Simpson 260® Series 8XPI
Volt-Ohm-Milliammeter
INSTRUCTION MANUAL
About this Manual
To the best of our knowledge and at the time written, the information contained in
this document is technically correct and the procedures accurate and adequate to
operate this instrument in compliance with its original advertised specifications.
Notes and Safety Information
This Operator’s Manual contains warning headings which alert the user to check
for hazardous conditions. These appear throughout this manual where applicable,
and are defined below. To ensure the safety of operating performance of this instrument, these instructions must be adhered to.
Warning, refer to accompanying documents.
!
Caution, risk of electric shock.
!
This instrument is designed to prevent accidental shock to the operator when
properly used. However, no engineering design can render safe an instrument
whick is used carelessly. Therefore, this manual must be read carefully and completely before making any measurements. Failure to follow directions can result in
ser ious or fatal accident.
Shock Hazard: As defined in American National Standard, C39.5, Safety
Requrements for Electrical and Electronic Measuring and Controlling Instrumentation, a shock hazard shall be considered to exist at any part involving a potential
in excess of 30 volts RMS (sine wave) or 42.4 volts DC or peak and where a
leakage current from that part to ground exceeds 0.5 milliampere, when measured with an appropriate measuring instrument defined in Section 11.6.1 of ANSI
C 39.5.
Technical Assistance
SIMPSON ELECTRIC COMPANY offers assistance Monday through Friday
7:30 am to 5:00 pm Central Time by contacting Technical Suppor t or
Customer Service at (847) 697-2260.
Internet: http://www.simpsonelectric.com
Warranty and Returns
SIMPSON ELECTRIC COMPANY warrants each instrument and other ar ticles
manufactured by it to be free from defects in material and workmanship under
normal use and service, its obligation under this warranty being limited to making
good at its factory or other article of equipment which shall within one (1) year
after delivery of such instrument or other article of equipment to the original purchaser be returned intact to it, or to one of its authorized service centers, with
transportation charges prepaid, and which its examination shall disclose to its
satisfaction to have been thus def ectiv e; this warranty being expressly in lieu of all
other warranties expressed or implied and of all other obligations or liabilities on
its part, and SIMPSON ELECTRIC COMPANY neither assumes nor authorizes
any other persons to assume for it any other liability in connection with the sales of
its products.
This warranty shall not apply to any instrument or other article of equipment which
shall have been repaired or altered outside the SIMPSON ELECTRIC COMPANY
factory or authorized service centers, nor which has been subject to misuse, negligence or accident, incorrect wiring by others, or installation or use not in accord
with instructions furnished by the manufacturer.
®
is a Registered Trademark of the Simpson Electric Company.
260
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Contents
1. INTRODUCTION ..............................................................................5
1.1 General Description ........................................................................... 5
1.2 Overload Protection ...........................................................................5
1.2.1Fuses .........................................................................................6
1.3 Internal Batteries................................................................................6
1.4 Overload Circuit Test ..........................................................................7
1.5 Printed Circuit ....................................................................................7
1.6 Adjust-A-Vue Handle ..........................................................................7
1.7 Test Leads ..........................................................................................7
1.8 Technical Data....................................................................................7
1.9 Definition Of Accuracy........................................................................9
1.10 Safety Considerations........................................................................ 9
1.11 Audio Alarm .......................................................................................9
1.12 Accessories........................................................................................ 9
1.13 Additional Accessories .....................................................................10
2. INSTALLATION ............................................................................... 11
2.1 Unpacking and Inspection................................................................11
2.2 Warranty...........................................................................................11
2.3 Shipping ........................................................................................... 11
2.4 Power Source Requirements ........................................................... 11
2.5 Operating Position............................................................................11
3. OPERATION ................................................................................... 12
3.1 Safety Precautions ...........................................................................12
3.2 Operational Items and Features ......................................................13
3.4 Polarity Reversing ............................................................................15
3.5 Measurement of Unknown Voltage or Current ................................. 15
3.6 Test Leads ........................................................................................15
3.7 DC Voltage Measurement ...............................................................15
3.8 AC V oltage Measurement ................................................................17
3.9 Output V oltage Measurement ..........................................................19
3.10 Decibel Measurement (-20 to +50 dB)............................................. 20
3.11 Direct Current Measurement............................................................21
3.12 Zero Ohms Adjustment .................................................................... 22
3.13 Measuring Resistance .....................................................................23
3.14 Resistance Measurement of Semiconductors ................................. 23
1.13.1 Accessory DC High Voltage Probes ................................................. 10
1.13.2 Accessory AC High Voltage Probe ................................................... 10
1.13.3 Amp-Clamp Model 150-2.................................................................. 10
3.7.1 DC Voltage Measurement 0-250 mV Range .................................... 15
3.7.2 DC Voltage Measurement 0-2.5 Through 0-250V Range ................. 16
3.7.3 DC Voltage Measurement 0-500V Range ........................................ 16
3.7.4 DC Voltage Measurement 0-1000V Range ...................................... 17
3.8.1 AC Voltage Measurement 0-2.5 Thru 0-250V Range ....................... 17
3.8.2 AC Voltage Measurement 0-500V Range ......................................... 18
3.8.3 AC Voltage Measurement 0-1000V Range....................................... 19
3.11.1 Direct Current Measurement 0-50µA Range................................... 21
3.11.2 Direct Current Measurement 0-1mA Through
0-500mA Range .............................................................................. 21
3.11.3 Direct Current Measurement 0-10A Range..................................... 22
Continued.
3
Contents Continued
3.15 Continuity Tests ................................................................................24
4. OPERATING SERVICING ................................................................. 24
4.1 Removing the Instrument Case ....................................................... 24
4.2 Battery and Fuse Replacement ....................................................... 25
4.3 Fuse Protection ................................................................................25
4.5 Care .................................................................................................26
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1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 General Description
The Simpson Volt-Ohm-Milliammeter 260 Ser ies 8XPI, (hereafter referred to as
the 260 or the Instrument) is a rugged, accurate, compact, easy-to-use instrument
equipped with mirrored dial to eliminate parallax. The Instrument can be used to
make accurate measurements of AC and DC voltage, direct current, resistance,
decibels, and Output Voltage. The Output Voltage function is used for measuring
the AC component of a mixture of AC and DC voltage. This occurs primarily in
amplifier circuits.
New Features in the 260-8 are:
0-25V AC/DC Range
Continuity Test Alarm
Individual Dual Jacks for the 500 V AC/DC and 1000 V AC/DC Ranges
High Impact Case (Yellow)
1.2 Overload Protection
All the ranges, with exception of 1V, 200 mV , 500/1000 V A C and DC are protected
by an electronic overload protection system. The protection is from the usual
overloads that would damage the V OM. A transistorized circuit senses the voltage
drop across the indicating instrument and actuates a relay when the voltage reaches
approximately 3 to 4 times rated full scale voltage . Sensing of the voltage drop is
by means of a bridge network so that overload protection is provided regardless of
polarity. The relay operates at a uniform percent of overload since the indicating
instrument circuit is common to all ranges. When actuated by an overload, the
relay contacts, which are in the -COMMON CIRCUIT, latch open until the reset
button on the front panel is depressed.
!
Due to its sensitivity to overloads, the electronic ov erload protection rela y incorporated in the 260 is susceptible to electrostatic fields from high potentials or transients either in the circuit being measured or in nearby circuitry.
Do not assume the relay to be faulty if it trips out without apparent cause. It may
be indicating a dangerous condition such as excessive circuit-to-ground (floating)
voltage being applied to the Instrument.
Avoid loading the Instrument or its test leads until certain that excessive circuit-toground voltage does not exist.
a. A switch that is opened when the relay latches, opens the relay circuit and
prevents continuous battery drain. This condition occurs when the reset button has been pressed so that the VOM is operational; the protection circuit
draws less than the shelf life drain of the battery.
b. Since the 9 V battery is used for both the R X range and the protection circuit,
the VOM is designed to allow the protection circuit to function normally as
long as the R X range can be set to zero and an Alkaline battery is used.
5
c. The 1 and 2 Amp fuses in the input circuit add protection to the relay contacts.
Some overload conditions may cause the fuses to burn out as well as open
the relay contacts.
d. When an overload of sufficient magnitude is applied to the VOM, the reset
button will “pop up” approximately 3/16 inch above the surface of the panel.
T o reset the VOM for normal operation, first remove the overload and depress
the button. If the ov erload remains connected to the Instrument, resetting the
overload protection reset button will not connect the VOM input circuit.
In addition to the overload protection circuit, a pair of diodes protects the indicating instrument circuit. The diode limits the current through the coil in case of
overload.
1.2.1 Fuses
Basic overload protection is provided by a small ine xpensiv e and easily obtainable
3 AG type, 1 Amp, quick-blow fuse. This fuse is rated to interrupt circuit voltages
up to 250V. A supplemental high energy fuse is provided for additional protection
from severe overloads. This fuse is the Bussman Type BBS 2A 600V with an
interrupt capacity of 10,000 Amps AC. The Littlefuse Type BLS 2A 600V ma y also
be used.
NOTE: If the 260 fails to indicate a reading, the 1 or 2 Amp fuse may be burned
out. (Refer to paragraph 4.2 for fuse replacement.) Use only the specified fuse
type. The 0-10 A range is not fused. The shunt connects directly to the -10 A and
+10 A jacks.
The relay, fuse and diodes will prevent serious damage to the Instrument in most
cases of accidental overload. However, no overload protection system is completely foolproof and misapplication on high voltage circuits can damage the Instrument. Exercise care and caution to protect both the user and the Instrument.
1.3 Internal Batteries
Two batteries are in the ohmmeter circuits, a NEDA 13F “D” cell that furnishes 1.5
V for the R X 1 and R X 100 ranges and a NEDA 1604A Alkaline battery that
furnishes 9 V for the R X 10,000 range . The 1.5 V “D” cell is held in place with two
spring clips which also serve as battery contacts. The polarity symbols for the “D”
cell are marked near the battery contacts. The 9 V battery is held in place with a
spring clip, but contact is made with a separate connector that is polarized. Always observe correct polarity when replacing the 1.5 V “D” cell.
!
The 9 V battery must be installed and tested before the Instrument is ready for
use. Perform the overload test described in Par ag raph 1.4 to ensure proper o verload circuit operation prior to using the Instrument.
6
1.4 Overload Circuit Test
a. Set the range switch to R X 10,000 position and the function switch to the -DC
position.
b. Plug the black test lead into the -COMMON jack terminal and touch the other
end of the test lead to the +10 A input terminal. (The relay reset b utton should
rise, indicating that the overload circuit is in working condition.)
NOTE: No damage will occur to the Instrument as a result of this test.
1.5 Printed Circuit
Most of the component parts are mounted on a printed circuit board which simplifies assembly and maintenance, thus extending the useful life of the Instrument.
1.6 Adjust-A-Vue Handle
A carrying handle is attached to the Instrument case. The handle may be used to
support the Instrument in a convenient sloping position for easy viewing. The
case can also be placed in either a vertical or horizontal position. The horizontal
position is preferable f or greater accuracy since the Instrument is calibrated in this
position.
1.7 Test Leads
Each Instrument is furnished with one pair (Catalog Number 00125) of probe type
test leads (one red and one black, each 48 inches long) for all applications of the
Instrument. These test leads hav e elbow prods on one end to connect the leads to
the recessed jacks on the Instrument front panel. The probe tips at the opposite
end have threaded shoulders to accept the screw-on insulated alligator clips (furnished with the test leads) or the 5000 volt test probe(s) to extend the Instrument
AC or DC voltage range . The test leads and the insulated alligator clips are rated
for the voltage and current ranges available on the 260. Maximum ratings are
1000V AC or DC or 10 DC Amps. These ratings for the test leads must not be
exceeded in any application.
1.8 Technical Data
Table 1-1. Technical Data
1. DC VOLTS:
Ranges: 0-1-2.5-10-25-50-250-500-1000V
Sensitivity: 20,000 ohms per volt
2. DC MILLIVOLTS:
Range: 0-250mV
Sensitivity: 20,000 ohms per volt
3. AC V OLTS:
Ranges: 0-2.5-10-25-50-250-500-1000V
Sensitivity: 5,000 ohms per volt
7
4. OUTPUT VOLT AGE:
(AC):
Ranges: 0-2.5-10-25-50-250 (limited to 350 VDC)
5. DC MICROAMPERES:
Range: 0-50µA
Voltage Drop: 250mV
6. DC MILLIAMPERES:
Ranges: 0-1-10-100-500 mA
Voltage Drop (Approx.): 250 mV, 255 mV, 300 mV, 500 mV
7. DC AMPERES:
Range: 0-10A
Voltage Drop (Approx.): 255 mV
NOTE: The 10A range is not internally fused.
8.
:ecnatsiseR1XR001XR000,01XR
egnaR000,2-0 Ω 000,002-0 Ω M02-0 Ω
gnidaeRretneC21 Ω 0021 Ω 000,021 Ω
egatloVtiucriCnepOlanimoNV5.1V5.1V9
tnerruCtiucriCtrohSlanimoNAm521Am52.157 µA
9. *ACCURACY:
DC Voltage Ranges: 2% of Full Scale
DC Current:
0-50 µA Range: 1.5% of Full Scale
Other Ranges: 2% of Full Scale
**AC Voltage Ranges: 3% of Full Scale
Frequency Response: Referenced to 100 Hz (Figures 3-2 and 3-3)
Resistance Ranges:
R X 1: 2.5° of Arc
R X 100: 2° of Arc
R X 10,000: 2° of Arc
10. DECIBELS:
Range: -20 to +10 dB, -8 to +22 dB, 0 to +30 dB, +6 to
+36 dB, +20 to +50 dB
Reference Level: With zero dB power level equal to 1 mW across a
600 line.
11. BATTERIES:
Voltage: 1.5V, 9V
NEDA No.: 13F, 1604A
12. FUSE: F1 1A, 250V , type 3AG, quic k-acting Littlefuse T ype
312001, F2 2A, 600V Littlefuse Type BLS or 2A
600V, Bussman Type BBS.
13. TEST LEADS: 1 red, 1 black, 48" long.
14. SIZE: 5 1/4" x 7" x 3 1/8" (13.34 x 17.78 x 7.94 cm)
15. WEIGHT: 2 1/4 lbs (1.02 Kg)
8
16. ***RATED CIRCUIT-TO
-GROUND VOLT AGE: 1000V AC/DC Max.
* Accuracies specified are for the 260 in a horizontal position.
** Responds to the average value of an AC current, and is calibrated to indicate
the RMS value of a pure sine wave.
*** Per ANSI C39.5 April 1974: “The specified voltage with respect to ground,
which may be safely and continuously applied to the circuit of an Instrument.”
1.9 Definition Of Accuracy
The voltage and current accuracy of this Instrument is commonly expressed as a
percent of full scale. This should not be confused with accur acy of reading (indication). F or example, +2% of full scale on the 10 v olt range allows an error of 0.20V
at any point on the dial. This means that at full scale, the accuracy reading would
be 2%, but at half scale it would be 4%. Therefore, it is adv antageous to select
a range which gives an indication as near as possible to full scale.
1.10 Safety Considerations
This Operator’s Manual contains cautions and warnings alerting the user to hazardous operating and service conditions. This inf ormation is flagged by CA UTION
or WARNING symbols throughout the publication, where applicable, and is defined on the inside front cover under “Notes and Safety Information.” Adhere to
these instructions in order to ensure the safety of operating and servicing personnel and to retain the operating conditions of the Instrument.
1.11 Audio Alarm
The 260 Audio Alarm transducer will emit an audio sound when the continuity of a
circuit being tested is completed.
!
No Circuit Continuity Tests are to be made with electrical power “ON.” Turn “OFF”
all electrical power.
1.12 Accessories
Table 1-2. Items and Accessories Furnished with this Instrument.
Quantity Description Number
1 Test Lead Set - one red and one black (48” long) 00125
*1 1.5 Volt, D Cell, NEDA 13F
*1 9.0 Volt Cell, NEDA 1604A
2 1 Amp, 250V Fuse, Littlefuse Type #312001
1 2A, 600V Fuse, Littlefuse Type BLS (or Bussman
1 Operator’s Manual 6-115022
*Batteries are standard items replaceable at local retail stores
each with combination probe tip and removable
rubber-sleeved alligator clip.
Type BBS)
.
9
1.13 Additional Accessories
Table 1-3. Additional Accessories
Description Catalog Number
Deluxe Case ........................................................................................... 00812
Vinyl Sheath Case ................................................................................. 01818
Leatherette Ever-Redy Hard Case, Drop Front......................................00805
5,000 Volt AC Probe 5 k / V .................................................................00794
5,000 Volt DC Probe 20 k / V...............................................................00795
10,000 Volt AC Probe 5 k / V ...............................................................00036
10,000 Volt DC Probe 20 k / V.............................................................00034
Model 150-2 Amp-Clamp .......................................................................00541
Model 151-2 Line Splitter.......................................................................00544
!
High voltage probes and test prod adapters provide a convenient and economical
means of extending the voltage range of the 260. They are intended for high
voltage measurements in low power, consumer type products such as TV receivers, oscilloscopes, burner ignition systems , etc. They are NOT intended for and
should NOT be used for measurements in high power circuitry such as power
substations or distribution centers, RF induction heaters or broadcast transmitters, x-ray equipment, or other applications where an operator error may create a
dangerous condition.
1.13.1 Accessory DC High Voltage Probes
The DC high voltage probes are designed for use with the Simpson 260 Series 8
or any 20,000 ohms per volt VOM having a 2.5 volt DC range and scale graduations from 0-10 or multiple thereof for the 10 kV probe, 0-50 or multiple thereof for
the 40 kV probe. The DC high voltage test probes are available at local electronic
parts distributors.
Accuracy: Probe Resistance ±2%.
1.13.2 Accessory AC High Voltage Probe
The 10,000 volts AC accessory probe is similar to the high voltage DC probes with
the following exceptions: The AC high voltage probe is designed to extend the
260-8 AC voltage range. The probe can be used with the Simpson 260-8 10-volt
AC range.
NOTE: Instructions are furnished with each high voltage probe.
1.13.3 Amp-Clamp Model 150-2
The Simpson Amp-Clamp Model 150-2 allows AC current measurements without
breaking the circuit under test. The Amp-Clamp works in effect as a transformer
containing a split core for accommodating the conductor which carries the current
being measured. The current-carr ying conductor becomes the transformer primary and a coil in the Amp-Clamp serves as the secondary winding. The AmpClamp output voltage is proportional to the current measured and can be applied
to the 260-8 as an AC voltage.
The Amp-Clamp has a range selector with six positions. Any of the following
current ranges can be used with the 260-8: 5, 10, 25, 50, 100 or 250 amperes.
NOTE: Instructions are furnished with each Amp-Clamp.
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2. INSTALLATION
This section contains information and instructions for the installation and shipping
of the Simpson 260-8XPI. Included are unpacking and inspection procedures,
warranty, shipping, power source requirements and operating position.
2.1 Unpacking and Inspection
Examine the shipping carton for obvious signs of damage. If damage is noted,
notify the carrier and supplier and do not attempt to use the Instrument. If Instrument appears to be in good condition, read Operator’s Manual in its entirety. Become familiar with the Instrument as instructed in the manual, then check the
electrical performance as soon as possible. Make sure that all items are included
with the Instrument (Table 1-2).
After unpacking the Instrument, a 1.5V battery and a 9V battery may be found in
separate envelopes in the box with the Instrument and the test leads . Two alligator
clips for the test leads are in a polyethylene bag. See Section 4, for instructions
on how to open the battery compartment and install the batteries.
2.2 Warranty
The Simpson Electric Company warranty policy is printed on the inside front cover
of this manual. Read it carefully before requesting any warranty repairs. For LL
assistance, contact the nearest Authorized Service Center or the factory directly.
Give full details of any installation difficulties and include the Instrument model
number, series number, and date of purchase. Service data or shipping instructions will be mailed promptly. If an estimate of charges for non-warranty or other
service work is required, a maximum charge estimate will be quoted. This charge
will not be exceeded without prior approval.
2.3 Shipping
Pack the Instrument carefully and ship it, prepaid and insured, to the proper destination.
2.4 Power Source Requirements
There are two batteries in the ohmmeter circuits: One is a NEDA 13F D size cell
that furnishes 1.5 volts for the R X 1 and R X 100 ranges. A NEDA 1604A battery
furnishes 9 volts for the R X 10,000 range. The 1.5 volt D cell is held in place with
two spring clips which also serve as battery contacts. The 9-volt battery is held in
place with a spring clip but contact is made with a separate connector that is
polarized. (Always observe correct polarity when replacing the 1.5-volt D cell.)
2.5 Operating Position
A handle is attached to the side of the Instrument case. The handle may be used
to support the Instrument in a convenient, sloping position for easy viewing. The
VOM case can also be placed either in a vertical or horizontal position. The horizontal position is preferab le f or greater accuracy since the Instrument is calibrated
in this position.
11
3. OPERATION
This section of the manual contains information required to use and operate the
260-8 in a safe and proper manner.
!
Multifunction instruments (VOM’s) such as the 260-8 are intended as general pur-
pose measuring Instruments for use in low power circuitry such as found in consumer appliances, TV and radio receivers, and in general laboratory applications.
Their use is not recommended in high voltage, high power circuitry where operator errors and inadequate personal protective measures could result in serious
injury from arcing or explosion. Such circuitry is found in industrial or commercial
applications such as induction (r-f) heaters and broadcast transmitters, power substations and distribution centers, x-ray equipment, large motor controls, etc. Working in the high voltage section of such equipment requires single-function, often
specially designed instruments operated by specially trained personnel who use
appropriate protective equipment and procedures.
3.1 Safety Precautions
The following precautions are suggestions and reminders of commonly recognized safe practices as well as specific hazards to be a voided, and are not implied
to be sufficient to ensure the safety of untrained personnel in all circumstances.
Neither is this manual a substitute for technical manuals covering the equipment
being measured. Always refer to the equipment manual and its specific warnings
and instructions and observe them as well as those contained herein.
a. The 260-8 should only be used by personnel qualified to recognize shock
hazards and trained in the safety precautions required to avoid possible injury.
b. Do not connect any terminal of this Instrument to a circuit point at which a
voltage exceeding 1000 v olts AC or DC may e xist with respect to earth ground.
(Refer to Table 1-1, item 16.)
c. Turn off power and discharge any capacitors in the circuit to be measured
before connecting to or disconnecting from it.
d. Before using this Instrument, check accessories, if any, and test leads for
missing, damaged, deteriorated or otherwise faulty insulating parts. Do not
use, or permit the use of, equipment with faulty insulation until it has been
properly repaired.
e. Always wear safety glasses when working in electrical circuitr y.
f. Do not work alone on high voltage circuits. Make certain that someone ca-
pable of giving aid is watching nearby.
g. Do not handle the Instrument, its test leads, or the circuitry while high voltage
is being applied.
h. Hands, shoes, floor, and workbench must be dry. Avoid making measure-
ments under humid, damp, or other environmental conditions that could effect the dielectric withstanding voltage of the test leads or Instrument.
i. Do not change switch settings or test lead connections while the circuit is
12
energized. A mistake could damage the instrument and cause personal injury.
j. Locate all voltage sources and accessible current paths before making con-
nections to circuitry.
k. Make cer tain that the equipment being worked upon is properly grounded
and fuses are of the proper type and rating.
l. Double check switch positions and jack connections bef ore applying power to
the Instrument.
m. Remain aler t for low voltage circuits which may be floating at high voltage
with respect to earth ground and for composite voltages (AC + DC) such as
are found in r-f amplifiers. The floating voltage or composite voltage must not
exceed the Instrument’s rated maximum circuit-to-ground voltage.
n. Do not make electrical measurements where the air may contain explosive
concentrations of gas or dust such as in mines, grain elevators, gasoline stations or in the presence of charging batteries until determined to be safe by
qualified personnel. Note that even metallic dusts can be explosive.
o. No General Purpose VOM is to be used to mak e electrical measurements on
blasting circuits or blasting caps.
3.2 Operational Items and Features
Table 3-1 describes the function of all the items used to operate the Instrument.
These items are illustrated in Figure 3-1. Become familiar with these items prior
to operating the Instrument for the first time.
Table 3-1. Operating Items and Features
1. Range Switch: Twelve positions: May be rotated 360° in either
direction to select any of the five AC & DC voltages, four DC currents & three resistance ranges.
2. Function Switch: The function switch has four positions:
+DC, -DC, and AC Volts only. To measure DC current or voltage, set function switch to the -DC or
+DC position, depending on polarity of the signal
applied across the test leads. To measure AC voltage set the function switch to the AC position. F or
resistance measurement, switch may be set in either the +DC or -DC position. P olarity of the internal ohm meter battery voltage will be as marked
at the jacks when switch is in the +DC position
and reversed in the -DC position.
3. Zero Ohms: This control is used to compensate for variation in
the voltage of the internal batteries when making
resistance measurements.
(Audio),
13
Figure 3-1. Operational Items and Features
4. Circuit Jacks: There are eight jacks on the front panel marked
with the functions they represent. These jac ks provide the electrical connections to the test leads.
The COMMON (-) jack is used (in conjunction with
the black test lead) as the reference point for the
measurement of all the functions with the exception of the 10A range.
5. Point Adjust For Zero: With the Volt-Ohm-Milliammeter in an operating
position, check that the pointer indicates zero at
the left end of the scale when there is no input. If
pointer is off zero, adjust the screw located in the
cover below the center of the dial. Use a small
screwdriver to turn the screw slowly clockwise or
counterclockwise until the pointer is exactly over
the zero mark at the left end of the scale. With the
indicating pointer set on the zero mark, reverse
the direction of rotation of the zero adjuster slightly
to introduce mechanical freedom or “play”, but insufficient to disturb the position of the indicating
pointer. This procedure will a v oid disturbances to
the zero setting by subsequent changes in temperature, humidity, vibration, and other environmental conditions.
6. Reset Button: This white button is the overload protection circuit
breaker. Resetting this button will restore meter
to full operation, providing overload condition has
been removed.
14
3.4 Polarity Reversing
The function switch provides a conv enient means to rev erse polarity of the internal
battery to facilitate testing semiconductor devices. The +DC and -DC positions
transpose internal connections to the COMMON and +jacks and therefore can
also be used to reverse polarity of external voltages and currents connected to
these jacks (only). Because polarity rev ersing momentarily interrupts the circuit, it
should not be done while measuring current or voltage without first turning off the
circuit power. When making measurements on the 50µA/250mV, 1 Volt, or 10
Amp range, polarity can be corrected only by reversing the test leads.
3.5 Measurement of Unknown Voltage or Current
Sometimes the approximate voltage or current to be measured is known and the
correct range may easily be selected. Often, however, particularly when working
on faulty equipment, the voltage or current is either unknown or may be much
higher than normal and anticipated. When working upon unfamiliar or unknown
equipment, always begin a measurement using the highest range a vailab le on the
Instrument. Once it is determined that the voltage is within the limits of a lower
range, change to the lower range.
3.6 Test Leads
These are provided with accessory screw-on alligator clips which may be attached
to the probe tips. As well as eliminating the need to hand-hold test prods to a
circuit for extended periods, the test clips provide a means of reducing hand proximity to a high voltage circuit while energized. Circuit power must be turned off
and any charged capacitors discharged before connecting or disconnecting clips
to or from the current.
3.7 DC Voltage Measurement
!
Before making voltage measurements, re view the SAFETY PRECA UTIONS listed
in paragraph 3.2. Also , when using the 260 as a millivoltmeter , care must be tak en
to prevent damage to the indicating instrument from excessive voltage.
3.7.1 DC Voltage Measurement 0-250 mV Range
Before using the 250 millivolt range , use the 2.5V DC range to determine that the
voltage measured is not greater than 250 mV (or .25 V DC).
a. Set the function switch at +DC.
b. Plug the black test lead in the -COMMON jack and the red test lead into the
+50 µA/250mV jack.
c. Set the range switch at 50 µA common position with 50V.
d. Connect the black test lead to the negativ e side of the circuit being measured
and the red test lead to the positive side of the circuit.
e. Read the voltage on the black scale marked DC and use the figures marked
0-250. Read directly in millivolts.
NOTE: For polarity reversing see paragraph 3.4.
15
3.7.2 DC Voltage Measurement 0-2.5 Through 0-250V Range
a. Set the function switch at +DC.
b. Plug the black test lead into the -COMMON jack and the red test lead into the
+jack.
c. Set the range switch at one of the five voltage range positions marked 2.5V,
10V, 25V, 50V or 250V.
NOTE: When in doubt as to the voltage present, always use the highest voltage
range as a protection to the Instrument. If the voltage is within a lower range, the
switch may be set f or the lo wer r ange to obtain a more accurate reading. Be sure
power is off in the circuit being measured and all capacitors discharged.
d. Connect the black test lead to the negativ e side of the circuit being measured
and the red test lead to the positive side of the circuit.
e. Tu r n on the power in the circuit being measured.
f. Read the voltage on the b lac k scale marked DC . For the 2.5V range, use the
0-250 figures and divide by 100. For the 10V, 50V, and 250V ranges, read the
figures directly. For the 25V range, use the 0-250 figures and divide by 10.
NOTE: Turn off power to the circuit and wait until the meter indicates zero before
disconnecting the test leads.
3.7.3 DC Voltage Measurement 0-500V Range
!
Use extreme care when working with high voltage circuits. Do not touch the Instrument or test leads while power is on in the circuit being measured.
Before proceeding with the following steps , revie w the Safety Precautions in P ar agraph 3.2.
a. Set the function switch at +DC.
b. Set the range switch at the 250V/500V/1000V position.
c. Plug the black test lead into the -COMMON jack and the red test lead into the
500V jack.
d. Make sure power is off in the circuit being measured and all capacitors dis-
charged. Connect the b lack test lead to the negative side of the circuit being
measured and the red test lead to the positive side of the circuit.
e. Tu rn on power in circuit being measured.
f. Read the voltage using the 0-50 figures on the black scale marked DC.
Multiply the reading by 10.
NOTE: Turn off power to the circuit and wait until the meter indicates zero before
disconnecting the test leads.
16
3.7.4 DC Voltage Measurement 0-1000V Range
!
Use extreme care when working with high voltage circuits. Do not touch the Instrument or test leads while power is on in the circuit being measured.
Before proceeding with the following steps , revie w the Safety Precautions in P ar agraph 3.2.
a. Set the function switch at +DC.
b. Set the range switch at the 250V/500V/1000V position.
c. Plug the black test lead into the -COMMON jack and the red test lead into the
1000V jack.
d. Make sure power is off in the circuit being measured and all capacitors are
discharged. Connect the black test lead to the negative side of the circuit
being measured and the red test lead to the positive side of the circuit.
e. Tu rn on power in circuit being measured.
f. Read the voltage using the 0-10 figures on the black scale marked DC. Mul-
tiply the reading by 100.
NOTE: Turn off power to the circuit and wait until the meter indicates zero before
disconnecting the test leads.
3.8 AC Voltage Measurement
!
Branch and distribution circuits (120/240/480V etc.) can deliver dangerous explosive power momentarily into a short circuit before the fuse/breaker opens the circuit. Make certain that the Instr ument switches are set properly, jacks are connected properly , and that the circuit power is turned off before making connections
to such circuits.
The 260 responds to the average value of an AC waveform. It is calibrated in
terms of the RMS value of a pure sine wave. If the waveform is nonsinusoidal,
depending on its waveform, the reading may be either higher or lower than the
true RMS value of the measured voltage. An error may be introduced if the 260 is
used to measure a nonsinusoidal wav ef orm. Also, accuracy is lessened at higher
input frequencies (Figure 3-2).
3.8.1 AC Voltage Measurement 0-2.5 Thru 0-250V Range
Before proceeding with the following steps , revie w the Safety Precautions in P ar agraph 3.2.
a. Set the function switch to AC volts only positions.
NOTE:The meter will not indicate if the switch is incorrectly set to a DC position.
b. Set the r ange switch at one of the five voltage range positions marked 2.5V,
10V, 25V, 50V or 250V. (When in doubt as to actual voltage present, always
use the highest voltage range as a protection to the Instrument. If the voltage
is within a lower range, the switch may be set for the lower range to obtain a
17
more accurate reading.)
c. Plug the black test lead
into the –COMMON jack
and the red test lead into
the +jack.
d. Turn off power to the cir-
cuit to be measured and
discharge any capacitors.
e. Connect the test leads
+5
+4
+3
+2
+1
0
AC VOLTAGE RANGES
2.5 VA C RANGE
10VAC RANGE
50 VA C RANGE
250 VA C RANGE
500 VA C RANGE
1000 VA C RANGE
across the circuit voltage
PERCENT RELATIVE ERROR
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
10Hz
100Hz 1KHz 10KHz
FREQUENCY
to be measured with the
black lead to the
grounded side.
f. For the 2.5V range read
the value directly on the
scale marked 2.5VAC.
For the 10V, 25V , 50V and
250V ranges, read the red
scale marked AC and use
the black figure immediately above the scale.
Figure 3-2. Frequency Response,
AC V oltage Ranges
3.8.2 AC V oltage Measurement 0-500V Range
100KHz
!
Do not attempt any voltage measurement which may exceed 1000 volts or the
circuit-to-ground voltage of the Instrument, 1000 volts maximum.
Be sure that the range switch is set to the 250V/500V/1000V range , function switch
to AC volts only position, and test leads connected to common and 500V jack.
Do not touch the Instrument or test leads while the power is on the circuit being
measured.
Use extreme care when working in high voltage circuits. Do not handle the Instrument or test leads while the circuit being measured is energized. OBSERVE ALL
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS in paragraph 3.2 and in the instruction manual for the
equipment being tested.
a. Set the function switch to AC volts only position.
NOTE: The meter will not indicate if the switch is incorrectly set to a DC position.
b. Set the range switch at 250V/500V/1000V position.
c. Plug the black test lead into the -COMMON jack and the red test lead in the
500V jack.
d. Be sure the power is off in the circuit being measured and that all its capaci-
tors have been discharged.
e. Connect the test leads across the circuit voltage to be measured with the
black lead to the grounded side.
18
f. Turn on the power in the circuit being measured.
g. Read the voltage on the red scale marked AC. Use the 0-50 figures and
multiply by 10.
3.8.3 AC V oltage Measurement 0-1000V Range
!
Use extreme care when working in high voltage circuits. Do not handle the Instrument or test leads while the circuit being measured is energized. OBSERVE ALL
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS in paragraph 3.2 and in the instruction manual for the
equipment being tested. Do not attempt any voltage measurement which may
exceed 1000V or the circuit-to-ground voltage of the instrument, 1000V maximum.
Do not attempt any voltage measurement which may exceed 1000V or the circuitto-ground voltage of the Instrument, 1000V maximum.
Make certain that the range switch is set to the 250V/500V/1000V range, function
switch to AC v olts only position, and test leads connected to COMMON and 1000V
jack.
Do not touch the Instrument or test leads while the power is on in the circuit being
measured.
a. Set the function switch at AC.
NOTE: The meter will not indicate if the switch is incorrectly set to a DC position.
b. Set the range switch at 250V/500V/1000V position.
c. Plug the black test lead into the -COMMON jack and the red test lead in the
1000V jack.
d. Make sure the power is off in the circuit being measured and that all its ca-
pacitors have been discharged.
e. Connect the test leads across the circuit voltage to be measured with the
black lead to the grounded side.
f. Turn on the power in the circuit being measured.
g. Read the voltage on the red scale marked AC. Use the 0-10 figures and
multiply by 100.
3.9 Output V oltage Measurement
It is often necessary to measure the AC component of an Output Voltage where
both AC and DC voltage levels exist. This occurs primarily in amplifier circuits.
The 260-8 has a 0.1 mfd, 400 volt capacitor in series with the OUTPUT jack. The
capacitor blocks the DC component of the current in the test circuit, but allo ws the
AC or desired component to pass on to the indicating instrument circuit. The
blocking capacitor may alter the AC response at low frequencies but is usually
ignored at audio frequencies (Figure 3-3).
Do not connect the OUTPUT jack to a circuit in which the DC voltage component
exceeds 350V.
19
Before proceeding with the fol-
+4
+2
0
-2
-4
-6
-8
-10
10Hz 100Hz 1KHz
10KHz
100KHz
FREQUENCY
PERCENT RELATIVE ERROR
+10
+8
+6
2.5 VA C RANGE
10VAC RANGE
25/50 VA C RANGE
250 VA C RANGE
OUTPUT RANGES
lowing steps, revie w the Safety
Precautions in Paragraph 3.2.
a. Set the function switch to
AC Volts only position.
b. Plug the black test lead
into the -COMMON jack
and the red test lead into
the OUTPUT jack.
c. Set the range switch at
one of the range positions
marked 2.5V, 10V, 25V,
50V, or 250V.
d. Connect the test leads
across the circuit being
measured with the black
test lead to the ground
side.
e. Tu rn on the power in the
test circuit. Read the output voltage on the appropriate AC voltage scale.
For the 0-2.5V range, read
the value directly on the
Figure 3-3 Frequency Response,
Output Ranges
scale marked 2.5V AC. For
the 10V, 25V , 50V, or 250V ranges, use the red scale marked AC and read the
black figures immediately above the scale.
3.10 Decibel Measurement (-20 to +50 dB)
Certain industries measure in ter ms of voltage or current ratios (decibels) based
on a specific reference level. The dB scale on the 260-8 serves this purpose and
is calibrated to a reference level (zero dB) of 0.001 watt into 600 ohms. The scale
calibration of -20 to +10 dB is for the 0-2.5V range (zero dB = 0.775V). Higher
ranges may be used by adding an appropriate dB value to the reading in accordance with the chart below.
a. Review the safety precautions in paragraph 3.2.
b. Use operating instructions for AC VOLTAGE MEASUREMENT, 0-2.5/10/25/
50/250V RANGES (paragraph 3.8).
c. Read decibels on the bottom scale marked dB. For the 10/25/50/250V ranges ,
add the appropriate factor from the following chart.
egnaRegatloVegnaRBdgnidaeR
V5.2-001+ot02-yltceriddaer
V01-022+ot8-gnidaerotBd21+dda
V52-003ot0gnidaerotBd02+dda
V05-063+ot6+gnidaerotBd62dda
V052-005+ot02+gnidaerotBd04dda
20
NOTE: The maximum v oltage ratio that can be measured is +50 dB on the 0-250V
range.
d. If dB measurements are being made to a 0.006 watt into 500 reference
level, subtract +7 dB from the reading obtained on the 260.
3.11 Direct Current Measurement
!
Do not change the range setting of the range or function switches while the circuit
is energized.
Never disconnect test leads from the circuit under measurement while it is energized.
Always turn the power off and discharge all the capacitors bef ore changing switch
settings or disconnecting leads.
Never exceed the circuit-to-ground voltage of the instrument (1000 V max., Table
1-1, item 16).
Always connect the instrument in series with the ground side of the circuit.
In all direct current measurements, make certain that the power to the circuit being
tested has been turned off before connecting and disconnecting test leads or
restoring circuit continuity.
3.11.1 Direct Current Measurement 0-50µA Range
a. Set the function switch at +DC.
b. Plug the black test lead into the -COMMON jack and the red test lead into the
+50µAMPS/250mV jack.
c. Set the range switch at 50µAMPS (dual position with 50V).
d. Open the ground side of the circuit in which the current is being measured.
Connect the VOM in series with the circuit. Connect the red test lead to the
positive side and the black test lead to the negative side.
e. Read the current on the black DC scale. Use the 0-50 figures to read directly
in microamperes.
NOTE: For polarity reversing see paragraph 3.4.
3.11.2 Direct Current Measurement 0-1mA Through
0-500mA Range
a. Set the function switch at +DC.
b. Plug the black test lead into the -COMMON jack and the red test lead into the
+jack.
c. Set the range switch at one of the four range positions marked 1 mA, 10 mA,
100 mA or 500 mA.
d. Open the grounded side of the circuit in which the current is being measured.
Connect the VOM in series with the circuit. Connect the red test lead to the
positive side and the black test lead to the negative side.
e. Tu rn the power on. Read the current in milliamperes on the black DC scale.
For the 1 mA range, use the 0-10 figures and divide by 10. For the 10 mA
range, use the 0-10 figures directly. For the 100 mA range, use the 0-10
figures and multiply by 10. For the 500 mA range, use the 0-50 figures and
multiply by 10.
21
f. Turn the power off and disconnect the test leads.
!
This range is only intended for measurements in low voltage circuits (under 25 V
DC) such as the primary power in vehicles or their accessories.
3.11.3 Direct Current Measurement 0-10A Range
a. Plug the black test lead into the -10A jack and the red test lead into the +10A
jack.
b. Set the range switch at 10 AMPS (dual position with 10mA).
c. Open the ground side of the circuit in which the current is being measured.
Connect the V OM in series with the circuit, connecting the red test lead to the
positive side and the black test lead to the negative side.
NOTE: The function switch has no effect on polarity for the 10 AMPS range.
d. Turn the pow er on. Read the current directly on the black DC scale. Use the
0-10 figures to read directly in amperes.
e. Tu r n the power off and disconnect the test leads.
!
The 10A range is not internally fused in the 260. When using the 10A range, ne v er
disconnect a test lead from a jack or from the circuit while the circuit is energized.
Doing so may damage the test jacks or leads and the arcing ma y be hazardous to
the operator. Turn off circuit power and wait for the meter reading to drop to zero.
The polarity reversing feature of the function s witch does not operate on the 0-10A
range. If polarity is found to be incorrect, turn off circuit power, wait for the meter
indication to read zero and then interchange test lead connections to the circuit.
3.12 Zero Ohms Adjustment
When resistance is measured, the INTERNAL batteries B1 and B2 furnish power
for the circuit. Since batteries are subject to variation in voltage and internal resistance, the Instrument must be adjusted to zero before measuring a resistance, as
follows:
a. Tu r n range switch to desired ohms range.
b. Plug the black test lead into the -COMMON jack and the red test lead into the
+jack.
c. Connect the ends of test leads together to short the VOM resistance circuit.
d. Rotate the ZERO OHMS control until pointer indicates zero ohms. If pointer
cannot be adjusted to zero, one or both of the batteries must be replaced.
(For battery replacement, refer to Section 4.)
e. Disconnect shorted test leads.
22
3.13 Measuring Resistance
V oltage applied to a resistance range will cause reading errors if low and damage
the Instrument if high. When making in-circuit measurements, make certain that
the circuit is completely de-energized before making connections to it.
When making in-circuit measurements, circuit paths in parallel with the resistance
being measured may cause reading errors. Check circuit diagrams for the presence of such components before assuming that the reading obtained is correct.
a. Before measuring resistance in a circuit, make sure the power is off to the
circuit being tested and all capacitors are discharged. Disconnect shunting
components from the circuit before measuring its resistance.
b. Set the range switch to one of the resistance range positions as follows:
1. Use R X 1 for resistance readings from 0 to 200 .
2. Use R X 100 for resistance readings from 200 to 20,000 .
3. Use R X 10,000 for resistance readings above 20,000 .
c. Set the function switch at either -DC or +DC position. The results are the
same in either position unless there are semiconductors in the circuit ((see
paragraph 3.14). Adjust ZERO OHMS control for each resistance range.
d. Observe the reading on the OHMS scale at the top of the dial.
NOTE: The OHMS scale reads from right to left for increasing values of resis-
tance.
e. To deter mine the resistance value, multiply the reading by the factor at the
switch position. (K on the OHMS scale equals one thousand.)
3.14 Resistance Measurement of Semiconductors
Make sure that the OHMS range being used will not damage any of the semiconductors (refer to Table 1-1, item 8, Section I).
If there is a “forward” and “backward” resistance such as in diodes, the resistance
should be relatively low in one direction (for forward polarity) and higher in the
opposite direction.
Rotate the function switch between the two DC positions to reverse polarity. This
will determine if there is a difference between the resistance in the two directions.
To check a semiconductor in or out of a circuit (forward and reverse bias resistance measurements) consider the following before making the measurement:
a. The polarity of the battery voltage will be as marked at the jacks when the
switch is in the +DC position and reversed in the -DC position.
b. Ensure that the range selected will not damage the semiconductor. (Refer to
Table 1-1, item 8 and review the specification limits of the semiconductor
according to the manufacturer’s ratings.)
c. If the semiconductor is a silicon diode or conventional silicon transistor, no
23
precautions are normally required.
d. If the semiconductor material is germanium, check the ratings of the device
and refer to Table 1-1, item 8, Section 1.
NOTE: The resistance of diodes will measure differently from one resistance range
to another on the V OM with the function s witch in a given position. For example, a
diode which measures 80 ohms on the R X 1 range may measure 300 ohms on
the R X 100 range. The diff erence in v alues is a result of the diode characteristics
and is not indicative of any fault in the VOM.
3.15 Continuity T ests
!
Tu rn off all power to the circuit being tested before proceeding any further.
a. Set the FUNCTION switch to the “*.” Insert the black test lead into the COM-
MON (-) and the red test lead into the (+) jack.
b. Touch the test lead probe tips together. An audio sound should be heard.
c. To test for continuity, probe the circuit or component in question. An audible
sound indicates continuity.
The higher the circuit’s resistance, the lower the sound lev el. The lo wer the circuit’s
resistance, the higher the sound level.
4. OPERATING SERVICING
This Instrument has been carefuly designed and constructed with high-quality
components. By providing reasonable care and following the instructions in this
manual, the user can expect a long service life from these instruments.
!
Before opening the battery compartment cover, disconnect the test leads from liv e
circuits.
4.1 Removing the Instrument Case
T o gain access to the inside of the Instrument panel, disconnect the test leads and
remove the cover from the battery compar tment. Next, remove the four case-fastening screws and lift the case from the panel.
When replacing the case, make certain that the wires leading to the battery compartment are seated in their respective slots within the compartment wall. This will
prevent damage to the wire insulation.
24
4.2 Battery and Fuse Replacement
The batteries and 1 Amp fuse are located inside an isolated compartment at the
top-rear of the Instrument case. To open the battery and fuse compartment:
a. Place the Instrument face down on a soft padded surface.
b. Unscrew the single screw on the cover.
c. Remove the cover from the case and set aside. Batteries and fuse may now
be replaced.
NOTE: If replacement of the 2 Amp high current interrupting fuse is necessary, the
Instrument case must be removed.
If the pointer cannot be adjusted to zero ohms or the R X 1 or R X 100 range,
replace the 1.5 V battery. If the pointer cannot be adjusted to zero on the R X 10K
range replace the 9 V battery.
a. To replace the “D” size battery:
1. Remove the old 1.5 V battery.
2. Insert the (-) end of battery first, pushing against the (-) terminal spring
clip, then gently push the (+) side of the battery into place.
b. To replace the 9 V battery:
1. Remove the battery with the mating connector from the compartment.
2. Take the connector off the old battery and connect it to the new batter y.
3. Insert new battery into the compar tment.
4. Place the connector leads so they rest between the cavity w alls and clear
the fuse terminals. The extended leads are placed between the battery
holder and the top wall of the case.
NOTE: 1 Amp and 2 Amp fuse replacement is necessary when there is no meter
deflection on any of the DC, AC Volts or Ohms ranges but the DC Amps range
operates properly.
c. To replace the 1 Amp fuse:
1. Pull defective fuse from its retaining spring clips.
2. Snap-in the replacement fuse and replace the cover.
NOTE: A spare fuse is located in a cavity next to the fuse clip.
4.3 Fuse Protection
A 1 Amp 250V quick-acting fuse and a 2A high voltage, high interruption capacity
fuse are connected in a series with the input circuit as additional protection to the
VOM against excessive energy fault current, such as a power line overload.
It is important to replace the 1 Amp fuse with a Littlefuse Type 312001 only to
prevent the 2 Amp high interruption capacity fuse from opening on nominally high
overload.
If the Instrument fails to indicate, the 1 Amp or the 2 Amp fuses may be b urned out.
(Refer to paragraph 4.2 for fuse replacement.) A 1 Amp spare fuse is furnished
with each Instrument. (Both 1 Amp fuses are located in the battery and fuse
compartment.) The 2 Amp fuse is located on the Instrument panel under the
printed circuit board.
25
4.5 Care
!
a. Do not attempt to clean this Instrument with the test leads connected to a
power source.
b. Immediately clean all spilled materials from the Instrument and wipe dry. If
the spillage is corrosive, use a suitable cleaner to neutralize the corrosive
action.
c. Do not allow the battery to fully discharge. When the batteries reach the end
of their useful life, they should be promptly replaced. Failure to do so may
result in corrosion at the battery contacts due to battery leakage.
d. Avoid prolonged exposure or usage in areas which are subject to tempera-
ture and humidity extremes, vibration or mechanical shock, dust or corrosive
fumes, or strong electrical or electromagnetic interferences.
e. Verify Instrument accuracy by performing operational checks using known,
accurate, stable sources. If proper calibration equipment is not available,
contact the nearest Authorized Service Center.
f. It is recommended that the Instr ument be returned annually to the nearest
Authorized Service Center, or to the factory, for an overall check, adjustment,
and calibration.
g. When not in use, store Instrument in a room free from temperature extremes,
dust, corrosive fumes, and mechanical vibration or shock.
If Instrument is stored more than thirty days, remove batteries.
26
NOTES:
27
SIMPSON ELECTRIC COMPANY 853 Dundee Avenue
Elgin, IL 60120-3090 (847) 697-2260 FAX (847) 697-2272
Printed in U.S.A. Part No. 06-115022 Edition 7, 11/01
Visit us on the web at: www.simpsonelectric.com
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