Spss MAPS 10.0 User Manual

SPSS Maps™ 10.0

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SPSS Maps

10.0
Copyright © 1999 by SPSS Inc.
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2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 04 03 02 01 00
ISBN 1-56827-231-6

Preface

If your data have a geographical component, SPSS Maps™ 10.0 can display it in the
most natural and effective way—in a map. You can create range, graduated symbol,
and dot density maps to sh ow where probl ems or op portunities are concentr ated. You
can place bar or pie charts to compare variables or show a breakdown, such as how
agricultural, manufacturing, and service components contribute to the economics of
each area. And you can combine these themes into maps that pack a wealth of
information into one easily interpreted page. After you have created your map, you
can modify it to emphasize the most important information and customize it for
presentation.

SPSS Maps uses map-drawing software from industry-leading MapInfo that
ensures quality of presentation and availability of map data (geosets) for almost any
area of the world. The software comes with a number of these geosets, and you can
obtain additional geosets directly from SPSS or from other suppliers who have
adopted the MapInfo format. These geosets are flexibly configured as sets of layers
that allow you to show and hide feat ures a s you zoom i n and ou t of the map. You can
combine these layers into different sets for special purposes, and you can create
custom layers that show , for example, the locat ion of every hot el in a particular c hain.

Because SPSS Maps is an option t o the SPSS Base software, you have available all
of the data analysis and manipulation power of the SPSS syst em to prepare your data
for display. As long as the data contain some information to identify location—a
country, state, or postal code—you can map it. And you can quickly create ratios
between variables or more complex calculations—perhaps the outliers from a
statistical analysis—to o btain exactly the right information to display. See the SPSS
Base User’s Guide for information on these ca pab ilities.

This manual contains instructions for creating maps and editing them. It also
contains a complete reference to the command language used to create maps both in
online sessions and in production j obs. The softwar e includes a t utori al that prov ides
a quick introduction to the way SPSS Maps works with your data and geoset
information to produce a map. It also offers an extensive Help system that makes most
of the information in this manual available online.

iii

Installation

To install SPSS Maps, follow the instructions for adding and removing features in the
installation instructions supplied with the SPSS Base. (To start, double-click on the
SPSS Setup icon.)

Compatibility

The SPSS system is desi gned to operat e on many comp uter systems. Se e the material s
that came with your system for specific information on minimum and recommended
requirements.

Serial Numbers

Your serial number is your identification number with SPSS Inc. You will need this
serial number when you call SPSS I nc. for info rmation regardi ng support, payment, or
an upgraded system. The serial number was provided with your Base system. Before
using the system, please copy this number to the registration card.

Registration Card

Don’t put it off: fill out and send us your registration card. Until we receive your
registration card, you have an unre gistered system. Ev en if you have previou sly sent a
card to us, please fill out and return the card enclosed in your SPSS Maps package.
Registering your system entitles you to:

 Technical support services
 New product announcements and upgrade announcements

Customer Service

If you have any questions concerning your shipment or accou nt, contact your local office,
listed on page vii. Please have your serial number ready f or identification when calling.

iv

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local office, listed on page vii.

Technical Support

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Customers may call Technical Support for assistance in using SPSS products or for
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v

About This Manual

This manual is divided into two sections. The first section documents the graphical
user interface. Illustrations of dialog b oxes are take n from SPS S for Windows. Dialog
boxes in other operating systems are similar . The second part of the manual is a Syntax
Reference section that contains a comp lete reference to the command language used to
create maps both in online sessions and in production jobs. The Maps command syntax
is also available online with the CD-ROM version of SPSS. Thi s manual also contains
two indexes: a subject index and a syntax index.

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vii

Contents

1 Introduction to Thematic Mapping 1

What Is Thematic Mapping? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Geosets and Layers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2

Data Binding. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Geographic Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Available Summary Functions in Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

2 Working with Geosets 7

Geoset Tables and Layers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Using the Geoset Manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Creating New Geosets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9

To Create a New Geoset. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Modifying a Geoset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

To Add or Remove Layers in a Geoset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

To Reorder Layers in a Geoset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

To Modify Layer Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Geosets and Data Binding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Using the Geodictionary Manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Registering Geoset Layers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

To Register Layers from the Geodictionary Manager . . . . . . . . 15

To Register Layers from the Geoset Manager . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

3 Creating Thematic Maps 17

Selecting Geosets and Data Binding Options. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

To Select a Geoset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

To Select Geographic Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

ix

X/Y Binding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

To Use X/Y Binding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

To Set a Coordinate Projection System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

Point Reference Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

To Use a Point Reference Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

Advanced Options in Thematic Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

To Select Advanced Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

Title Options in Thematic Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

To Select Title Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Measurement System Used in Thematic Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

To Select a Measurement System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

4 Range of Values Maps 31

Sample Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

To Create a Range of Values Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

5 Graduated Symbol Maps 35

Sample Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

To Create a Graduated Symbol Map. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

6 Dot Density Maps 39

Sample Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

To Create a Dot Density Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

7 Individual Values Maps 43

Sample Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

To Create an Individual Values Map. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

x

8 Bar Chart Maps 47

Sample Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49

To Create Bars for Counts of a Categorical Variable . . . . . . . . . . . .49

To Create Bars of Summary Statistics for One or More

Scale Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50

To Create Bars of Summary Statistics for a Scale Variable

within Categories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50

9 Pie Chart Maps 51

Sample Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53

To Create a Pie Chart Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53

10 Multiple Theme Maps 55

Sample Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57

To Select Common Controls for a Multiple Theme Map . . . . . . . . . .57

Adding Themes to a Multiple Theme Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58

To Add Themes to a Multiple Theme Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60

11 Modifying Thematic Maps 61

Modifying Themes Using the Theme Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62

To Modify Themes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63

Range of Values Properties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64

Individual Values Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65

Line Style Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67

Graduated Symbol Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67

Symbol Style Properties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69

Dot Density Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .70

Bar Chart Properties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71

xi

Fill Style Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

Pie Chart Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

Modifying Map Titles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

Legend Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

Modifying Map Layers Using the Layer Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

To Use the Layer Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

Adding Layers to a Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

Display Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

Label Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

Geographic Variable Mismatches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

To Correct Mismatches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

Syntax Reference 87

Subject Index 103

Syntax Index 107

xii

Chapter

Introduction to Thematic Mapping

Thematic maps show you how data are distributed over a geographical area. They
illustrate relationships and patterns in your data and help you make projections for
your business. SPSS Maps turns your geographically distributed data into high­quality maps with symbols, colors, bar charts, pie chart s, and combinations of themes.

This chapter provides an introduction to thematic mapping. It includes important
mapping concepts and terminology that will help you to create meaningful maps in
SPSS. Specific issues, such as geo sets and data bin ding, will be cove red in Chapter 2.
The step-by-step process of creating thematic maps begins in Chapte r 3. Each type of
map is discussed in subsequent chapters. Modification of existing maps is described
in Chapter 11.

1

What Is Thematic Mapping?

Thematic mapping is the display of data on a map. Maps can be color -coded, shaded ,
or used to display symbols and/or charts. For exampl e, you can use thematic mapping
to illustrate the relationship between United States region and incidence of strokes.
Such a map would show you that the stroke rate in the southeastern U.S. is nearly
twice as high as in other areas.

1

2

Chapter 1

Figure 1-1

Thematic map showing stroke fatality rate in the stroke belt

Before you start making thematic maps, there are several concepts you should
understand.

Geosets and Layers

Computer maps are made up of layers. Each layer, like an overhead transparency, is
stacked upon the other to create a detailed map. A typical map, for example, contains
different layers for country , ocean, highways, and major cities. T hese layers overlap to
create a map with varying degrees of detail.

Each layer contains a different set of geographical information and is therefore a

separate file. These layer files are bundled together according to geographic area in a
set of files called a geoset.

Figure 1-2

Geoset layers displayed in the Geoset Manager

3

Introduction to Thematic Mapping

A typical geoset contains separate data files for states, capitals, rivers, and highways
that are layered to create a detailed map. Layer s in a geoset c an be reordered, adde d, or
deleted using the Geoset Manager. You can also create new geosets from geographic
data in MapInfo format.

For more information about geosets and layers, see Chapter 2.

Data Binding

In order to make thematic maps, your data need to have a geographic component. A
typical data file used for mapping might cont ain data for states, countries, or zip code.
When you create a thematic map, data are aggregated for each geographic region and
matched to a loc ation on the map.

4

Chapter 1

The process of matching dat a to a map is known as data bindin g. For example, data

binding occurs when the name “Washington, D.C.” is matched with a geoset that
knows to position the U.S. capital near Maryland and Virginia.

Geographic Variables

The most common way to cond uct data binding i s to use g eographic va riables, such as
state and county, from your data file. A geographic variable should have values that
match a similar set of values in a geoset layer (.tab file). F or example, you could map
property tax rates b ased on a geographi c variable, su ch as US county. The values of the
county variable in your dat a ( f or exampl e, Door County, WI) wou ld match the values
of the county layer in the geoset. If there is a mismatch between values, data will not
be displayed for that region.

Figure 1-3

Geographic variable in the creation dialog box

In some cases, the data file may not contain a geographic variable. Instead, you may
have x and y variables t hat contain lat itude and longit ude coordinate s for points on th e
map. This type of dat a b in ding is called X/Y binding. X/Y binding is frequentl y used
to create custom maps showing sales by store loc ation or inventory type by dist ribution
center.

In other cases, your data may contain a geographic variable, such as zip code, that

is not part of a geoset. In order to li nk this vari able to point s on a map, you need to use
a table file called a point reference file. This table contains both the values of the
geographic variable and x/y coordinates for each data value. Using these x/y
coordinates, the location of each zip code can be projected on the map.

For more information about these three types of data binding, see Chapter 3.

Available Summary Functions in Maps

The following statistics are supported in the SPSS Maps option. Only summary
functions appropriate for each chart type are available.

First Values. The value found in the first case for each category in the data file at the

time the summary function was assigned.

5

Introduction to Thematic Mapping

Last Values. The value found in the last case for each category in the data file that

created it.

Maximum Values. The largest value for each category.
Means. The arithmetic average for each category.
Medians. The value below which half of the cases fall in each category. If there is an

even number of cases, the media n is the average o f the two middl e cases when they are
sorted in ascending or descending order.

Minimum Values. The smallest value w ithin the category.
Modes. The most frequently occurring value within each category. If multiple modes

exist, the smallest value is use d.

Number of Cases Above (N of Cases >). The number of cases having values above the

specified value.

Number of Cases Between (N Between). The number of cases between two specified

values.

6

Chapter 1

Number of Cases Equal to (N of Cases =). The number of cases equal to the specified

value.

Number of Cases Greater Than or Equal to (N of Cases >=). The number of cases having

values above or equal to the specified value.

Number of Cases Less Than (N of Cases <). The number of cases below the specified

value.

Number of Cases Less Than or Equal to (N of Cases <=). The number of cases below or

equal to the specified value.

Standard Deviations (SD). A measure of dispersion around the mean, expressed in the

same unit of measurement as the observatio ns, equal to the square root of the variance.
In a normal distribution, 68% of cases fall within one standard deviation of the mean
and 95% of cases fall within two standard deviations.

Sums. The sums of the values within each category.
Variances. A measure of how much observations vary from the mean, expressed in

squared units.

Working with Geosets

Geosets contain the information needed to draw a map. Th e SPSS Maps option comes
with a variety of basic geosets. Each geoset comprises a group of table files (.tab)
from the same geographic region. The World geoset, for example, contains different
tables for oceans, countries, and major world cities. Each of these tables has display
properties that you can specify and save in the geoset file (.gst). The .gst file itself
does not contain map data; it is simply a worksp ace, or v iew, of map tables and their
properties.

You can create new geosets and open or edit existing ones using the Geoset
Manager. Layers in a geoset can be registered and modified in the Geodictionary
Manager. The Maps optio n uses geosets in Map Info format. To purcha se new geosets,
you should contact SPSS at www.spss.com.

This chapter discusses how to work with geosets using both the Geoset Manager
and the Geodictionary Manager.

Chapter

2

Geoset Tables and Layers

In a map, geoset tables are displayed as layers. These layers are like a stack of
transparencies. In a map of the world, for example, the .tab file for world capitals
becomes a layer with symbols at the location of each country’ s ca pital city . T his layer
is stacked on the world countr ies layer and the ocea ns layer to become a detail ed map.
The visibility and options for each layer can be modified in the Geoset Manager.

7

8

Chapter 2

Figure 2-1

Maps as a collection of layers

Behind the scenes, each geoset layer is made up of several file types. Every layer has
a .tab file that contains crucial geographic data. Other file types found in a layer are
.ind, .dat, .map, and .id.

Using the Geoset Manager

The Geoset Manager is a utility that ships with the SPSS Map s option. You can access
it from the SPSS for Windows software group on your Start menu.

Figure 2-2

Selecting the Geoset Manager

Use the Geoset Manager to create new geosets and organize map layers in existing
geosets. The Geoset Manager acts as a library for your geosets, where you can
customize, reorder, add, or delete layers. Any changes that you make to your geoset,
or workspace, are stored in the .gst file.

Creating New Geosets

You can create new geosets through the Geoset Manager. For example, you can create
a new geoset that includes airpor t and casino locati ons throughout the world. First, you
need to import airport and casino data into your SPSS Maps folder. Then, using the
Geoset Manager, you can create a new geoset by adding lay ers such as world countries,
oceans, and highways. Next, add layers for world airports and casino locations. After
you name and save this new geoset, you are ready to make thematic maps.

Note: Map data must be in MapInfo format to create maps in SPSS. To purchase
MapInfo geosets, you should contact SPSS at www.spss.com.

Figure 2-3

World.gst as displayed in the Geoset Manager

9

Working with Geosets

10

Chapter 2

To Create a New Geoset

 From the Geoset Manager menus choose:

File

New Geoset

Click Add.



 Select the desired layers (.tab files). Use the Ctrl-cl ic k me thod to select multiple files.

 Click Open.

 Use the Layer Control dialog box to reorder layers and select properties.

 Click OK to display the new geoset.

 From the menus choose:

File

Save Geoset

Modifying a Geoset

You can modify existing geosets in the Geoset Manager. Using the Layer Control
dialog box, you can add, remove, or reorder layers in a geoset. You can also select
properties such as color , line style, fonts, and zoom for ea ch layer. These changes will
be saved with the geoset and specified in the .gst file.

Figure 2-4

Layer Control dialog box

11

Working with Geosets

To Add or Remove Layers in a Geoset

 Click the Layer Control tool in the Geoset Manager.

To Remove Layers

 Select a layer from the list.
 Click Remove.

Note: You cannot undo this action.

To Add Layers

 Click Add in the Layer Control dialog box.
 Select a file and click Open.

12

Chapter 2

To Reorder Layers in a Geoset

 Click the Up or Down button to change the order of the layers.

Layers commonly at the top of the list include highways and cities. Oceans and
countries work best at the bottom.

To Modify Layer Properties

 Select the desired Properties check boxes to make each layer visible, selectable,

editable, and labe led.

 Click Display or Labels for more options.

You must repeat this process for each layer by selecting one from the list.

Geosets and Data Binding

T o make t hemat ic maps in SPSS, you need to create a l i nk bet we en t he dat a f il e and a
particular geoset. This link is called data binding. Data binding is the process of
matching a geographical var i abl e fr om you r dat a fil e t o a par t icu la r geoset l ayer. This
layer has x/y coordinates that point to locations on the map.

For example, if you want to create a bar chart map of deforestation rate by country,
your geographic variable would be country. Each value of this variable—such as
Brazil, France, or United States—must exactly match the values in the geoset for
correct data binding. If the geo set refer s to USA inst ead of United St ates , you wil l not
get a chart for that country.

You can check the values in y our geoset files by opening th e .dat file for each layer.
For example, to check the value for United St ates in the Worl d layer, you would op en
world.dat, located in the SPS S Maps directory. You can either make changes in the .dat
file or in the SPSS .sav file.

Figure 2-5

Comparing values for data binding

13

Working with Geosets

Using the Geodictionary Manager

The Geodictionary Manager is a utility that ships with the SPSS Maps option. You can
access it from the SPSS for Windows software group on your Start menu.

Figure 2-6

Selecting the Geodictionary Manager

14

Chapter 2

The Geodictionary Manager keeps track of layers for data binding. You can register,
unregister, and modify layer pro perties. Changes you make throu gh the Geodiction ary
Manager are saved in a text file called the Geodictionary.

For example, if you import a new boundary file showing U.S. national park
locations, you will first need to add the National Parks layer to a geoset and then
register it in the Geodictionary. This allows SPSS to know that the National Parks layer
is available for data binding.

In order to register layers in the Geodictionary, all geosets need to be located in the
same directory as the geodict.dct fil e. You can change the location of the geodiction ary
and reference multiple geodictionaries by clicking the
dialog box.

Registering Geoset Layers

There are two ways to register layers. You can open a geoset in the Geoset Manager
and register the current layers, or you can use the Geodictionary Manager. The
Geodictionary recognizes all layers (.tab files) in the SPSS Maps directory. If you
register a layer that is not located in the same directory, it will store a copy locally.

… button at the top right of the

Note: Geosets that shipped with the SPSS Maps option have already been registered.

Figure 2-7

Registered geoset layers used to create maps

15

Working with Geosets

To Register Layers from the Geodictionary Manager

 Click Register.

 Select a MapInfo table from the list and click Open.

 In the Table Properties dialog box, type a name in the Description text box.

Optionally, you can:

 Select the Search check box for each layer field to be searched during data binding.

 Click the Add button to select geosets that will be loaded when the layer is matched.

16

Chapter 2

To Register Layers from the Geoset Manager

 From the Geoset Manager menus choose:

Tools

Register Layers in GeoDictionary...

Select the layers you would like to register.



Creating Thematic Maps

Thematic mapping is the display of data on a map. Maps can be color coded, shaded,
or used to display symbols and/or charts. These visual displays are called map
themes. For example, you could create a map theme illustrating the relationship
between stroke incidence and race fo r different geographi c regions. Such a map might
reveal that African-Americans have a higher number of strokes in the southeastern
United States than Caucasians.

Chapter

3

You can create seven types of thematic maps:

 Range of values
 Dot density
 Graduated symbol
 Individual values
 Bar charts
 Pie charts
 Multiple theme maps combining any of the above themes

Depending on your data, certain types of maps will display statistics more
appropriately. For example, if your ag gregated dat a have negat ive values, y ou should
use a range of values, individual values, or bar chart map.

17

18

Chapter 3

Figure 3-1

Thematic maps

19

Creating Thematic Maps

Selecting Geosets and Data Binding Options

To create thematic maps, you need to link the SPSS data file to map boundary files.
This process is call ed data bind ing . Data bind ing oc curs when a geogr aphic variabl e,
such as state or country, is linked to the appro priate layer in a geoset file. This allows
SPSS to display shading, symbols, or charts based on dat a aggregate d for each region.

There are three data binding methods:

 Geographic variables
 X/Y binding
 Point reference tables

For general information about data binding, see Chapter 2.

20

Chapter 3

Figure 3-2

Creation dialog box showing geoset and data binding options

Geographic Variable. Matches a geographic variable, such as country or region, to a

layer in the map geoset. If n o layer mat ches this vari able, you will get a blank map. To
select a layer other than the default, click the

Advanced tab.

X/Y Binding. Links your data t o poi nts on a map u sing long itude and l atitude vari ables,

typically called x and y. This type of binding could be used to show government
incentive amounts at specific building sites around the country.

Point Reference Table. Refers to a file containing x/y coordinates for a loo kup varia ble,

such as cities or zip code. You can specify any table file in the SPSS Maps directory.

Geoset. The geoset determines the map that will be displayed and the information that

will be used for data binding. All geosets in the SPSS Maps directory are listed here.

To Select a Geoset

 From the menus choose:

Graphs

Map

Choose a map type.



 Select a geoset from the Geoset drop-down list that matches the geographic variable.

For example, if your geographic variable is customer location by US county, you
would choose the

 Click the Advanced tab to select options, such as geoset layer, a variable to refine the

United States geoset.

geographic match, and mismatch handling.

To Select Geographic Variables

 From the data binding drop-down list, select Use Geographic Variables.

21

Creating Thematic Maps

 Drag a variable, such as country, state, or zip code, to Geographic Variable.

X/Y Binding

Instead of using geographic variables to bind data to a map, you can use a method
called X/Y binding. This typ e of dat a bi ndi ng uses two variables in your data fil e th at
represent longitude (x) and latitude (y). These variables place dat a at specific points on
the map and are frequently use d to show the exact location of stores a nd other facilities.
In the output map, the x/y points become a separate layer that can be modified in
addition to the theme.

Note: Dot density maps do not support X/Y binding. For range of values and individual
values maps, a symbol is placed on the x/y intersection and shaded accordingly.

In some cases, you may need to adjust the coordinate pr ojection system of th e selected
geoset to match the projection of the x and y variables.

 Projections are methods used to translate the three-dimensional world onto a two-

dimensional map.

 You can pick a projection that matches your x and y variables using the Geoset

Manager.

22

Chapter 3

Example. You could show mean revenue by store location using X/Y binding in a

graduated symbols map. Data would be aggr ega ted for a uni que k ey vari abl e, such as
store number.

Figure 3-3

Map creation using X/Y binding

Longitude (X variable). Creates points corresponding to longitude. This variable is

commonly named x.

Latitude (Y variable). Creates points corresponding to latitude. This variable is

commonly named y.

Unique Key Variable. Aggregates data for a v ariable, such as stor e number . Ever y value

in this variable must be unique in the sense that all instances of the same value must
refer to the same entity . For example, if there are multiple rec ords for one store number,
those records are aggregated into a single record for that store.

To Use X/Y Binding

 From the data binding drop-down list, select Use X/Y Binding.
 Drag a longitude variable (frequently called x) to Longitude.
 Drag a latitude variable (frequently called y) to Latitude.
 Drag a variable to Unique Key Variable. The values of this variable must uniquely

identify each record you want in the aggregated data used to draw the map.

 Select a geoset from the Geoset drop-down list.

To Set a Coordinate Projection System

When using X/Y binding, y ou may need to chan ge the coordinat e projection system of
the selected geoset to match the projection used by the x and y variables in your data.
You can change the projection using the Geoset Manager utility.

23

Creating Thematic Maps

 From the Windows Start menu choose:

Programs

SPSS for Windows

SPSS Maps Geoset Manager

Open the geoset you want to use for X/Y binding.



 From the Map menu choose:

Projection…



From the Category drop-down list, select a projection category, such as Universal

Transverse Mercator.

 From the Category Members drop-down list, select a specific projection type.
 Click OK to apply the projection to the current geoset.
 Save the geoset before returning to SPSS.

24

Chapter 3

Point Reference Tables

T o place charts or symbols at specif ic points on the map withou t x and y variables, you
can use a point reference table. A point reference ta bl e is a fil e containi ng values for
a lookup variable as well as longitude and latitude (x/y) coordinates for each value.
Coordinates place each va lue of the l ookup variable at a particular l ocation on the map.
These points become a new map layer that can be modified in addition to the theme.

Example. You could show customer sales and location by city using a point reference

table in a graduated symbol map. Only cities with data will be displayed on the map.

Figure 3-4

Map creation using a point reference table

Lookup Variable. A variable whose values specify geographic locations. The point

reference table must contain the values of this variable.

Reference Table. Contains x/y coordinates for values of the lookup v a riab le . All t abl es

in the SPSS Maps directory are listed in the drop-down list. Point reference files
frequently have a .tab extension; however, you can use any table file containing x/y
coordinates for the lookup variable. Click
directory.

Note: To use a point reference table, you must register it in the geodictionary.

To Use a Point Reference Table

 From the data binding drop-down list, select Use Point Reference Table.

 Drag a lookup variable to Lookup Variable.

 Select a reference tabl e fro m the drop-down list. Click … to browse for tables ou tsi de

the SPSS directory.

25

Creating Thematic Maps

… to select tables outside the SPSS Maps

All reference tables used in data bind ing must be registered i n the geodictionary. Open
the Geodictionary Manager and click

Register to add the desired reference table.

26

Chapter 3

Advanced Options in Thematic Maps

Figure 3-5

Advanced options

Variable to refine geographic match. In some cases, you need to select a variable to

refine the geographic match. For example, if your geographic variable is US county,
you need a refining variable, such as state, to distinguish between identical county
names.

Map Layer. All registered layers for the geoset selected on the Assign Variables tab are

listed here. Choose a layer that matches your geographic variable. When showing
Internet commerce by city, for example, choose the Cities layer in the United States
geoset.

Creating Thematic Maps

Note: For X/Y binding and point reference binding, the layer list is disabled.

27

You can also choose to show labels for a layer by selecting

Geographic Variable Mismatch. Sets options in case of a mismatch between the data file

and geoset. For example, if the geographic variable world countries uses the country
name Great Britain and th e layer file uses United Kingdom, a mismatch will occ ur . All
mismatches are reported in a warnings table in the Viewer. You can specify the
maximum number of reports in the table.

To Select Advanced Options

 Click the Advanced tab.

 If needed, select a variable to refine the geographic match to distinguish between

identical values in a geographic variable, such as county.

 Select a geoset layer, such as US Capital s , from the drop-down list.

 To avoid excessive warnings, enter a maximum number of mismatches to report.

Show geographic labels.

28

Chapter 3

Title Options in Thematic Maps

Figure 3-6

Titles options

Map Title. Choose Custom to create your own map title. The default title is the name of

the geoset used to create the map.

Legend Title. Choose Custom to create your own legend title. The default title is the

variable label of the summary variable used to create the map.

To Select Title Options

 Click the Titles tab.

 For both Map Title and Legend Title, select Custom and enter an appropriate title.

Measurement System Used in Thematic Maps

Units of measurement for maps are specified in the General Options dialog box for
SPSS.

Measurement System. Selections made in General Options affect theme and map

measurement units as follows:

29

Creating Thematic Maps

If you select

 Theme measurement units (used for pie diameter, bar hei ght, etc.) will be points or

Points or Inches:

inches.

 Measurement units for maps will be miles.

If you select

 Theme measurement units (used for pie diameter, bar height, etc.) will be

Centimeters:

centimeters.

 Map measurement units will be kilometers.

To Select a Measurement System

 From the menus choose:

Edit

Options...

 Choose a map type.

 Click the General tab.

 Select the measurement system you want to use.

 Click OK or Apply.

Range of Values Maps

Range of values maps divide a range of summary statist i c values in to categories and
indicate the range category (for example, 0–100, 101–200, 201–300, etc.) for each
geographic unit. Each range uses a separat e color or pattern to show which range each
geographic region falls into. Experimenting with numbers of ranges and different
methods of forming ranges can help you examine your data more closely.

Chapter

4

Example. To determine placement of medical assistance programs, you could create a

range of values map showing AIDS rate by country. Countries with the highest AIDS
rates appear in the darkest shade.

31

32

Chapter 4

Figure 4-1

Create Range of Values Map: Assign Variables tab

Ranges of. Creates ranges for the values of a scale variable. Data are aggregated

according to the summary function yo u choose from t he

Ranges Represent drop -down

list. Leave the target blank to get the count of cases within each region.

Distribute Values by. You can distribute data values into ranges using one of the

following methods:

 Equal Count. Each range contains the same number of cases (records).
 Equal Size. Creates ranges of equal size (for example 0–10, 11–20, 21–30, etc.).

 Natural Break. Uses an algorithm that attempts to find natural breaks in the data and

keep clusters of values together.

 Standard Deviation. Each range represents approximately one standard deviation.

The mean falls approximately at the boundary between the middle two ranges.

Number of Ranges. Specify a number of ranges up to 16.
Allow Empty Ranges. This selection allows empty ranges to be cr eated. For exampl e, if

you choose a number of ranges and method of distribution that forces some ranges to
be empty, and you do not select
specifications.

Sample Output

Figure 4-2

Range of values maps

33

Range of Values Maps

Allow Empty Ranges, SPSS Maps will override your

34

Chapter 4

To Create a Range of Values Map

 From the menus choose:

Graphs

Map

Range of Values…

Drag a scale variable to Ranges o f. Or leave this fi eld blank to ge t the count of cases in



each region.

 Select a distribution method from Distribute Values by.
 Select a summary statistic from the Ranges Represent drop-down list.
 Drag a geographic variab le to Geographic Vari able. Or you can select an alt ernative data

binding method:

 Select a geoset from the Geoset drop-down list.
 Click the Advanced tab to select options, such as geoset layer, mismatch han dling, and

a variable to refine the geographic match.

Use X/Y Binding or Use Point Reference Table.

Graduated Symbol Maps

Graduated symbol maps use symbols to represent values in a scale variable by
geographic region. The size of each symbol is proportional to the value for that region.
The total number of hospitals per state, for example, c an be illu strated with a med ical
icon that varies in size. Scale variables work best in graduated symbol maps.

Chapter

5

Example. You could create a graduated symbol map displaying the total amount of

federal funding spent on veterans’ hospitals per region.

35

36

Chapter 5

Figure 5-1

Create Graduated Symbol Map: Assign Variables tab

Symbols for. Graduates symbols according to scale variable valu es aggregated fo r each

geographic region. You can select a summary function from the

Symbols Represent

drop-down list.

Sample Output

Figure 5-2

Graduated symbol maps

37

Graduated Symbol Maps

38

Chapter 5

To Create a Graduated Symbol Map

 From the menus choose:

Graphs

Map

Graduated Symbol…

Drag a scale variable to Symbols for. Or leave this field blank to show counts.



 Select a summary statistic from the Symbols Represent drop-down list.

 Drag a geographic variab le to Geographic Vari able. Or you can select an alt ernative data

binding method:

 Select a geoset from the Geoset drop-down list.

 Click the Advanced tab to select options, such as geoset layer, mismatch han dling, and

a variable to refine the geographic match.

Use X/Y Binding or Use Point Reference Table.

Dot Density Maps

Dot density maps use dots to represent a data value within a geographic region or
boundary . The sum of dots in a region i s proportion al to the dat a value for t hat region.
For example, if you have 1000 stores in Illinois and each dot represents 10 stores,
there would be 100 dots within the state boundary. Notice that dots are distributed
randomly within a boundary. In this example, dots would not represent the exact
location of potential customers. Instead, dots indicate the total number of customers
within each geographic region.

Chapter

6

Example. To gage prospective store competition, you could create a dot density map

showing the total number of existing retailers by region.

39

40

Chapter 6

Figure 6-1

Create Dot Density Map: Assign Variables tab

Dot Density for. Di splays dots in propo rtion to the data values in a single scale variabl e.

You can select a summary function from the

Dots Represent drop-down list.

Density of Dots. Sets the data value that one dot represents.

Sample Output

Figure 6-2

Dot density map

41

Dot Density Maps

World

Population in thousands

1 Dot = 20,000

To Create a Dot Density Map

 From the menus choose:

Graphs

Map

Dot Density…

Drag a single scale variable to Dot Density for.



 Select a summary statistic from the Dots Represent drop-down list.

 Drag a geographic variable to Geog raphic Variable. Or you can sel ect an alternative data

binding method:

 Select a geoset from the Geoset drop-down list.

 Click the Advanced tab to select options, such as g eoset layer , mismatch hand ling, and

a variable to refine the geographic match.

Use X/Y Binding or Use Point Reference Table.

Individual Values Maps

Individual values maps are useful for data files i n which each case represents a singl e
geographic region, such as a different country. For example, you might have a table
that shows major export commodities by country. You could simply enter the values
from this table in the Data Editor (one variable for the country and one variable for
the commodity), and then create a map of th e data. Individual values can be displayed
for the following geographic features:

 Regions (such as countries) are shaded with a color or pattern.
 Points (such as cities or locations specified by x/y coordinates) are shaded by

changing symbol properties displayed on each point.

 Lines (such as highways or rivers) are shaded by varying line properties.

Chapter

7

Example. You can create an individual values map showing major export commodi ty

by country.

43

44

Chapter 7

Figure 7-1

Create Individual Values Map: Assign Variables tab

Individual values for. Shades points, lines, or regions according to data values in a

variable (usually categorical).

Sample Output

Figure 7-2

Individual values map

Predominant Religion

Animist (4)
Buddhist (5)
Catholic (39)
Hindu (1)
Jewish (1)
Muslim (23)
Orthodox (7)
Protstnt (12)
Taoist (2)
Tribal (1)

45

Individual Values Maps

To Create an Individual Values Map

 From the menus choose:

Graphs

Map

Individual Values…

Drag a variable (usually categorical) to Individual values for.



 Drag a geographic variable to Geog raphic Variable. Or you can sel ect an alternative data

binding method:

 Select a geoset from the Geoset drop-down list.
 Click the Advanced tab to select options, such as g eoset layer , mismatch hand ling, and

a variable to refine the geographic match.

Use X/Y Binding or Use Point Reference Table.

Bar Chart Maps

Bar chart maps are useful when you want to compare more than one variable or
category across a geographic area. Each variable or category is represented by a bar
plotted against a background map. Bars are located at the center of each map object
and are identified in a legend.

Chapter

8

There are three types of bar chart maps:

 Bars that display counts within categories of a single cat egorical variable, such as

number of males and females.

 Bars that display summary statistics for two or more scale variables, such as urban

and rural population rates.

 Bars that display summary statistics for a scale variable within categories defined

by a categorical variabl e. T his typ e of bar ch ar t co ul d be u sed t o show t ot al sale s
to three different customer types within each country.

Example. You could create a bar chart map showing male and female lite racy rates by

country.

47

48

Chapter 8

Figure 8-1

Create Bar Chart Map: Assign Variables tab

Bar Height. Creates bars of summary statistics for one or more scale variables. Leave

this target blank to get the count of cases in each geographic region. You can select a
summary function from the

Bars Represent drop-down list.

Bar Category. Creates a bar for each category of a categorical variable. Variables with

a small number of categories, such as gender, work best. If you select a bar category
variable, you can select only one bar height variable.

Height of Bars. Sets the height of the bar that represents the largest data value.

Sample Output











Figure 8-2

Bar chart map

























































Bar Chart Maps























49

Gross Domestic Product
Infant Mortality

To Create Bars for Counts of a Categorical Variable

 From the menus choose:

Graphs

Map

Bar…

Drag a categorical variable to Bar Category.



 Drag a geographic variable to Geog raphic Variable. Or you can sel ect an alternative data

binding method:

 Select a geoset from the Geoset drop-down list.
 Click the Advanced tab to select options, such as g eoset layer , mismatch hand ling, and

a variable to refine the geographic match.

Use X/Y Binding or Use Point Reference Table.

50

Chapter 8

To Create Bars of Summary Statistics for One or More Scale Variables

 Drag one or more scale variables to Bar Heig ht.

 Select a summary statistic from the Bars Represent drop-down list.

 Select a data binding method (such as Use Geographic Variables), a geoset, and other

optional settings as appropriate.

To Create Bars of Summary Statistics for a Scale Variable within Categories

 Drag a single scale variable to Bar Height.

 Drag a categorical variable to Bar Category.

 Select a summary statistic from the Bars Represent drop-down list.

 Select a data binding method (such as Use Geographic Variables), a geoset, and other

optional settings as appropriate.

Pie Chart Maps

Pie charts show the contribution of parts to a whole. Putting pies on a map enables
you to see how the distri bution of categor ies diffe rs by geographic r egion. A pie c hart
map summarizes categories defined by a single variable, such as the political party of
registered voters. The size of each slice represents either counts of a categorical
variable or the summary function of a scale variable within categories of a categori cal
variable.

Chapter

9

Example. You could use pie charts to display t he types of computer operat ing systems

your customers are using in each region.

51

52

Chapter 9

Figure 9-1

Create Pie Chart Map: Assign Variables tab

Slice By. Creates pie slices for each category of a categorical variable.
Slice Summary. Determines the size of each slice by the summary function of a scale

variable. You can select a summary function from the

Pies Represent drop-down list.

Leave this target empty to display counts for a categorical variable.

Diameter of Pies. Sets the diameter of pies relative to the largest data value. Select Chart

size based on sum of data to graduate pies, in dicating th e sum of the values represen ted

for each pie. Pies are sized in proportion to the total value of their slices so t hat you can
compare the distribution of values across regions as well as within a region.

Sample Output

Figure 9-2

Pie chart map

53

Pie Chart Maps

Customer Satisfaction

High
Low
Medium

12

1.2

To Create a Pie Chart Map

 From the menus choose:

Graphs

Map

Pie…

Drag a categorical variable to Slice By.



 Optionally, you can drag a scal e variable to Slice Sum mary to create a pie in which each

slice represents the value of a summary fun ction for the scale variable for that categ ory.

6

54

Chapter 9



 Select a geoset from the Geoset drop-down list.

 Click the Advanced tab to select options, such as geoset layer, mismatch han dling, and

Drag a geographic variab le to Geographic Vari able. Or you can select an alt ernative data
binding method:

Use X/Y Binding or Use Point Reference Table.

a variable to refine the geographic match.

Multiple Theme Maps

Y ou can create a map wi th multiple chart types, or “themes.” For example, i f you want
to show sales revenue and distribution cost pe r customer region, you could use ran ges
of values to show revenue and bar charts to show distribution costs. The bar charts
would be displayed on top of th e shaded ranges, but each theme would ha ve a separate
legend.

To create a map with multiple themes, you need to select a geographic variable and

geoset. These selections will apply to all themes.

Chapter

10

Note: Map themes can be added only during creation. You should create all themes
you would like to explore in the output map.

 Click the tab for each theme type to assign variables.
 Select Invisible to aggregate data for a theme you might want to show during

editing.

 Click the Advanced tab to sel ect a geoset l ayer, a vari able to re fine the geo graphic

search, and mismatch options.

 You can add, delete, or change both invisible and visible themes during editing.

55

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Chapter 10

Figure 10-1

Create Multiple Theme Map dialog box

Geographic Variable. A geographic variable, such as country or region, that matches

your data to a key column in the geoset.

Geoset. A geoset determines the background map and is crucial for data binding. All

geosets in the SPSS Maps directory are listed here. All theme types will use the
selected geoset.

Map Title. Select Custom to create your own map title.

Sample Output

Figure 10-2

Multiple theme map

Birth Rate
Death Rate

Multiple Theme Maps

Population Increase (%)

3.84 to 5.24 (1)

2.46 to 3.84 (27)

1.08 to 2.46 (35)

-0.3 to 1.08 (33)

57

To Select Common Controls for a Multiple Theme Map

 From the menus choose:

Graph

Map

Multiple Themes…

Click the Map tab.



 Drag a geographic variable to Geog raphic Variable. Or you can sel ect an alternative data

binding method:

 Select a geoset from the Geoset drop-down list.

Use X/Y Binding or Use Point Reference Table.

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Chapter 10

Click the appropriate tab to create each theme type.



 Click the Advanced tab to select options, such as geoset layer, differenti ating variable,

and mismatch handling.

Adding Themes to a Multiple Theme Map

In multiple theme maps, each theme type has a tab on wh ich you can select v ariab les,
summary functions, and other options. You can either select
to get started or drag a variable to the target box. You can also choose to create an
invisible theme that can be displayed during editing.

After selecting geographic variables and a geoset on the Maps tab, you can add
themes to the map. For example, you could click the
theme.

Add this theme to th e m ap

Dots tab to add a dot density

Figure 10-3

Create Multiple Theme Map: Dots tab

59

Multiple Theme Maps

Add this theme to the map. Select Visible to include the theme in t h e output map. Select

Invisible to aggregate data for this theme but hide it in the output map. You can show,

hide, modify, or delete invisible and visible themes during editing.

Dot Density for. Displ ays dots in pr oporti on to the da ta val ues in a singl e scale vari able.
Legend Title. Creates a custom legend title for each theme type.
Density of Dots. Sets the data value that one dot represents.

For detailed information about creating othe r themes, see the chapter about each theme
type.

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Chapter 10

To Add Themes to a Multiple Theme Map

 From the menus choose:

Graphs

Map

Multiple Themes…

Click the appropriate tab to add a theme type.



 Drag a variable (or variables) to the appropriate targets.

 Select a summary statistic from the drop-down list.

 To suppress the initial display of the theme, select Invisible. This option is useful when

you are unsure which themes will work best but still want to aggregate data for later
use during editing.

 Click the Advanced tab to select o ptions, such as ge oset layer , differ entiat ing va riable,

and mismatch handling.

Modifying Thematic Maps

Thematic maps have two components: theme layers and map layers.

 Theme layers include bar charts, pie charts, ranges of values, individual values,

graduated symbols, and dots. Theme layers can be modified using the Theme
Control.

 Map layers include geoset compone nts, such as oceans, cities, and high ways. Map

layers can be modified using the Layer Control.

Chapter

11

X/Y and point reference binding create both map layers and theme layers. The layer
of points (showing location of stores, facili ties, etc.) created from x and y coordinates
can be modified using the Layer Control. Themes bound to this layer (for example,
bar charts showing sales by store location) can be modified using the Theme Control.

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Chapter 11

When you activate a thematic map, the editing toolbar appears. The editing tools
allow you to zoom, center, pan, and open the Theme and Layer Controls.

Pointer

Hand Pan

Center Map

Zoom In

Zoom Out

Display Entire Map

Themes

Map Layers

Map Title

Modifying Themes Using the Theme Control

Y ou can change theme properties for each theme type in a map. Each t heme has unique
properties, such as symbol color , bar height, and dot size, that c an be changed using t he
properties dialog box for each theme.

Note: Thematic laye rs cannot be added during editing. Usin g multiple theme maps, you
can create additional themes and choose to display or hide them in the final map.

Figure 11-1

Theme Control dialog box

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Modifying Thematic Maps

Themes. All themes in the activated map are listed here.
Properties. Properties for the selected theme can be changed by clicking Display or

Legend. Deselect Visible to hide a theme in the map.

To Modify Themes

 Activate the map (double-click it).

 Click the Themes tool on the toolbar.

 Select a theme in the list.

 Click Display to edit theme properties.

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Chapter 11

Click Legend to edit legend options for each theme.



 Optionally, you can hide or show theme layers by clicking the Visible check box.

Range of Values Properties

In a range of values map, you can change range properties and distribution as well as
the range of fill colors. For each type of range of values map, there are two color values
available that represent the minimum and maximum data value.

Figure 11-2

Ranged Theme Options dialog box

Distribution Method. Changes the method of distributing data values into ranges.

See Chapter 4 for more information about distribution methods.

Number of Ranges. Breaks data values into a specified number of ranges. Enter a

number of ranges or select one from the drop-down list.

Round By. Rounds range values to the decimal of your choice.

Modifying Thematic Maps

Ranges. Low and high range colors for fill progression. To apply all style attributes,

such as fill color and pattern, select

All Attribute. Selecting Color will apply only color

choices and ignore pattern choices.

Allow Empty Ranges. Allows empty ranges to be created.
Auto Spread Style By. Sets a color model used to spread colo r between the low and high

ranges. Choose

Inflection. An inflection point separates the ranges i nto two sec tions. The colo rs in the

RGB (red, green, blue) or HSV (hue, saturation, value ).

ranged theme will spread from the top range color to the inflection color , and then from
the inflection color to the bottom range color.

Spread By. Controls how autospreading is done for ranged thematic maps. You can

spread ranges by color (when binding to a region layer) or size (when binding to a poin t
layer).

To Modify Range of Values Themes

 Select Range of Values in the theme list.

65

 Click Display to edit theme properties.

 Select the settings you want to change, such as style prope rties, range distribution, and

inflection.

 Click Legend to edit legend options for each theme.

Individual Values Properties

In an individual values map, you can change fill, symbol, and line properties,
depending on the type of individual values map. For example, for a map showing
political domina nce by city, the individ ual values might appear as shade d points on a
map. You can edit the symbo l style, size, fill, and rotation at these points. F or a map
showing types of major roadways in Europe, each highway might have different line
properties that you could adjust.

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Chapter 11

Figure 11-3

Individual Value Theme Options dialog box

Style. In maps bound to a region layer , such as category by country, you can change fill

color and border styles. Click the style button for each category to specify options.

Apply. To apply all style attributes, such as fill color and pattern, select All Attribute.

Selecting

Color will apply only color choices and ignore pattern choices.

To Modify Individual Values Themes

 Select Individual Values in the theme list.

 Click Legend to edit legend options for each theme.

 Click Display to edit theme properties.

To select style options for each category:

 Select a category from the drop-down list.

 Click the style button to change style options for the region, point, or line layers.

Line Style Properties

For individual value themes bound to a line laye r, such as highways, you can edit line
style properties for each category.

Figure 11-4

Line Style dialog box

Style. Applies a style from the list to all lines.
Color. Sets line color.

67

Modifying Thematic Maps

Width. Sets the width (weight) of lines.

To Change Line Style Properties

 Click the line style button.

 Select the settings you want to change, such as line style, color, and width.

Graduated Symbol Properties

In a graduated symbol map, you can chang e the look and size of symbo ls disp layed in
each region.

Note: Changes apply to all symbols on the theme layer.

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Chapter 11

Figure 11-5

Graduated Symbols Theme Options dialog box

Symbol. Click the symbol style button to change symbol options, such as:

 Font, size, and color of the chosen symbol
 Rotation angle for all symbols
 Background color and effects

At Value. Sets a d ata val ue for the symb ol size de fined i n the Symbol Style di alog box.

For example, you could set the size of the largest symbol at 36 and the data value for
the largest symbol at 1000 00. Choosing a data val ue lower than the lar gest value in th e
data will cause the largest symbol to be larger than specified.

Negative Values. Sets a symbol to display at negative data values. Click the symbol

button to select a symbol.

Graduate Size By. Graduates bar size according to a square roots scale, a constant

(linear) scale, or a logarithmic scale.

To Modify Graduated Symbol Themes

 Activate the map (double-click it).

 Click the Them es tool on the toolbar.

 Select Graduated Symbol in the theme list.

 Click Legend to edit legend options for each theme.

 Click Display to edit theme properties, such as data value of the largest symbol.

 Click the symbol style button to change font, size, color, rotation, background, and

effects.

 If desired, select a symbol to display for negative values.

 Optionally, you can choose a scale to graduate symbol size.

Symbol Style Properties

For graduated symbol the mes, you can edit symbol properties for di splay in the current
map.

Figure 11-6

Symbol Style dialog box

69

Modifying Thematic Maps

Style. Sets font, size, symbol, and color options.
Rotation Angle. Rotates all symbols according to the degree you specify.

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Chapter 11

Background. Creates a halo or box in the color of your choice for all symbols.
Effects. Adds effects, such as bold, italic, and drop shadow.

To Change Symbol Style Properties

 Click the symbol style button.

 Select the settings you want to change, such as font style, symbol, background, and

rotation.

Dot Density Properties

In a dot density map, you can change data va lue per do t. You can also specify the size
of dots.

Figure 11-7

Dot Density Theme Options dialog box

Value Per Dot. Sets the value of each dot. For example, each dot could represent 1000.
Dot Size. Displays small or large dots. Using small dots can reduce clutter if you have

a high dot density.

Symbol Color. Sets a color for dots.

To Modify Dot Density Themes

 Select Dot Density in the theme list.

 Click Legend to edit legend options for each theme.

 Click Display to edit theme properties.

 Select the settings you want to change, such as dot size, color, and data value.

Bar Chart Properties

In a bar chart map, you can modify bar size, fill progression, st yle, and border . You can
also set the size of bars relative to values in the data.

Figure 11-8

Bar Chart Theme Options dialog box

71

Modifying Thematic Maps

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Chapter 11

Fields. You can change properties for each bar in a chart by selecting a field from the

list. Click the brush style button to change fill options for each bar.

Chart Type. Creates stacked bars or multiple bars. You can specify whethe r stacked bars

will be graduated and select independent scales for multiple bars. Scaling
independently is appropriat e when you are displaying two or more scale variables wit h
different scales, such as grain output per acre and annual rainfall.

Bar Attributes. Creates a border and frame around bars. Click the border pen or frame

brush buttons to specify properties.

Chart Dimensions. Sets the height for the bar chart at a particular data value. For

example, with a setting of 1000, a bar representing a value of 500 would be half the
size specified in

Graduate Size By. Graduates bar size according to a square roots scale, a constant

(linear) scale, or a logarithmic scale.

To Modify Bar Chart Themes

Chart Dimensions: Height. You can also specify chart width.

 Select Bar Chart in the theme list.

 Click Legend to edit legend options for each theme.

 Click Display to edit theme properties.

 Select the settings you wan t to change, such as the value of t he largest bar, chart wi dth,

and bar attributes.

To select style options for each category:

 Select a bar field from the list.

 Click the brush style button to change fill and border options.

Fill Style Properties

You can set fill pattern and foreground and background colors. Choo se styles from t he
drop-down lists. For patterned fills, you can also select a background fill.

For bar themes, you can edit fill style properties for each bar.

Figure 11-9

Fill Style dialog box

73

Modifying Thematic Maps

To Change Fill Style Properties

 Click the region style button.

 Select the settings you want to change, such as fill pattern and color.

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Chapter 11

Pie Chart Properties

In a pie chart map, you can modify pie size, slice style, and fill progression. You can
also set the diameter of pies relative to data values.

Figure 11-10

Pie Chart Theme Options dialog box

Fields. You can change properties for pie slices in a chart by selecting a fiel d from t he

list. Click the brush style button to change fill options for each slice.

Chart Type. Creates pie chart variations, such as graduated pies and half pies. Pies are

graduated according to dat a values specified in

Value of Largest Pie, indicating the sum

of the values represented in each pie. You can also create half pies, which compress t he
data displayed into 180 degrees.

Static. Sets a data value, such as 1000, for the largest pie. You can set the diameter of

the largest pie. In this example, a pie representing a total value of 500 would be half
the size of the pie specified for

Diameter.

75

Modifying Thematic Maps

Diameter. Sets the diameter of the pie whose value is speci fied fo r Value of Largest Pie.
Pie Attribute. Sets a start angle (suc h as 90 degrees) and rot ation for pie sli ces. You can

set border options for pies and slices by clicking the border pen style button.

Graduate Size By

. Graduates pie size according to a square roots scale, a constant

(linear) scale, or a logarithmic scale.

To Modify Pie Chart Themes

 Select Pie Chart in the theme list.

 Click Legend to edit legend options for each theme.

 Click Display to edit theme properties.

 Select the settings you want to change, such as the value and diameter of the largest

pie, chart type, and pie attributes.

To select style options for each pie slice (or section):

 Select a field from the list.

 Click the brush style button to change fill options.

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Chapter 11

Modifying Map Titles

You can show, hide, or modify map titles. The default map title is the name of the
geoset used to make the map.

Figure 11-11

Edit Map Title dialog box

Map Title is Visible. Displays the title in th e current map.
Map Title. You can create a new title or edit the current one. Click t he t ext st yle bo x t o

change options, such as text font, style, and size.

To Modify Map Titles

 Activate the map (double-click it).

 Click the Map Title tool on the toolbar.

 Select the settings you wa nt to change, such as title visibility and title text.

Legend Properties

For all theme layers, you can modify legend type, options, and contents.

Figure 11-12

Legend Style dialog box

77

Modifying Thematic Maps

Legend is Visible. Displays the legend in the current map.
Compact Legend. Displays a compact legend. A full legend is displayed by default.
Show Empty Ranges. Includes empty ranges in the legend.
Use Currency Format. Displays numbers as currency for maps showing sales figures,

income, etc.

Title. You can edit title text for titles and subtitles. You can also edit text for a compact

legend. Click the text style button to edit font style, color, and effects.

Legend Text. Select an entry to edit the text. Click the text style button to edit font style,

color, and effects.

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Chapter 11

To Change Legend Properties

 Click Legend to edit the legend for each theme.

 Select the settings you want to change, such as title, subtitle, and legend text.

Modifying Map Layers Using the Layer Control

Map layers are files, such as oceans, countries, and cities, that make up a map. For each
map layer, y ou can use the Layer Control to add, remove, and reorder layers. You can
also select properties, such as color, line style, fonts, labels and zoom. To make
permanent changes to geoset layers, use the Geoset Manager.

For more information on using the Geoset Manager, see Chapter 2.

Figure 11-13

Layer Control dialog box

Layers. Displays all layers in the current map, including geoset layers and layers

created during X/Y binding. You can reorder, add, and remove layers, such as grid or
ocean, from the current map.

Properties. For each layer, you can choose to make it visible, selectable, and editable.

You can also choose to show labels, such as country names. For cosmetic edits, click
the

Display button. You can also change label options by clicking Labels.

To Use the Layer Control

 Activate the map (double-click it).

 Click the Map Layers tool.

 Select a layer from the list.

79

Modifying Thematic Maps

 Click Up or Down to reorder layers.

 Click Display to change the zoom level and region, line, or point properties.

 Click Labels to change label style, visibilit y, and loca ti on opt io ns.

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Chapter 11

Adding Layers to a Map

Click Add in the Layer Control to bring up a dialog box listing all layers, or .tab files,
in the SPSS Maps dir ectory. After adding map layers, you can re order them and a djust
their zoom level using the Layer Control.

Figure 11-14

Adding map layers

To Add Map Layers

 Activate the map (double-click it).

 Click the Map Layers tool.

 Click Add.

 Select a layer from the list and click Open to add the layer.

Note: This action adds a layer to the current m ap. To add a permanent layer to th e
geoset, use the Geoset Manager.

Display Properties

Using the Layer Control, you can specify displ ay properties for all types of map layers,
including region, point, and line layer s. You can choose to display certain map layers,
such as power plant location, at a detailed zoom level. This reduces clutte r in your map
by making certain layers invisible at high or low zoom levels. You can set zoom levels
manually by entering a value in map units. Additional display properties include:

 Show line direction for line layers such as highways.
 Show nodes.
 Show centroids of each geographic region.

Figure 11-15

Display Properties dialog box

81

Modifying Thematic Maps

Display Mode. Fi r s t, select Override Style to activate the style button. Click the style

button to change options for reg io n fil l, poin t symbols, and line style. For example, if
the selected layer is

World Capitals, the st yle but to n will op en a dial og box fo r symbol

options.

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Chapter 11

Zoom Layering. Select Display within Zoom Range to specify zoom levels for a layer . For

example, you could display a layer of nu clear power plants at all zo om levels between
1256 miles and 314 miles. When you zo om to a l evel, such as 800 miles, you will t hen
see the location of nuclear power plants in each region.

To Change Display Properties

 Select a layer in the Layer Control and click Display.

 Set zoom level visibility for the selected layer.

 Click the style button to change options for region, point, and line layers.

Label Properties

For each map layer, you can change the appearance, visibility, and location of labels.

Figure 11-16

Label Properties dialog box

83

Modifying Thematic Maps

Label with. Displays labels using either a data set value , such as sales amount, or a field

name, such as country name.

Visibility. Sets a zoom range in which the labels will be visible for each layer. Labels

are visible only when a layer is visible. You can also control the way labels are
displayed. Choose to allow overlap and duplicate labels. Select

Label Partial Segment

for more specific labeling of geographic features, such as merged highways. You can
also set a maximum numb er of labels per layer to limit clutter.

Styles. Sets options for a line connecting labels with the center of a feature. Click the

text style button to edit font style, color, and effects.

Position. Sets the location of the label relative to the center of the geographic feature.

Y ou can specify a speci fic distance from the center . For line layers, keep labels parallel
with lines by selecting

Rotate Label with Line.

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Chapter 11

To Change Label Properties

 Select a map layer from the list.

 Select or deselect Automatic Labels to show or hide labels.

 Click the Labels button for more options.

 Select the settings you want to change, such as label visibility, styles, and position.

Geographic Variable Mismatches

Sometimes you will get a mismatch warning table in the Viewer window. This table
lists discrepancies between values in the geoset layer and values in the .sav file. For
example, if the geoset layer uses the name United States while the .sav file uses the
abbreviation USA, you will se e a mismatch for USA in the warnings table. To avoid
mismatches, you can change values in your .sav file to correspond to values in the
geoset layer.

Figure 11-17

Mismatch between the geoset and .sav file

To Correct Mismatches

To turn on labels for the geographic feature with a mismatch (for example, state or
country):

 Activate the map (double-click it).

 Click the Map Layers tool.

 Select the map layer with a mismatch from the list.

 Select Automatic Labels to display labels (geographic values from the geoset).

To determine data values in the geoset:

 Zoom in to the mismatched geographic feature (such as USA).

 Determine the value displayed for that feature (such as United States, USA, or US).

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Modifying Thematic Maps

To resolve mismatches in the .sav file:

 In the Data Editor, find the field with a mismatch.

 Change the value to match that in the geoset layer.

 Save changes and recreate the thematic map.

Syntax Reference