Telit Communications S p A HC864 AUTO User Manual

HC864-AUTO Hardware User Guide

1vv0300946 Rev.4 – 2012-12-27

HC864-AUTO Hardware User Guide

1vv0300946 Rev.4 – 2012-12-27

APPLICABILITY TABLE

PRODUCT

HC864-AUTO

HC864-AUTO Hardware User Guide

1vv0300946 Rev.4 – 2012-12-27

SPECIFICATIONS SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE

Notice

While reasonable efforts have been made to assure the accuracy of this document, Telit assumes no liability resulting from any inaccuracies or omissions in this document, or from use of the information obtained herein. The information in this document has been carefully checked and is believed to be entirely reliable. However, no responsibility is assumed for inaccuracies or omissions. Telit reserves the right to make changes to any products described herein and reserves the right to revise this document and to make changes from time to time in content hereof with no obligation to notify any person of revisions or changes. Telit does not assume any liability arising out of the application or use of any product, software, or circuit described herein; neither does it convey license under its patent rights or the rights of others.

It is possible that this publication may contain references to, or information about Telit products (machines and programs), programming, or services that are not announced in your country. Such references or information must not be construed to mean that Telit intends to announce such Telit products, programming, or services in your country.

Copyrights

This instruction manual and the Telit products described in this instruction manual may be, include or describe copyrighted Telit material, such as computer programs stored in semiconductor memories or other media. Laws in the Italy and other countries preserve for Telit and its licensors certain exclusive rights for copyrighted material, including the exclusive right to copy, reproduce in any form, distribute and make derivative works of the copyrighted material. Accordingly, any copyrighted material of Telit and its licensors contained herein or in the Telit products described in this instruction manual may not be copied, reproduced, distributed, merged or modified in any manner without the express written permission of Telit. Furthermore, the purchase of Telit products shall not be deemed to grant either directly or by implication, estoppel, or otherwise, any license under the copyrights, patents or patent applications of Telit, as arises by operation of law in the sale of a product.

Computer Software Copyrights

The Telit and 3rd Party supplied Software (SW) products described in this instruction manual may include copyrighted Telit and other 3rd Party supplied computer programs stored in semiconductor memories or other media. Laws in the Italy and other countries preserve for Telit and other 3rd Party supplied SW certain exclusive rights for copyrighted computer programs, including the exclusive right to copy or reproduce in any form the copyrighted computer program. Accordingly, any copyrighted Telit or other 3rd Party supplied SW computer programs contained in the Telit products described in this instruction manual may not be copied (reverse engineered) or reproduced in any manner without the express written permission of Telit or the 3rd Party SW supplier. Furthermore, the purchase of Telit products shall not be deemed to grant either directly or by implication, estoppel, or otherwise, any license under the copyrights, patents or patent applications of Telit or other 3rd Party supplied SW, except for the normal non-exclusive, royalty free license to use that arises by operation of law in the sale of a product.

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Usage and Disclosure Restrictions License Agreements

The software described in this document is the property of Telit and its licensors. It is furnished by express license agreement only and may be used only in accordance with the terms of such an agreement.

Copyrighted Materials

Software and documentation are copyrighted materials. Making unauthorized copies is prohibited by law. No part of the software or documentation may be reproduced, transmitted, transcribed, stored in a retrieval system, or translated into any language or computer language, in any form or by any means, without prior written permission of Telit

High Risk Materials

Components, units, or third-party products used in the product described herein are NOT fault-tolerant and are NOT designed, manufactured, or intended for use as on-line control equipment in the following hazardous environments requiring fail-safe controls: the operation of Nuclear Facilities, Aircraft Navigation or Aircraft Communication Systems, Air Traffic Control, Life Support, or Weapons Systems (High Risk Activities"). Telit and its supplier(s) specifically disclaim any expressed or implied warranty of fitness for such High Risk Activities.

Trademarks

TELIT and the Stylized T Logo are registered in Trademark Office. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners.

Contents

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1. Introduction .................................................. 8

1.1. Scope ...................................................... 8

1.2. Audience ................................................... 8

1.3. Contact Information, Support ............................... 8

1.4. Document Organization ...................................... 9

1.5. Text Conventions .......................................... 10

1.6. Related Documents ......................................... 10

2. General Product Description .................................. 11

2.1. Overview .................................................. 11

2.2. HC864-AUTO 2D Mechanical Dimensions ....................... 12

2.3. Weight .................................................... 12

2.4. Environmental requirements ................................ 13

2.4.1. Temperature range............................................ 13

2.4.2. RoHS compliance.............................................. 13

2.5. Operating Frequency ....................................... 14

3. HC864-AUTO Module Connections ................................ 15

3.1. PIN-OUT ................................................... 15

3.2. Antenna Connector(s) ...................................... 19

4. Hardware Commands ............................................ 20

4.1. Turning ON the HC864-AUTO ................................. 20

4.2. Initialization and Activation state ....................... 20

4.3. Turning OFF the HC864-AUTO ................................ 22

4.3.1. Shutdown by Software Command................................. 23

4.3.2. Hardware Shutdown............................................ 24

4.3.3. Hardware Unconditional Restart............................... 25

4.4. Summary of Turning ON and OFF the module .................. 26

5. Power Supply ................................................. 27

5.1. Power Supply Requirements ................................. 27

5.2. General Design Rules ...................................... 29

5.2.1. Electrical Design Guidelines................................. 29

5.2.1.1. + 5V Input Source Power Supply Design Guidelines ......... 29

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5.2.1.2. + 12V Input Source Power Supply Design Guidelines ........ 30

5.2.1.3. Battery Source Power Supply Design Guidelines ............ 32

5.2.2. Thermal Design Guidelines.................................... 33

5.2.3. Power Supply PCB Layout Guidelines........................... 34

6. Antenna(s) ................................................... 36

6.1. GSM/WCDMA Antenna Requirements ............................ 36

6.2. GSM/WCDMA Antenna - Installation Guidelines ............... 37

6.3. GPS/GNSS and RX diversity Antenna Requirements ............ 37

6.3.1. GPS/GNSS Antenna Requirements................................ 37

6.3.2. RX Diversity Antenna Requirements............................ 38

6.4. GPS/GNSS Antenna Installation Guidelines .................. 38

7. Logic Level Specifications ................................... 39

7.1. Reset Signal .............................................. 41

8. Serial Ports ................................................. 42

8.1. Modem Serial Port ......................................... 42

8.2. RS232 Level Translation ................................... 44

8.3. 5V UART Level Translation ................................. 47

9. Audio Section ................................................ 49

10. USB Port..................................................... 50

11. General Purpose I/O ......................................... 51

11.1. Logic Level Specifications ............................... 53

11.2. Using a GPIO Pad as Input ................................ 54

11.3. Using a GPIO Pad as Output ............................... 54

11.4. Using the Alarm Output GPIO6 ............................. 55

11.5. Using the Temperature Monitor Function ................... 56

11.5.1. 56

11.5.2. 56

............................................................

...................................................................

Short Description

Allowed GPIO

11.6. Indication of Network Service Availability ............... 57

11.7. RTC Bypass Out ........................................... 58

11.8. VAUX1 Power Output ....................................... 58

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12. DAC and ADC section ......................................... 59

12.1. DAC Converter ............................................ 59

12.1.1. 59

12.1.2. 59

12.1.3. 60

....................................................................

...................................................................

....................................................

Low Pass Filter Example

Description

Enabling DAC

12.2. ADC Converter ............................................ 60

12.2.1. 60

12.2.2. 60

....................................................................

..........................................................

Using ADC Converter

Description

13. Accelerometer ............................................... 61

13.1. Description .............................................. 61

14. Mounting the module on your board ........................... 62

14.1. Application PCB layout ................................... 63

14.2. Clearance Area ........................................... 65

14.3. Thermal Dissipation ...................................... 65

14.4. Module Soldering ......................................... 66

15. Application guide ........................................... 67

15.1. Debug of the HC864-AUTO in production .................... 67

15.2. Bypass capacitor on Power supplies ....................... 68

15.3. SIM interface ............................................ 68

15.4. EMC recommendations ...................................... 69

15.5. Download and Debug Port .................................. 70

16. Packing system .............................................. 71

17. Conformity Assessment Issues ................................ 72

17.1. 1999/5/EC Directive ...................................... 72

17.2. FCC/IC Regulatory notices ................................ 74

18. Safety Recommendations ...................................... 76

19. Document History ............................................ 77

1. Introduction

1.1. Scope

The aim of this document is the description of some hardware solutions useful for developing a product with the Telit HC864-AUTO module.

1.2. Audience

This document is intended for Telit customers, who are integrators, about to implement their applications using our HC864-AUTO

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module.

1.3. Contact Information, Support

For general contact, technical support, to report documentation errors and to order manuals, contact Telit’s Technical Support Center (TTSC) at:

TS-EMEA@telit.com TS-NORTHAMERICA@telit.com TS-LATINAMERICA@telit.com TS-APAC@telit.com

Alternatively, use:

http://www.telit.com/en/products/technical-support-center/contact.php

For detailed information about where you can buy the Telit modules or for recommendations on accessories and components visit:

http://www.telit.com

To register for product news and announcements or for product questions contact Telit’s Technical Support Center (TTSC).

Our aim is to make this guide as helpful as possible. Keep us informed of your comments and suggestions for improvements.

Telit appreciates feedback from the users of our information.

1.4. Document Organization

This document contains the following chapters:

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Chapter 1: “Introduction”

provides a scope for this document, target audience, contact and

support information, and text conventions.

Chapter 2: “General Product Description”

gives an overview of the features of the product.

Chapter 3: “HC864-AUTO Module Connections”

layout.

Chapter 4: “Hardware Commands”

How to control the module via hardware

Chapter 5: “Power Supply”

deals on supply and consumption.

Chapter 6: “Antenna”

The antenna connection and board layout design are the most important

parts in the full product design

Chapter 7: “Logic Level specifications”

Specific values adopted in the implementation of

logic levels for this module.

Chapter 8: “Serial ports”

Chapter 9: “Audio Section”

Chapter 10: “USB Port”

Chapter 11: “General Purpose I/O”

How the general purpose I/O pads can be configured.

Chapter 12 “DAC and ADC Section”

Deals with these two kind of converters.

Chapter 13: “Accelerometer”

Chapter 14: “Mounting the module on your board”

Chapter 15: “Application Guides”

Chapter 16: “Packing System”

Chapter 17: “Conformity Assessments”

Chapter 18: “Safety Recommendations”

Chapter 19: “Document History”

deals with the pin out configuration and

1.5. Text Conventions

Danger – This information MUST be followed or catastrophic equipment failure or bodily injury may occur.

Caution or Warning – Alerts the user to important points about integrating the module, if these points are not followed, the module and end user equipment may fail or malfunction.

Tip or Information – Provides advice and suggestions that may be useful when integrating the module.

All dates are in ISO 8601 format, i.e. YYYY-MM-DD.

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1.6. Related Documents

z HC864-AUTO Product Description, TBD z HC864-AUTO Software User guide, 1vv0300947 z HC864-AUTO AT command reference guide, 30387NT11076A z HC864-AUTO Digital Voice Interface Application Note, TBD z Telit EVK2 User Guide, 1vv0300704

HC864-AUTO Hardware User Guide

2. General Product Description

2.1. Overview

The aim of this document is the description of some hardware solutions useful for developing a product with the Telit HC864-AUTO module.

In this document all the basic functions of a mobile phone will be taken into account; for each one of them a proper hardware solution will be suggested and eventually the wrong solutions and common errors to be avoided will be evidenced. Obviously this document cannot embrace the whole hardware solutions and products that may be designed. The wrong solutions to be avoided must be considered as mandatory, while the suggested hardware configurations must not be considered mandatory, instead the information given must be used as a guide and a starting point for properly developing your product with the Telit HC864AUTO module.

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NOTICE:

The integration of the GSM/GPRS/EGPRS/WCDMA/HSPA+ HC864-AUTO cellular module within user application must be done according to the design rules described in this manual.

The information presented in this document is believed to be accurate and reliable. However, no responsibility is assumed by Telit Communication S.p.A. for its use, such as any infringement of patents or other rights of third parties which may result from its use. No license is granted by implication or otherwise under any patent rights of Telit Communication S.p.A. other than for circuitry embodied in Telit products. This document is subject to change without notice.

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2.2. HC864-AUTO 2D Mechanical Dimensions

The Telit HC864-AUTO module overall dimensions are:

• Length: 36.2 mm

• Width: 30 mm

• Thickness: 5.1 mm

2.3. Weight

The module weight of HC864-AUTO is about 10.0 gram.

HC864-AUTO Hardware User Guide

2.4. Environmental requirements

2.4.1. Temperature range

–20°C ~ +55°C The module is fully functional(*) in all the

temperature range, and it fully meets the ETSI

specifications. Operating Temperature Range

–30°C ~ +85°C The module is fully functional(*) in all the

temperature range. Temperatures outside of

the range –20°C ÷ +55°C might slightly

deviate from ETSI specifications.

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Note

Storage and non-operating Temperature Range

(*)Functional: the module is able to make and receive voice calls, data calls and SMS.

2.4.2. RoHS compliance

As a part of Telit corporate policy of environmental protection, the HC864-AUTO complies with the RoHS (Restriction of Hazardous Substances) directive of the European Union (EU directive 2002/95/EG).

–40°C ~ +85°C

2.5. Operating Frequency

The operating frequencies in GSM850, EGSM900, DCS1800, PCS1900, WCDMA modes are conformed to the 3GPP specifications.

Mode Freq. TX (MHz) Freq. RX (MHz) Channels TX - RX offset

GSM850 824.2 ~ 848.8 869.2 ~ 893.8 128 ~ 251 45 MHz

890.0 ~ 914.8 935.0 ~ 959.8 0 ~ 124 45 MHz

EGSM900

880.2 ~ 889.8 925.2 ~ 934.8 975 ~ 1023 45 MHz

DCS1800 1710.2 ~ 1784.8 1805.2 ~ 1879.8 512 ~ 885 95MHz

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PCS1900 1850.2 ~ 1909.8 1930.2 ~ 1989.8 512 ~ 810 80MHz

WCDMA850 826.4 ~ 846.6 871.4 ~ 891.6

WCDMA900 882.4 ~ 912.6 927.4 ~ 957.6

WCDMA1700

1712.4 ~ 1752.6 2112.4 ~ 2152.6

(AWS)

WCDMA1900 1852.4 ~ 1907.6 1932.4 ~ 1987.6

WCDMA2100 1922.4 ~ 1977.6 2112.4 ~ 2167.6

Tx: 4132 ~ 4233

Rx: 4357 ~ 4458

Tx: 2712 ~ 2863

Rx: 2937 ~ 3088

Tx: 1312 ~ 1513

400MHz

Rx: 1537 ~ 1738

Tx: 9262 ~ 9538

Rx: 9662 ~ 9938

Tx: 9612 ~ 9888

190MHz

Rx: 10562 ~ 10838

45MHz

80MHz

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3. HC864-AUTO Module Connections

3.1. PIN-OUT

HC864-AUTO uses an 80 pin Molex p.n. 53949-0878 male connector for the connections with the external applications. This connector matches the 54150-0878 models.

Pin Signal I/O Function

Power Supply

VBATT - Main power supply Power

GND - Ground Power

SIM Card Interface

SIMVCC - External SIM signal – Power supply for the SIM 1.8 / 3V

181

SIMRST O External SIM signal – Reset 1.8 / 3V

SIMIO I/O External SIM signal - Data I/O 1.8 / 3V

SIMIN I External SIM signal - Presence (active low) CMOS 1.8V

SIMCLK O External SIM signal – Clock 1.8 / 3V

Trace

RX_TRACE I RX Data for debug monitor CMOS 2.6V

TX_TRACE O TX Data for debug monitor CMOS 2.6V

Prog. / Data + Hw Flow Control

C103/TXD I Serial data input (TXD) from DTE CMOS 2.6V

C104/RXD O Serial data output to DTE CMOS 2.6V

C107/DSR O Output for Data set ready signal (DSR) to DTE CMOS 2.6V

C106/CTS O Output for Clear to send signal (CTS) to DTE CMOS 2.6V

C108/DTR I

C125/RING O Output for Ring indicator signal (RI) to DTE CMOS 2.6V

C105/RTS I Input for Request to send signal (RTS) from DTE CMOS 2.6V

C109/DCD O Output for Data carrier detect signal (DCD) to DTE CMOS 2.6V

USB_ID AI

On this line a maximum of 10nF bypass capacitor is allowed

Input for Data terminal ready signal (DTR) from DTE

Miscellaneous Functions

Analog input used to sense whether a peripheral device is connected, and determine the peripheral type, a host

Internal

Pull up

HC864-AUTO

CMOS 2.6V

Analog

Type

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Pin Signal I/O Function

Internal

Pull up

HC864-AUTO

or a peripheral

PCM_CLOCK I/O PCM clock out CMOS 2.6V

DAC and ADC

ADC_IN1 AI Analog/Digital converter input A/D

ADC_IN2 AI Analog/Digital converter input A/D

DAC_OUT AO Digital/Analog converter output D/A

Miscellaneous Functions

STAT_LED O Status indicator led CMOS 1.8V

GND - Ground Ground

USB_VBUS AI Power sense for the internal USB transceiver 4.4V ~5.25V

PWRMON O Power ON Monitor

VAUX1 - Power output for external accessories

1KΩ

CMOS 2.6V

Input command for switching power ON or OFF

ON/OFF I

(toggle command). The pulse to be sent to the HC864-AUTO must be

Pulled up on

equal or greater than 1 second.

RESET I Reset input

VRTC AO Power supply for RTC block Power

Telit GPIOs

TGPIO_19 I/O Telit GPIO19 Configurable GPIO CMOS 1.8V

TGPIO_11 I/O Telit GPIO11 Configurable GPIO CMOS 1.8V

TGPIO_20 I/O Telit GPIO20 Configurable GPIO CMOS 1.8V

TGPIO_04 I/O Telit GPIO4 Configurable GPIO CMOS 1.8V

TGPIO_14 I/O Telit GPIO14 Configurable GPIO CMOS 1.8V

TGPIO_15 I/O Telit GPIO15 Configurable GPIO CMOS 1.8V

TGPIO_12 I/O Telit GPIO12 Configurable GPIO CMOS 1.8V

TGPIO_10/

PCM_TX TGPIO_22 I/O Telit GPIO22 Configurable GPIO CMOS 1.8V

TGPIO_18/

PCM_RX TGPIO_03 I/O Telit GPIO3 Configurable GPIO CMOS 1.8V

TGPIO_08 I/O Telit GPIO8 Configurable GPIO CMOS 1.8V

TGPIO_06 /

ALARM TGPIO_01 I/O Telit GPIO1 Configurable GPIO CMOS 1.8V

TGPIO_17/

PCM_SYNC TGPIO_21 I/O Telit GPIO21 Configurable GPIO CMOS 1.8V

TGPIO_07 I/O Telit GPIO7 Configurable GPIO CMOS 1.8V

Telit GPIO10 Configurable GPIO / PCM Data

I/O

Output

I/O Telit GPIO18 Configurable GPIO / PCM Data input

Pull

Down

Pull

Down

CMOS 2.6V

I/O Telit GPIO6 Configurable GPIO / ALARM CMOS 1.8V

I/O Telit GPIO17 Configurable GPIO / PCM Sync

Pull

Down

CMOS 2.6V

Type

chip

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Pin Signal I/O Function

TGPIO_02 I/O Telit GPIO02 I/O pin CMOS 1.8V

TGPIO_16 I/O Telit GPIO16 Configurable GPIO CMOS 1.8V

TGPIO_09 I/O Telit GPIO9 Configurable GPIO CMOS 1.8V

TGPIO_13 I/O Telit GPIO13 Configurable CMOS 1.8V

TGPIO_05 I/O Telit GPIO05 Configurable GPIO CMOS 2.6V

Internal

Pull up

HC864-AUTO

USB Interface

USB_D+ I/O USB differential Data (+)

USB_D- I/O USB differential Data (-)

RESERVED 8 9

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 33 34 39 41 42 43 44 47 51 52 69

Type

3.0V

~3.6V

3.0V

~3.6V

NOTE:

DTR pin must be connected in order to enter HC864-AUTO’s power saving mode.

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NOTE:

RI pin must be connected in order to wake up the host when a call is coming in sleep mode of host.

NOTE:

RESERVED pins must not be connected

RTS must be connected to the GND (on the module side) if flow control is not used

NOTE:

If not used, almost all pins must be left disconnected. The only exceptions are the following:

Pin Signal Function

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

46 25

26 31

53 54

VBATT Main power supply VBATT Main power supply VBATT Main power supply VBATT Main power supply

GND Ground GND Ground GND Ground GND Ground

C103/TXD Serial data input (TXD) from DTE C104/RXD Serial data output to DTE

C105/RTS Input for Request to send signal (RTS) from DTE

ON/OFF

Input command for switching power ON or OFF (toggle command).

RESET Reset input

3.2. Antenna Connector(s)

The HC864-AUTO module is designed with a 50 Ohm RF PAD that permits to interface it with an application equipped by a Rosenberger coaxial Board to board connector. Furthermore the HC864-AUTO is designed with an additional RF PAD for GPS/Diversity antenna connection. The counterpart suitable is a Rosenberger 99CI106-030L5.

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Suggested footprint on the application side:

4. Hardware Commands

4.1. Turning ON the HC864-AUTO

To turn on HC864-AUTO, the pad ON# must be tied low for at least 1 second and then released.

The maximum current that can be drained from the ON# pad is 0.1 mA.

A simple circuit to do it is:

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4.2. Initialization and Activation state

Upon turning on HC864-AUTO, HC864-AUTO is not activated yet because the boot sequence of HC864-AUTO is still going on internally. It takes about 10 seconds to complete the initializing the module internally.

For this reason, it would be useless to try to access HC864-AUTO during a Initialization state as below. To get the desirable stability, HC864-AUTO needs at least 10 seconds after the PWRMON goes High.

During the Initialization state, any kind of AT-command is not available. DTE must be waiting for the Activation state to communicate with HC864-AUTO.

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NOTE:

To check if the HC864-AUTO has powered on, the hardware line PWRMON must be monitored. When PWRMON goes high, the module has powered on.

NOTE:

Do not use any pull up resistor on the ON# line, it is internally pulled up. Using pull up resistor may bring to latch up problems on the HC864-AUTO power regulator and improper power on/off of the module. The line ON# must be connected only in open collector configuration.

NOTE:

In this document all the lines are inverted. Active low signals are labeled with a name that ends with a "#" or with a bar over the name.

NOTE:

In order to avoid a back powering effect it is recommended to avoid having any HIGH logic level signal applied to the digital pins of the module when is powered OFF or during an ON/OFF transition.

For example:

1- Let us assume you need to drive the ON# pad with a totem pole output of a +1.8/5 V

microcontroller (uP_OUT1):

HC864-AUTO Hardware User Guide

4.3. Turning OFF the HC864-AUTO

Turning off the device can be done in three ways:

• by software command (see HC864-AUTO Software User Guide)

• by Hardware shutdown

• by Hardware Unconditional Restart

When the device is shut down by software command or by hardware shutdown, it issues to the network a detach request that informs the network that the device will not be reachable

any more.

TIP:

To check if the device has powered off, hardware line PWRMON must be monitored. When PWRMON goes low it can be considered the device has powered off.

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NOTE:

In order to avoid a back powering effect it is recommended to avoid having any HIGH logic level signal applied to the digital pins of the module when is powered OFF or during an ON/OFF transition.

4.3.1. Shutdown by Software Command

HC864-AUTO can be shut down by a software command.

When a shut down command is sent, HC864-AUTO goes into the finalization state and finally will shut down PWRMON at the end of this state.

The period of the finalization state can differ according to the situation in which the HC864AUTO is so it cannot be fixed definitely.

Normally it will be above 10 seconds later from sending a shut down command and DTE should monitor the status of PWRMON to see the actual power off.

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TIP:

To check if the device has powered off, hardware line PWRMON must be monitored. When PWRMON goes low, the device has powered off.

4.3.2. Hardware Shutdown

To turn OFF HC864-AUTO the pad ON/OFF# must be tied low for at least 2 seconds and then released. Same circuitry and timing for the power on must be used.

When the hold time of ON/OFF# is above 2 seconds, HC864-AUTO goes into the finalization state and finally will shut down PWRMON at the end of this state.

The period of the finalization state can differ according to the situation in which the HC864AUTO is so it cannot be fixed definitely.

Normally it will be above 10 seconds later from releasing ON/OFF# and DTE should monitor the status of PWRMON to see the actual power off.

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TIP:

To check if the device has powered off, hardware line PWRMON must be monitored. When PWRMON goes low, the device has powered off.

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Telit Communications S p A HC864 AUTO User Manual

Specifications and Main Features

Frequently Asked Questions

User Manual