TERMA SCANTER RADAR Specification

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System Specification

TERMA SCANTER RADAR

for

Sao Paulo Guarulhos

Dual RxTx SMR system

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Scope

This document specifies the main parameters of TERMA’s SCANTER X-Band Radar Sensor System for use in the Sao Paulo Guarulhos ASMGCS system.

The system is based on features available as standard in the SCANTER product programme including a 21” Slotted Wave-guide circular polarised TERMA antenna.

Referenced Documentation

245490 DP Product Specification, SCANTER Service Display. 243522 SI Interface Specification. 244118 SA Functional Specification, Service. 244119 SA Functional Specification, BITE. 240100 ZD Installation Drawing, RxTx Unit 244700 ZD Installation Drawing, ACSw

The product range is in continuous development and TERMA reserves the right to include additional features within the products and in the referred documents, as they become available.

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List of Contents

1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................... 5

1.1 General .............................................................................................................................. 5

1.2 Documentation .................................................................................................................. 5

1.3 Deliverables ...................................................................................................................... 6

2 FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION ................................................................................... 6

2.1 System Layout ................................................................................................................... 6

2.2 Dual System Configuration ............................................................................................... 6

2.3 RxTx Unit ......................................................................................................................... 7

2.3.1 Frequency of Operation ....................................................................................... 7

2.3.2 Transmitter ........................................................................................................... 8

2.3.3 Receiver ............................................................................................................... 8

2.3.4 Radar Signal Distribution .................................................................................... 9

2.3.5 Antenna Control Interface ................................................................................. 10

2.3.6 Safety Loop ........................................................................................................ 10

2.3.7 Remote Access ................................................................................................... 11

2.3.8 Mains Power Supply .......................................................................................... 11

2.4 Modular Configuration ................................................................................................... 11

2.4.1 Environmental Capabilities, RxTx and ACSw .................................................. 13

2.5 Safety .............................................................................................................................. 13

2.5.1 Safety Switch (Man Aloft) Circuits ................................................................... 13

2.5.2 Interlock and Service Switch ............................................................................. 14

2.5.3 Safety Ground and Shielding ............................................................................. 14

2.5.4 Electrical/Mechanical Safety Aspects ............................................................... 14

2.5.5 EMC/EMI Aspects ............................................................................................. 14

2.5.6 Other Aspects of Approval ................................................................................ 14

2.6 Antenna ........................................................................................................................... 15

2.6.1 Electrical Performance ...................................................................................... 15

2.7 Horizontal Radiation Pattern........................................................................................... 15

2.8 Elevation Patterns ........................................................................................................... 17

2.8.1 Rain Cancellation .............................................................................................. 17

2.8.2 Antenna Motor Status Signals ........................................................................... 17

2.8.3 Environmental Capabilities, Antenna ................................................................ 18

2.9 ACSw Unit ...................................................................................................................... 19

2.10 Remote Control, Remote BITE, Remote Service ........................................................... 19

2.10.1 Service Display .................................................................................................. 19

2.10.2 Remote Control .................................................................................................. 20

2.10.3 Communication .................................................................................................. 20

2.11 RCBS Control Functions ................................................................................................ 20

2.11.1 RxTx Administered Controls ............................................................................. 20

2.11.2 RxTx Administered Alarms ............................................................................... 21

3 FALL BACK MODES .................................................................................................. 22

3.1 Single Point Failures ....................................................................................................... 22

4 FUNCTIONAL CAPABILITIES ................................................................................ 22

4.1 Target Detection .............................................................................................................. 23

4.2 Coverage ......................................................................................................................... 24

4.3 Performance - Resolution ................................................................................................ 26

4.2.1 Performance Calculations .................................................................................. 24

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5 MECHANICAL CAPABILITIES AND CONSTRAINTS. ...................................... 27

6 AVAILABILITY AND MAINTENANCE. ................................................................. 27

6.1.1 Environment ...................................................................................................... 27

6.1.2 MTBF/MTTR Evaluation .................................................................................. 28

6.1.3 External Bi-Directional Couplers ...................................................................... 29

7 INSTALLATION MATERIAL ................................................................................... 30

Abbreviations & Acronyms

ACP Azimuth Count Pulse ACSw Antenna Control and Switch Unit ACU SCANTER Antenna Control Unit AFC Automatic Frequency Control ARP Azimuth Reference Pulse BITE Built-in Test Equipment BW Bandwidth FTC Fast Time Constant HW Hardware IF Intermediate Frequency I/O Input/Output LIN Linear LNFE Low Noise Front End LOG Logarithmic LRU Line Replaceable Unit MTBF Mean Time Between Failure MTTR Mean Time To Repair NF Noise Figure NF&P Noise Factor & Power PC Personal Computer PRF Pulse Repetition Frequency PRI Pulse Repetition Interval PW Pulse Width PWB Printed Wiring Board RAM Random Access Memory RCBS Remote Control, BITE, and Service RCSW Remote Control Software RCS Radar Cross Section RF Radio Frequency RPM Rotation Per Minute RxTx SCANTER Receiver Transmitter Unit STC Sensitivity Time Control SW Software SWG Slotted Wave Guide TBD To be defined WG Wave Guide WGSw SCANTER Wave Guide Switch

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Quantity

Description

1 per system

Set of Technical Manuals including:

- Technical descriptions and specifications

- Installation drawings

- Maintenance and fault finding instructions

- Parts list, system, unit and LRU level

- Test instructions

- External interface documentation

1 per system

System Technical Manual including:

- Operation instructions

- Maintenance instructions

- Product specification

- System and Site documentation

- Installation documentation

Operator’s Manual, SCANTER Service Display

Operator’s Manual, Antenna

Set of FAT documentation including:

- Certificate of Conformance

- System FAT test results

- Serialised Assembly Records for all Units

- Warranty Statement

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 General

The SCANTER Radar Sensor System is designed for safe and reliable operation. The transmitter, receiver and signal processing technology is designed to ensure optimum performance of the SCANTER Radar Sensor Systems for continuous operation in all weather conditions.

1.2 Documentation

The system is to the extent possible configured from features available as standard in the product programme and documented accordingly.

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1.3 Deliverables

The project consists of delivering two identical dual X-band radar systems, pre-installed on a plywood board including 2 RxTx units, one ACSw and a 21” fixed circular polarised antenna.

The ACSw will be able to control the TERMA antenna. The system will also include one Service Display equipped with a scan converter, a Castell Safety Switch.

The delivery does contain on-site installation materials, including mating connectors for all units and cabling between the radar system and connected systems/units. TERMA AS will perform installation, alignment/Setting to Work and commissioning.

2 FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION

2.1 System Layout

The concept of the dual system layout is to obtain redundancy, for systems where continuous, uninterrupted operation is vital.

The configuration includes outputs delivering analogue Trigger, Video and Azimuth both from the ACSw and from each of the RxTx’s, when active.

Please refer to the System Block Diagram, 256627 EB, for further details. Safe and reliable operation is of high importance for the application and each individual

SCANTER product is designed bearing that in mind. Components are selected with care and derated to ensure long lifetime, and numerous Fallback modes exist as an integral part of the design.

Redundant systems are furthermore designed to keep any possible single point of failure as simple as possible.

High antenna gain and Circular Polarisation is required in order to obtain sufficient range coverage and sufficient rain penetration. The radar return - and thus the requirement to dynamic range - increases twice as much as additional antenna gain (in dB).

The transmitter frequencies available have been selected to comply with world-wide ITU regulations for frequency allocation.

The receiver-transmitter unit acts as the central part of the radar system as it performs control of the communication between the units and generates the basic radar signals.

The units are all equipped with computer-controlled built-in test equipment (BITE). This may be interrogated from a local Personal Computer (PC) with control and monitoring software. The recording of BITE messages will store all fault messages when they occurred in a database.

2.2 Dual System Configuration

The system has Fallback possibilities so that each RxTx can operate independently as a normal single-frequency system in case of any system failures. This means that one channel can be taken out of service without having an impact on the other channel.

A pilot voltage separately powers the Controller Board in the RxTx unit, maintaining communication and BITE features, if other parts of the unit become faulty.

Each of the RxTx units can operate independently of the other, controlled manually via the buildin control panel in each RxTx unit or by use of remote controlling features.

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Control of the antenna is provided via parallel diode protected lines, one from each RxTx,

3 Stage Limiter

Manual STC

Antenna

Transmitter

Load

Circulator

2 Stage low noise Pre-amplifier

Image Rejection Mixer

Local Oscillator

1. Stage IF and BW filter

Logarithmic IF and Envelope

Detector

Radar Signal Distribution

4096 ACP+ 1 ARP

3 x Trigger

3 x Video

3 x Azimuth

Basic System

maintaining operation if one of the RxTx becomes faulty.

2.3 RxTx Unit

The unit comprises a complete X-band Surveillance Radar Transmitter and Receiver in a selfcontained shielded enclosure.

The RxTx unit delivers three sets of analogue radar signals, video, trigger and azimuth, and two serial channels for remote control of the radar system.

The video/signal path configuration in the RxTx unit is as shown in Figure 2.3-1 RxTx Signal Path below.

2.3.1 Frequency of Operation

RF centre frequency: Dual

 RxTx 1: 9375 ±30 MHz  RxTx 2: 9375 ±30 MHz

Figure 2.3-1 RxTx Signal Path

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2.3.2 Transmitter

Peak RF power output:

 Magnetron output: 25-30 kW nominal  at RX-TX output flange: 17 kW +10/-2 kW  pulse width measured at half power:

at 3 dB (70 % points): 40 ns ±10% at 6 dB (50% points): 50 ns ±10%.

PRF:  Programmable range excl. stagger: 798-8068 Hz nominal

(5-8 kHz is normal for operation)

 Set-up values: PRF = 25  104/K; 31K313  Max operational tolerance: ±2% (without stagger)  Pseudo random stagger: 0% No staggering

2% +1.5% to 2% in 8 steps 4% +3% to 4% in 8 steps 8% +6% to 8% in 8 steps.

2.3.3 Receiver

Noise factor measured between the RxTx RF input port and an IF output placed after the mixer and any IF pre-amplification.

The receiver provides only logarithmic video on the output. The typical and LNFE noise factors are stated for comparison only.

 Overall: 4.7 dB  Overall, typical: 4.0 dB  Corresponding to LNFE: 2.5 dB.

Tuning:  Electronic tune in respect to

coarse tune setting: ±50 MHz

AFC locking range: ±25 MHz

Swept gain (STC) is applied at RF with range characteristics as per pre-defined curve or as programmed by use of the RCBS tool:

 Range: 0 to 5000 metres  Attenuation: Up to 45 dB  Range resolution: 50 metres/STC cell  Smoothing: 1st order filter  Programming characteristics: Programmable current generator, 0-4 mA, cor-

responding to 0-50 dB nominal attenuation,

8 bit resolution. Overall dynamic range: >95 dB incl. swept gain (STC). IF:

 Centre frequency: 100 MHz nominal  Bandwidth (3 dB): 50 ±4 MHz  Filter characteristics: Single-pole Gaussian  Spurious emissions (0.1-4100 MHz): < 45 dBm.

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Logarithmic IF:

 Peak amplitude: 5 0.5 V  Log law slope: 10 dB/V  Log law accuracy: Better than ±1 dB (temperature variation incl.)  Noise level, unprocessed video: 0.25 0.15 V RMS  DC level: < 0.5 V (0-70C)

0.2 0.1 V (15-35C). Local Oscillator Leakage at RF port: < 30 dBm.

2.3.4 Radar Signal Distribution

The encoder used will provide 4096 ACP pulses per revolution. Video output signals (DC coupled analogue outputs):

 Number of outputs: 3, open and short circuit protected  Level: 0 to +5 V ±1 V  DC level: <0.5 V DC  Drive capacity: 75  nominal load  Video bandwidth: 40 MHz (raw video)

a. Trigger outputs:

 Number of outputs: 3, open and short circuit protected, each pro-

grammable to supply t0, PPI, or pre-trigger

 Functionality: Trigger point at low-to-high transition  Amplitude: +8 ±1 V  Drive capacity: 75  nominal load  Pulse width: >1.0 s  Rise time: <180 ns (10-90%).

b. Azimuth Count Pulse (ACP)/Azimuth Reference Pulse (ARP) input:

 Rotation rate: 60 rpm ±10%  Pulses per revolution: 4096 ACPs plus 1 ARP  Duty cycle: 50 ±10%  Format: 2  balanced line, RS-422  Differential level: 0.5 to 7 V (high); 0.5 to 7 V (low)  Source drive capability: 130  nominal, centre ground  Common mode voltage: 18 V to +18 V allowed.

c. Azimuth count pulse output:

 Number of outputs: 3, open and short circuit protected  Pulses per revolution: 4096 ACPs plus 1 ARP  Pulse widths: ACP 10 µs

ARP 10 µs but less than ACP pulse width

 Format 3  balanced line, RS-422

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 Differential level: Compatible with RS-422 receiver

2.4 to 5.5 V (high); 2.4 to 5.5 V (low)

 Drive capability: 130  nominal  Antenna correction: 0 to 359.9° in steps of 0.1° 

Azimuth signals are not compensated to north in order to ensure optimum accuracy and to allow for use of both positive and negative-going edges in the connected equipment. Compensation to north shall therefore be made in both the connected equipment.

d. Sector transmission:

 Sector bearing: 0-359°  Sector width: 10-350°  Resolution: 1°.

The defined sector is the transmitting part of the rotation.

2.3.5 Antenna Control Interface

a. Antenna control output:

 Format: Relay drive  Functionality: Open: Stop motor. +26 V: Start motor  Number of outputs: 1 (parallel coupling allowed).

b. Antenna fault alarm:

 Mechanism: Open/closed contacts, 20 mA current loop  Functionality:

 Normal operation: Closed contact: Enables motor supplies and

allows RF transmission

 Fault: Open contact: Disables motor supplies and

RF transmission

 Number of inputs: 1 (with diode to allow for parallel coupling)  Contact rating: Minimum 30 V DC, 50 mA.

c. Auxiliary inputs:

 Format: 20 mA current loop for external contacts  Level: Floating  Contact rating: Minimum 30 V DC, 50 mA  Number of inputs: 2.

d. Auxiliary outputs:

 Number of outputs: 2  Format: Relay contact  Level: Floating  Contact rating: 100 V, 1.0 A DC, 50 VA max.

2.3.6 Safety Loop

The safety loops are for connection to one or more external safety (or man aloft) switches. Series coupling of numerous clean contact sets is allowed.

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 Format: 2 mA current loop for external contact  Level (external contact): Floating  Functionality: Closed contact: Normal operation

Open contact: Stop motor and RF transmission

 Loop resistance: Maximum 100  for normal operation  Number of connections per RxTx: 1.

2.3.7 Remote Access

Data communication lines are available for control and remote service as well as for interfaces to other units within the system.

 Number of lines: 3 (2 for external use)  Functionality/protocol: Based upon 243522 SI  Interface level: EIA standard RS-422 A  Speed: 1200/2400/4800/9600 baud (9600 preferred)  Data word: 1 start bit (low), 8 data bits (LSB first), even

parity, 1 stop bit (high). Remote Control and, BITE and Service features are defined per functional specifications 244118 SA and 244119 SA.

Recording of BITE messages will store the 10 most recent fault messages and the elapsed time when they occurred in a data base. These messages will be accessible whenever communication with a remote site is established, meaning that there is no requirement for permanent connections.

2.3.8 Mains Power Supply

Supply and load characteristics, each RxTx:

 Voltage: 230 V AC ±10%  Frequency: 47-63 Hz  Power: 420 VA  Power factor: Cos >0.90 (operational).

Supply and load characteristics, ACSw Unit (Incl. antenna-motor):

 Voltage: 3 x 400 V AC ±10%  Frequency: 47-63 Hz  Power: 2,2 kW max.

In case of mains failure the Radar system will restart itself to the operational performance level prior to the mains failure or forced interruption. The last known operational mode is always stored in memory and will be entered automatically after power ON.

2.4 Modular Configuration

The SCANTER RxTx unit’s type 240100-xxx for stationary applications comprises a complete Surveillance Radar Transmitter and Receiver in a self-contained enclosure. For general details refer to 240100 DP, Product Specification, SCANTER RxTx for Stationary Applications.

The transmitter frequency has been selected to 9.375 GHz for the systems. In order to effectively eliminate interference from other radars working on the same frequencies (or within the same frequency band), PRF staggering is provided.

The system is able to deliver three sets of analogue radar signals, trigger, analogue video and digital azimuth, to external equipment. One set is used for the Service Display.

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Each RxTx unit is further capable to deliver 8-bit digital video for the extractor connected to each

Radar Location:

Sao Paulo Guarulhos

Antenna

Type TERMA 21" Circular Polarised SWG Antenna

+5V supply for Dual RS422 azimuth encoder (differential 5V output) 4096ACP/revolution

ACSw

Type 244700-008, conf. with

U1 Frequency Converter 1 x 230 V, 2,2 kW max.

Z1 Filter 1 phase A2 Relay Assy A3 Blower Assy

RxTx Unit #1 RxTx Unit #2

Type 240100-204, configured with Type 240100-204 configured with

V1 Magnetron 9375 MHz, 25 kW V1 Magnetron 9375 MHz, 25 kW

Power reduction 4 kW to 1.5 kW Power reduction 4 kW to 1.5 kW

A1 Integrated LNFE Preparred for NF&P A1 Integrated LNFE Preparred for NF&P

A2 Direct Drive Modulator 4 kW A2 Direct Drive Modulator 4 kW A2 Magnetic Modulator 600 nS A2 Magnetic Modulator 600 nS

A3 Pulse Analyser A3 Pulse Analyser A4 Magnetic Modulator 40(50) nS A4 Magnetic Modulator 40(50) nS A5 Transformer, Isol. 230/250 V A5 Transformer, Isol. 230/250 V

A12 NF & P Meter A12 NF & P Meter A13 Internal Interface Type 2 A13 Internal Interface Type 2

A14 Video Processor Type 1 on Lin A14 Video Processor Type 1 on Lin

A14/15 Diversity Controller Type 1 for SWG A14/15 Diversity Controller Type 1 for SWG

A15 Diversity Controller Type 2 for parabollic A15 Diversity Controller Type 2 for parabollic A15 Video Band Comp. With NAP 21 intf. A15 Video Band Comp. With NAP 21 intf. A15 Video Processor Type 1 on Log A15 Video Processor Type 1 on Log

A15/16 Video Processor Type 2 on Log A15/16 Video Processor Type 2 on Log

A17 Radar Signal Dist. A17 Radar Signal Dist.

A18 ASC A18 ASC A19 Radar Status A19 Radar Status

A20 Timing A20 Timing A21 Controller A21 Controller A22 Antenna Interface Type 2 A22 Antenna Interface Type 2 A23 Power, DC/DC2 A23 Power, DC/DC2 A24 Power, DC/DC1 A24 Power, DC/DC1 A25 Power, AC/DC A25 Power, AC/DC

A27 Antenna Interface Type 1 A27 Antenna Interface Type 1

Scanter Service Display

Type 245490-011, configured with

English Keyboard

17'' Monitor

Scan Converter

Interface Status Signals

CMPT

channel. The modular configuration of the system is shown in Figure 2.4-1 System Configuration.

Figure 2.4-1 System Configuration

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2.4.1 Environmental Capabilities, RxTx and ACSw

Test

Condition

Limit

Corresponding standard

Cold

Storage:

0°C

IEC 68-2-l, Test Ad.

Function:

0°C

IEC 945

Dry Heat

Storage:

+70°C

IEC 68-2-2 Bd.

Function:

+55°C

IEC 945

Protection

Function:

IP 52

IEC 529

Relative Humidity

Function

10% - 90%

Airborne Noise

Noise level:

55 dB (A)

DS/ISO 3743 or 3746 Reference level:

1 pW

IEC 945

Bump

Packed for transp.

Peak acceleration:

10g, 16 ms

IEC 68-2-29 test Eb

No of bumps:

1000

EMC

Function:

IEC 945

MIL-STD-461

EN 60945/A1

EN 50081-1

EN 50082-1

Safety

Function

EN 60950/IEC 950.

RxTx unit and Antenna Control Units have been verified to military and civil standards by accredited test institutes.

The equipment, incl. RxTx type 240100 is further developed on the former basis, and capabilities are maintained or reinforced in all aspects except for shock and vibration.

Verification is made as comparison tests, evaluations, and calculations against units of the former generation.

Corresponding test standards are mentioned for reference only (previous tests are underlined). Degradation is not allowed as a result of exposure to the conditions listed.

2.5 Safety

The SCANTER units covered by this specification are designed to meet UL, CSA, and EU safety standards. Isolation distances, protective earth, and primary power components are selected to comply with these, and the major safety measures additionally consist of:

2.5.1 Safety Switch (Man Aloft) Circuits

The safety switch arrangements consist of a current-loop arrangement which, in the event of activation, will

- remove power from the antenna motor

- remove high voltages from the transmitter to stop transmission.

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The state of the safety circuit is monitored by the BITE.

2.5.2 Interlock and Service Switch

The RxTx units are equipped with an interlock switch, which will remove high voltages, and thereby stop transmission if the cabinet is opened. The switch can be manually overruled, but will automatically be reset when the door is closed.

Furthermore, the units are equipped with external service switches. All power circuits are discharged to safe values (<30 V) within 2 seconds from removal of power.

2.5.3 Safety Ground and Shielding

All metal parts, incl. cabinet doors, are connected in accordance with IEC 950, and all units are equipped with grounding studs.

All cabinets must be connected to protective earth as part of any on-site installation. All installation cables are recommended to be of shielded or double-shielded type with the (outer)

shield connected to chassis at both ends to facilitate optimum safety, EMC protection, and lightning protection. TERMA shall be consulted if such measures are not possible due to the danger of corrosion.

2.5.4 Electrical/Mechanical Safety Aspects

For all items of the system EU regulations applies (CE marked).

2.5.5 EMC/EMI Aspects

For all items of the system EU regulations applies (CE marked).

2.5.6 Other Aspects of Approval

None

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2.6 Antenna

TERMA SCANTER 21' SWG ANTENNA

Antenna Type SCANTER

21' CP - F

MAIN PARAMETERS

Polarisation

Fixed circular

Frequency Band

9140 - 9470 MHz

Gain

37 dBi

Integrated Cancellation Ratio

15 dBi

AZIMUTH PATTERN

Horisontal BW @ - 3 dB

 0.37



Side lobe level at +/-1.5

 -28 dB

Side lobe level from +/-1.5o to +/- 5o, linearly increasing to

 -30 dB

Side lobe level from +/-5o to +/10o, linearly increasing to

 -35 dB

ELEVATION PATTERN

Elevation Beamform

Fan

Vertical BW @ - 3 dB

11o

Coverage to min., @ -30dB

"-20o

Tilt (Fixed)

-1.5o

TURNTABLE

Motor

2.2 KW, 3 phase

Nominal rotation speed

60 RPM

Bulld in sensors, standard

Motor protection

Option

Motor, high temp. warning

Option

Low oil level warning

Azimuth encoder(s)

2 * 4096 pulses

The circularly polarized (CP) antenna is ideal for stationary surveillance applications such as

airport surveillance. The antenna is intended for applications where the traditional radar’s are

limited with respect to performance, tactical requirements, and tough environment such as rain and snow. These demanding applications require: High Gain (long range), narrow beam-width in horizontal plane (resolution), low sidelobe levels, low cross polarisation ratios and an axial ratio near unity within the main beam.

2.6.1 Electrical Performance

xxx

2.7 Horizontal Radiation Pattern

SMR applications will typically, at any fixed point in range and assuming swept gain on RF, utilise the main beam from its -3 dB to its -20 dB points in order to simultaneously present runway lights and aircraft’s in any size up to B747’s. Corresponding RCS is ranging from 0.5 m2 to 1.000 m2. Buildings and other fixed structures may be orders of magnitude larger in terms of

RCS, especially those far from the runways etc., and it’s therefore important to have low far

(typically outside +/- 10 or more) side lobes – below -35 dB according to experience. In total this gives the horizontal radiation pattern, optimised for low far sidelobe levels and

overall shaping of the beam.

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It has furthermore been found that the antenna can be focussed from 1000 meters and onwards to

21' CP-F Antenna - Azimuth Pattern

-40

-35

-30

-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

-15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15

Azimuth Angle [deg]

[dB]

Azimuth beamwidth: 0.32 deg

Measured value 0.35 deg Compensation for near field -0.03 deg

Serial no.:

3018

Date: 2. November 2000 Frequency: 9.375 GHz

provide optimum azimuth resolution. The – 3dB point is often used as the main key parameter in antenna specifications. However, in

practice achieving good overall shape and low far side lobe levels is equally important. Requirements to all intended applications are virtually identical. Thus, the horizontal radiation

(Azimuth) pattern is shaped as measured in Figure 2.7-1.

Figure 2.7-1: Measured Horizontal Radiation (Azimuth) pattern and specification limits

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2.8 Elevation Patterns

21' CP-F Antenna - Elevation Pattern

-30

-20

-10

-40 -30 -20 -10 0

[dB]

Elevation Angle [deg]

Elevation beamwidth: 9.80 deg

Serial no.:

3018

Date: 2. November 2000 Frequency: 9.375 GHz

The Fan Beam antennas elevation patterns are optimised for maximum gain and without significant nulls for coverage to - 20 as illustrated in Figure 2.8-1

Figure 2.8-1. Measured elevation pattern, Fan beam

2.8.1 Rain Cancellation

Circular polarisation is the most efficient tool against disturbance from rain. The efficiency of the rain cancellation is determined by the antenna Integrated Cancellation Ratio (ICR), close range surface reflectivity and the shape of the raindrops.

The cancellation at long range is entirely dependent on the ICR and the shape of the raindrops, where perfect match (e.g. spherical raindrops combined with perfect circularity) would cancel backscatter from rain completely out of the radar signal. However, raindrops are not perfect spheres and it is in practice limiting the suppression of rain.

At shorter ranges there is a further limitation because of indirect rays bouncing of the ground and reflected by rain – twisted 180 in phase - and thereby reducing the effect of circular polarisation

2.8.2 Antenna Motor Status Signals

by a few dB at short range – all depending on the surface reflectivity.

The RxTx units provide input for the following signals from the antenna motor. For all signals closed contact = No alarm.

System Alarms (Antenna): Motor Temperature and Gearbox Oil Level

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The motor temperature is in fact monitored by two sensors build into the motor. The first one will

Test

Condition

Limit

Corresponding

Standard

Cold

Storage

40C

IEC 68-2-1, test Ad.

Function

40C

IEC 945

Dry heat

Storage

+70C

IEC 68-2-2, test Bd.

Function

+55C

IEC 945

Protection

Function

IP55

IEC Publication 529

Bump

Packed for transport. Peak acceleration

10 g in 16 ms

SIEC 68-2-29 test Eb. No of bumps

1000

Shock

Function

30 g, 11 ms, half sine

IEC 68-2-27

Vibration

Function

4-12.5 Hz: 1.6 mm

12.5-80 Hz: 1 g

IEC 68-2-6 test Fc.

Humidity

Non-operating

60-100% RH

MIL-STD-810E, method 507.3

Corrosive atmosphere

Non-operating

35C

MIL-STD-810E, method 509.3

Rain

Non-operating Operating

1600 mm/h 60mm/hr

DEF STAN 07-55, test D3

Hail

Operating

10 mm diameter at 18 m/s

Wind

Operation (60RPM) Non-Operation

35 m/s 70 m/s

Snow load

Operating

200kg/m2

Ice

The construction will by itself break up to 20 mm built-up clear ice during start up.

issue a warning when the motor temperature exceeds 130deg and the second one forced the motor to stop and the transmission as well, when the temperature exceeds 150 deg.

Transmission and turning motor will be restored automatically when the temperature has decreased sufficiently.

These faults will be reported as Auxiliary input faults detected by the antenna interface board.

2.8.3 Environmental Capabilities, Antenna

The antenna is designed for use in any climate including salt and dust-laden atmosphere, and must as a minimum be able to withstand the following conditions:

Figure 2.8-2 Environmental Parameters, Antenna

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2.9 ACSw Unit

Safety Loop Tx inhibit when OPEN

Antenna ON (26V)

RxTx Unit

ACSw Unit

Antenna Start for Frequency Converter

26V DC

Antenna Fault (Temperature)

Castell Safety Switch

Internal Safety Switch

Safety Loop Tx inhibit when OPEN

Antenna ON (26V)

RxTx Unit

The main circuits for control of the antenna are situated in the ACSw. The control signal flow is performed from a module built into the RxTx Unit.

- Additionally, the ACSw includes two safety systems being the motor protection

(temperature) and the Internal Safety:

- Activation of the motor protection will cause the antenna to stop and the RxTx to stop

transmitting (stand by mode).

- Activation of the Internal safety rotary switch placed on the front of the ACSw causes the

antenna to stop and the RxTx to stop transmitting (stand by mode) via a current loop.

The ACSw unit provides further the means to connect the external Castell Safety switch system in series with the Internal switch described above with similar functionality to the system.

The ACSw is controlled and powered from the RxTx units in redundancy with exception of the supply for the frequency converter, which is supplied direct from the mains distribution board.

Refer to 244700 DP, Product Specification, ACSw, for further details.

2.10 Remote Control, Remote BITE, Remote Service

2.10.1 Service Display

The PC based SCANTER Service Display provides all necessary features for set-up and maintenance of the SCANTER Radar Sensor Systems including three main functions:

Figure 2.9-1 ACSw and System Interfaces

- Display of a clear, crisp scan-converted radar picture with an overlay of measurement tools

(EBL, VRM, and measurement vector)

- RCBS as described below for remote control and monitoring of the RxTx system.

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- Tool for programming of swept gain. (STC)

Mains Control (On/Off)

Mains ON:

Switches on the Radar System, and warming up the transmitter.

Mains OFF

Switches off the Radar System including the transmitter and the Antenna Motor. All Radar Controls and Alarms except the Mains ON control are dimmed (i.e. disabled).

Transmission Control (TX On/Off

TX ON:

Starts RF Transmission, when RF transmission system is warm.

TX OFF:

Sets RF Transmission on Stand By, i.e. no RF is transmitted, but system is ready for immediate switch to TX ON.

The service display is based on a high-end personal computer with minimum a Pentium processor, colour monitor, the necessary HW interfaces, SW modules, user documentation, and one set of back up SW on diskette.

2.10.2 Remote Control

Interface to other systems generally uses industry standard trigger, video, azimuth, and RS-422 data formats. In general, remote control of the RxTx and antenna is provided by means of serial RS-422 communication channels.

2.10.3 Communication

The communication path is dual redundant, and in case of communication loss on the line between the transceivers, is access to the failed channel still be possible through the left operational channel and thereby maintaining full accessibility.

Messages for RxTx#2 can be addressed through from RxTx#1 and similar can be stated for RxTx#1 addressed from/through RxTx #2.

This means that in case of a communication beak down on one channel will full remote access still be possible through the other channel, if the wiring is changed accordingly.

All communication fall back modes are entered automatically when communication loss is encountered. The communication fallback modes have no influence on the video path and the radar system will continue operating in the last known mode.

All communications lines will operate in parallel which means that no one is master. Access to the system can with this configuration take place from three remote locations at the same time without any mutual control. All external communication lines can however be switched off by use of a Service Menu, Local Mode, which can be useful in a maintenance situation. With this function is no remote control possible.

2.11 RCBS Control Functions

2.11.1 RxTx Administered Controls

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Antenna Motor control

Motor ON:

Switches On the Antenna Motor.

Motor OFF:

Switches Off the Antenna Motor.

RxTx selection (Active Channel)

Video, Trigger and Azimuth outputs on the ACSw unit are supplied from RxTx#1

Video, Trigger and Azimuth outputs on the ACSw unit are supplied from RxTx#2

STC-gain slide bar (0-100)

Value: 0

Minimum swept gain attenuation. (Minimum attenuation to user defined STC-curves.)

Value: 100

Maximum swept gain attenuation. (Maximum attenuation to user defined STC-curves.)

The Antenna Motor On/Off control is executed through the RxTx controllers. As such this control will be disabled too, when the Mains Off is selected, i.e. the Antenna Motor can not be switched on when the radar system is switched off.

Selecting the Motor Off will also inhibit the Transmission, i.e. transmitter is in Std. By state.

It is possible via this control to select the active channel RxTx#1 or RxTx#2, as only one will be active at a time. It will further control a number of relays in the ACSw unit where from the Service Display receives the video signals. Activation of this control will therefore also select the original source of the signals fed to the output of the ACSw unit.

2.11.2 RxTx Administered Alarms

TX Wait

Indicates when both transmitters are in wait state. The transmitters has not completed the warming up period (approx. 1 minutes and 45 seconds), or the warming up period has been completed, but the Safety Loop / Door Switch is open.

RxTx #1 / #2

Board failure detected by the BITE system on RxTx unit #1 or #2, respectively. If Safety Loop is open both alarms will alert simultaneously.

Encoder #1 / #2

Meaning ACP, ARP signals missing from the encoder monitored in RxTx #1 or RxTx #2 respectively. The system has automatically switched to single channel Fall Back mode.

Tune #1 / #2

AFC on Receiver 1 or 2 respectively is out of tune.

Com. #1 / #2

A communication failure has been detected on one of the communication lines connected to RxTx unit #1 or RxTx unit #2, respectively. The communication lines in question are the lines between the two RxTx units and the SCANTER Service display or the line between the two RxTx units.

Note: Alarms will only be shown in the windows for the active channel.

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3 FALL BACK MODES

The system is equipped with a module, A12 P&NF-meter, which provides a real time measurements for Forward,-/ Reverse Power and Noise Figure. The user can set an alarm level for each of these parameters. In the case where one of these alarm levels is exceeded will an automatic active channel changeover take place, and the stand-by channel has now become the active channel.

Automatic switching channel is only possible once and then is a user action required to enable the automatic switching again.

All other active channel switchovers must be as a result of an user action. No actions are taken automatically by the system in case of other failures.

3.1 Single Point Failures

The following single points of failure exists in the RxTx system:

- Antenna subsystem

- Frequency converter (Motor drive)

- Rotating joint

- Encoder

- Safety Relays in ACSw unit

- Waveguide Switch

Breakdown on one of these components will cause a temporarily non-operational,-/working system.

The only failure, which causes automatic power down, is an over temperature detection in outlet air in each RxTx unit. In the case that the temperature of the outlet air is above 75°C, the RxTx unit is forced to power down (i.e. ‘Mains Off’) in order to prevent damage and fire.

There is one temperature detector system in each RxTx unit, i.e. in total two separate temperature detector systems.

Warnings as a result of reduced airflow (determined by a detection of an abnormal temperature increase from inlet air to outlet air) or overheat are issued before the power down is actually executed.

In case of forced power down due to over temperature detection the unit will power on automatically, when the outlet temperature has dropped below 60°C.

4 FUNCTIONAL CAPABILITIES

Performance calculations have been performed by analysis using the Computer-Aided Radar Performance Evaluation Tool (CARPET) from TNO Physics, The Netherlands. Parameters values are set to handle the very short pulses and taking bounce effects into account by enlarging the rain cells to give an additional 6 dB rain return compared to a no-bounce situation (giving 9 dB cancellation ratio).

Calculated performance in rain is significantly affected by the rain cancellation achievable by circular polarisation and especially the amount of single and double bounce energy received via

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indirect paths. However, practical experience is that rain or snow hardly affects the TERMA radar sensor systems with circular polarised antennas.

A reflection coefficient of 1 (e.g., from a paved wet surface) will completely eliminate the benefit from circular polarisation due to single bounce. Practical experience has however shown this not to be the case due to the fact that airport surfaces consist of a combination of pavements, vegetation, and larger structures, where (especially wet) vegetation will absorb energy, reducing the bouncing effect. It is realistic to assume the rain cancellation of a circular polarised antenna to

be reduced from a measured value of 15 dB to the practical value of 8 to 10 dB used in TERMA’s

calculation. The lobing effect is another parameter that is highly dependent on surface characteristics and also

is influenced by the surface reflectivity. Surface characteristics have been adapted to set lobing to realistic levels by matching the

roughness to a reflection coefficient of 0.2 at 0.7 grazing angle.

4.1 Target Detection

The combination of a X-band radar-sensor system together with a Circular Polarised antenna optimises for weather penetration.

Detection of real targets such as B737s will normally be presented as a round-like spot, and A340/B747s will be presented with a shape similar to an aircraft.

Figure 4.1-1 shows a Boeing 747 on taxi approximately 500 meters from the radar position as presented on the service display (VGA resolution).

Figure 4.1-1 TERMA X-Band System (Without Clutter Map)

Aircraft and other mobile targets on an airport occupy 40 dB of the dynamic range at most, after swept gain on IF. The IF amplifier characteristics are therefore optimised in this region providing the best possible working conditions.

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Other structures on an airport may result in very strong returns, and the overall system has

Coverage, Max range [m]

Comment

Scenario #1

180 - 3000 (TWR)

75 - 2500 (Remote)

Performance in 16mm/hr rain

Scenario #2

180 - 4800 (TWR)

75 - 3500 (Remote)

Performance in 4mm/hr rain

therefore been designed to accept input power levels from targets up to 10 dBm without collapsing or significant pulse stretch as a result.

4.2 Coverage

The coverage is determined by a combination of antenna characteristics, antenna height and local conditions. The results of the following performance calculations yields:

The short range coverage is calculated using the antenna height and the antenna directivity in elevation and the VSWR characteristics of the various RF components.

The coverage figures stated herein are based on target locations in clutter free areas i.e. a S/N ratio larger than app 14-22dB is required to detect the target with a probability of detection larger than 90%. This means that detection of small targets on grass areas will probably not be possible, as tests has revealed that a S/N ration in the order 4-8 dB can be expected. This is insufficient to detect with at least 90% probability. However, this depends a lot on the environment and topographic in the airport.

Table 4.2-1 Coverage Performance

The coverage stated is valid for 360 degrees.

4.2.1 Performance Calculations

The following constraints are used for the radar performance calculations: The following generic constraints applies to the coverage figures: Target size: 1m2 Antenna Height: 55m/23m Circular Polarised Antenna with –1,5o fixed tilt. Gain Antenna: >37 dBi Pd: 90% Pfa: 10-6 Processing None Noise Figure 4,7dB A system loss that includes max 5/15m (TWR/Remote) Wave-guide between equipment room

where the RxTx units is to be located and the antenna is included in the calculations. Normally the required S/N ration to detect a target with 90% detection probability is app 22dB,

which can be reduced 5-6dB by adding sliding window integration. As detection of the real target will be correlated in the contrary to the clutter will this improve the detection substantially.

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Land reflectivity, surface roughness, and rain cancellation set to match experienced performance form the establishment of SMR systems at several airports in Europe, Asia, and North America in the following calculations.

a. Performance Scenario #1 (Tower)

Figure 4.2-1 Simulated Performance in precipitation (16mm/hr)

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b. Performance Scenario #2 (Remote site)

Figure 4.2-2 Simulated Performance in precipitation (16mm/hr)

4.3 Performance - Resolution

The TERMA SCANTER Radar Sensor Systems for SMR applications are optimised to produce overall clear, crisp radar images virtually independent of the weather. Transmitters are designed for maximum rise and fall times within those limitations given by the magnetron (especially avoiding  - 1 modes), and receiver IF characteristics are matched to the antenna characteristics to achieve good overall response.

a. Range

The theoretical range resolution for 40 nS long ideal pulse is 6m; however, this can not be met due to actual pulse characteristics, dispersion along the signal path, limitations in rise and fall time, and the digitalisation by sampling. A 40MHz sampling will add additional 3,75m.

Recent installations include novel receiver technology with very fast logarithmic amplifiers, which furthermore accept a very wide dynamic range without collapsing or significant pulse stretch. This has improved the picture presentation substantially, in fact giving more crisp pictures than that achievable from a linear amplifier. Experience is that the resulting resolution for detection of real targets and small point targets is app 13m plus pixel resolution of the display at selected range, which is the range resolution that normally, can be verified by testing.

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b. Azimuth

Azimuth characteristics are almost entirely dependent on the antenna characteristics and the pixel resolution of the display used for observations, where the -3 dB points on the antenna provide a theoretical and practical resolution of less than 13m at 2000m for a small target.

However, it is not realistic to assume detection at the -3 dB points in practice of real targets due to variation in propagation conditions and target fluctuations and size. A practical azimuth resolution of app 20m at 2000m range should be achievable as it corresponds to approximately 10 dB points on the antenna horizontal radiation pattern.

5 MECHANICAL CAPABILITIES AND CONSTRAINTS.

For details concerning weights, measurements and electrical descriptions of external interfaces please refer to installation drawings of the RxTx Unit (240100 ZD) and the ACSw (244700 ZD).

6 AVAILABILITY AND MAINTENANCE.

The analysis aims to give a rough indication of the theoretical Mean Time Between Failure (MTBF) figure for a typical radar system. The estimate is based on MIL-HDBK-217F notice 1.

6.1.1 Environment

Ground Benign (GB), non-mobile, temperature- and humidity-controlled environment readily accessible to maintenance.

Ambient temperature: 30°C, average.

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Power AC/DC

Power, DC/DC1

Power, DC/DC2

Magnetron

Pulse Analyser

Modulator

Receiver

Radar Signal Distribution

Internal Interface

Controller

Backplane

Antenna

Encoder

Motor

ACSw Unit

Video Band Compression

6.1.2 MTBF/MTTR Evaluation

Critical and total MTBFs have been calculated, based on the values in Table 4.3-1 and the structure in Figure 4.3-1. In the calculation of the total MTBF all modules are considered to be in series.

Figure 4.3-1 MTBF Path

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Item Failure rate MTBF Failure rate MTBF MTTR

Hours*10-6 Total, hours Critical Critical, hours Minutes

Antenna *) 20,000 50.000 20,000 50.000 120 ACSw Unit 5,000 200.000 5,000 200.000 40

RxTx Unit

Power, AC/DC 4,440 225.000 4,440 225.000 20 Power, DC/DC 1 3,520 284.000 3,520 284.000 20 Power, DC/DC 2 19,850 50.000 19,850 50.000 20 Magnetron 5,000 200.000 5,000 200.000 40 Pulse analyser group 3,449 290.000 3,449 290.000 30 Modulator, radar, short pulse 1,079 927.000 1,079 927.000 30 Low noise receiver 3,374 296.000 3,374 296.000 40 Radar signal dist. *) 8,000 125.000 4,000 250.000 20 Internal interface (type 2) 8,189 122.000 8,189 122.000 20 Timing, RxTx 12,699 79.000 12,699 79.000 20 Controller, RxTx 2,482 403.000 2,482 403.000 20 Backplane 0,750 1.333.000 0,750 1.333.000 20

Video Band Compression. 9,271 108.000 4,636 216.000 20 Static clutter map 17,166 58.000 4,292 233.000 30

P & NF meter *) 8,000 125.000 20

RxTx, configuration 80,832 12.400 68,832 14.500 20

RxTx, including all features 115,269 8.700 77,759 12.900 20

WGSw Unit 1,016 984.252 1,016 984.000 40

Availability

Single system 106,848 9.400 94,848 10.500

0,99935

Dual redundant system

187,680 5.300 27,393 36.500

0,99949

Dual diversity system, incl. options. 256,554 3.900 27,571 36.300

0,99949

*) Estimated Magnetrons and bearings are subject to replacement when end of life symptoms start to occur

2% down time for one RxTx is allowed in the critical failure rate to minimize the need for spare parts

4 hours of downtime/year is allowed for preventive maintenance in the availability calculation 2 hours MTTR + access time is allowed in the availability calculations

6.1.3 External Bi-Directional Couplers

To ease external maintenance and measurements of Forward and Reverse Power is a coupler included with the following microwave characteristics:

 Coupling Forward Power: 30 dB  Coupling Reverse Power: 20 dB  Directivity >15 dB  Connections for Test equipment: N-female

Table 4.3-1 MTBF Figures

The coupler will be provided with a calibration test sheet for exact coupling figures.

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7 INSTALLATION MATERIAL

Internally the transmitter and antenna is used WR90 wave-guide and between the units will be used Andrew size 85 elliptical waveguide or similar from RFS. The waveguide switch used is a Sivers model WS 8089X/00.

System is delivered preinstalled on radar sensor subsystem level in order to ensure optimum workmanship, minimise on site installation work.

All necessary parts and hardware, including receptacles, connectors, coaxial and cabling (wiring), waveguide adapters required to assemble the system is included in the installation activities. However, the media between the radar equipment and the remote control and monitoring position is not included.

The installation and system assembly on site will be made in according with the standard TERMA installation guidance, 244112 PD.

The overall VSWR for the complete installation including the antenna is normally seen less than 1:1,4. This value will not have any significant impact on the performance.

The VSWR requirement for the complete antenna including rotating joint alone is 1:1,2