System Sensor BS5839 User Manual

SYSTEM SENSOR EUROPE

guide to intelligent

ﬁre systems

Advanced Ideas. Advanced Solutions

Note: This document is based on the recommendations of BS5839 Part 1: 2002. It is intended only as a guide to the application of ﬁre detection systems.

Reference must be made to relevant national and local standards.

CONTENTS

1. INTELLIGENT FIRE ALARM SYSTEMS ............................................................

1.1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................................... 4

1.2. INTELLIGENT SYSTEM TYPES ........................................................................................................................................

1.3. COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL .........................................................................................................................................

1.4. ADDRESSING METHODS .................................................................................................................................................

1.5. SYSTEM FAULT TOLERANCE ..........................................................................................................................................

1.6. DRIFT COMPENSATION AND MAINTENANCE ALARM .....................................................................................................

1.7. PRE-ALARM FACILITY ....................................................................................................................................................

1.8. FIRE ALARMS ................................................................................................................................................................

1.9. FIRE SYSTEM ZONES ......................................................................................................................................................

1.10. REMOTE LEDS ..............................................................................................................................................................

1.11. INTERFACE MODULES ...................................................................................................................................................

1.12. PROGRAMMING OF INTELLIGENT FIRE ALARM PANELS ..............................................................................................

1.13. ADVANTAGES OF INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS ....................................................................................................................

2. DETECTOR APPLICATION GUIDE .....................................................................8

2.1. FIRE SYSTEM CATEGORIES. ............................................................................................................................................ 8

2.2. MANUAL CALL POINTS .................................................................................................................................................

2.3. SELECTION OF AUTOMATIC FIRE DETECTORS ...............................................................................................................

2.4. LOCATION AND SPACING OF AUTOMATIC FIRE DETECTORS .........................................................................................

2.5. ALARM SIGNALS ..........................................................................................................................................................

2.6 MAINTENANCE OF FIRE DETECTORS .............................................................................................................................

Guide to Intelligent Fire Alarm Systems

2.7 ROUTINE FUNCTIONAL TESTING OF FIRE DETECTORS ...................................................................................................

SERIES 200 PLUS ANALOGUE ADDRESSABLE DETECTOR RANGE ..................... 18

INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................................................... 18

SERIES 200 PLUS FEATURES ...............................................................................................................................................

GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS ..................................................................................................................................................

2251EM PHOTOELECTRIC SMOKE SENSOR ..........................................................................................................................

2251TEM PHOTO–THERMAL SENSOR ..................................................................................................................................

DRIFT COMPENSATION AND SMOOTHING ............................................................................................................................

5251REM, 5251EM AND 5251HTEM HEAT SENSORS ...........................................................................................................

6500 AND 6500S BEAM DETECTOR .....................................................................................................................................

7251 LASER DETECTOR .......................................................................................................................................................

2251EIS INTRINSICALLY SAFE DETECTOR AND IST200 INTERFACE ....................................................................................

B500 SERIES BASES ............................................................................................................................................................

M200 SERIES MODULE RANGE ........................................................................ 26

INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................................................26

M200XE SHORT CIRCUIT ISOLATOR MODULE ......................................................................................................................

M210E SINGLE CHANNEL INPUT MODULE, M220E DUAL CHANNEL INPUT MODULE AND M221E DUAL CHANNEL INPUT,

SINGLE CHANNEL OUTPUT MODULE .....................................................................................................................................

M201E OUTPUT MODULE .....................................................................................................................................................

M201E-240 AND M201E-240-DIN 240VAC RELAY MODULES ..............................................................................................

M210E-CZ CONVENTIONAL ZONE MODULE ..........................................................................................................................

Note: This document is based on the recommendations of BS5839 Part 1: 2002. It is intended only as a guide to the application of ﬁre detection systems.

Reference must be made to relevant national and local standards.

5. CALL POINTS ..............................................................................................28

INDOOR ................................................................................................................................................................................28

Guide to Intelligent Fire Alarm Systems

OUTDOOR .............................................................................................................................................................................

WATERPROOF .......................................................................................................................................................................

SWITCHES ............................................................................................................................................................................

ACCESSORIES ......................................................................................................................................................................

6. AUDIO VISUAL PRODUCTS ..........................................................................29

SOUNDERS ........................................................................................................................................................................... 29

DETECTOR BASE SOUNDERS ................................................................................................................................................

STROBES ..............................................................................................................................................................................

SOUNDER STROBES .............................................................................................................................................................

BASES ..................................................................................................................................................................................

7. OTHER INFORMATION .................................................................................30

7.1. STANDARDS ..................................................................................................................................................................30

7.2. APPROVAL BODIES FOR FIRE DETECTION PRODUCTS ...................................................................................................

Note: This document is based on the recommendations of BS5839 Part 1: 2002. It is intended only as a guide to the application of ﬁre detection systems.

Reference must be made to relevant national and local standards.

1. INTELLIGENT FIRE ALARM

INTELLIGENT

FIRE ALARM

CONTR

PANEL

EOL

ISOLATOR

CONTROL MODULE

MONITOR MODULE

ISOLATO

CONVENTIONAL ALARM ZONE

CONTAC

T (E.G. SPRINKLER SWITCH

FIREALARM SYSTEM OK 28

January2004

14:01

SYSTEM OK

SYSTEM RESET

FIRE ALARM FAUL

Panel to detector

Detector Response

Control

Error Chec

Detector Address

Device

Type

Test Status

Sensor

Value

Other Info

e.g. drift

status

+24V

SYSTEMS

1.1. INTRODUCTION

Conventional ﬁre alarm systems provide an adequate and cost effective ﬁre alarm system for many small buildings. In larger, more complex buildings however, more sophisticated ‘intelligent’ ﬁre alarm systems tend to be used. These systems offer beneﬁts in speed of detection, identiﬁcation of the location of a ﬁre and easier maintenance. Intelligent systems also offer tolerance to faults in the system wiring, which allows a single pair of wires to be used to connect up to 198 devices to the system, allowing cost savings in the wiring of large systems. In larger installations, the beneﬁts of improved maintenance and reduced cabling cost are overwhelming. Currently, the point at which an intelligent system becomes economical is around 6 zones in the UK.

This guide is intended as an introduction to the technology used in intelligent ﬁre alarm systems. For more information on conventional systems, refer to System Sensor’s ‘Guide to Conventional Fire Systems’.

1.2. INTELLIGENT SYSTEM TYPES

There are two methods commonly used for implementing intelligent ﬁre systems:

The most common type of system is “Analogue”. In this case the detector (or sensor) returns a value to the panel representing the current state of its sensing element(s). The control panel compares this value with the alarm threshold in order to make the decision as to whether a ﬁre is present. Note that the term analogue, used to describe these systems does not refer to the communication method (indeed many “analogue” ﬁre systems use digital communications) but to the variable nature of the response from the detector to the control panel.

In “Addressable” type intelligent systems, mainly used to meet the requirements of the French market, detector sensitivity is programmed to each device by the control panel or is preset in the factory. The detector compares its current sensor value with the conﬁgured threshold to make the alarm decision, which is then transmitted to the panel when the sensor is interrogated.

In many systems the features offered by the two detection techniques are so similar that it is not particularly relevant which technique is used to make the alarm decision. It is better to select a system based on the features offered by the system as a whole.

1.3. COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL

Intelligent systems use the same pair of wires both to supply power to the loop, and to communicate with devices on the loop. The communication language, or protocol used varies from manufacturer to manufacturer, but generally comprises switching of the 24V supply voltage to other voltage levels to achieve communication.

Intelligent Fire Alarm Systems

Figure 1.1.1 Intelligent Fire Alarm Systems

Figure 1.1.1 demonstrates an example of a single loop intelligent ﬁre system layout. The wiring is looped, and connects to the control panel at each end. All detectors, call points, sounders and interface modules are wired directly to the loop, each having its own address. The control panel communicates with each device on the loop, and if an alarm or fault condition is signalled, or if communications are lost with one or more detectors, the appropriate response is triggered. The loop can be powered from each end so that if the loop is broken at any point, no devices are lost. In addition the use of short circuit isolators minimises the area of coverage lost in the case of a short circuit.

A typical basic protocol comprises two main parts (See Fig 1.3.1): A query or poll of a device by the control panel including the device address and control information, and a response from the device giving its status and other information. Precise details of the information transferred will depend on the manufacturer, but normally will include:

Poll: Control Panel to device:

• Device address

• Control of device LED - blink to indicate polling, switch on when device is in alarm

• Control of device self-test

• Control of module output

Note: This document is based on the recommendations of BS5839 Part 1: 2002. It is intended only as a guide to the application of ﬁre detection systems.

Reference must be made to relevant national and local standards.

• Error detection for example parity bit or checksum Response: Device to Control Panel

• Device type (e.g. optical detector, heat detector, multisensor detector, module)

• Analogue Signal - i.e. the current sensor value

Figure 1.3.1 Typical Protocol Conﬁguration

• Alarm Signal if appropriate

TENS

UNITS

INTELLIGENT

FIRE ALARM

CONTROL PANEL

24V

Panel detects the loss of devices after the break, signals a fault and powers from both ends of the loop to retain full coverage

Line break

SYSTEMFAULT: OPEN CIRCUIT: Zone 2 Module 01 FIRST FLOOR CANTEEN

SYSTEM OK

SYSTEM RESET

FIRE ALARM

FAULT

Isolating Impedance

Short Circuit

Isolators on either side of the short circuit switch an impedance onto the line to isolate it.

Devices between the tw

o isolators are lost, howe

ver the remainder of the circuit still operates correctly

Isolators automatically reset the line when the short circuit is removed

INTELLIGENT

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PANEL

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SYSTEMFAULT: SHORT CIRCUIT: Zone 2 DETECTOR 03 FIRS

T FLOOR CANTEEN

SYSTEM OK

SYSTEM RESET

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FAULT

• Status of module output

• Remote test status

• Manufacturer code

Most commonly, each device on the loop will be polled in turn, however to increase speed around a loop, some protocols allow polling of groups of devices on a single communication.

Note that since different manufacturers have their own protocols, it is important to ensure compatibility between the detectors and control panel you intend to use. Some detector manufacturers produce intelligent detectors with different communication protocols for different customers, so two detectors which look virtually identical in appearance may not be compatible. Always check with the manufacturer of the control panel.

1.4. ADDRESSING METHODS

Different manufacturers of intelligent systems use a number of different methods of setting the address of a device, including:

• 7-bit binary or hexadecimal DIL switch

• Dedicated address programmer

• Automatic, according to physical position on the loop

• Binary ‘address card’ ﬁtted in the detector base

• Decimal address switches

System Sensor’s Series 200 plus range of intelligent devices uses decimal address switches to deﬁne a device’s address between 00 and 99 (See Figure 1.4.1). This is a simple intuitive method, not requiring knowledge of binary or purchase of specialised equipment to set addresses.

only from one end. If the loop is broken (See ﬁgure 1.5.1.), the panel will detect the loss of communications with the detectors beyond the break, signal a fault, and switch to drive the loop from both ends. The system therefore remains fully operational, and can possibly even indicate the area of the break.

In order to give tolerance against short circuits on the loop, short circuit isolators are placed at intervals on the loop. Should a short circuit occur on the loop (Figure 1.5.2.) the isolators directly on either side of the fault will isolate that section. The panel will detect the loss of the devices, signal a fault and drive the loop from both ends, thereby enabling the remainder of the loop to operate correctly and ensuring minimum loss of coverage.

Short circuit isolators are available as separate modules and incorporated into a detector base.

Some products, for example System Sensor’s M200 Series modules, have isolators built into each of the loop devices. With this conﬁguration, since only the section of wiring between the two adjacent devices is isolated there will be no loss of coverage should a short circuit occur.

Intelligent Fire Alarm Systems

Figure 1.4.1 System Sensor decade address switches

-Address 03 selected

Differences in the protocol between detectors and modules allow them to have the same address without interfering with each other, and normally address 00 (the factory default setting) is not used within a system so that the panel can identify if a device address has not been set: Hence a total of up to 198 devices - 99 detectors and 99 modules (including call points, sounders, input and output modules) may be connected to a loop.

1.5. SYSTEM FAULT TOLERANCE

Due to the looped wiring method used for analogue systems, they are more tolerant to open and short circuit wiring faults than conventional systems.

Under normal conditions, the loop will typically be driven

Note: This document is based on the recommendations of BS5839 Part 1: 2002. It is intended only as a guide to the application of ﬁre detection systems.

Reference must be made to relevant national and local standards.

Figure 1.5.1. Open Circuit Fault

Figure 1.5.2. Short Circuit Fault

1.6. DRIFT COMPENSATION AND MAINTENANCE ALARM

Chamber

Value

Time

Clean Air Value

Uncompensated Alarm Threshold

Uncompensated Chamber

Value

Compensated Threshold

Smoke required to reach alar

threshold reduces

Detector sensitivity increases

Threshold increased to compensate for increased chamber clean air value.

ISOLATOR

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ISOLATOR

Zone 1

Zone 2

Zone

Zone 4

INTELLIGENT

FIRE ALARM

CONTROL

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FIRE ALARM SYSTEMOK 28

January2003

12:15pm

SYSTEM OK

SYSTEM RESET

FIRE ALARM FAULT

The sensitivity of a smoke detector tends to change as it becomes contaminated with dirt or dust (see ﬁgure 1.6.1). As contamination builds up, it usually becomes more sensitive, leading to the risk of a false alarm, but in some cases can become less sensitive, so delaying the alarm if a ﬁre is detected. To counter this, if a detector drifts outside its speciﬁcation, a maintenance signal may be sent to the panel warning that the detector needs cleaning.

To further increase the maintenance interval, many systems incorporate a “drift compensation” function, included in either the detector or the control panel algorithms. These functions use algorithms that monitor the sensitivity of a detector, and modify its response to compensate for a build up of dust in the chamber over time. Once the detector reaches the “drift limit” when the dirt build up can no longer be compensated for, a fault can be signalled. Some systems also incorporate a warning to signal that a detector is approaching its compensation limit and requires cleaning.

Intelligent Fire Alarm Systems

use control modules to operate additional electrical equipment such as air conditioning units and door releases to prevent the spread of smoke and ﬁre.

The alarm signals can either be a zone of conventional sounders and strobes activated via control modules on the loop or directly from the control panel, or addressable loop powered devices connected on the same loop as the detectors and activated by direct command from the panel. Loop powered sounders tend to have lower wiring costs, however the number permissible on the loop may be restricted by current limitations.

On larger sites, it may be desirable to use zoned alarms. This allows a phased evacuation to be carried out, with areas at most immediate risk being evacuated ﬁrst, then less endangered areas later.

1.9. FIRE SYSTEM ZONES

Conventional ﬁre alarm systems group detectors into ‘zones’ for faster location of a ﬁre, with all the detectors in a particular zone being connected on one circuit. Although intelligent systems allow the precise device that initiated an alarm to be identiﬁed, zones are still used in order to make programming the system and interpreting the location of a ﬁre easier. The control panel will have individual ﬁre indicators for each zone on the system, and the control panel response to an alarm is often programmed according to the zone of the device in alarm rather than its individual address.

Figure 1.6.1 Chamber Contamination and Drift

Compensation

1.7. PRE-ALARM FACILITY

One advantage of intelligent type systems is that since the data sent by a detector to the panel varies with the local environment, it can be used to detect when the device is approaching an alarm condition. This “Pre-Alarm” can be signalled at the panel and can therefore be investigated to check if there is a real ﬁre, or if it is caused by other signals, for example steam or dust from building work. This can avoid the inconvenience and expense of evacuating a building or calling out the ﬁre brigade unnecessarily because of a nuisance alarm. The Pre-Alarm Threshold is typically set at 80% of the alarm threshold.

1.8. FIRE ALARMS

When a ﬁre is detected, the control panel indicates an alarm by activating the ﬁre indicator for the relevant zone on the control panel, sending a command to the relevant detector to illuminate its LED and activate alarm signals to start evacuation. Most intelligent ﬁre system control panels include alphanumeric displays enabling them to show information on the source of the alarm. This may simply be a zone and detector address, or could be more descriptive for example “Smoke Detector, Bedroom 234”. The control panel may also

Whilst the division of a loop into zones is achieved within the panel software, BS5839 part 1 recommends that a single wiring fault in one zone should not affect the operation of the system in other zones of the building. To meet this recommendation, a short circuit isolator should be placed on each boundary between zones (ﬁgure 1.9.1). In this instance, a short circuit in one zone would cause the isolators on either side of the zone to open, thereby disabling that zone. Any devices in neighbouring zones would be protected by the short circuit isolators and remain operational.

Figure 1.9.1 Intelligent System Fire Zones

Note: This document is based on the recommendations of BS5839 Part 1: 2002. It is intended only as a guide to the application of ﬁre detection systems.

Reference must be made to relevant national and local standards.

1.10. REMOTE LEDS

1.13. ADVANTAGES OF INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS

Intelligent Fire Alarm Systems

Most system smoke detectors are equipped with a terminal to allow the connection of a remote LED. Remote LEDs are often used outside bedroom doors in hotels so that in case of a ﬁre, it is easy for the ﬁre brigade to identify the location of the ﬁre without the need to enter every room in the building. They may also be used where a detector is concealed in loft space, for example, to provide a visual indication that the detector is in an alarm state.

1.11. INTERFACE MODULES

Input and Output modules can be used to provide an interface between a ﬁre loop and a variety of types of electrical equipment. Output or control modules can be used to operate sounders or shut down electrical equipment by command from the panel in case of a ﬁre. Input or monitor modules are used to monitor volt-free switch contacts, for example from a sprinkler supervisory switch or an existing conventional ﬁre panel. Conventional zone monitor modules are also available, providing an interface between a zone of conventional detectors and an analogue ﬁre detection loop, and are often used when existing conventional systems are upgraded.

1.12. PROGRAMMING OF INTELLIGENT FIRE ALARM PANELS

Most small intelligent systems can be programmed with ease without the need for any specialised equipment. The control panel has an alphanumeric keypad, which is used to enter data into the system. Typically a password is required to set the panel to ‘engineering mode’, allowing the panel to be programmed. Many control panels have an ‘auto-learn’ facility, whereby the control panel polls every address on the system, and detects which addresses have been used, and what type of detector or module has been connected to each address. As a default, the panel will usually programme all the devices on the loop into the same zone. The user can then customise the system by entering how the zones are conﬁgured. The panel may give the user an option of how modules are to be conﬁgured - for example whether an input module should trigger an alarm or a fault when operated and whether the wiring is to be monitored for open circuit faults.

• The wiring cost of a system can be reduced by the use of a single pair of wires for up to 198 devices including smoke and heat detectors, call points, beam detectors, input and output modules.

• Intelligent Systems allow the location of a ﬁre to be precisely located from the control panel

• The use of looped wiring allows the system to function normally even with an open circuit in the loop wiring

• The use of short circuit isolators allows correct operation of most, if not all of the system even with a short circuit in the loop wiring

• Detectors are constantly monitored for correct operation

• The use of a ‘pre-alarm’ feature alerts staff to check whether a ﬁre condition exists before the alarm is raised

• Different detector sensitivities can be used for diverse applications

• The use of addressable loop-powered sounders allows the same wiring to be used for sensors, call points and sounders

• The use of monitor modules allows contacts from sprinkler switches, existing ﬁre alarm systems, ﬁre dampers etc. to be monitored using detector loop wiring

• The use of control modules allows sounder lines, air conditioning systems, lifts etc. to be controlled or shut down using detector loop wiring

Other optional features may also be programmed using the keypad. The sensitivity of each detector on the system can be conﬁgured for high sensitivity if the detector is installed in a clean smoke-free area, or for low sensitivity if the area is subject to cigarette smoke, for example. The pre-alarm facility may be enabled or disabled.

Complex intelligent systems offer many user-programmable features that can be time-consuming to enter manually using the keypad. In this case, many panels have the facility to connect a portable PC by means of a serial data link. The user is supplied with a specialised piece of software, which enables the entire conﬁguration of the system to be programmed into the PC, away from site if necessary. It is then a simple matter of temporarily connecting the PC to the control panel and downloading the system conﬁguration to the panel. Once the information has been downloaded, it is permanently stored in the control panel, and the PC can be removed.

Note: This document is based on the recommendations of BS5839 Part 1: 2002. It is intended only as a guide to the application of ﬁre detection systems.

Reference must be made to relevant national and local standards.

2. DETECTOR APPLICATION GUIDE

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Example L5 System: L4 protection plus areas of high risk

2.1. FIRE SYSTEM CATEGORIES.

Before a ﬁre protection system can be designed, it is necessary to deﬁne the main objectives of the system. This is normally determined by a ﬁre risk assessment, and should be provided as part of the ﬁre system speciﬁcation. BS5839 Part 1: 2002 deﬁnes three basic categories of ﬁre detection system.

2.1.1. Category M Systems

Category M systems rely on human intervention, and use only manually operated ﬁre detection such as break glass call points. A category M system should only be employed if no one will be sleeping in the building, and if a ﬁre is likely to be detected by people before any escape routes are affected. Any alarm signals given in a category M system must be

Application Guide

sufﬁcient to ensure that every person within the alarm area is warned of a ﬁre condition.

2.1.2. Category L Systems

Category L systems are automatic ﬁre detection systems intended to protect life. The category is further subdivided as follows:

Category L5: In a category L5 system certain areas within a building, deﬁned by the ﬁre system speciﬁcation, are protected by automatic ﬁre detection in order to reduce the risk to life. This category of system may also include manual ﬁre protection.

Category L4: Designed to offer protection to the escape routes from a building. The system should comprise Category M plus smoke detectors in corridors and stairways

Category L3: Intended to offer early enough notiﬁcation of a ﬁre to allow evacuation before escape routes become smoke logged. Protection should be as for category L4 with the addition of smoke or heat detectors in rooms opening onto escape routes.

Note: This document is based on the recommendations of BS5839 Part 1: 2002. It is intended only as a guide to the application of ﬁre detection systems.

Reference must be made to relevant national and local standards.

Electric Plant

Materials Storag

Computer Equipmen

Electrical Plant

Materials Storage

Computer Equipment

Category L2: Objectives are similar to category L3, however

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additional protection is provided for rooms at higher risk. Protection should be as for category L3 plus smoke detectors in speciﬁed rooms at high risk

Category L1: The highest category for the protection of life. Intended to give the earliest possible notiﬁcation of a ﬁre in order to allow maximum time for evacuation. Automatic and manual ﬁre detection installed throughout all areas of the building. Smoke detectors should be employed wherever possible to protect rooms in which people can be expected to be present.

Similarly to class M systems, all alarm signals given in a category L system must be sufﬁcient to warn all those people for whom the alarm is intended to allow for a timely evacuation.

Application Guide

2.1.3. Category P Systems

Category P systems are automatic ﬁre detection systems whose primary objective is to protect property. The category is subdivided as follows:

Category P2: Intended to provide early warning of ﬁre in areas of high hazard, or to protect high-risk property. Automatic ﬁre detection should be installed in deﬁned areas of a building.

Category P1: The objective of a category P1 system is to reduce to a minimum the time from the ignition of a ﬁre to the arrival of the ﬁre brigade. In a P1 system, ﬁre detectors should be installed throughout a building.

In a category P system, unless combined with category M, it may be adequate for alarm signals simply to allow ﬁre ﬁghting action to be taken, for example a signal to alert a responsible person to call the ﬁre brigade.

Note: This document is based on the recommendations of BS5839 Part 1: 2002. It is intended only as a guide to the application of ﬁre detection systems.

Reference must be made to relevant national and local standards.

2.2. MANUAL CALL POINTS

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MAX DISTANCE 45M

1.2 to 1.6m

People can often still detect a ﬁre long before automatic ﬁre detectors; hence manual call points are important components of ﬁre detection systems in occupied buildings to ensure timely evacuation in the case of ﬁre. All call points should be approved to EN54-11, and should be of type A, that is once the frangible element is broken or displaced the alarm condition is automatic.

Manual call points should be mounted on all escape routes, and at all exit points from the ﬂoors of a building and to clear air. It should not be possible to leave the ﬂoor of a building without passing a manual call point, nor should it be necessary to deviate from any escape route in order to operate a manual call point. Call points mounted at the exits

Application Guide

from a ﬂoor may be mounted within the accommodation or on the stairwell. In multiple storey buildings where phased evacuation is to be used call points should be mounted within the accommodation to avoid activation of call points on lower levels by people leaving the building.

In order to provide easy access, call points should be mounted between 1.2 and 1.6m from the ﬂoor, and should be clearly visible and identiﬁable. The maximum distance anyone should have to travel in order to activate a manual call point is 45m, unless the building is occupied by people having limited mobility, or a rapid ﬁre development is likely, in which case the maximum travel distance should be reduced to 20m. Call points should also be sited in close proximity to speciﬁc hazards, for example kitchens or paint spray booths.

Figure 2.2.1. Manual Call Point Positioning

Note: This document is based on the recommendations of BS5839 Part 1: 2002. It is intended only as a guide to the application of ﬁre detection systems.

Reference must be made to relevant national and local standards.

+ 22 hidden pages