May 2013AN-1907 LM3423 Buck-Boost Configuration Evaluation Board
The LM3423 evaluation board can be configured for either high-side PWM dimming or low-side PWM
dimming. The definition of high side dimming is when a MOSFET that interrupts the forward current
through the LED stack is placed on the anode side of the LED stack. Low side dimming places the
MOSFET on the cathode side of the LED stack. The PWM dimming signal should be applied to either the
BNC connector or test point TP6.
Dimming on the low-side (cathode) of the LED load is enabled using the jumper configuration described in
Table 6.
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Figure 6. Illustration of Current through LED Stack with PWM Dimming
Table 6. Low-Side PWM Dimming Configuration
JumperOperation
J5Open Jumper
5.6Shutdown Operation
The LM3423 can be configured for either a very low quiescent current shut down (“Zero Current” IQ < 1
µA), or the standard enable/disable configuration (IQ< 3 mA).
“Zero Current” is achieved by tying the bottom resistor of all external resistor dividers (i.e. VINUVLO, OVP)
to the RPD Pin 18. Bias currents in the resistor dividers are essentially eliminated during shutdown. The
evaluation board is designed using the “zero” shutdown feature.
5.7Fault Protection Flag
The LM3423 can be configured with fault protection by using the fault flag indicator FLT (pin 9).
When a fault condition is detected, the FLT pin will go high (pulled up to VINby resistor R2).
5.8Compensation
The LM3423’s error amplifier (EA) is a transconductance type amplifier, which allows for easy single-pin
compensation. When a capacitor is used on the output of the converter to reduce LED ripple current, a
two pole system results. To offset one of the two poles, and guarantee loop stability, a zero is introduced
at the output of the EA. This takes the form of a resistor in series with a compensation capacitor (R21 and
C5). The value of the EA resistor and capacitor is calculated to give the same RC time constant as the
output capacitor and the dynamic resistance (RD) of the LED string.
(r
x C
D-TOTAL
OUT
5.9LED Dynamic Resistance
When the load is an LED or string of LEDs, the load resistance is replaced with the dynamic resistance
(rD) and the current sense resistor. LEDs are PN junction diodes, and their dynamic resistance shifts as
their forward current changes. Dividing VFby IFleads to incorrect results that are 5 to 10 times higher than
the true rDvalue.
) = (R21 x C5)(14)
8
AN-1907 LM3423 Buck-Boost Configuration Evaluation BoardSNVA376A–December 2008–Revised May 2013
1 Amp is a typical driving current for 3W LEDs, and the calculation below shows how the dynamic
resistance of a 5W white InGaN was determined at 1A:
ΔVF= 3.85V - 3.48V = 370 mV
ΔIF= 1.5A - 0A = 1.5A
rD= ΔVF/ ΔIF= 370 mV / 1.5A = 250 mΩ
Dynamic resistances combine in series and parallel like linear resistors, hence for a string of 'n' series-
connected LEDs the total dynamic resistance would be:
rD-TOTAL = n x rD+ R
Now that we have calculated the dynamic resistance of our LED string, we can calculate the
compensation resistor and capacitor values (C5 and R21).
An over-voltage protection (OVP) with programmable hysteresis feature is available on the LM3423 to
protect the device from damage when the boosted output voltage goes above a maximum value.
The OVP threshold is set up by the resister divider network of R22 and R20 which is referenced to the
regulated output voltage (VO). The OVP threshold and hysteresis can be programmed completely
independent of each other. OVP hysteresis is accomplished with an internal 23 µA current source that is
switched on and off into the impedance of the OVP set-point resistor divider. When the OVP pin exceeds
1.24V, the current source is activated to instantly raise the voltage at the OVP pin. When the OVP pin
voltage falls below the 1.24V threshold, the current source is turned off, causing the voltage at the OVP
pin to fall.
SNVA376A–December 2008–Revised May 2013AN-1907 LM3423 Buck-Boost Configuration Evaluation Board
Calculating OVP hysterisis and set points:
Step 1: Determine V
Step 2: Calculate R20
HYST
, V
HYST
= (V
Figure 8. OVP Circuit
OVP_UP
– V
OVP_DN
)
www.ti.com
(15)
The VOOVP release point (which includes the OVP hysteresis) is described by the equation:
(16)
The evaluation board is already configured with OVP, and the VOOVP threshold is programmed on the
evaluation board to 55V with 13V of hysteresis. OVP will therefore release when VOreaches 42V (R20 =
562 kΩ, R22 = 12.4 kΩ).
5.11 Under-Voltage Protection
The LM3423 can be configured for under-voltage lockout (UVLO) protection with hysteresis using the
dimming input nDIM (pin 8) and a resistor divider from input voltage to ground. UVLO protects the power
devices during power supply startup and shutdown to prevent operation at voltages less than the minimum
operating input voltage. The UVLO threshold is set up by the resister divider network of R13 and R25 (see
Figure 9).
10
AN-1907 LM3423 Buck-Boost Configuration Evaluation BoardSNVA376A–December 2008–Revised May 2013
The UVLO threshold and hysteresis can be programmed completely independent of each other. UVLO
hysteresis is accomplished with an internal 23 µA current source that is switched on and off into the
impedance of the UVLO set-point resistor divider. When the UVLO pin exceeds 1.24V, the current source
is activated to instantly raise the voltage at the UVLO pin. When the UVLO pin voltage falls below the
1.24V threshold, the current source is turned off, causing the voltage at the UVLO pin to fall. The UVLO
hysteresis range can be user adjusted using the gain resistor R26.
Figure 10. UVLO Circuit During Normal Operation
SNVA376A–December 2008–Revised May 2013AN-1907 LM3423 Buck-Boost Configuration Evaluation Board
Step 1: Choose VINvoltage where converter starts to operate (V
converter shuts down (V
UV_DN
). V
HYST
= (V
UVLO_UP
- V
UV_DN
)
) and choose VIN voltage where
UV_UP
Step 2: Solve for resistor value R13 with the following equation.
Solve for resistor value R25 wit the following equation:
Example Calculation of UVLO with Hysterisis:
•VINstart-up = V
•VINshut down = V
•I
•V
= 23 µA
UVLO
= 8.45V – 8.2 = 0.25V
HYST
UV_UP
UV_DN
= 8.45V
= 8.2V
•R13 ≊ 10 kΩ
•R25 ≊ 1.74 kΩ
If a small amount of hysteresis is desired and VINis large, resistor R26 may need to be populated.
(17)
(18)
Figure 11. UVLO Circuit with R26 Populated for Small Hysteresis and Large Input Voltage
6Evaluation Board Test Procedure
Proper Board Connections
Be sure to choose the correct wire size when connecting the source supply and load. Monitor the current
into and out of the unit under test (UUT). Monitor the voltages directly at the board terminals, as resistive
voltage drops along the wires may decrease measurement accuracy. The LM3423 evaluation board has
two pairs of positive and negative inputs connectors which allows for Kelvin connections to be made from
the power supplies to the evaluation board. These precautions are especially important during
measurement of conversion efficiency.
12
AN-1907 LM3423 Buck-Boost Configuration Evaluation BoardSNVA376A–December 2008–Revised May 2013
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