STMicroelectronics TS1871, TS1872, TS1874 Technical data

TS1871-TS1872-TS1874

1.8V Input/Output Rail-to-Rail

Low Power Operational Amplifiers

Operating at VCC = 1.8V to 6V

Rail-to-rail input & output

Extended Vicm (VDD - 0.2V to VCC + 0.2V)

Low supply current (400 A)

Gain bandwidth product (1.6MHz)

High stability

ESD tolerance (2kV)

Latch-up immunity

Available in SOT23-5 micropackage

Description

The TS187x (single, dual & quad) is an operational amplifier family able to operate with voltage as low as 1.8V and features both I/O rail- to-rail.

The common mode input voltage extends 200mV at 25°C beyond the supply voltages while the output voltage swing is within 100mV of each rail with 600 Ohm load resistor. This device consumes typically 400µA per channel while offering 1.6Mhz of gain-bandwidth product. The amplifier provides high output drive capability typically at 65mA-load.

These performances make the TS187X family ideal for sensor interface, battery-supplied and portable applications.

Pin Connections (top view)

TS1871ILT

 

 

Output

1

5

VCC

VDD

2

 

 

Non Inverting Input

3

4

Inverting Input

TS1871ID-TS1871IDT

N.C.

1

 

8

N.C.

Inverting Input

2

_

7

VCC

Non Inverting Input

3

+

6

Output

VDD

4

 

5

N.C.

TS1872IST-TS1872IN-TS1872ID-TS1872IPT

Output 1

1

 

 

8

VCC

Inverting Input 1

2

_

 

7

Output 2

Non Inverting Input 1

3

+

_

6

Inverting Input 2

VDD

4

 

+

5

Non Inverting Input 2

TS1874IN-TS1874ID-TS1874IDT-TS1874IPT

Output 1

1

 

 

14

Output 4

Inverting Input 1

2

_

_

13

Inverting Input 4

Non Inverting Input 1

3

+

+

12

Non Inverting Input 4

 

 

VCC

4

 

 

11

VDD

Non Inverting Input 2

5

+

+

10

Non Inverting Input 3

Inverting Input 2

6

_

_

9

Inverting Input 3

 

 

Output 2

7

 

 

8

Output 3

Applications

Battery-powered applications (toys)

Audio driver (headphone driver)

Portable communication devices (cell

Laptop/notebook computers

 

phone)

 

 

Order Codes

Part Number

Temperature

Package

Packaging

Marking

Range

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

TS1871ID/IDT/AID/AIDT

 

 

SO

Tube or Tape & Reel

 

TS1871ILT/AILT

 

 

SOT23-5L

Tape & Reel

K171/K172

TS1872IN/AIN

 

 

DIP

Tube

 

TS1872ID/IDT/AID/AIDT

 

 

SO

Tube or Tape & Reel

 

TS1872IPT/AIPT

 

 

TSSOP

Tape & Reel

 

 

-40°C, +125°C

(Thin Shrink Outline Package)

 

 

 

 

TS1872IST/AIST

 

 

mini SO

Tape & Reel

K171/K172

TS1874IN/AIN

 

 

DIP

Tube

 

TS1874ID/IDT/AID/AIDT

 

 

SO

Tube or Tape & Reel

 

TS1874IPT/AIPT

 

 

TSSOP

Tape & Reel

 

 

 

 

(Thin Shrink Outline Package)

 

 

 

 

 

 

May 2005

 

 

Revision 2

 

1/22

 

 

 

 

 

 

TS1871-TS1872-TS1874

Absolute Maximum Ratings

1 Absolute Maximum Ratings

 

 

Table 1: Key parametes and their absolute maximum ratings

 

 

 

 

 

 

Symbol

Parameter

Value

Unit

 

 

 

 

VCC

Supply voltage 1

7

V

Vid

Differential Input Voltage 2

±1

V

Vi

Input Voltage

VDD-0.3 to VCC +0.3

V

Tstg

Storage Temperature

-65 to +150

°C

Tj

Maximum Junction Temperature

150

°C

Rthja

Thermal Resistance Junction to Ambient3

250

°C/W

 

SOT23-5

 

 

 

SO8

125

 

 

SO14

103

 

 

TSSOP8

120

 

 

TSSOP14

100

 

 

miniSO8

190

 

 

 

 

 

 

HBM: Human Body Model4

2

kV

ESD

MM: Machine Model5

200

V

 

CDM: Charged Device Model

1.5

kV

 

 

 

 

 

Latch-up Immunity

200

mA

 

 

 

 

 

Lead Temperature (soldering, 10sec)

250

°C

 

 

 

 

 

Output Short Circuit Duration

see note6

 

1)All voltages values, except differential voltage are with respect to network terminal.

2)Differential voltages are the non-inverting input terminal with respect to the inverting input terminal. If Vid > ±1V, the maximum input current must not exceed ±1mA. In this case (Vid > ±1V) an input serie resistor must be added to limit input current.

3)Short-circuits can cause excessive heating. Destructive dissipation can result from simultaneous short-circuit on all amplifiers

4)Human body model, 100pF discharged through a 1.5kΩ resistor into pin of device.

5)Machine model ESD, a 200pF cap is charged to the specified voltage, then discharged directly into the IC with no external series resistor (internal resistor < 5Ω), into pin to pin of device.

6)Short-circuits from the output to Vcc can cause excessive heating. The maximum output current is approximately 80mA, independent of the magnitude of Vcc. Destructive dissipation can result from simultaneous short-circuits on all amplifiers.

Table 2: Operating conditions

Symbol

Parameter

Value

Unit

 

 

 

 

VCC

Supply Voltage

1.8 to 6

V

 

 

 

 

Vicm

Common Mode Input Voltage Range 1

VDD - 0.2 to VCC + 0.2

V

Vicm

Common Mode Input Voltage Range 2

VDD to VCC

V

Toper

Operating Free Air Temperature Range

-40 to + 125

°C

1)At 25°C, for 1.8 ≤ VCC ≤ 6V, Vicm is extended to VDD - 0.2V, VCC + 0.2V.

2)In full temperature range, both Rails can be reached when VCC does not exceed 5.5V.

2/22

Electrical Characteristics

TS1871-TS1872-TS1874

2 Electrical Characteristics

Table 3: VCC = +1.8V, VDD = 0V, RL, CL connected to VCC/2, Tamb = 25°C (unless otherwise specified)

Symbol

Parameter

Min.

Typ.

Max.

Unit

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Input Offset Voltage

 

 

 

 

Vio

Vicm = Vout = VCC /2

 

0.1

3

mV

TS1871/2/4

 

 

 

 

 

TS1871A/2A/4A

 

 

1

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

∆Vio

Input Offset Voltage Drift

 

2

 

µV/°C

 

 

 

 

 

 

Iio

Input Offset Current 1

 

3

30

nA

Vicm = Vout = VCC /2

 

 

 

 

 

 

Iib

Input Bias Current 1)

 

40

125

nA

Vicm = Vout = VCC /2

 

 

 

 

 

 

CMR

Common Mode Rejection Ratio

 

 

 

dB

0 ≤ Vicm ≤ VCC, Vout = VCC /2

55

77

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

SVR

Supply Voltage Rejection Ratio

70

80

 

dB

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Large Signal Voltage Gain

 

 

 

 

Avd

Vout = 0.5V to 1.3V

 

 

 

dB

RL = 2kΩ

77

92

 

 

RL = 600Ω

70

85

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

High Level Output Voltage

 

 

 

 

VOH

Vid = 100mV

 

 

 

V

RL = 2kΩ

1.65

1.77

 

 

RL = 600Ω

1.62

1.74

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Low Level Output Voltage

 

 

 

 

VOL

Vid = -100mV

 

 

 

mV

RL = 2kΩ

 

88

100

 

RL = 600Ω

 

115

150

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Output Source Current

 

 

 

 

Io

VID = 100mV, VO = VDD

20

65

 

mA

Output Sink Current

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

VID = -100mV, VO = VCC

20

65

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

ICC

Supply Current (per amplifier), Vout = Vcc/2

 

 

 

µA

AVCL = 1, no load

 

400

560

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

GBP

Gain Bandwidth Product

0.9

1.6

 

MHz

RL = 10kΩ, CL = 100pF, f = 100kHz

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

SR

Slew Rate

0.38

0.54

 

V/µs

RL = 10kΩ, CL = 100pF, AV = 1

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

φm

Phase Margin

 

53

 

Degrees

CL = 100pF

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

en

Input Voltage Noise

 

27

 

nV/√Hz

 

 

 

 

 

 

THD

Total Harmonic Distortion

 

0.01

 

%

 

 

 

 

 

 

1) Maximum values including unavoidable inaccuracies of the industrial test.

3/22

TS1871-TS1872-TS1874 Electrical Characteristics

Table 4: VCC = +3V, VDD = 0V, RL, CL connected to VCC/2, Tamb = 25°C (unless otherwise specified)

Symbol

Parameter

Min.

Typ.

Max.

Unit

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Input Offset Voltage

 

 

 

 

Vio

Vicm = Vout = VCC /2

 

0.1

3

mV

TS1871/2/4

 

 

 

 

 

TS1871A/2A/4A

 

 

1

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

∆Vio

Input Offset Voltage Drift

 

2

 

µV/°C

 

 

 

 

 

 

Iio

Input Offset Current 1

 

3

30

nA

Vicm = Vout = VCC /2

 

 

 

 

 

 

Iib

Input Bias Current 1)

 

4

125

nA

Vicm = Vout = VCC /2

 

 

 

 

 

 

CMR

Common Mode Rejection Ratio

 

 

 

dB

0 ≤ Vicm ≤ VCC, Vout = VCC /2

60

80

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

SVR

Supply Voltage Rejection Ratio

70

85

 

dB

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Large Signal Voltage Gain

 

 

 

 

Avd

Vout = 0.5V to 2.5V

 

 

 

dB

RL = 2kΩ

80

92

 

 

RL = 600Ω

 

 

 

 

74

95

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

High Level Output Voltage

 

 

 

 

VOH

Vid = 100mV

 

 

 

V

RL = 2kΩ

2.82

2.95

 

 

RL = 600Ω

2.80

2.95

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Low Level Output Voltage

 

 

 

 

VOL

Vid = -100mV

 

 

 

mV

RL = 2kΩ

 

88

L120

 

RL = 600Ω

 

115

160

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Output Source Current

 

 

 

 

Io

VID = 100mV, VO = VDD

20

80

 

mA

Output Sink Current

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

VID = -100mV, VO = VCC

20

80

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

ICC

Supply Current (per amplifier), Vout = Vcc/2

 

 

 

µA

AVCL = 1, no load

 

450

650

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

GBP

Gain Bandwidth Product

1

1.7

 

MHz

RL = 10kΩ, CL = 100pF, f = 100kHz

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

SR

Slew Rate

0.42

0.6

 

V/µs

RL = 10kΩ, CL = 100pF, AV = 1

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

φm

Phase Margin

 

53

 

Degrees

CL = 100pF

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

en

Input Voltage Noise

 

27

 

nV/√Hz

 

 

 

 

 

 

THD

Total Harmonic Distortion

 

0.01

 

%

 

 

 

 

 

 

1) Maximum values including unavoidable inaccuracies of the industrial test.

4/22

Electrical Characteristics

TS1871-TS1872-TS1874

Table 5: VCC = +5V, VDD = 0V, CL & RL connected to VCC/2, Tamb = 25°C (unless otherwise

 

specified)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Symbol

Parameter

Min.

Typ.

Max.

 

Unit

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Input Offset Voltage

 

 

 

 

 

Vio

Vicm = Vout = VCC /2

 

0.1

3

 

mV

TS1871/2/4

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

TS1871A/2A/4A

 

 

1

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

∆Vio

Input Offset Voltage Drift

 

2

 

 

µV/°C

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Iio

Input Offset Current 1

 

3

30

 

nA

Vicm = Vout = VCC /2

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Iib

Input Bias Current 1)

 

70

130

 

nA

Vicm = Vout = VCC /2

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

CMR

Common Mode Rejection Ratio

65

85

 

 

dB

0 ≤ Vicm ≤ VCC, Vout different of VCC /2

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

SVR

Supply Voltage Rejection Ratio

70

90

 

 

dB

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Large Signal Voltage Gain

 

 

 

 

 

Avd

Vout = 1V to 4V

 

 

 

 

dB

RL = 2kΩ

83

92

 

 

 

RL = 600Ω

77

85

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

High Level Output Voltage

 

 

 

 

 

VOH

Vid = 100mV

 

 

 

 

V

RL = 2kΩ

4.80

4.95

 

 

 

RL = 600Ω

4.75

4.90

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Low Level Output Voltage

 

 

 

 

 

VOL

Vid = -100mV

 

 

 

 

mV

RL = 2kΩ

 

88

130

 

 

RL = 600Ω

 

115

188

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Output Source Current

 

 

 

 

 

Io

VID = 100mV, VO = VDD

20

80

 

 

mA

Output Sink Current

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

VID = -100mV, VO = VCC

20

80

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

ICC

Supply Current (per amplifier), Vout = Vcc/2

 

 

 

 

µA

AVCL = 1, no load

 

500

835

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

GBP

Gain Bandwidth Product

1

1.8

 

 

MHz

RL = 10kΩ, CL = 100pF, f = 100kHz

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

SR

Slew Rate

0.42

0.6

 

 

V/µs

RL = 10kΩ, CL = 100pF, AV = 1

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

φm

Phase Margin

 

55

 

 

Degrees

CL = 100pF

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

en

Input Voltage Noise

 

27

 

 

nV/√Hz

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

THD

Total Harmonic Distortion

 

0.01

 

 

%

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1) Maximum values including unavoidable inaccuracies of the industrial test.

5/22

STMicroelectronics TS1871, TS1872, TS1874 Technical data

TS1871-TS1872-TS1874

Electrical Characteristics

Figure 1 :

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Input Offset Voltage Distribution

 

 

 

160

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

140

 

 

 

 

 

 

492 pieces tested

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Vcc = 5V

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

pieces

120

 

 

 

 

 

 

Temp = +25°C

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

100

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

of

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Quantity

80

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

60

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

40

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

20

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

0

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

-2.

-1.6

-1.2

-.8

-.4

0

.4

.8

1.2

1.6

2

 

 

 

Input Offset Voltage (mV)

 

 

 

Figure 2 :

Input Bias Current vs. Temperature

 

10.0

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Vcc = 1.8V

 

 

0.0

 

 

 

 

 

 

Vicm = 0.9V

 

(nA)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

current

-10.0

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Input bias

-20.0

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

-30.0

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

-40.0

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

-40

-20

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Temperature (°C)

Figure 3 :

Supply Current / Amplifier vs. Supply Voltage

 

600

 

 

 

 

(µA)

500

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Current

400

 

 

 

 

300

 

 

Tamb = 25°C

 

Supply

 

 

 

 

200

 

 

 

 

 

100

 

 

 

 

 

0

 

 

 

 

 

0

2

4

6

8

Supply Voltage (V)

Figure 4 :

Input Offset Voltage Drift vs. Temperature

 

200

 

 

 

 

 

 

Vcc = 1.8V

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

150

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(µV)

100

 

 

 

 

 

 

Vcc = 3V

 

Drift

50

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Voltage

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

0

 

 

 

 

 

 

Vcc = 5V

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Input

-50

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

-100

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

-150

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

-40

-20

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

 

 

 

 

Temperature (°C)

 

 

 

Figure 5 :

Input Bias Current vs. Temperature

 

10.0

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Vcc = 3V

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Vicm = 1.5V

(nA)

0.0

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

bias current

-10.0

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

-20.0

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Input

-30.0

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

-40.0

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

-40

-20

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Temperature (°C)

Figure 6 :

Supply Current / Amplifier vs. Temperature

 

550

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Vcc = 5V

 

 

500

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(µA)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Vcc = 3V

 

450

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Current

400

 

 

 

 

 

 

Vcc = 1.8V

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Supply

350

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

300

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

250

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

-40

-20

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

 

 

 

 

 

Temperature (°C)

 

 

 

6/22

Electrical Characteristics

TS1871-TS1872-TS1874

Figure 7 :

Common Mode Rejection vs. Temperature

 

120

 

 

 

 

 

Vcc = 1.8V

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(dB)

115

 

 

 

 

 

Vicm = 0V

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Rejection

110

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Vcc = 3V

 

 

 

105

 

 

 

 

 

Vicm = 0V

 

 

Mode

100

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Common

95

 

 

 

 

 

Vcc = 5V

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Vicm = 0V

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

90

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

85

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

-40

-20

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Temperature (°C)

Figure 8 :

Supply Voltage Rejection vs. Temperature

 

110

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Vcc = 3V

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(dB)

100

Vicm = 0V

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Rejection

90

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Voltage

80

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Supply

70

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

60

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

-40

-20

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Temperature (°C)

Figure 9 :

Power Supply Voltage Rejection vs. Frequency

 

-20

 

 

 

(dB)

 

Vcc = 1.8V

 

 

-30

Vicm = 0.7V

 

 

Rejection

 

Gain = 10

 

 

-40

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Voltage

-50

 

 

 

-60

 

 

 

Supply

 

 

 

-70

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

-80

 

 

 

 

100

1000

10000

100000

 

 

Frequency (Hz)

 

Figure 10 :

Supply Voltage Rejection vs. Temperature

 

110

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Vcc = 1.8V

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(dB)

100

Vicm = 0V

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Rejection

90

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Voltage

80

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Supply

70

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

60

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

-40

-20

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Temperature (°C)

Figure 11 :

Supply Voltage Rejection vs. Temperature

 

110

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Vcc = 5V

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(dB)

100

Vicm = 0V

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Rejection

90

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Voltage

80

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Supply

70

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

60

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

-40

-20

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Temperature (°C)

Figure 12 :

Open Loop Gain vs. Temperature

 

110

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Vcc = 1.8V

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Vicm = 0.9V

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Gain (dB)

100

 

 

 

 

 

 

RL = 2 kOhms

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

90

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Loop

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

RL = 600 Ohms

 

Open

80

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

70

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

-40

-20

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Temperature (°C)

7/22

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