Tatung TPC-2OOO Instruction Manual

PART NO: 5738810101

TATUNG

INSTRUCTION MANUAL

SMALL BUSINESS COMPUTER

TPC-2OOO

USER'S MANUAL

TATUNG ELECTRONICS CORP.

400

Pai Ling 5th Road,

Taipei

R.O.C.

Telex: " 12861 TATUNG

PT

" VERSION NO: 1.1

Tel: (02)8941242 JANUARY 1984

Facsimile:

(02)3145097

NOTICE

TATUNG

ELECTRONICS

CORP.

has

prepared

this

manual

for use by

TATUNG

custom-

ers. The information contained herein shall not be reproduced in whole or in part

without

TATUNG'S

prior

written

approval.

TATUNG

reserves

the

right

to

make

improvement

in the

product

described

in

this

manual

at any

time

and

without

prior

notice,

and the

reader

should

in

all

cases

consult

TATUNG

to

determine

whether

any

such

changes

have

been

made.

Every

efforts

has

been

made

to

ensure

that

this

manual

accurately

documents

the

operation

and

servicing

of

TATUNG

TPC-2000.

However,

due to

ongoing

improvement

along

with

future

products,

TATUNG

can not

guarantee

the

accuracy

of

printed

material

after

the

date

of

publication,

nor can

TATUNG

accept responsibility for errors or omissions.

* FCC WARNING *

This equipment generates, uses, and can radiate radio frequency energy and

if not

installed

and

used

in

accordance

with

the

user's

manual,

may

cause

interference to radio communications. As temporarily permitted by regulation

it has not

been

tested

for

compliance

with

the

limits

for

Class A computing

devices pursuant to Subpart J of Part 15 of FCC Rules, which are designed to

provide

reasonable

protection

against

such

interference.

Operation

of

this

equipment in a residential area is likely to cause interference in which

case the user at his own expense will be required to take whatever measures

may be required to correct the interference.

If

this

equipment

does

cause

interference

to

radio

or

television

reception,

which can be determined by turning the equipment off and

on,

the user is

encouraged to try to correct the interference by one or more of the

following measures:

* Reorient the receiving antenna

* Relocate the computer with respect to the receiver

*

Move

the

computer

away

from

the

receiver

* Plug the computer into a different outlet so that computer and receiver

are on different branch circuits

If necessary, the user should consult the dealer or an experienced

radio/

television technician for additional suggestions. The user may find the

following booklet prepared by the Federal Communications Commission helpful.

"How to Identify and Resolve Radio-TV Interference Problems".

/

This booklet is available from the US Government Printing Office, Washington

DC

20402,

Stock No.

004-000-00345-4

* FUSE REPLACEMENT WARNING *

For continued protection against risk of fire, replace only with same type

and ratings of fuse.

CONTENTS

SECTION PAGE

I,

INSTALLATION

.....................................................

1

1.1

Introduction

.....................................................

1

1.2

Unpacking

the

TPC-2000

...........................................

1

1.3

Setup

And How To Get

TPC-2000

Started

............................

2

1.4

Routine

Operating

Instructions

...................................

5

1.5

System

Shutdown

..................................................

6

II

SYSTEM

DESCRIPTION

...............................................

7

2.1

Introduction

.....................................................

7

2.2

Hardware

Overview

................................................

7

2.3

Software

Overview

................................................

9

III

CP/M

OPERATING

SYSTEM

............................................

10

3.1

General

Description

..............................................

10

3.2

Function

Description

Of

CP/M

.....................................

11

3.2.1

File

References

..................................................

12

3.3

Switching

Disks

..................................................

14

3.4

The

Form

Of

Built-in

Commands

....................................

14

3.4.1

ERA

afn

<cr>

.....................................................

14

3.4.2

DIR

afn

<cr>

.....................................................

15

3.4.3

REN

ufn1=ufn2

<cr>

...............................................

15

3.4.4

SAVE

n ufn

<cr>

..................................................

16

3.4.5

TYPE

ufn

<cr>

....................................................

17

3.5

Line

Editing

And

Output

Control

..................................

17

3.6

Transient

Commands

...............................................

18

3.6.1

STAT

<cr>

........................................................

19

3.6.2

ASM

ufn

<cr>

.....................................................

20

3.6.3

LOAD

ufn

<cr>

....................................................

21

3.6.4

PIP

<cr>

.........................................................

22

3.6.5

ED ufn

<cr>

......................................................

29

3.6.6

SYSGEN

<cr>

......................................................

31

3.6.7

SUBMIT

ufn

parm#1

...

parm#n

<cr>

................................

32

3.6.8

DUMP

ufn

<cr>

....................................................

34

3.6.9

MOVCPM

<cr>

......................................................

34

3.7

BDOS

Error

Messages

..............................................

36

IV

TPC-2000

SOFTWARE

UTILITIES

......................................

38

4.1

REFORM

...........................................................

38

4.2

DCHECK

...........................................................

39

SECTION PAGE

4.3

MODE

.............................................................

40

4.4

DCOPY

............................................................

41

4.5

SETUP

............................................................

43

4.6

MTS

.............................................................. 44

4.7

CRTEST

...........................................................

45

4.8

FUNCTION

.........................................................

45

V

TPC-2000

HARDWARE

................................................

47

5.1

Serial

Port

(SIO

or

DART)

........................................

47

5.2

Parallel

Port

(PIO)

..............................................

47

5.3

Counter

Timer

Circuit

(CTC)

......................................

47

5.4

Floppy

Disk

Formatter/Controller

(FDC)

...........................

48

5.5 CRT

Controller

(CRTC)

....^.......................................

48

5.6

Serial

Keyboard

Encoder

(SKE)

....................................

48

VI

KEYBOARD

.........................................................

49

6.1

Numeric

Pad

Functions

............................................

49

6.2

Alphanumeric

Keypad

..............................................

50

6.2.1

General

..........................................................

50

6.2.2

RESET

............................................................

50

6.2.3

SPACE

BAR

........................................................

50

6.2'. 4 SHIFT

............................................................

50

6.2.5

CTRL

.............................................................

50

6.2.6 ESC ..............................................................

50

6.2.7 DEL ..............................................................

51

6.2.8

BREAK

............................................................

51

6.3 LED

Indicator

..............................................

...^-...

51

6.3.1

Programmable

Phrase

..............................................

51

6.3.2

SHIFT

LOG

........................................................

52

6.3.3

CAP

LOG

..........................................................

52

6.3.4

LOCAL

............................................................

52

6.4

Special

Function

Keypads

.........................................

52

6.4.1

Cursor

Movement

..................................................

52

6.4.2

EDIT

Functions

...................................................

54

6.5

Others.

...........................................................

55

6.5.1

Visual

Attributes

................................................

55

6.5.2

Function

Key

.....................................................

56

6.5.3

Control

Character

Codes

..........................................

56.

6.5.4

Summary

............................................................

57

APPENDICES

APPENDIX

PAGE

A The

ASCII

Character

Set

..........................................

59

B

Input/Output

Port

Assignment

.....................................

62

C

Functions

Table

Li st

.............................................

64

D

TPC-2000

Keystrokes

And

Codes

....................................

66

E

System

Startup

Checklist

.........................................

67

F

Interpretation

Of

Disk

Controller

Status

.........................

68

H

Troubleshooting

..................................................

70

FIGURES

1-1

Front

Panel

......................................................

2

1-2

Rear

Panel

.......................................................

2

1-3

Diskette

Insert

..................................................

5

2-1

System

Block

Diagram

.............................................

8

6-1

TPC-2000

Standard

Keyboard

Layout

................................

49

6-2

Numer

ical

Keypad

.................................................

50

6-3 LED

Indicator

....................................................

51

TABLES

4-1

Disk

Format

Set For

TPC-2000

.....................................

39

SECTION I

INSTALLATION

1.1

Introduction

This manual is designed for people who want to learn to program the

computer

or to

bring

economy

and

efficiency

to his

business.

With

this

manual

and a

TATUNG

TPC-2000

desktop

small

business

computer,

and a bit

of your time and attention, you will find that there is nothing

difficult about using TPC-2000.

The TPC-2000 is the ideal system for the small business with data

jf

processing requirements. This system allows streaming of time consuming

|

tasks, such as inventory control, order entry, and billing. It runs the

|

CP/M

V2.2

Operating

System

and

all

utilities

and

application

softwares

|

designed for CP/M. .

|

Simply

add a

TTL

INPUT/OUTPUT

board

onto

TPC-2000,

the

TPC-2000

becomes

an

industrial controller

for

such

as

ROBOT,

chemial

PH

control

...

etc.

As computing requirements grow, the TPC-2000 can become a workstation

of the host computer, with its built-in floppy drive serving as local

storage. Because the TPC-2000 has a function which allows it to accept

down-loads

from the host computer, it can work as a workstation with or

without its disk drive(s).

When

the

TPC-2000

functions

as a

terminal

of a

host

computer,

it can

simulate other

types

of terminals by sending terminal control code

tables

from

the

host

computer.

1.2 Unpacking the TPC-2000

Carefully

unpack

the

TATUNG

TPC-2000

computer.

Do not use a

sharp

or

pointed

instrument

to

open

the

packing

box,

as

this

may

pierce

the

protective covering and scratch the finish on the machine. Carefully

remove

the

computer

from

the

shipping

carton

and

inspect

for

external

damage.

If any

damage

is

noted,

please

notify

TATUNG

and

file

a-claim

for damages with the shipping Carrier. Do not discard the shipping

carton and any of package related parts as these should be used to

return (Before return, ensure that the package method is the same as TATUNG

original

package

you

received)

the

machine

to

TATUNG

in the

event of a hardware malfunction.

Assuming

that

there

is no

damage,

position

the

computer

in

such

a way that there is clear access to the front and rear panels. Ensure that the ventilation ports on

£he

sides are clear and unobstructed.

1.3 Setup and How to Get

TPC-2000

Started

As shown in Figure

1-1,

the TPC-2000 microcomputer system should

include processor unit, CRT display, and detachable keyboard.

/

CRT Drive B CPU Drive A

Power Keyboard Switch Connector

Figure 1-1 Front Panel

Fuse

/

AC Outlet \ DIP Switch\ Centronic Type Expansion

x

Printer

Connector Bus Connector

Monitor 8" Drive Connector Connector RS-232 Port

Figure 1-2 Rear Panel

Use the supplied cables to interconnect these separate parts, be very careful

and

make

sure

that

all

connectors

are

pluged

in

right

direction. Next, plug the TPC-2000 end of the computer's power cord

into

the

TPC-2000

( on the

rear

left

side

of the

TPC-2000

), and the

other

end

into a three-prong

grounded

wall

outlet.

Now the TPC-2000 is completely set up. turn the power on ( the power

switch is on the upper right corner of the front panel ), you

will

hear

a

beep sound

and an

underline

cursor

should

appear

at

upper

left

corner

of the screen.

Get the

system

diskette

from

its

package

and

insert

it

into

drive

A,

the built-in drive on the right side of the system, with the label

facing up and the oval cutout toward the back

pf

the disk drive, clamp

the

front

lever

down.

Depress

"F1"

key,

this

sequence

is

called

System

Boot.

In

this

sequence,

the

disk

drive

will

make

whirring

and

clacking

noises

as

CP/M-80

is

loaded

into

memory.

The

first

thing

that

CP/M-80

does

after

it is

loaded

into

memory

is to

display

the

following

message

on your screen:

6MK

TATUNG DOS

VERS.

V.W

,

A> ' .

....

. . .

,

'

where

64K

indicate

that

the

memory

size

of

TPC-2000,

the

version

number,

represented

above

by V.W

tells

you the

revision

level

of the

Tatung

version

that

you

own.

"A>"

is

system prompt

to

tell

you

CP/M-80^

is

ready

to

read a command

from

your keyboard.

It

also

tells

you

that

drive

A is

your

"default"

drive.

That

means

that

until

you

tell

CP/M-80

to do

otherwise,

it

looks

for

program

and

data

files

on the

diskette

in

drive

A.

,

.

;

If your screen display

doesn't

conform to the above description,

don't

worry.

Turn

the

power off,

then

check

each

connector

and

system

diske-

tte. If everything seems all right, you may do the system boot sequence

again

and the " 6HK

TATUNG

DOS

VERS

2.24* " will

display

on

screen.

Otherwise

you may

call

your

dealer

who

will

give

you the

best

answer.

TATUNG

recommends

that

you

make a backup copy

of the

TPC-2000

system

disk.and

use that copy to perform all operation, the original disk

should be stored in a safe place.

In

order

to

check

the

function

of the

distribution

diskette

and

some

basic

functions

of the

TPC-2000,

type

the

following

command

to

display

a

list,

of the files on the distribution

diskette : .

DIR

<cr>

The screen should display like following format :

A

A A A A A

•

PIP

DUMP LOAD

MODE

F

MTS

COM

DAT

COM

:

ED

: SUBMIT

: REFORM

: DCOPY

: FUNCTION

: XSUB

COM :

COM : COM :

COM :

COM

STAT

ASM

SYSGEN

SETUP

MOVCPM

COM

COM COM

*

I

:

*

DDT

F1

DCHECK

CRTEST PRTEST

COM COM COM COM COM

In order to obtain a back-up copy of system diskette, you should insert

a

blank

diskette

in

drive B then

format

and

generate

system

on

this

diskette

( See

Section

5 ).

Copy

files

from

your

original

disk

onto

your

backup

disk,

type

the

command

:

PIP

B:=A:*.*[V]

<cr>

The

system

will

copy

all

disk

files

from

the

disk A onto disk

B, and

verifies

that

each

file

has

been

copied

correctly.

The

name

of

each

file

is

displayed

at the

CRT

as the

copy

operation

proceeds.

When

this

is completed the system will again display the prompt symbol

"A>".

You

n6w have a complete copy of -your original disk. Release the front

levers

for

both

drives

and

remove

both

disks

from

their

drives.

Store

the original disk in safe place. Place the copied disk into drive A, and

clamp

the

front

lever.

Type a CTRL-C. ( Note:

The

character

"""

represents

the

Control

function

and

"C

is

typed

by

holding

down

the

control key while typing a C ) The system should respond with the

"A>"

prompt symbol.

If you are using an external hard-copy printer, connect its cable to

Centronic type printer jack on the rear of the computer. Plug in the

printer's

power

cord

and

turn

on its

power

switch.

Make

any

other

necessary

settings

on the printer in accordance with the

printer's

operating

manual.

Refer

to the

SETUP

Command

if it is

necessary

to

change

the

Operating

System.

Test

the

printer

by

typing

the

command

:

PIP LST:=A:DUMP.ASM<cr>

If all is working correctly, the printer will begin typing a copy of

the CP/M DUMP source program. Save this printout for future reference.

This completes the initial setup and checkout. If you have encountered

any difficulties, refer to Appendix F and Appendix G of this manual.

Assuming that no difficulties have been encountered to this point, you

can now begin using your computer. It is suggested that you familiarize

yourself

with

the

rest

of

this

manual

prior

to

starting

any

major

operations.

NOTE

Always

remove

your

diskettes

from

the

disk

drives

before

you

turn off your

TPC-2000.

1.4

Routine Operating Instructions

For the

initial

startup

and

checkout

of

your

system,

consult

Section

1.3 of

this

manual

to

ensure

that

your

computer

is

operational.

After the system is completely checked out and operating

correctly,

use

the following instructions as a guide for routine system startup.

Consult Figures

1-1

through

1-3,

if required, for positioning and

placement information. The following instructions assume that your

system uses a standard CRT display and a detachable keyboard.

<J

Figure 1-3 Diskette Insert

Turn on the

power

switch on the front panel of the TPC-2000. If appropriate, turn on the power switch on the printer or other peripheral device(s).

Release the front lever of both drives, Insert a system disk (a disk containing the CP/M Operating System program on tracks 0, 1 and 2) in the drive A with the manufacturer's label facing on. Refer to

Figure

1-3 for the correct method of inserting the disk. And clamp the front

lever of drive

A.

Make

sure

your

system

is set on by

real

panel

switch

(please

refer

Appendix

B) and

press

"F1"

keys

to

cause

the

system

to

"AUTO

Boot",

the

system

will

display the message :

TATUNG DOS VERS

V.W*

and then the symbol

"A>"

will

appear. This is the indication that the

Operating System program has successfully loaded and is controlling the

TPC-2000'S

operation.

At

this

point

you may

enter

the

appropriate

CP/M

commands to perform the processing required.

1.5 System Shutdown

There

is

only

special

precaution

which

should

be

observed

when

you are

finished with the computer and are preparing to turn it off.

Power to the computer should not be turned on or off with diskettes in

the disk drives. Therefore, before turning off the power

switch,

release

both

front

levers

and

remove

the

diskette

or

diskettes.

Failure

to

observe

this

precaution

could

allow

an

unpredictable

magnetic

field

to

erase

or

alter a small

part

of the

information

on the

diskette.

The

potentially

disastrous result of such an alteration might not be

discovered

until

some

time

later.

NOTE

Don't switch on TPC-2000 within 30 seconds after power off TPC-2000 or you

will

break

down

the

power

supply

of

TPC-2000

SECTION II

SYSTEM DESCRIPTION

2.1

Introduction

A typical microcomputer system consists of a CPU (Central Processing

Unit), input, output, storage devices, and a program called the

Operating System.

The CPU is a single integrated circuit chip, called microprocessor, it

is the

heart

of the

system.

Its

function

is to

obtain

instructions

from

the

memory

and

perform

the

desired

operations.

The input device is

usually

a keyboard. Typical output devices includes

CRT(Cathode

Ray

Tube)

and

printer.

Storage

devices

include

computer's

internal

Random

Access

Memory

(RAM),

Read

Only

Memory(ROM),

and the

magnetic

floppy

disks.

The

RAM

is

volatile

storage,

it

must

have

power

applied

to

retain

its

information.

The floppy disks are non-volatile storage because they retain their

information regardless of power application.

The Operating System program enables the computer to accept directions

from

the

user

and it

must

be

loaded

into

the

computer

before

the

computer can do the function. The Operating System accepts and

interprets

commands

from

the

keyboard,

reads

from

and

writes

to the

floppy disks, communicates with the output device(s), and keeps track

of where information is stored on the disks.

The

TATUNG

TPC-2000

Integrated

desktop

microcomputer

system

is a

single

user

system,

it is a compact and very attractive desktop unit. The standard system consists of the processor unit, CRT display, detachable keyboard and dual slim line

mini-floppy

disk drives.

2.2 Hardware Overview

The

TATUNG

TPC-2000

computer

includes a Z80A

(4MHz)

microprocessor,

two

slim

line 5 1/4"

mini-floppy

diskette

drives.

Each

system

also

include

64K

bytes

RAM

and

4K

bytes

ROM

for

main

memory,

4K

bytes

RAM

and

2K

bytes ROM for display memory.

Standard

system

includes a serial

RS-232C

interface

port

for

printer;

baud

rate

of

110, 300, 600, 1200,

2400,

4800,

9600,

or

19200

bps can be

selected

through

software

or by

hardware

switch;

one

Centronics

type

interface for parallel printer.

MULTI-

PLEXER

DISPLAY

RAM

Figure 2-1 System Block Diagram

The TPC-2000 detachable keyboard has been designed for easy to used. It

has 93 sculptured keys arranged in standard typewriter format, and includes alpha

lock,

18-key numeric pad with decimal and 6 programmable

function keys which can be used to implement automatically complicated and repetitive operation with a single key stroke.

The

disk

drives incorporated in your TPC-2000 vary

from

model to model,

according

to the followings:

1>

single

side,

96

TPI — 360K

Bytes

of

formatted

storage

per

drive.

2>

double

side,

96 TPI —

720K

Bytes

of

formatted

storage

per

drive.

A wide range of options is available with the TPC-2000, each is fully

supported

by

TATUNG.

* Color monitor display unit

* Graphic display board * 8" floppy drive :

TPC-2000 can be added with 2 additional drives

(if

TPC-2000 already

has 2

mini-floppy

drives), or U drives (if TPC-2000 does not have any

mini-floppy

drives). Each 8" drive has a

616K

(single side) or 1.2MB

(double side)

«

Virtual disk :

Each

virtual

disk

has

256KB

capacity.

The

TPC-2000

can be

added

up to

8 virtual disk boards

*

Hard disk :

TPC-2000

can be

added

up to 4 sets

of 5

1/M"

or

hard

disk

drives.

8

i

There are 6.6 MB/drive, 13.3

MB/drive,

and

2?

MB/drive

options for 5

1/4" Winchester hard disk.

* Serial interface board :

Each

interface

board

has 14

RS-232C

serial

ports.

The

TPC-2000

can be

added up to 2 boards.

*

TTL

input/ouput

board :

Each I/O board has

64

input/ouput points. TPC-2000 can be added with

2 input/output board.

OPERATING CONDITIONS ———

Power requirement Power

consumption

Operating Temperature

Humidity

Weight

Dimensions

(mm)

110V

or 220V +/- 10%, 50 or 60 Hz

less

than

100VA

10°C - 40°C

20% - 80% Noncondensing

12 Kg

450(W) X

42800

X 620(D)

2.3 Software Overview

The term software refers to whatever program will be used with the

computer. This includes the

CP/M

Operating System program, the various utility programs provided with the computer and any program written by the user or acquired by other means.

The program stored in the ROM is called "Firmware", since it is program

material, but not easily alterable. The ROM firmware will be considered a subset of the software, since it is program material. The program in the ROM was written by

TATUNG

and is required in order to perform the

most basic machine functions.

Two operating systems are available for the integrated TPC-2000 system;

the CP/M V2.2 for single users and the

CP/NET

for local networks. Both

operating systems support a wide range of application languages.

OPERATING SYSTEM : CP/M V.VV, CP/NET

UTILITIES

LANGUAGES

:

KSAM,

DATASTAR, SUPERSORT, WORDSTAR, SUPERCALC,

VEDIT,

BISYNC, L80, LIB80, DBASE II

: ASM, M80, MAC, FORTRAN,

CBASIC,

CB80,

MBASIC,

PASCAL/M , PASCAL/MT+ , COBOL80

SECTION III

CP/M OPERATING SYSTEM

3.1 General Description

CP/M is a monitor control program for microcomputer system development

which uses IBM-compatible flexible disks for backup storage. CP/M

provides a general environment for program

construction,

storage, and

editing,

along

with

assembly

and

program

check-out

facilities.

It

also provides rapid access to programs through a comprehensive file management

package.

The

file

subsystem

supports a named

file

structure

,

allowing

dynamic

allocation

of

file

space

as

well

as

sequential

and

random

file

access.

Using

this

file

system, a large

number

of

distinct

programs can be stored in both source and machine executable form.

CP/M also supports a

powerful

context editor, Intel-compatible

assembler, and debugger subsystems. Optional software includes a

powerful Intel-compatible macro assembler, symbolic debugger, along with

various

high-level

languages.

When

coupled

with

CP/M's

Console

Command

Processor,

the

resulting

facilities

equal

or

excel

similar

large computer facilities.

CP/M is logically divided into several distinct parts:

BIOS Basic I/O System (hardware dependent)

BDOS

Basic

Disk

Operating

System

CCP

Console

Command

Processor

TPA Transient Program Area

The

BIOS

provides

the

primitive

operations

necessary

to

access

the

diskette drives and to interface standard peripherals (teletype, CRT,

Paper Tape Reader/Punch, and user-defined peripherals), and can be

tailored by the user for any particualr hardware environment by

"patching"

this

portion

of

CP/M.

The

BDOS

implements

disk

allocation

strategies

which

provide

fully

dynamic

file

contruction

while

minimi-

zing

head

movement

across

the

disk

during

access.

Any

particular

file

may

contain

any

number

of

records,

not

exceeding

the

size

of any

single disk. In a standard CP/M system, each disk can contain up to

6')

distinct

files.

The

BDOS

has

entry

points

which

include

the

following primitive operations which can be programmatically accessed:

X

SEARCH Look for a particular disk file by name. OPEN Open a file for further operations.

CLOSE Close a file after processing.

RENAME Change the name of a particular file.

READ Read a record from a particular file.

10

WRITE

Write a record

onto

the

disk.

SELECT

Select a particular

disk

drive

for

further

operations.

The CCP provides symbolic interface between the user's console and the

remainder of the CP/M system. The CCP reads the console device and

processes

commands

which

include

listing

the

file

directory,

printing

the contents of files, and controlling the operation of transient

programs, such as assemblers, editors, and

debuggers..

The standard

commands

which

are

available

in the

CCP

are

listed

in a

following

section.

The

last

segment

of

CP/M

is the

area

called

the

Transient

Program

Area

(TPA).

The TPA

holds

programs

which

are

loaded

from

the

disk

under

command

of the

CCP.

During

program

editing,

for

example,

the TPA

holds

the CP/M text editor machine code and data areas.

Similarly,

programs

created under CP/M can be checked out by loading and executing these

programs in the TPA.

It

should

be

mentioned

that

any or all of the

CP/M

component

subsystems can be

"overlayed"

by an executing program. That is, once a

user's

program

is

loaded

into

the

TPA,

the

CCP, BDOS,

and

BIOS

areas

can be used as the

program's

data area. A "bootstrap" loande is

programmatically

accessible

whenever

the

BIOS

portion

is not

overlayed; thus, the user program need only branch to the bootstrap

loader at the end of

execution,

and the complete CP/M monitor is

reloaded from disk.

3.2 Functional Description of CP/M

The user interacts win CP/M primarily through the CCP, which reads and

interprets

commands

entered

through

the

console.

In

general,

the CCP

addresses one of seveal disks which are online (the standard system

addresses up to four different disk drives). These disk drives are

labelled

A,B,C,

and D. A

disk

is

"logged

in" if the

CCP

is

currently

addressing the disk. In order to clearly indicate which disk is the

currently logged disk, the CCP always prompts the operator with the disk

name

followed

by the

symbol

"<"

indicating

that

the CCP is

ready

for

another

command.

Upon

initial

start

up, the

CP/M

system

is

brought in from disk A. and the CCP displays the message

xxK

CP/M

VER

m.m

where

xx is the

memory

size

(in

kilobytes)

which

this

CP/M

system

manages, and m.m is the CP/M version number. All CP/M systems are initially

set to

operate

in a 16k

memory

space,

but can be

easily

reconfigured

to it any

memory

size

on the

host

system

(see

the

MOVCPM

transient

command).

Following

system

signon,

CP/M

automatically

logs

11

in disk

A,

prompts the user with the symbol

"A>"

(indicating that CP/M

is

currently

addressing

disk

"A"),

and

waits

for a

command.

The

commands

are

implemented

at two

levels:

built-in

commands

and

transient commands. Nearly all of the commands reference a particular

file

or

group

of

files.

The

form

of a

file

reference

is

specified

below.

3.2.1

File References

A

file

reference

identifies a particular

file

or

group

of

files

on

particular disk attached to CP/M. These file references can be either

"unambiguous" (ufn) or "ambiguous" (afn). An unambiguous file

reference

uniquely

identifies a single

file,

while

an

ambiguous

file

reference

may be

satisfied

by a

number

of

different

files.

File

referneces

consist

of two

parts:

the

primary

name

nd the

secondarty name. Although the secondary ame is optional, it usually

is

generic;

that

is, the

secondary

name

"ASM,"

for

example,

is

used

to

denote that the file is an assembly language source file, while the

primary

name

distinguishes

each

particular

source

file.

The two

names

are

se

par

ted by a

"."

as show below:

PPPPPPPP.sss

where

pppppppp

represents

the

primary

name

of

eight

characters

or

less,

and sss is the

secondary

name

of no

more

than

three

characters.

As mentioned above, the name

pppppppp

is

also

allowed

and is

equivalent

to a

secondary

name

consisting

of

three

blank.

The

characters

used

in

specifying

an

unambiguous

file

reference cannot contain any of the special characters

< >

•

. - 9 * r i

X / » | |

. — •

L

J

while all alphanumerics remaining special characters are allowed.

An ambiguous file reference is used for directory search and pattern

matching.

The

form

of an

ambiguous

file

reference

is

similar

to an

unambiguous reference, except the symbol

"?"

may be interspersed

throughout the primary and secondary names. In various commands throught

CP/M,

the

"?"

symbol

matches

any

character

of a

file

name

in

the

"?"

position.

Thus,

the ambiguous reference

X?Z.C?M

12

ppppppp.

and *.sss

are abbreviations for

ppppppp.???

and

???????.sss

respectively.

As an example,

DIR

».«

is

interpreted

by the

CCP

as a

command

to

list

the

names

of all

disk

files in the directory, while

DIR X.Y

searches

only

for a

file

by the

name

X.Y . Similarly,

the

command

DIR X?Y.C?M

,

causes a search

for all

(unambiguous)

file

names

on the

disk

which

satisfy

this

ambiguous

reference.

The

following

file

names

are

valid

unambiguous

file

references:

X

A.Y

XYZ

XYZ.COM

GAMMA

GAMMA.1

As an added convenience, the programmer can generally specify the disk drive

name

along

with

the

file

name.

In

this

case,

the

drive

name

is

give

as a

letter A through D followed

by a

colon

(:).

The

specified

drive

is

then

"logged

in"

before

the

file

operation

occurs.

Thus,

the

following

are

valid

file

names

with

disk

name

prefixes:

A:X.Y

B-.SYZ

C:GAMMA

It

should

also

be

noted

that

all

alphabetic

lower

case

letters

in

file

and

drive

names

are

always

translated

to

upper

case

when

they

are

processed by the CCP.

13

3.3 Switching Disks

The operator can switch the currently logged disk by typing the disk

drive name

(A,B,C,orD)

followed by a colon (:) when the CCP is waiting

for console input. Thus, the sequence of

prompts

and commands shown

below might occur after the

Cp/M

system is loaded from disk A:

64K

CP/M

VER

2.2

A>DIR

List all files on disk A.

A: SAMPLE ASM : SAMPLE PRN : DUMP

A: PIP COM : STAT COM

COM : SYSGEN COM

A>B:

B>DIR

*.ASM

Switch to disk B.

List all

"ASM"

files on B.

B: DUMP ASM : FILES ASM : REFORM ASM :

DCOPY

ASM

B>A:

Switch back to A.

3.4

The

Form

of

Built-in

Commands

Built-in

commands

are a

part

of th

CCP

program

itself,

while

transient

commands

are

loaded

into

the TPA

from

disk

and

executed.

The

built-in

commands are

ERA Erase

sepcified

files.

DIR

List file names in the directory.

REN Rename the speicified file. SAVE Save memory contents in a file.

TYPE Type the contents of a file on the logged disk.

3.4.1

ERA afn <cr>

The

ERA

(erase)

command

removes

files

from

the

currently

logged-in

disk

(i.e.,

the

disk

name

currently

prompted

by

CP/M

preceding

the

•">").

The

files

which

are

erased

are

those

which

satisfy

the

ambiguous

file

reference

afn.

The

following

examples

illustrate

the use of

ERA:

ERA

X.Y The

file

named

X.Y on the

currently

logged

disk

is re-

moved from the disk directory, and the space is returned.

ERA

X.*

All

files

with

primary

name

X are

removed

from

the

current disk.

ERA

*.ASM

All

files

with

secondary

name

current disk.

ASM are removed from the

ERA X?Y.C?M

All

files

on the

current

disk

which

satisfy

the

ambiguous

reference

X?Y.C?M

are

deleted.

ERA *.*

Erase all files on the current disk (in this case the CCP

prompts

the

console

with

the

message

"ALL

FILES

(Y/N)?"

which

requires

a Y

response

before

files

are

actually

removed).

ERA

B:*.PRN

All

files

on

drive B which

satisfy

the

ambiguous

reference

????????.PRN

are deleted, independently of the

currently logged disk.

I.U.2

DIR

afn <cr>

The DIR (directory) command causes the names of all files which

satisfy the ambiguous file name afn to be listed at the console

device. As special case, the command

DIR

lists the files on the currently logged disk (the command "DIR" is

equivalent to the command

"DIR*.*").

Valid DIR commands are shown

below.

DIR X.Y

DIR X?Z.C?M

DIR

??.Y

Similar

to

other

CCP

commands,

the afn can be

preceded

by a

drive

name.

The

following

DIR

commands

cause

the

selected

drive

to be

addressed before the directory search takes place.

DIR B: DIR

B:X.Y

DIR B:*.A?M

If no

files

can be

found

on the

selected

diskette

which

satisfy

the

Tatung TPC-2OOO Instruction Manual

Specifications and Main Features

Frequently Asked Questions

User Manual