Sharp PW-E550 User Manual

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The New Oxford American Dictionary Oxford American Thesaurus of Current English Garner's Modern American Usage

PW-E550

ELECTRONIC DICTIONARY

OPERATION MANUAL

Page

• Getting Started ............................................................................2

• Using the

• Using

• Using the Super jump function ................................................ 22

• Using the History function ....................................................... 24

• Using the Calculator function .................................................. 25

• Using the Converter function ................................................... 26

• Appendices .............................................................................. 28

• Introductions to the Dictionaries .............................................. 31

• Product Support ....................................................................... 52

New Oxford American Dictionary ............................

Oxford American Thesaurus of Current English ....

Garner's Modern American Usage ...............................

Introduction

Thank you for purchasing the SHARP Electronic Dictionary, model PW-E550.

The PW-E550 contains data based on the following dictionaries (see page 4):

• The New Oxford American Dictionary

• Oxford American Thesaurus of Current English

• Garner's Modern American Usage

After reading this manual, store it in a convenient location for future reference.

NOTICE

• SHARP will not be liable nor responsible for any incidental or consequential economic or property damage caused by misuse and/or malfunction of this product and its peripherals, unless such liability is acknowledged by law.

• The specification of this product and its accessories, as well as information provided in this manual, is subject to change without prior notice.

CAUTION

• Do not carry the PW-E550 in the back pocket of slacks or trousers.

• Do not apply excessive physical pressure on the LCD panel because the glass material may break.

• Do not drop the PW-E550 or apply excessive force to it. Bending the unit unduly can damage it.

• Do not subject the PW-E550 to extreme temperatures. Do not expose the unit to an extremely humid or dusty environment.

• Do not apply extreme force when pressing the keys.

• Sharp or hard objects can scratch and damage the unit. Make sure it is adequately protected when carried with other objects.

• Since the unit is not waterproof, do not use it or store it where fluids can splash onto it. Raindrops, water spray, juice, coffee, steam, perspiration, etc. will also cause malfunction.

• Clean only with a soft, dry cloth. Do not use solvents.

• Use only a SHARP approved service facility.

NOTES

• Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries.

• All company and/or product names are trademarks and/or registered trademarks of their respective holders.

FOR YOUR RECORDS...

For your assistance in reporting this product in case of loss or theft, please record the model number and serial number (located on the bottom of the unit) below. Please retain this information.

Model Number

Serial Number

Date of Purchase

Place of Purchase

CONTENTS

Getting Started

Using the PW-E550 for the first time ............................................................ 2

Layout ........................................................................................................... 5

Basic Operation ............................................................................................7

Set-up Menu ............................................................................................... 11

Inputting Characters ...................................................................................12

Using the

New Oxford American Dictionary

Looking up a word (Filter search) ..............................................................14

Phrase search .............................................................................................15

Crossword solver ........................................................................................ 15

Anagram solver ........................................................................................... 16

Spellcheck function.....................................................................................16

Further information .....................................................................................17

Using the Calculator function

Prior to initiating calculations .....................................................................25

Calculation examples ................................................................................. 25

Using the Converter function

Currency converter .....................................................................................26

Metric converter .......................................................................................... 27

Appendices

Replacing the battery .................................................................................28

Reset procedure if trouble occurs ..............................................................29

Specifications .............................................................................................29

Troubleshooting ..........................................................................................30

Using the

Using

Oxford American Thesaurus of Current English

Looking up a word (Filter search) ..............................................................18

Phrase search .............................................................................................19

Further information .....................................................................................19

Garner's Modern American Usage

Searching by a word or an essay's title (Filter Search) ............................. 20

Select Glossary ..........................................................................................21

Using the Super jump function

How to use the Super jump function ..........................................................22

Using the History function

How to use the History function ................................................................. 24

Introductions to the Dictionaries

The New Oxford American Dictionary ........................................................ 31

Oxford American Thesaurus of Current English ........................................ 43

Garner's Modern American Usage ............................................................ 45

Product Support

........................................................................................ 52

Getting Started

Using the PW-E550 for the first time

Be sure to perform the following operations before using the PW-E550 for the first time.

1. Set the battery replacement switch on the bottom of the unit to the ‘REPLACE BATTERY’ position.

2. Remove the battery cover.

3. Insert the battery. Make sure the battery polarity is correct.

4. Replace the battery cover.

5. Set the battery replacement switch to the ‘NORMAL OPERATION’ position.

6. Open the unit and press turn the power on.

The LCD contrast screen will appear.

• Should a different screen appear, follow the reset procedure on page

29.

• If the power cannot be turned on:

• Make sure the battery replacement switch is placed at the ‘NORMAL

OPERATION’ position, then press

• If the power still cannot be switched on, try following steps 1 through 6 in the

above procedure again.

7. Adjust the LCD contrast by using , and press

]

The key sound on/off screen will appear.

8. Select

on/off.

The main menu screen will appear.

• The LCD contrast and the key sound settings can be adjusted later in the Set-up menu.

or N to turn the key sound

[

again.

Turning the power on/off

The power can be switched on by pressing the keys listed below. To turn off the power, press

Key

m d

t g s a

Restores the display as it was before the unit was switched off (Resume function).

The main menu screen appears. The main display of each dictionary and/or function appears (Direct-

on function)

Display status upon start-up

Auto power off function

To save the battery, the PW-E550 will automatically turn its power off if no key operations are detected for a set period of time. The initial activation interval setting is 5 minutes, but it can be adjusted by following the directions on page 12.

To attach a commercially available strap

A carrying strap can be attached, as shown in the picture below (strap not included).

Caution:

• Do not swing the unit by the strap, or use excessive force to pull the strap. Doing so will cause a malfunction or hardware damage to the unit.

Back of the unit

Key notation used in this manual

• All keys are framed (A, for instance); exceptions are found in the Calculator section, where the numeral entries are shown with real numbers.

•Keys are often assigned with more than one function. The appropriate key/ function will be shown according to the input status.

will be shown as either ‘Q’, ‘1’ or ‘1’ depending on the input status.

will be shown as either ‘G’ or ‘+’ depending on the input status.

• The functions indicated with green typeface are second functions. Press and release

, then press an appropriate key.

^ l ^ w

directs to press and release ^, then press l (f).

directs to press and release ^, then press

w (<

Data contained in the PW-E550

The dictionary data contained in this unit are based on the following dictionaries:

•New Oxford American Dictionary © Oxford University Press 2001

• The Oxford American Thesaurus of Current English © Oxford University Press 1999

• Garner's Modern American Usage © Bryan A. Garner 2003

retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press.

* The data includes some words that are, or are asserted to be, proprietary names

or trademarks. Their inclusion does not imply that they have acquired for legal purposes a nonproprietary or general significance, nor is any other judgment implied concerning their legal status. In cases where the editor has some evidence that a word is used as a proprietary name or trademark, this is indicated by the designation ‘trademark’, but no judgment concerning the legal status of such words is made or implied thereby.

• The data content of each Dictionary is mostly retained faithful to the original. However, some sections of the dictionary contents have had to be altered due to the limitations of the LCD display and for other reasons; these modifications have been implemented under the provisions of the publisher(s). In some rare cases, misspellings and/or mistypings may be found; these are ‘errors’ that have been retained unmodified from the source Dictionaries.

Note:

•For full information on the contents of the dictionaries, see Introductions on pages 31–51.

• This product does not contain most of the appendix data (including the preface, etc.) found in the book version.

• The product does not contain illustrations and photographs found in the book version.

Layout

Display symbols

(Refer to the next page for details)

Menu key

Power on/off key

2nd function key

Utility keys for Dictionaries

Escape key

Display

Dictionary/function selection key

Font size shift key

Clear key

Back space key

Page scroll key

Cursor keys

Enter key

Key assignments Display symbols

: Opens the input screen for the

English

: Opens the input screen for

: Opens the input screen for the spell checker

: Opens the calculator function screen

: Opens the history list of each Dictionary

:Brings up a ‘digest’ view of descriptions

: Initiates a definition search of a term in a detailed view of each Dictionary

: Selects a Note icon in the detailed view

: 2nd function key

Activates the second function (printed in green) assigned to the next key pressed.

New Oxford American Dictionary

Oxford American Thesaurus of Current

Garner's Modern American Usage

This symbol will be displayed when the battery level is low. Promptly replace the old battery with a new one.

Indicates that the key sound (beep) is set to ON.

Indicates that

These arrows suggest that more contents can be browsed by scrolling up/ down the window.

{ } < >

Note:

• In this manual, symbols are not shown in the display examples.

• Certain symbols may appear on the display only when the LCD contrast is set to dark. Please ignore these symbols as they are not used by this product.

has been pressed.

: Press to scroll up/down per text row. : Press to scroll up/down per visible window.

Operation guidance message

A brief guidance message may appear at the bottom of the screen to help you utilise functions more effectively.

Basic Operation

Inputting words for a dictionary search

In this section, the basic search operation is described. For details, refer to the manual chapter for each dictionary.

Find definitions of ‘sharp’ in the

1. Press

to display the input

screen for the

Dictionary

starting with ‘sha’ is listed.

2. Enter ‘rp’ to complete the spelling. The list is narrowed down further.

New Oxford American

, then input ‘sha’. The entries

New Oxford American Dictionary

Selecting a dictionary / function in the main menu

Press

The main menu appears.

• Select an item by its index number

key.

through

{ }

keys, followed by

using the number keys (

). The initial screen of the selected

item appears.

• The desired item can also be selected by using the pressing the

3. While the ‘

• Press

Dictionary

Note:

•To learn different searching methods from those above, refer to the manual chapter for each dictionary.

’ indication is visible on the left of ‘sharp’, press

to go back to the previous view.

^ l

to list the headwords in the

New Oxford American

List view: selecting an item; scrolling

Press d to display the initial screen

New Oxford American Dictionary

of the

then press

New Oxford American Dictionary

. The list view of the

appears.

Filter search view: selecting an item; scrolling

Press d, then type A, and B.

‘ab’ is entered, and words starting from ‘ab’ listed.

Selecting an item or a word

Use the corresponding number key to the index number on the left of each item, or

{

use the the

or } key to place the cursor on the desired item, followed by pressing

key.

Scrolling the view

‘ ’ and/or ‘ ’ may appear on the left side of the screen, indicating that more information can be browsed by scrolling up/down the view.

}

1) Press once.

2) Press

• Press and hold these keys to continuously scroll the lines/pages.

once to scroll down one text row. To scroll back one text row, press

to scroll down a page. Press < to scroll the page up.

{

Selecting each entry

Use

} {

to place the cursor (indicated as ‘ ’ on the left of the listed items) at

the desired entry, then press

. The detailed view of the entry appears.

Scrolling the view

Refer to the section ‘Scrolling the view’ in the previous section, ‘List view: selecting an item; scrolling’.

Detailed view: scrolling

Press d, then type A, and The detailed view with definitions appears.

Browsing contents above/below the screen

‘ ’ and/or ‘ ’ may appear on the left side of the screen, indicating that more information can be browsed by scrolling up/down the view. Use or > <.

Scrolling up/down to the previous/next entry header

Press ^ header, press

to show the next entry header. To show the previous entry

^ w

Other useful keys

: Restores the previous view

: Shows the input screen of each Dictionary or the initial display of a

function

^ l

: Shows the list view starting from the previously displayed header

} {

Shifting the displayed character size (z)

Press the

12 dot-based (vertical pixel resolution) or 9 dot-based characters can be selected. For instance, press Press

key to shift the character size to be displayed.

to display the 12 dot characters to 9 dot characters.

again to toggle back the displayed characters to 12 dot-base.

12 dot-based (default)

• The character size setting will be retained until the next time

• The

key is functional in the following views:

• The list view, detailed view, filter search view or Quick view of each Dictionary

• The Super jump window

• The contents of the Note

9 dot-based

is pressed.

Recalling the terms previously searched (h)

The history of up to 30 items in each dictionary is automatically stored, and can be recalled easily by selecting the word in the history list. (For more information, see page 24.)

Listing a summary of detailed view items (q)

The Quick view function suppresses some examples and additional information, and lists the main sections and senses from each detailed view entry. Use this function to browse quickly through the summary of an entry.

1. In the detailed view shown on page 9,

press

The Quick view screen appears.

2. While the relevant sense or section is on the screen, select the desired item by the index number. The detailed view of the selected sense/section appears.

• Press

in the Quick view to display the detailed view.

Searching a word on the screen (v)

A word or jump icon ( ) in the detailed view can be selected for searching. (For more information, see page 22.)

Browsing Notes (r)

A Note icon ( ) may appear in the detailed view. This indicates that a note can be selected to view extra information (additional information, usage note, etc.) of the entry.

Press icon will be selected, and use the necessary, then press

To exit, press then the second deselects the icon.

Browse the Note contents of ‘earth’ in the

1. Open the detailed view of ‘earth’.

• The symbol ‘

2. Use the down the view so that a Note icon will be visible.

3. Press selected (reversed).

4. Press Note is displayed.

to select the icon. If more than one icon is visible, then the topmost

} { ] [

to view the contents.

twice. The first push of the f key closes the contents view,

keys to select the desired icon if

New Oxford American Dictionary

’ in front of ‘earth’

means that the word has a Note.

key or } key to scroll

. The Note icon will be

. The contents of the

Note:

Using the

• The New Oxford American Dictionary

• Usage notes

• Additional (boxed) information

• Oxford American Thesaurus of Current English

• Additional information

• Garner’s Modern American Usage

• Additional information

key will display the following:

Set-up Menu

Press

to display the main menu,

then press

Select a desired item to change the setting.

•To delete the history list, see page 24.

Setting the key sound on/off

The key sound (a short audible beep when a key is pressed) can be set to on or off.

1. Press

A splash message appears to indicate the change of setting, then the main menu will be displayed.

. The set-up menu appears.

m, 5

, then 1, to toggle the key sound on or off.

Setting the Auto power off activation time

This product automatically turns its power off to save the battery. The auto power off time is set to five minutes by default.

m, 5

1. Press

The Auto power off setting screen appears.

2. Use the

{, }, [

duration, then press

The time will be set, then the main menu will be displayed.

, then 2.

and ] keys to place the check mark on the desired

Adjusting the LCD contrast

Select this menu item to adjust the LCD contrast.

1. Press

m, 5

2. To adjust the LCD contrast, use the

press

, then 3.

[

(Lighter) key or ] (Darker) key, then

to return to the main menu.

Starting Auto Demo mode

Activate the Auto demo for a guided tour through the key features of the product.

1. Press

• Press menu.

m, 5

, then 5, to start the Auto demo mode.

to end the Auto demo mode and return to the main

Inputting Characters

Methods of inputting characters are described in this section.

Character entry

A simple example of inputting characters is shown below.

Enter a word ‘clear’ for search.

1. Press

2. Type ‘clear’.

On the keyboard, press

Note:

• While entering characters, exclude characters such as spaces, hyphens, apostrophes, slashes, and periods.

to open the input screen of the

C, L, E

, then R.

Word Entry for search

fast food fastfood

weak-kneed weakkneed

let's lets

either/or eitheror

a.m. am

New Oxford American Dictionary

• Convert uppercase letters to lowercase.

Word Entry for search

AC ac UK uk

• Spell out the numbers when applicable.

Word Entry for search 4WD fourwd

A5 afive

• Enter ‘and’ instead of ‘&’.

•To enter ‘£’, place ‘l’ instead.

• When searching for a word with accented characters (such as ‘ü’, ‘á’, etc.), enter their unaccented equivalents via the keypad (such as ‘u’, ‘a’, etc.).

Modifying entry

Deleting unnecessary characters

1. Press

to open the input screen of the

2. Type ‘external’.

3. While the cursor is at the end of the string, press

4. Next, press cursor under the letter ‘t’.

5. Press

[

three times to move the

(

once to delete a character on the left of cursor. ‘x’ will be deleted.

Adding characters

6. In the above example, press insert a letter ‘n’ on the left of the cursor. The search will be narrowed with the word ‘enter’.

New Oxford American Dictionary

(

three times to delete ‘nal’.

Note:

• Press

to delete all characters entered.

Using the

New Oxford American

Dictionary

In this Dictionary, definitions of a word can be found by entering its spelling. Features such as Phrase search, Crossword solver, and Anagram solver are also available.

Looking up a word (Filter search)

A definition of a word can be looked up by inputting its spelling.

Find the definition of ‘advance’.

1. Press

American Dictionary

The input screen appears.

2. Input the spelling of ‘advance’.

As you type, candidates for matching narrow. If the desired word is found, then there is no need to type any more letters.

3. While ‘ the word appears.

•To browse contents on the next/previous page, press may also find the Quick view function useful.

• If a word selected is a close derivative of a headword, it may not have its own definitions. In these cases, it is helpful to scroll up within the detailed view to find the definitions of the headword itself.

•To search for a word in the detailed view, use the Super jump function.

• Press

Dictionary

to open the

’ appears on the left of ‘advance’, press

to return to the previous screen.

^ l

New Oxford

to list the headwords in the

. The detailed view of

} {

> <

New Oxford American

. You

•To search a different word, simply input a new spelling for the word, or press

or d to go to the dictionary's input screen.

If there is no match found

As you input the spelling of the desired word, the dictionary will narrow down the matching candidates. If the match is narrowed down to none (i.e. no word starting with the spelling is found in the Dictionary), the message ‘similar words’ appears.

In this case, press dictionary entries alphabetically after the entered spelling.

to list the

Note about entering characters

While entering characters, exclude characters such as spaces, hyphens, apostrophes, slashes, and periods. See page 12 for details.

Note:

• The wildcard character ‘?’ must not be entered in the input field of the Dictionary. The wildcard character ‘?’ can be used in the Crossword solver (see page 15).

• Up to 24 characters can be entered in the input field of the Dictionary. When searching words containing 25 characters or more, narrow down the search to select the words from the list manually.

Browsing Notes

When the icons appear in the detailed view, a note can be selected and browsed. For details, refer to pages 10–11.

Note:

A headword with a Note is marked with an asterisk ( ).

•

In many cases, the icon only appears at the bottom of an entry, but contains important information about usage of the headword as a whole. If unsure about usage, scroll down to the bottom of the entry to access any relevant notes.

Phrase search

To search for idioms or phrasal verbs, enter no more than three words in the input field. The phrases containing ALL the entered words can be searched for.

Search for a phrase containing ‘take’ and ‘care’.

1. Press

Press

The input screen of the Phrase search appears.

2. Input ‘take’, press ‘care’.

To input more than one word, input each word in the separate input field. Use the cursor. Each input field can accommodate up to 24 characters.

3. Press

A list of phrases containing the words appears.

If no matching phrase is found, then a message ‘Not Found!’ will momentarily be displayed.

4. Select the desired index of the phrase using the number key(s). The definition of the selected phrase is displayed.

• Press

•To search for a new phrase, simply begin inputting new words, or press to go back to the input screen to start a new search.

to open the

}

once to place the cursor at the ‘Phrase search’, then press

} {

to return to the previous view.

^ l

New Oxford American Dictionary

}

, followed by

keys to move the

to list the index of phrases containing the words.

Crossword solver

Use a wildcard character ‘?’ to search for words with ambiguous spellings. Place the appropriate number of ‘?’ characters in the places of characters yet to be determined.

Find a matching word for a query ‘ma???n’.

1. Press

Press the

The Crossword solver's input screen appears.

2. Type ‘ma???n’ into the input field. Press the

3. Press

A list of the wildcard matches appear. Up to 100 words may be displayed in the list.

4. In the list, select a desired word using the number keys.

The detailed view with definitions of the selected word appears.

• Press

Dictionary

•To initiate another search, simply type in the new spelling or press return to the input screen of the Crossword solver.

to open the

}

key twice to place the cursor at the ‘Crossword solver’, then press

key three times to enter ‘???’.

to start the search.

to return to the previous view.

^ l

New Oxford American Dictionary

to list the headwords in the

New Oxford American

Anagram solver

A word or series of letters can be entered to find any matching anagrams found in

New Oxford American Dictionary

the

Find anagrams for ‘dear’.

1. Press

Press the

2. Place ‘dear’ in the input field, then press Up to 100 words may be displayed in the list.

3. In the list of matches, use the number keys to select a word.

The detailed view with definitions of the selected word appears.

• Press

Dictionary

•To initiate another search, simply type in the new spelling or press return to the input screen of the Anagram solver.

to open the

}

three times to place the cursor at the ‘Anagram solver’, then press

. The input screen of the Anagram solver appears.

to initiate the search.

to return to the previous view.

^ l

to list the headwords in the

New Oxford American Dictionary

New Oxford American

Spellcheck function

The spellcheck function can be helpful when the exact spelling of a query word is not known.

You are not sure whether ‘liason’ or ‘liaison’ is correct.

1. Press of the spellcheck function.

2. Enter ‘liason’.

3. Press

Words with similar spellings will be listed.

• While ‘Searching... Press [ENTER] to break’ is visible, press the search. Note that if the search is interrupted, the list of possible results may not include all the closest matches.

• If the word is typed with the correct spelling, it will appear at the top of the displayed list.

• If two or more words with an identical spelling are found in the list, then the relevant headword will also be displayed, after an arrow symbol.

to open the input screen

to initiate the spellcheck function.

to stop

4. In the list, select a desired word using the number keys. The detailed view with descriptions of the word is displayed.

• If a word selected is not in its original form, and cannot be found as a headword, then the detailed view of the word's original form will be displayed. It may be necessary to scroll down within the detailed view to find the desired word form.

• Press

Dictionary

Note:

• Up to 100 words may be displayed in the list.

to go back to the previous view.

^ l

to list the headwords in the

New Oxford American

If the list of words does not appear as expected:

• Searching words with particular spellings may take more time to complete than others.

• If no word is given, a message ‘Not Found!’ will momentarily be displayed, followed by the input screen of the spellcheck function. In this case you may wish to start the search again with a new spelling for the word.

Further information

For further information on using this dictionary, refer to the Introduction on pages 31-42.

Using the

Oxford American

Thesaurus of Current English

Input a word in this Thesaurus to find its synonyms, as well as antonyms and other related terms in the detailed view.

•To search a word in the detailed view, use the Super jump function.

• Press

Current English

•To search a different word, simply begin inputting a new word, or press or

Current English

to return to the previous screen.

^ l

to list the headwords in the

to go to the input screen of the

Oxford American Thesaurus of

Looking up a word (Filter search)

Find a set of related words by inputting the spelling of a given word.

Find a set of relative words for ‘make’.

1. Press

American Thesaurus of Current English

The spelling input screen of the Thesaurus appears.

2. Input ‘make’.

As you type, options are narrowed. If the desired word is found, then you do not need to type any more letters.

•Part of speech should be found on the right side of each headword.

3. While ‘ press the word ‘make’ appears.

•To browse contents on the next/ previous page, press

view function useful.

to open the

’ appears on the left of ‘make’,

. The detailed view of

. You may also find the Quick

Oxford

} {

If there is no match found

The same view / message appears as for the page 14 for details.

New Oxford American Dictionary

. See

Note about entering characters

While entering characters, exclude characters such as spaces, hyphens, apostrophes, slashes, and periods. See page 12 for details.

Note:

• Up to 24 characters can be entered in the input field. When searching words containing 25 characters or more, narrow down the search to select the words from the list manually.

Browsing Notes

When the icons appear in the detailed view, a note can be selected and browsed. For details, refer to pages 10-11.

Note:

A headword with a Note is marked with an asterisk ( ).

•

• In many cases, the icon only appears at the bottom of an entry, but contains important information about usage of the headword as a whole. If unsure about usage, scroll down to the bottom of the entry to access any relevant notes.

Phrase search

To search for idioms or phrasal verbs, enter no more than three words in the input field. The phrases containing ALL the entered words can be searched for.

Search for a phrase containing ‘make’ and ‘up’, and find its synonyms.

1. Press

Press

The input screen of the Phrase search appears.

2. Input ‘make’, press ‘up’.

To input more than one word, input each word in the separate input field. Use the cursor. Each input field can accommodate up to 24 characters.

3. Press

A list of phrases containing the words appears.

If no matching phrase is found, then a message ‘Not Found!’ will momentarily be displayed.

4. Select the desired index of the phrase using the number key(s). The detailed view of the selected phrase is displayed.

• Press

•To search for a new phrase, simply begin inputting new words, or press to go back to the input screen to start a new search.

to open the

}

once to place the cursor at the ‘Phrase search’, then press

} {

keys to move the

to return to the previous view.

^ l

Oxford American Thesaurus of Current English

}

, followed by

to list the index of phrases containing the words.

Further information

For further information on using this thesaurus, refer to the Introduction on pages 43-44.

Using

Garner's Modern

American Usage

Input a word or an essay's title in latest American English usages. A word can also be searched in the Select Glossary.

Searching by a word or an essay’s title (Filter search)

Find usage examples of ‘that’.

1. Press

Modern American Usage

The input screen appears.

2. Input the spelling of ‘that’.

As you type, the match narrows. If the desired word is found, then you do not need to type any more letters.

• In this example, the rows headed by ’ contain subheadings within the

‘ entry for ‘that’.

3. While ‘

press the word ‘that’ appears.

•To browse contents on the next/

previous page, press

. You may also find the Quick

view function useful.

to open

’ appears to the left of ‘that’,

. The detailed view of

Garner's Modern American Usage

Garner's

} {

to find the

•To search a word in the detailed view, or to search for an item indicated under the

, use the Super jump function.

• Press

•To search a different word, simply begin inputting a new spelling for the word, or press

American Usage

to return to the previous screen.

^ l

to list the headings in

to go to the input screen of

Garner's Modern American Usage

Garner's Modern

If there is no match found

The same view / message appears as for the page 14 for details.

New Oxford American Dictionary

. See

Note about entering characters

While entering characters, exclude characters such as spaces, hyphens, apostrophes, slashes, and periods. See page 12 for details.

Note:

• Up to 24 characters can be entered in the input field. When searching words containing 25 characters or more, narrow down the search to select the words from the list manually.

Browsing Notes

When the icons appear in the detailed view, a note can be selected and browsed. For details, refer to pages 10-11.

Note:

Unlike other dictionaries, a headword with a Note in

•

is not marked with an asterisk.

Usage

Garner’s Modern American

Select Glossary

Search for a word’s definition in the Select Glossary.

Find a definition of ‘lexicology’.

g, }

1. Press open the Select Glossary input screen

Garner’s Modern American Usage

2. Input ‘lexico’.

As you type, options are narrowed. If the desired word is found, then you do not need to type any more letters.

then

If there is no match found

The same view / message appears as for the page 14 for details.

New Oxford American Dictionary

. See

Note about entering characters

While entering characters, exclude characters such as spaces, hyphens, apostrophes, slashes, and periods. See page 12 for details.

Note:

• Up to 24 characters can be entered in the input field. When searching words containing 25 characters or more, narrow down the search to select the words from the list manually.

Further information

For further information on using this dictionary, refer to the Introduction on pages 45-51.

3. While ‘

’ appears on the left of ‘lexicology’, press

the word ‘lexicology’ appears.

•To browse contents on the next/previous page, press may also find the Quick view function useful.

•To search a word in the detailed view, or to search for an item under the Jump

), use the Super jump function.

icon (

• Press

to return to the previous screen.

^ l

• Press

Modern American Usage

•To search a different word, simply begin inputting a new word, or press to go to the Select Glossary input screen of

Usage

to list the headwords in the Select Glossary of

. The detailed view of

} {

> <

Garner’s

Garner’s Modern American

. Yo u

Using the Super jump function

Use the Super jump function to select any word in the detailed view of each dictionary, then initiate a search based on the selected word.

How to use the Super jump function

Initiate a Super jump search via the

1. In the

New Oxford American Dictionary

‘function’.

2. Press appears to select the first word in the view.

3. Use the

4. While the desired word is selected,

} { ] [

the cursor (and its selection of word) to a desired word.

• The pressing of moves the cursor to the next.

press

The Super jump window appears to display selectable items.

•A list of matching words is displayed. If the selected word is in a variant or inflected form, the original spelling may be displayed instead.

• If only one match is found, or if an item indicated by the Jump icon ( selected, then the description of the item will be displayed in the Super jump window instead.

. The cursor

New Oxford American Dictionary

, show the detailed view of the word

keys to move

) is

5. Use the number keys to select a desired word in the list (Press example).

The definition of the selected word is displayed in the Super jump window.

• Press

• When ‘

6. Press of the selected word.

The detailed view of the selected word appears.

• Press view.

Note:

•A Super jump search from any of the dictionaries will return matching entries in the following dictionaries:

• The New Oxford American Dictionary

• Oxford American Thesaurus of Current English

• Garner’s Modern American Usage (excluding the Select Glossary)

•For items marked with a Jump icon (

Usage

to go back to the previous view.

’ and/or ‘ ’ appears on the left side of the window,

can be used to scroll the window.

to jump to the definition

to display the previous

) found in

, the Super jump executes a cross-reference upon selection.

Garner's Modern American

in this

} {

Specifying a Dictionary to jump to

In step 4 above, press d, specify the Dictionary to jump to.

instead of pressing

Note icon in the Super jump window

When the Note icon appears in the Super jump window, press to view the contents.

and

About the detailed view after the Jump

• The behavior and function of the detailed view is the same as the detailed view after an ordinary search.

• Press

•A chain of multiple Super jump actions can be backtracked up to 10 times by pressing the

at the detail view to go back to the Dictionary's input screen.

key.

, to

Using the History function

Use the History function to recall a headword or phrase previously searched in the Dictionaries.

How to use the History function

Recall the search history in the

1. Press

to open the

2. Press appears, with the most recent search placed at the top of the list.

When ‘ left side of the window,

can be used to scroll the window.

3. Use the number keys to select a desired word in the list.

The detailed view of the selected word appears.

Note:

• Each dictionary has its own history list. Additionally, the

Dictionary

their own phrase search history lists.

• The Select Glossary of history list.

•To view the history list, press and the initial screen of each phrase search.

•Truncated words in the list are indicated with trailing ‘...’ at the end.

• Each history list can contain up to 30 items.

. The history view

’ and/or ‘ ’ appears on the

and the

Oxford American Thesaurus of Current English

New Oxford American Dictionary

} {

Garner’s Modern American Usage

at the initial screen of each Dictionary,

New Oxford American

each have

does not have a

Deleting a history item

1. Display the history list on the screen.

}

2. Use the color indicates the selected item.

3. Press

4. Press

or { key to place the cursor on the word to be deleted. The reverse

(

. A confirmation dialog for deletion appears.

. The selected word or phrase is deleted.

Deleting the history list of a Dictionary

1. Press

, then 5 to open the Set-up menu.

2. Press

3. Use the number keys to select the history list you wish to delete. A confirmation dialog for deletion appears.

4. Press

to select ‘Deleting history’.

•To delete all history lists, select ‘ALL’.

• Selecting ‘only DICT’ or ‘only THES’ will also delete the history list of each phrase search.

. The selected history is deleted and the main menu appears.

Using the Calculator function

The built-in calculator in the Electronic Dictionary can perform twelve-digit arithmetic calculations with memory function. To access the Calculator function,

press

Prior to initiating calculations

• Before performing any calculation, press memory and the display.

•To start a calculation with a negative number, place a subtraction sign by pressing

• If you wish to correct a wrong entry, press

• In the calculation examples found in this section, indications and icons that may appear on the screen (‘=’, ‘M+’, ‘M-’, ‘+’, ‘-’, ‘x’, and ‘÷’) are abbreviated or are not shown. These icons appear to show you the interim result of calculations. For example, the ‘=’ icon appears on the screen when icons such as ‘M+’ and ‘+’ appear after each corresponding key has been pressed.

• An ‘M’ is shown when a value other than 0 is put in the memory. To clear the content of the memory, press also functions as =.

• Press

• An error message ‘E’ is displayed if:

• the integer section of a calculation result exceeds 12 digits

• the memory exceeds 12 digits

• an attempt is made to divide a number by zero.

Press

@ @ b

at the beginning of the calculation.

twice. Note that the pressing of $ or

to enter ‘=’. To input ‘.’ (decimal point), press .

to clear the error condition.

to clear the

and re-enter the figure.

or % is pressed, while

Calculation examples

Example

4 – 2 =

(–24) 34 + 57 = 45 + 57 =

25 =

68 68

40 = What is 10% of 200? What percentage is 9 of 36?

200 + (200 500 – (500

3)2

10 %) =

20 %) =

1/8

5 =

–) 84

3 =

+) 68 + 17 =

(Total) =

135

(12 + 14) =

(12 + 14)

123456789098

5 =

145 =

Operation

! -

34 + 57=The second figure (57) 45 (Subtraction and division are performed in

the same way as above.) 68

200 9 / 36 200 + 10 500 - 20 4 * = = * 8 /

84 / 3

68 + 17

135 *

@ @

123456789098 * 145

(17.9012344192

24 / 4 - 2

becomes the constant.

25=The first figure (68)

becomes the constant.

% %

25 * 5

12 + 14

@ =

/ 5

@ b

1012 = 17901234419200)

Display

–8.

91.

102.

1,700. 2,720.

20.

25.

220.

400.

4,096.

0.125

125.

28.

85.

182.

26.

3,510.

5.2

17.9012344192

Using the Converter function

The Converter function consists of two converters: the Currency converter, and the Metric converter.

Currency converter

Setting a currency rate

One conversion rate can be set.

Set the following rate: US$1 = C= 0.7

m 4 1

1. Press Currency converter.

2. Press currency name and rate appear.

. The input fields for the

to access the

3. Use the

4. Press

{ }

keys to place the cursor at the desired input field, then input the

}

currency name and its rate. In this example, press

• The currency name field of currency converter is temporarily pre-defined, as seen in the above example.

• When inputting the desired currency name, press and use no more than four letters. Use the the left/right of the currently selected input field.

• In the left input field, enter the base currency name. In the input field on the right, place the currency name of which you wish to set the conversion rate.

• Up to 10 digits (excluding the decimal point) can be entered in the currency rate input field.

. The currency name and its rate are set.

and input ‘0.7’.

to clear the input field

[ ]

keys to set the cursor on

Converting currencies

The conversion calculation can be performed using the previously set conversion rate.

Convert C= 175 to US$ when setting the rate: US$1 = C= 0.7.

m 4 1

1. Press

2. Input ‘175’. You may input a simple formula, such as ‘35

[

3. Press US$250 is displayed.

to execute the conversion from C= to US$. The converted value of

• Pressing

• The

•To initiate conversion of a different value, just enter the value to be converted,

• Press

]

value of C= 122.5 will be displayed.

and arrows on the screen indicate the direction of conversion.

or press

conversion.

to display the currency converter.

5 =’, instead.

executes a US$-to-euro conversion. In this case, the converted

to clear the value in the input field prior to entering the new

to return to the Converter menu.

Metric converter

Conversions between different units of measurement (length, mass, etc.) can be performed.

Convert 40 feet to meters.

m 4 2

1. Press

{ }

2. Use [length2]’.

3. Input ‘40’. You may input a simple formula, such as ‘25 + 15 =’, instead.

4. Press

• Press

• The

•To initiate conversion of a different value, just enter the value to be converted,

• Use the

• Press

to select ‘Converter

]

. The value in feet is converted to the metric value.

[

to convert from the metric value to feet. In this case, the given value

‘40’ will be taken as the metric value to be converted to feet.

and arrows on the screen indicate the direction of conversion.

or press conversion.

}

to access the Metric converter.

to clear the value in the input field prior to entering the new

or { key to select one of the other Metric converters.

to return to the Converter menu.

Units capable of being converted

The following conversion formulae can be utilised.

⇔

length1: inch

length2: feet

length3: yard

length4: mile

weight1: ounce

weight2: pound

temperature: °F

volume1: pint

volume2: gallon(US)

volume3: gallon(UK)

surface area1: mile

surface area2: acre⇔hectare

⇔

°C

⇔

liter

⇔

liter

⇔

liter

⇔

Appendices

Replacing the battery

Battery used

• Use only the specified alkaline battery.

Type

Alkaline battery

Size / Model

Size “AAA” / LR03

Precautions

• Fluid from a leaking battery accidentally entering an eye could result in serious injury. Should this occur, wash with clean water and immediately consult a doctor.

• Should fluid from a leaking battery come in contact with your skin or clothes, immediately wash with clean water.

• If the product is not to be used for some time, to avoid damage to the unit from a leaking battery, remove it and store in a safe place.

• Do not leave an exhausted battery inside the product. It may leak and damage the product.

•Keep batteries out of the reach of children.

• Incorrect handling of batteries may introduce risk of explosion.

• Do not throw batteries into a fire as they may explode.

• Make sure the new battery is the correct type before fitting.

• When installing, orient the battery correctly as indicated in the unit.

• The battery packaged with this product may be partially exhausted during the shipment and/or storage period, and may need to be replaced sooner than expected.

Quantity

When to replace the battery

Replace the battery immediately in the following cases:

• When

• When the message ‘Replace the battery’ appears upon turning the power on.

Note:

• If you do not follow the procedure describing the battery replacement, the History list, as well as the Calculator's memory, may be cleared or altered. Also, Currency converter and the Set-up menu configurations may be reset.

is displayed.

Replacement procedure

1. Switch off the power by pressing

2. Set the battery replacement switch located on the bottom of the unit to the ‘REPLACE BATTERY’ position.

3. Remove the battery cover.

4. Remove the used battery and insert the one new battery. Make sure the battery polarity is correctly oriented.

5. Replace the battery cover.

6. Set the battery replacement switch to the ‘NORMAL OPERATION’ position.

7. Open the unit and press

The LCD contrast screen appears.

• If the power cannot be switched on, try following steps 2 through 7 in the above procedure again. Should this fail, then follow the reset procedure on the following page.

8. Follow the instructions on the screen to adjust the LCD contrast, as well as to set the key sound on/off configuration (see steps 7 through 8 of the procedure on page 2.)

to turn the power on.

Reset procedure if trouble occurs

Exposure to a strong physical shock or powerful electrical fields may render the keys inoperable, to the point that the power cannot be switched on. If such case is suspected, try following the procedure below.

Reset procedures

1. Press the RESET switch located on the bottom of the unit with the tip of a ball-point pen or similar object. Do not use an object with a breakable or sharp tip.

The message ‘Do you want to initialize?’ appears.

2. Press

3. Follow the instructions on the screen to adjust the LCD contrast, as well as to set the key sound on/off configuration (see steps 7 through 8 of the procedure on page 2.)

Note:

• The reset procedure will clear the History list, and Calculator's memory, as

well as to reset the Currency converter and the Set-up menu configurations. To avoid these, you may press

• Occasionally when corruption of data etc. occurs, the reset procedure may automatically be initiated upon pressing of the RESET switch or the key. When this occurs, the message ‘Initialized!’ will be displayed, followed by the LCD contrast screen. Follow the instructions on the LCD contrast, as well as to set the key sound on/off configuration.

to initialize the unit.

•A message ‘Initialized!’ is momentarily displayed, followed by the LCD contrast adjustment screen.

is selected, then the unit will not be initialized.

• If

at step two of the above.

Specifications

Model: PW-E550

Product name: Electronic Dictionary

Display: 159

Number of entries: • The New Oxford American Dictionary:

Calculator function: 12-digit calculation of addition, subtraction,

Converter function: 12-digit conversion of currency and measurement

Power consumption: 0.11 W

Operating temperature: 0°C - 40°C (32°F - 104°F)

Power supply: 1.5 V …

Battery life: Approx. 200 hours

Weight (including battery): Approx. 148 g (0.33 lb)

Dimensions (when closed): 125 mm (W)

Accessories: Alkaline battery LR03 (size “AAA”)

80 dot matrix LCD

More than 250,000 definitions and more than 9,000 biographical and geographical entries

• Oxford American Thesaurus of Current English: 15,000 main entries keyed to more than 350,000 synonyms

• Garner's Modern American Usage: More than 1,300 entries with thousands of citations of real-world usage

multiplication, division, percentage, memory calculation, etc.

–

(DC): Alkaline battery LR03 (size “AAA”) × 1

If data is continuously displayed at 25°C (77°F)

Note: May vary according to various usage conditions

79.4 mm (D) × 16.8 mm (H)

4-29/32" (W)

operation manual

3-1/8" (D) × 21/32" (H)

Trou bleshooting

Solutions to possible symptoms may be found here.

The unit cannot be switched on.

• Check if the battery is drained. See page 28.

• Check the battery replacement switch; it should be set at the ‘NORMAL OPERATION’ position. See page 2.

• Check the polarity of the battery. See page 2.

•Verify the LCD contrast setting; the power may be switched on, but the message on the screen may not be visible. See page 12.

• If the above settings appear normal, then press the RESET switch. See page

29.

The screen is dark or light.

• Adjust the LCD contrast. See page 12.

The key sound cannot be heard.

• The key sound may be set to OFF. See page 11.

The unit does not respond to a key press.

• Press the RESET switch. See page 29.

The unit shuts off automatically.

• The Auto power off function is in action. The activation interval of the Auto power off function can be adjusted. See page 12.

The desired word cannot be found.

•A variant form of the word may have been entered. Enter the original form.

Introductions to the Dictionaries

nose

CORE SENSE

the part projecting above the mouth on the face of a person or animal,

containing the nostrils and used for breathing and smelling.

The New Oxford American Dictionary

Introduction

The

New Oxford American Dictionary

that are quite different from those of traditional American dictionaries. New types of evidence are now available in sufficient quantity to allow lexicographers to construct a picture of the language that is more accurate than has been possible before. The approach to structuring and organizing within individual dictionary entries has been rethought, as has the approach to the selection and presentation of information in every aspect of the dictionary: definitions, choice of examples, grammar, word histories, and every other category. New approaches have been adopted in response to a reappraisal of the workings of language in general and its relationship to the presentation of information in a dictionary in particular. The aim of this introduction is to give the user background information for using this dictionary and to explain some of the thinking behind these new approaches.

Structure: Core Sense and Subsense

The first part of speech is the primary one for that word: thus, for bag and balloon the senses of the noun are given before those for the verb, while for babble and bake the senses of the verb are given before those of the noun.

has been compiled according to principles

SUBSENSE

the sense of smell, esp. a dog’s ability to track something by its scent:

a dog with a keen nose.

Within each part of speech, the first definition given is the core sense. The general principle on which the senses in the is that each word has at least one core meaning, to which a number of subsenses may be attached. If there is more than one core sense (see below), this is introduced by a bold sense number. Core meanings represent typical, central uses of the word in question in modern standard English, as established by research on and analysis of American and World English through corpora (language databanks) and citation databases. The core meaning is the one that represents the most literal sense that the word has in ordinary modern American usage. This is not necessarily the same as the oldest meaning, because word meanings change over time. Nor is it necessarily the most frequent meaning, because figurative senses are sometimes the most frequent. It is the meaning accepted by native speakers as the one that is most established as literal and central.

The core sense also acts as a gateway to other, related subsenses. These subsenses are grouped under the core sense, each one being introduced by a solid square symbol.

There is a logical relationship between each subsense and the core sense under which it appears. The organization of senses according to this logical relationship is designed to help the user, not only in being able to navigate the entry more easily and find relevant senses more readily, but also in building up an understanding of how senses in the language relate to one another and how the language is constructed on this model. The main types of relationship of core sense to subsense are as follows:

SUBSENSE

figurative

an instinctive talent for detecting something:

he has a nose for a

good script.

New Oxford American Dictionary

SUBSENSE

the aroma of a particular substance, esp. wine.

are organized

(a) figurative extension of the core sense, e.g.,

HEADWORD: backbone

CORE SENSE: the series of vertebrae extending from the skull to the pelvis;

the spine.

figurative

SUBSENSE:

EXAMPLE: these firms are the backbone of our industrial sector.

HEADWORD: bankrupt

CORE SENSE: (of a person or organization) declared in law unable to pay

EXAMPLE: the company was declared bankrupt.

SUBSENSE:

EXAMPLE: their cause is morally bankrupt.

(b) specialized case of the core sense, e.g.,

HEADWORD: zone

CORE SENSE: [usu. with adj.] an area or stretch of land having a particular

EXAMPLE: a pedestrian zone.

SUBSENSE:

EXAMPLE: a zone of easterly winds.

SUBSENSE:

HEADWORD: demand

CORE SENSE: an insistent and peremptory request, made as if by right:

EXAMPLE: a series of demands for far-reaching reforms.

the chief support of a system or organization; the

mainstay:

outstanding debts:

figurative

completely lacking in a particular quality or value:

characteristic, purpose, or use, or subject to particular restrictions:

Geography

between definite limits, esp. between two parallels of latitude:

Sports

court, field, or rink, esp. one to be defended by a particular player, or the mode of defensive play using this system.

a well-defined region extending around the earth

in basketball, football, and hockey, a specific area of the

SUBSENSE:

EXAMPLE: a recent slump in demand.

elements of the core sense, e.g.,

HEADWORD: bamboo

CORE SENSE: a giant woody grass that grows chiefly in the tropics, where it is

SUBSENSE: the hollow jointed stem of this plant, used as a cane or to make

EXAMPLE: [as adj.] a bamboo serving tray.

HEADWORD: management

CORE SENSE: the process of dealing with or controlling things or people:

EXAMPLE: the management of elk herds.

SUBSENSE:

EXAMPLE: the use of combination chemotherapy in the management of

HEADWORD: mandarin

CORE SENSE: an official in any of the nine top grades of the former imperial

SUBSENSE: a powerful official or senior bureaucrat, esp. one perceived as

EXAMPLE: a civil service mandarin

Many entries have just one core sense. However some entries are more complex and have different strands of meaning, each constituting a core sense. In this case, each core sense is introduced by a bold sense number, and each potentially has its own block of subsenses relating to it.

Economics

employers, etc., for a particular commodity, service, or other Item:

widely cultivated.

furniture and implements:

Medicine & Psychiatry

injuries, or disorders, or the care of patients who suffer from them:

Chinese civil service.

reactionary and secretive:

the desire of purchasers, consumers, clients,

the treatment or control of diseases,

breast cancer.

Specialist Vocabulary

One of the most important uses of a dictionary is to provide explanations of terms in specialized fields that are unfamiliar to a general user. Yet in many traditional dictionaries, the definitions have been written by specialists as if for other specialists, and as a result the definitions are often opaque and difficult for the general user to understand.

One of the primary aims of the down the barriers to understanding specialist vocabulary. The challenge has been, on the one hand, to give information that is comprehensible, relevant, and readable, suitable for the general user, while on the other hand maintaining the high level of technical information and accuracy suitable for the more specialist user.

This has been achieved in some cases, notably entries for plants and animals and chemical substances, by separating technical information e.g., Latin names, chemical formulae, from the rest of the definition (shown immediately after a bullet). For examples, see American crocodile and benzopyrene.

In other cases, it is achieved by giving additional explanatory information within the definition itself, typically in a separate sentence. For examples, see curling and alchemy.

As elsewhere, the purpose is to give information that is relevant and interesting, aiming not just to define the word but also to describe and explain its context in the real world. Additional information of this type, where it is substantial, is given in the form of separate note (

An especially important feature of the coverage of American animals and plants. In-depth research and a thorough review have been carried out for animals and plants in the Americas and throughout the world and, as a result, a large number of entries have been included that have never before been included in general American dictionaries. The style and presentation of these entries follow the general principles for specialist vocabulary

New Oxford American Dictionary

in the information, but also describe, in everyday English, the appearance and other characteristics (of behavior, medicinal or culinary use, mythological significance, reason for the name, etc.) and the typical habitat and distribution. For examples, see mesosaur, blacktail deer and chia.

New Oxford American Dictionary

). For example, see earth and Eocene.

New Oxford American Dictionary

: the entries not only give the technical

has been to break

is the

Encyclopedic Material

Some dictionaries do not include entries for the names of people and places and other proper names, or include them only in separate sections. The argument for this is based on a distinction between “words” and “facts,” by which dictionaries are about “words” while encyclopedias and other reference works are about “facts.” The distinction is an interesting theoretical one, but in practice there is a considerable overlap: names such as language as words such as

The

New Oxford American Dictionary

enduring common knowledge of English speakers, regardless of whether they are classified as “words” or “names.” The information given is the kind of information that people are likely to need from a dictionary, however that information may traditionally be classified. Both the style of definitions in the

Dictionary

approach. The

entries, 4,000 biographical entries, and just under 3,000 other proper names. The biographical entries are designed to provide not just the basic facts (such as birth and death dates, full name, and nationality), but also a brief context giving information about, for example, a person’s life and why he or she is important.

For a few particularly important encyclopedic entries—for example, countries—a fuller treatment is given and additional information appears in a separate note (

and the inclusion of additional material in separate blocks reflect this

New Oxford American Dictionary

Shakespeare

and

Mississippi

drama

river

, and they belong in a large dictionary.

includes all those terms forming part of the

are as much part of the

New Oxford American

includes more than 5,000 place-name

Grammar

In recent years, grammar has begun to enjoy greater prominence than in the past few decades. It is once again being taught explicitly in schools throughout the United States. In addition, there is a recognition that different meanings of a word are closely associated with different lexical and syntactic patterns. The

American Dictionary

at the relevant senses of each word, thus giving guidance on language use as well as word meaning.

For example, with the word bomb, it is possible to distinguish the main senses of the verb simply on the basis of the grammar: whether the verb is transitive (takes a direct object) or intransitive (no direct object):

CORE SENSE: attack *(a place or vehicle)* with a bomb or bombs:

EXAMPLE: *London* was bombed, night after night.

GRAMMAR: [trans.]

(The asterisks shown here match the direct object in the example with the parenthetical item in the definition)

CORE SENSE:

EXAMPLE: a big-budget movie that bombed at the box office.

GRAMMAR: [intrans.]

This has particular relevance for a dictionary such as the

Dictionary

explain the structure of the language itself, not just the meanings of individual senses. For this reason, special attention has been paid to the grammar of each word, and grammatical structures are given explicitly.

Where possible, the syntactic behavior of a word is presented directly: for example, if a verb is normally found in a particular sense followed by a certain preposition, this is indicated before the definition, in bold. For example, see build (build on).

In other cases, collocations that are typical of the term in use, though not obligatory, are shown highlighted within the example sentence. For examples, see ball game (a whole new ball game) and bet (your best bet).

, where the aim is to present information in such a way that it helps to

records and exemplifies the most important of these patterns

informal

(of a movie, play, or other event) fail miserably:

New Oxford American

New Oxford

Great efforts have been made to use a minimum of specialist terminology. Nevertheless, a small number of terms are essential in explaining the grammar of a word. The less familiar terms are explained below. All terms are, of course, defined and explained under their own entries in the dictionary.

Terms relating to nouns

[as adj.]: used to mark a noun that can be placed before another noun in order to modify its meaning, e.g., boom and bedside.

[treated as sing.]: used to mark a noun that is plural in form but is used with a singular verb, e.g., mumps in

genetics in [treated as sing. or pl.]: used to mark a noun that can be used with either a

singular or a plural verb without any change in meaning or in the form of the headword (often called people considered collectively), e.g.,

genetics has played a major role in this work

staff is trying to gag its critics

[in sing.]: used to mark a noun that is used as a count noun but is never or rarely found in the plural, e.g., ear in

Terms relating to verbs

[trans.]: used to mark a verb that is transitive, i.e., takes a direct object (the type of direct object often being shown in parentheses in the definition), e.g., escort.

[intrans.]: used to mark a verb that is intransitive, i.e., takes no direct object, e.g., quibble.

[with adverbial]: used to mark a verb that takes an obligatory adverbial, typically a

prepositional phrase, without which the sentence in which the verb occurs would sound unnatural or weird, e.g., amble.

Terms relating to adjectives

[attrib.]: used to mark an adjective that is normally used attributively, i.e., comes before the noun that it modifies, e.g., certain in

, which has a very different meaning). Note that attributive use is standard

certain

for many adjectives, especially in specialist fields: the [attrib.] label is used only to

mumps is one of the major childhood diseases

collective nouns

, because they typically denote groups of

the staff are committed to this policy

an ear for rhythm

a certain man

(not

the man is

the

mark those cases in which predicative use would be less usual. [predic.]: used to mark an adjective that is normally used predicatively, i.e., comes

after the verb, e.g., ajar in [postpositive]: used to mark an adjective that is used postpositively, i.e., typically

comes immediately after the noun that it modifies (such uses are unusual in English and generally arise because the adjective has been adopted from a language where postpositive use is standard), e.g., galore in

galore

Terms relating to adverbs

[sentence adverb]: used to mark an adverb that stands outside a sentence or clause, providing commentary on it as a whole or showing the speaker’s or writer’s attitude to what is being said, rather than the manner in which something was done. Sentence adverbs most frequently express the speaker’s or writer’s point of view, although they may also be used to set a context by stating a field of reference, e.g.,

certainly. [as submodifier]: used to mark an adverb that is used to modify an adjective or

another adverb, e.g., comparatively.

the door was ajar

(not

the ajar door

there were prizes

Evidence and Illustrative Examples

The information presented in the dictionary about individual words is based on close analysis of how words behave in real, natural language. Behind every dictionary entry are examples of the word in use—often hundreds and thousands of them—that have been analyzed to give information about typical usage, about distribution (whether typically American or typically British, for example), about register (whether informal or derogatory, for example), about currency (whether archaic or dated, for example), and about subject field (whether used only in medicine or finance, for example).

Databank and Citation Evidence

Extensive use has been made of Oxford’s text databank resources, which include a carefully balanced selection of 100 million words of written and spoken English text (equivalent to one person’s reading over ten years) in machine-readable form, available for computational analysis, and about 64 million words of citations from

Oxford’s own North American Reading Program, an ongoing research project in which readers select citations from a huge variety of specialist and nonspecialist sources in all varieties of English. These resources mean that Oxford lexicographers are in a position to see how words normally behave. By using concordancing techniques, each word can be viewed almost instantaneously in the immediate contexts in which it is used. Since the Oxford Reading Program is ongoing, and growing at a rate of 4.5 million words a year, Oxford lexicographers have the most up-to-date language resource of an American dictionary, with the majority of the citations coming from sources of the past two decades.

The Oxford databank shows at a glance that some combinations of words (called “collocations”) occur together much more often than others. For example, concordance entries might show that “end in,” “end the,” and “end up” all occur quite often. But are any of these combinations important enough to be given special treatment in the dictionary?

Recent research has focused on identifying combinations that are not merely frequent but also statistically significant. In the Oxford databank, the two words “end the” occur frequently together but they do not form a statistically significant unit, since the word “the” is the most common in the language. The combinations end up and end in, on the other hand, are shown to be more significant and tell the lexicographer something about the way the verb end behaves in normal use. Of course, a dictionary for general use cannot go into detailed statistical analysis of word combinations, but it can present examples that are typical of normal usage. In the are highlighted, in bold, e.g., end in, end up under end.

For further details, see the previous section on Grammar.

A general dictionary databank does not, by definition, contain large quantities of specialized terminology. For this reason, additional research and collection of citations in a number of neglected fields (for example, antique collecting, food and cooking, boats and sailing, photography, video and audio, martial arts, and alternative medicine) was done to ensure the thorough coverage of these fields. Additionally, specialists in nearly 100 different areas reviewed entries for accuracy.

New Oxford American Dictionary

Specialist Reading

particularly significant or important patterns

Examples

The

New Oxford American Dictionary

use than any other comparable dictionary. Generally, they are there to show typical uses of the word or sense. All examples are authentic, in that they represent actual usage. In the past, dictionaries typically have used made-up examples, partly because not enough authentic text was available and partly through an assumption that made-up examples were somehow better in that they could be tailored to the precise needs of the dictionary entry. Such a view finds little favor today, and it is now generally recognized that the “naturalness” provided by authentic examples is of the utmost importance in giving an accurate picture of language in use.

contains many more examples of words in

Word Histories

The etymologies in standard dictionaries explain the language from which a word was brought into English, the period at which it is first recorded in English, and the development of modern word forms. While the does this, it also goes further. It explains sense development as well as morphological (or form) development. Information is presented clearly and with a minimum of technical terminology, and the perspective taken is that of the general user who would like to know about word origins but who is not a philological specialist. In this context, the history of how and why a particular meaning developed from an apparently quite different older meaning is likely to be at least as interesting as, for example, what the original form was in Latin or Greek.

For example, the word history for the word oaf shows how the present meaning developed from the meaning ‘elf,’ while the entry for compass shows how the sense ‘magnetic compass’ may have been influenced by Italian.

Additional special features of the etymologies” and “folk etymologies.” Internal etymologies are given within entries to explain the origin of particular senses, phrases, or idioms. For example, how did the figurative use of red herring come about? Why do we call something a flash in the pan? See the internal etymologies under red herring and flash.

New Oxford American Dictionary

The user-friendly fashion immediately following the relevant definition.

In a similar vein, folk etymologies—those explanations that are unfounded but

New Oxford American Dictionary

include “internal

presents the information in a straightforward,

nevertheless well known to many people—have traditionally simply been ignored in dictionaries. The but often erroneous folk etymologies for the benefit of the general user, explaining competing theories and assessing their relative merits where applicable. See the folk etymologies at posh and cherub.

Researching word histories is similar in some respects to archaeology: the evidence is often partial or not there at all, and etymologists must make informed decisions using the evidence available, however inadequate it may be. From time to time, new evidence becomes available, and the known history of a word may need to be reconsidered. In this, the draw on the extensive expertise and ongoing research of the

Dictionary

Usage Notes ( )

Interest in questions of good usage is widespread among English speakers everywhere, and many issues are hotly debated. In the

Dictionary

various points, old and new. The aim is to help people to use the language more accurately, more clearly, and more elegantly, and to give information and offer reassurance in the face of some of the more baffling assertions about “correctness” that are sometimes made.

This reappraisal has involved looking carefully at evidence of actual usage (in the Oxford databank, the British National Corpus, the citations collected by the Oxford North American Reading Program, and other sources) in order to find out where mistakes are actually being made, and where confusion and ambiguity actually arise. The issues on which journalists and others tend to comment have been reassessed and a judgment made about whether their comments are justified.

From the 15th century onward, traditionalists have been objecting to particular senses of certain English words and phrases, for example, “due to” and “hopefully.” Certain grammatical structures, too, have been singled out for adverse comment, notably the split infinitive and the use of a preposition at the end of a clause. Some of these objections are founded on very dubious arguments, for example, the notion that English grammatical structures should precisely parallel those of Latin or that

New Oxford American Dictionary

gives an account of widely held

has been able to

Oxford English

New Oxford American

, traditional issues have been reappraised, and guidance is given on

meaning change of any kind is inherently suspect. For examples of notes on such issues, see preposition, due and hopefully.

The usage notes in the is English, not Latin, and that English is, like all living languages, subject to change. Good usage is usage that gets the speaker’s or writer’s message across, not usage that conforms to some arbitrary rules that fly in the face of historical fact or current evidence. The editors of the the prescriptions of pundits in the past have had remarkably little practical effect on the way the language is actually used. A good dictionary reports the language as it is, not as the editors (or anyone else) would wish it to be, and the usage notes must give guidance that accords with observed facts about present-day usage.

This is not to imply that the issues are straightforward or that there are simple solutions, however. Much of the debate about use of language is highly political, and controversy is, occasionally, inevitable. Changing social attitudes have stigmatized long-established uses, such as the word “man” to denote the human race in general, for example, and have highlighted the absence of a gender-neutral singular pronoun meaning both “he” and “she” (for which purpose “they” is now often used). Similarly, words such as “race” and “native” are now associated with particular problems of sensitivity in use. The usage notes in the

American Dictionary

examples, see man and native.

New Oxford American Dictionary

offer information and practical advice on such issues. For

take the view that English

are well aware that

New Oxford

Standard English

Unless otherwise stated, the words and senses recorded in this dictionary are all part of standard English; that is, they are in normal use in both speech and writing everywhere in the world, at many different levels of formality, ranging from official documents to casual conversation. Some words, however, are appropriate only in particular contexts, and these are labeled accordingly. The technical term for a particular level of use in language is register.

New Oxford American Dictionary

The

formal: normally used only in writing, in contexts such as official documents. informal: normally used only in contexts such as conversations or letters

between friends.

uses the following register labels:

dated: no longer used by the majority of English speakers, but still

archaic: very old-fashioned language, not in ordinary use at all today, but

historical: still used today, but only to refer to some practice or artifact that is no

literary: found only or mainly in literature written in an “elevated” style. poetic: found only or mainly in poetry. technical: normally used only in technical and specialist language, though not

rare: not in normal use. humorous: used with the intention of sounding funny or playful. dialect: not used in standard American English, but still widely used in

offensive: language that is likely to cause offense, particularly racial offense,

derogatory: language intended to convey a low opinion or cause personal

vulgar slang: informal language that may cause offense, often because it refers to

encountered occasionally, especially among the older generation.

sometimes used to give a deliberately old-fashioned effect, or found in works of the past that are still widely read.

longer part of the modern world.

necessarily restricted to any specific subject field.

certain local regions of the United States.

whether the speaker intends it or not.

offense.

the bodily functions of sexual activity or excretion, which are still widely regarded as taboo.

World English

English is spoken as a first language by more than 300 million people throughout the world, and used as a second language by many millions more. It is the language of international communication in business, diplomacy, sports, science, technology, and countless other fields.

The main regional standards are American, British, Canadian, Australian and New Zealand, South African, Indian, and West Indian. Within each of these regional varieties, a number of highly differentiated local dialects may be found. For example, within American English, Southern and Appalachian English have a long history and a number of distinctive features, which have in turn influenced other varieties.

The scope of a dictionary such as the breadth of material it aims to cover, must be limited for the most part to the vocabulary of the standard language of the United States rather than world English variation. Nevertheless, the regionalisms encountered in standard contexts in the different English-speaking areas of the world. For examples, see bunyip, kaross, parkade, serviette, snog, tuque and tyke.

The underlying approach has been to get away from the traditional, parochial notion that “correct” English belongs to a chosen few in any one geographical area or social class. A network of consultants in all parts of the English-speaking world has assisted in this by giving information and answering queries—by e-mail, on a regular, often daily basis—on all aspects of the language in a particular region. Often, the aim has been to find out whether a particular word, sense, or expression, well known and standard in American English, is used anywhere else. The picture that emerges is one of complex interactions among an overlapping set of regional standards.

The vast majority of words and senses in the common to all the major regional standard varieties of English, but where important local differences exist, the are over 6,000 geographical labels on words and senses in this dictionary, but this contrasts with more than ten times that number that are not labeled at all.

New Oxford American Dictionary

includes thousands of

New Oxford American Dictionary

records them. There

, given the

are

The complexity of the overall picture has necessarily been simplified, principally for reasons of space and clarity of presentation. For example, a label such as “chiefly Brit.” implies, but does not state, that a term is not standard in American English, though it may nevertheless be found in some local varieties in the United States. The label “Brit.,” on the other hand, implies that the use is found typically in standard British English but is not found in standard American English, though it may be found elsewhere.

Spelling

It is often said that English spelling is both irregular and illogical, and it is certainly true that it is only indirectly related to contemporary pronunciation. English spelling reflects not modern pronunciation but the pronunciation of the 16th and 17th centuries, in particular through the influence of the works of Shakespeare and the Authorized Version of the Bible. However, in the two centuries between Chaucer and Shakespeare, English pronunciation had undergone huge changes, but spelling had failed to follow.

In the 18th century, standard spelling became almost completely fixed. The dictionaries written in this period, particularly Samuel Johnson’s

English Language

change and variation, is the standard accepted in British English today. Just over fifty years after the American colonies became independent, in 1828, Noah Webster published a dictionary with many of the spellings that we recognize today as being distinctly American rather than British. The complex history of the English language, together with the absence of any ruling body imposing “spelling reform,” has ensured that many idiosyncrasies and anomalies in standard spelling have not only arisen but have also been preserved.

New Oxford American Dictionary

The particularly those cases that are irregular or that otherwise cause difficulty for native speakers. The main categories are summarized below.

(1755), helped establish this standard, which, with only minor

gives advice and information on spelling,

Dictionary of the

Variant spellings

The main form of each word given in the the standard American spelling. If there is a standard variant, e.g., a standard British spelling variant, this is indicated at the top of the entry and is cross-referred if its alphabetical position is more than five entries distant from the main entry. For examples, compare esophagus/oesophagus and phyllo/filo.

Other variants, such as archaic, old-fashioned, or informal spellings, are crossreferred to the main entry, but are not themselves listed at the parent entry. For example, compare cyder/cider.

Hyphenation

Although standard spelling in English is fixed, the use of hyphenation is not. In standard American English, a few general rules are followed, and these are outlined below.

Hyphenation of noun compounds: There is no hard-and-fast rule to determine whether, for example, airstream, air stream, or air-stream is correct. All forms are found in use: all are recorded in the Oxford databank and other standard texts. However, there is a broad tendency to avoid hyphenation for noun compounds in modern English (except when used to show grammatical function: see below). Thus there is, for example, a preference for airstream rather than air-stream, and for air raid rather than air-raid. Although this is a tendency in both American and British English, there is an additional preference in American English for the form to be one word and in British English for the form to be two words, e.g., airfare tends to be the most common form in American English, while air fare tends to be the most common form in British English. To save space and avoid confusion, only one of the three potential forms of each noun compound (the standard American one) is generally used as the headword form in the New Oxford American Dictionary. This does not, however, imply that other forms are incorrect or not used.

Grammatical function: Hyphens are also used to perform certain grammatical functions. When a noun compound made up of two separate words (e.g., credit card) is placed before another noun and used to modify it, the general rule is that the noun compound becomes hyphenated, e.g.,

am now in credit-card debt

. This sort of regular alternation is seen in example

New Oxford American Dictionary

I have overused my credit card and

is always

sentences in the mentioned in the dictionary entries.

A similar alternation is found in compound adjectives such as well intentioned. When used predicatively (i.e., after the verb), such adjectives are unhyphenated, but when used attributively (i.e., before the noun), they are hyphenated:

New Oxford American Dictionary

were well intentioned; a well-intentioned remark

A general rule governing verb compounds means that, where a noun compound is two words (e.g., beta test), any verb derived from it is normally hyphenated (to beta-test: more often hyphenated than ordinary noun or adjective compounds (e.g., epoch- making).

Compared with other languages, English has comparatively few inflections, and those that exist are remarkably regular. We add an plural; we add to make a present participle.

Occasionally, a difficulty arises: for example, a single consonant after a short stressed vowel is doubled before adding hummed). In addition, words borrowed from other languages generally bring their foreign inflections with them, causing problems for English speakers who are not proficient in those languages.

In all such cases, guidance is given in the main areas covered are outlined below.

The following forms are regarded as regular and are therefore not shown in the dictionary:

• third person singular present forms adding -

• past tenses and past participles dropping a final silent

the system was beta-tested

Inflection

to most verbs to make a past tense or a past participle, and -

Verbs

, -x, -z, -sh, or soft -ch), e.g., find → finds; crush → crushes

in -

→

stem, e.g., change

changed; dance → danced

). Similarly, verbal nouns and adjectives are

but is not otherwise explicitly

his remarks

to most nouns to make a

or -

ing

(hum, hums, humming,

New Oxford American Dictionary

to the stem (or -es to stems ending

and adding -ed to the

ing

. The

• present participles dropping a final silent e and adding -

→

change

Other forms are given in the dictionary, notably for:

•verbs that inflect by doubling a consonant, e.g., bat

•verbs ending in -

•verbs in which past tense and past participle do not follow the regular pattern, e.g., feel → past and past participle felt; awake → past awoke; past participle awoken

• present participles that add the pronunciation of

Plurals formed by adding -s (or -es when they end in -s, -x, -z, -sh, or soft -ch) are regarded as regular and are not shown, e.g., dog

Other plural forms are given in the dictionary, notably for:

• nouns ending in -

• nouns ending in alumna

• nouns ending in -

• nouns with more than one plural form, e.g., crux

→

• nouns with plurals showing a change in the stem, e.g., foot lice

• nouns with plurals unchanged from the singular form, e.g., sheep bonsai

changing; dance → dancing

that inflect by changing -y to -i, e.g., try → tries, tried

ing

but retain a final e (in order to make clear that

remains soft), e.g., singe → singeing

Nouns

or -o, e.g., agouti → agoutis; albino → albinos

, -um, or -us that are or appear to be Latinate forms, e.g.,

→

alumnae; spectrum → spectra; alveolus → alveoli

, e.g., fly → flies; party → parties

moneys or monies

→

bonsai

ing

to the stem, e.g.,

→

batted, batting

→

dogs; lunch → lunches

→

cruxes or cruces; money

→

feet; louse

→

sheep;

Adjectives

The following forms for comparative and superlative are regarded as regular and are not shown in the dictionary:

and -

est

•words of one syllable adding -

•words of one syllable ending in silent

→

e.g., brave

•words that form the comparative and superlative by adding “more” and “most”; e.g., beautiful

Other forms are given in the dictionary, notably for:

• adjectives that form the comparative and superlative by doubling a final consonant, e.g., hot

•two-syllable adjectives that form the comparative and superlative with -

est

(typically adjectives ending in -y and their negative forms), e.g., happy

happier, happiest; unhappy → unhappier, unhappiest

Syllabification

In the

New Oxford American Dictionary

and derivatives. Although all possible breaks are shown, there are some conventions that govern how writers break words at the ends of lines. Guidelines include:

•Avoid a break that will leave one letter and a hyphen at the end of the line or one letter (or one letter and a punctuation mark such as a period) at the beginning of a line.

•Avoid breaking a word that is already hyphenated except at that hyphen (e.g.,

self-affirmation; leather-bound

•Never break proper names.

•Avoid breaking abbreviations.

braver, bravest

→

more beautiful, most beautiful

→

hotter, hottest

, e.g., great → greater, greatest

, which drop the -e and add -er and -

, syllable breaks are shown for main entries

and -

est

→

Key to the Pronunciations

This dictionary uses a simple respelling system to show how entries are pronounced, using the symbols listed below. Generally, only the first of two or more identical headwords will have a pronunciation respelling. Where a derivative simply adds a common suffix such as -less, -ness, or -ly to the headword, the derivative may not have a pronunciation respelling unless some other element of the pronunciation also changes.

as in

hat|

hæt

as in

day |

as in

lot |

as in

big |

as in

church |

as in

dog |

as in

men |

as in

feet |

as in

air |er|, care |

as in

about |

as in

free |

as in

get |

as in

her |

as in

fit |

as in

time |

as in

ear |ir|, beer |

as in

judge |

as in

kettle |

as in

lap |

as in

main |

|, fashion |

da-|, rate |

lät

|, father |

big

CH@rCH

dôg

|, bed |

men

fe-t

|, receive |

@"bowt

fre-|, graph |

get

|, exist |

h@r

|, behave |

fit

|, guild |

|, guide |

j@j

"ket-l

læp

|, cellar |

ma-n

"fæSH@n

ra-t

|, maid |

"fäT

-H-

|, picture |

bed

|, bet |

bet

ri"se-v

ker

|, soda |

græf

ig"zist

bi"ha-v

gild

|, women |

bir

|, pierce |

|, carriage |

|, cut |

k@t

"sel@r

|, dam |

dæm

ma-d

|, barnyard |

|, ferry |

"so-d@

|, tough | |, egg |eg|

|, hire |

"kærij

|, quick |

|, cradle |

|, carry |

|, prey |

"pikCH@r

"fere-|

|, mother |

t@f

"wimin

|, sky |

pirs

kwik

"kra-dl

"kære-|

pra-|

"bärn%yärd

"m@T

-H-

|, person |

"p@rs@n

T-H

(h)w

as in

need |

ne-d

as in

sing |

siNG

as in

go |

go-|, promote |

as in

law |lô|, thought |

as in

boy |

boi

as in

wood |

as in

food |

foo-d

as in

mouse |

as in

put |

poo˘t

as in

run |

r@n

as in

sit |

sit

|, lesson |

as in

shut |

SH@t

as in

top |

täp

as in

butter |

as in

thin |

THin

as in

then |

T-H

as in

never |

as in

wait |

wa-t

as in

when |

as in

yet |

yet

as in

zipper |

as in

measure |

|, honor |

|, anger |

|, noisy |

woo˘d

|, football |

|, music |

mows

|, coward |

|, cap |

|, fur |

f@r

|, social |

|, seat |

"b@tt-@r

|, forty |

|, truth |

|, father |

"nev@r

|, very |

|, quit |

(h)wen

|, which |

|, accuse |

"zip@r

|, musician |

"meZH@r

"än@r

"æNGg@r

pr@"mo-t

THôt

"noize-|

"myoo-zik

kæp

|, spirit |

"les@n

"so

se-t

"fôrt-e-|, bottle |

troo

"fäT

-H-

"vere-|

kwit

@"kyoo-z

|, vision |

|, maiden |

|, lore |

"foo˘t%bôl

"kow(-@)rd

"spirit

|, face |

SH@l

|, action |

(h)wiCH

myoo-"ziSH@n

lôr

|, sure |

fa-s

"viZH@n

"ma-dn

"ækSH@n

"bät-l

SHoo

Foreign Sounds

as in

Bach |

bäKH

A fricative consonant pronounced with the tongue in the same position as for

|, as in German

as in

en route |

| does not represent a consonant; it indicates that the preceding vowel

The | is nasalized, as in French

as in

hors d’oeuvre |

A vowel made by rounding the lips as with |

boeuf

French

as in

Lully | A vowel made by rounding the lips as with | as in French

Buch

and

äN"roo-t

|, Rodin |

ôr"dœvr@

and

feu

, or German

lY"le-|, Utrecht |

rue

or German

ich

, or Scottish

ro-"dæN

bon

(bon voyage) and en (en route).

|, Goethe |

Hölle

"Y%treKHt

fühlen

loch

"gœt@

| while saying |e| or |

and

Höhle

oo˘| or |

oo-| while saying |i| or |

a-|, as in

e-|,

Stress Marks

Stress (or ‘accent’) is represented by marks placed before the affected syllable. The

primary stress mark is a short, raised vertical line |

| which signifies that the

heaviest emphasis should be placed on the following syllable. The secondary stress

mark is a short, lowered vertical line |

| which signifies a somewhat weaker

emphasis than on the syllable with primary stress.

Variant Pronunciations

There are several ways in which variant pronunciations are indicated in the respellings.

Some respellings show a pronunciation symbol within parentheses to indicate a possible variation in pronunciation; for example, in sandwich |

sometimes the |

| is pronounced, while at other times it is not.

"sæn(d)wiCH

Variant pronunciations may be respelled in full, separated by semicolons. The more common pronunciation is listed first, if this can be determined, but many variants are so common and widespread as to be of equal status.

Variant pronunciations may be indicated by respelling only the part of the word that changes. A hyphen will replace the part of the pronunciation that has remained the same. These ‘cutback’ respellings will occur primarily in three areas:

a) where the headword has a variant pronunciation:

quasiparticle |

%kwa-z

"pärt-@k@l|; |%kwäze--

b) in derivative forms:

dangle | dangler | dangly |

"dæNGg@l

-gl@r

-gle-|

Note: Cutbacks in derivatives always refer back to the headword respelling, not the

preceding derivative.

c) at irregular plurals:

parenthesis | parentheses |

p@"renTH@sis

-%se-z

Note: A hyphen sometimes serves to separate syllables where the respelling might

otherwise look confusing, as at reinforce |

%re--in"fôrs

Oxford American Thesaurus of Current English

Guide to The Oxford American Thesaurus of Current English

HEADWORDS

The text of headwords, which are displayed in bold type. The headwords are listed in strict alphabetical order.

Many English words have two or more acceptable spellings; in this dictionary, the one used is the one regarded as being the most common. Occasionally, two spellings share nearly equal usage; in such cases, the headwords include both forms. For example:

The Oxford American Thesaurus of Current English

cagey, cagy adjective guarded, secretive, noncommittal,

cautious, chary, wary, careful, shrewd, wily ....

is organized under

PARTS OF SPEECH

A headword is always followed by its part of speech. When a word has two or more different parts of speech, it is listed more than once with separate entries for each. For example:

obscure adjective 1

opaque ....

obscure verb 1

Not all parts of speech of a word are necessarily included as headwords. For example, many words that function as adjectives can also function as adverbs. In such cases, the adverbial senses are included only when they have useful sets of synonyms.

obscure references: unclear, indeterminate,

obscure the main issue: confuse, blur, muddle ....

HOMOGRAPHS

Certain words have the same spelling but different meanings and different etymologies (origins). Such words, known as homographs, are treated as separate headwords, even when they have the same part of speech. For the purposes of cross-referencing, homograph numbers are included in order to distinguish identical headwords with the same part of speech. For example:

If two or more headwords are identical in spelling but have different parts of speech, homograph numbers are not used. This does not necessarily imply that these entries share the same etymology.

ENTRIES

Each entry contains a list of words that are synonyms of the headword: i.e., the words can be used in place of the headword in most (although not all) contexts. When a word has more than one meaning, the different senses of the word are numbered. In many instances, example phrases (followed by particular sense and illustrate the use of the word. In some cases, two or more examples are given; these are separated by a vertical bar (|). For example:

Note that a slash (/) is used to separate alternative words in order to save space. The slash applies only to the two words it separates; thus “contribute time/money” can be read as “contribute time” and “contribute money”.

SUBENTRIES

Verb phrases are included as subentries (in bold type) under a main entry. For example:

noun 1 a grassy bank: slope, rise, incline ....

bank

verb bank an aircraft: tilt, slope, slant ....

bank

noun 1 borrow from the bank: financial institution;

bank

commercial bank ....

symbol) indicate the

contribute verb 1

to contribute: give, donate, hand out ....

chance verb 1

take place, come about, .... 2

gamble, .... chance on/ upon

chanced on the answer: come across, meet, stumble on, come upon, encounter;

contribute money/time to the charity | happy

it chanced that they arrived last: happen, occur,

have to chance it: risk, hazard,

chance upon an old friend |

inf.

bump into, run into.

GROUPS WITHIN SENSES

In general, the synonyms in an entry are separated by commas. However, there are cases in which the words fall naturally into two or more distinct groups, which are separated by semicolons. There are various reasons for subdividing a sense in this way:

Grammatical Differences

Within a given sense, some synonyms may function differently from others. For example:

acclaim noun .... praise, commendation, approval, approbation,

homage, tribute, extolment, laudation; cheers, congratulations, plaudits, bouquets.

In the acclaim entry, the semicolon separates the singular nouns from the plural nouns. There are other grammatical reasons for subdividing synonym groups; for instance, a headword may function as both a transitive verb (taking a direct object) and an intransitive verb (without an object), whereas some of the synonyms may be only intransitive or only transitive.

Relationship of Meanings

Within a given sense, there sometimes are synonyms whose meanings share a relationship that sets them apart from the other synonyms in that sense. For example:

age verb mature, ripen, grow up, come of age; grow old, decline, wither, fade, become obsolete. bag noun receptacle; handbag, pocketbook, purse, shoulder

bag; case, suitcase, grip, flight bag, ....

In the entry for age, a semicolon is used to separate the “maturing” senses of age from the “growing old” senses. In the bag entry, semicolons separate the general synonym “receptacle” from the specific synonyms, which themselves are separated into categories of bags.

Restricted Usage

Some synonyms are separated into labeled groups of restricted usage. Such

groups are always set off by semicolons. For example:

fml.

acquit verb .... vindicate, liberate, free, deliver;

work noun .... effort, exertion, labor, toil, sweat, drudgery, trouble,

lit.

travail;

inf.

industry;

the usage labels used in this thesaurus are abbreviated as follows:

derog. fml. inf. lit. Med. TM

A cross-reference to a main entry is indicated by capitals and is preceded by “ Where necessary, the part of speech and sense number are also given. For

example:

A cross-reference to a subentry follows the same format but also includes the main entry (given in parentheses). For example:

Many entries contain a list of antonyms (opposites). For example:

Note that antonyms in capitals are cross-references.

derogatory formal informal literal Medicine trademark

CROSS-REFERENCES

abasement noun humiliation, belittlement, lowering, ....

ABASE. alternate adjective 1

second ....

discount verb .... 4

put on sale. Antonym(s): NOTE; INCREASE; mark up (see MARK).

ANTONYMS

dally verb ....

Antonym(s): HURRY; HASTEN.

See

grind, elbow grease.

alternate weeks: every other, every

ALTERNATIVE

adjective

discount the products: mark down, reduce,

exculpate.

See

”.

Garner’s Modern American Usage

LIST OF ESSAY ENTRIES

This data contains essentially two types of entries: (1) word entries, which discuss a particular word or set of words; and (2) essay entries, which address larger questions of usage and style. For ease of reference, the essay entries-whose titles appear throughout the data in capitals-are listed below.

ABBREVIATIONS

A. Acronyms and Initialisms B. Resulting Redundancies C. Initialese D. Plurals

-ABLE A. Choice of -able or -ible B. Attaching -able to Nouns C. Attaching -able to Intransitive

Verbs

D. Converting -ate Verbs into -able

Adjectives

E. Dropping or Retaining the

Medial -eABSOLUTE CONSTRUCTIONS ABSTRACTITIS ADJECTIVES

A. Definition B. Uncomparable Adjectives C. Coordinate Adjectives D. Proper Names as Adjectives E. Adjectives vs. Adverbs F. P ast-Participial Adjectives G. Phrasal or Compound

Adjectives

H. Modification of Adjectives

Ending in -ed I. Adjectives Ending in -ly J. Adjectives That Follow the Noun K. Dates as Adjectives L. Comparative and Superlative

Adjectives M. Animal Adjectives N. Adjectives as Nouns O. Adjectives as Verbs P. Nouns as Adjectives Q. Pronunciation R. Adjective-Noun Disagreement

ADVERBS

A. Placement of Adverbs B. Awkward Adverbs C. Double Adverbs D. Adjectives or Adverbs After

Linking Verbs E. Adverbs vs. Adjectives

-AGOG(UE)

-AHOLIC; -AHOLISM AIRLINESE

ALLITERATION

A. Purposeful Examples B. Accidental Examples

AMERICANISMS AND BRITISHISMS

A. Generally B. Americanisms Invading BrE C. Britishisms Invading AmE

D. Related Entries ANIMAL ADJECTIVES ANTE-; ANTIANTICIPATORY REFERENCE APPOSITIVES ARCHAISMS

A. Generally

B. Mistakes Caused by Archaism

-ATABLE BACK-FORMATIONS BE-VERBS

A. Wrongly Omitted in Nonfinite

Uses B. Circumlocutions with Be-Verbs C. For say D. Reduplicative Copula

BI-; SEMIBUREAUCRATESE BURIED VERBS

-C-; -CKCANNIBALISM CAPITALIZATION

A. Generally

-CAST CASUALISMS

-CE; -CY CENTURY DESCRIPTIONS CHRONOLOGY

-CIDE CLASS DISTINCTIONS CLICHÉS CO-

COLLECTIVE NOUNS

COMMERCIALESE COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES

B. Overcapitalizing C. Titles D. Up-Style Headings E. All Capitals F. Small Caps G. After Colon H. Names

A. Generally B. Changes over Time C. Shortened Forms D. Proliferation

A. Hyphenation with B. Attaching to Noun Phrase C. When Unnecessary

A. Number B. BrE vs. AmE

A. Choice Between Comparative

and Superlative

B. Which to Use-Suffixes or more

and most?

C. Be-Verbs Repeated After

Comparatives D. The Double Comparative E. Greater of A [or] B; greater of A

[and] B F. Absolute Adjectives

COMPUTERESE CONCORD

A. Subject-Verb Disagreement B. Noun-Pronoun Disagreement C. Subject-Complement

Disagreement D. Relative Pronoun-Antecedent

Disagreement E. Adjective-Noun Disagreement F. P ossessive Noun as Antecedent

CONTRACTIONS

A. Generally B. Ill-Advised Forms C. Miscue with Contracted is D. Mispronounced Contractions

CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS COUNT NOUNS AND MASS NOUNS DANGLERS

A. Generally B. Present-Participial Danglers C. Past-Participial Danglers D. Dangling Gerunds E. Acceptable Danglers, or

Disguised Conjunctions

DATES

DENIZEN LABELS DIACRITICAL MARKS DIALECT

DIFFERENTIATION DIMINUTIVES

DIRECTIONAL WORDS

F. Ending Sentences with

Danglers

A. Order B. Month and Year C. As Adjectives D. 2010s vs. 2010’s E. Spans

A. Definition B. The Nature of Dialect C. Dialect Exemplified D. Bibliography

A. -aster B. -(c)ule; -culus C. -el D. -elle; -ella E. -en F. -et; -ette G. -ie; -y H. -ing I. -kin J. -let K. -ling L. -ock

A. The Suffix -ward(s) B. Capitalization

C. Verbose Constructions D. An Infrequent Error: northernly

for northerly, Etc.

DOCUMENT DESIGN

A. Readable Typeface B. White Space C. Headings and Subheadings D. Avoiding All-Caps E. Avoiding Underlines F. Listing G. Bullets H. Hanging Indents I. Ragged Right Margin J. Citations in Footnotes K. Characters per Line

L. Select Bibliography DOUBLE BOBBLES DOUBLE MODALS DOUBLESPEAK DOUBLE SUBJECTS DYSPHEMISM

-ED; -’D

-EDLY

-EE

A. General Principles

B. Word Formation

C. Stylistic Use of EN-; INENUMERATIONS

A. First(ly), second(ly), third(ly);

one, two, three

B. Comma Before the Last

Element C. Within a Single Sentence D. And Before the Last Element E. Bullets

-ER A. And -or B. And -re C. And -est

ERGATIVE VERBS

A. Generally B. Uses C. Misuses

-ESQUE

ETYMOLOGY

A. English Etymology Generally B. Native vs. Classical Elements C. Etymological Awareness D. Folk Etymology E. Bibliography on English

Etymology EUPHEMISMS EXEXPLETIVES EXTRAFIRST PERSON

A. Generally

B. Editorial we FLOTSAM PHRASES FOOTNOTES

A. The Good and the Bad

B. Versus Endnotes FOR-; FOREFORMAL WORDS

-FREE FUDGE WORDS FUNCTIONAL VARIATION

A. Generally

B. Nouns as Adjectives

C. Adjectives as Nouns

D. Nouns as Verbs

E. Adjectives as Verbs

F. Prepositions as Adverbs or

Particles G. Conjunctions as Prepositions H. Any Other Part of Speech as an

Interjection

FUSED PARTICIPLES

-FY GALLICISMS GERUNDS GOVERNMENTAL FORMS HYBRIDS HYPALLAGE HYPERCORRECTION

A. False Latin Plurals B. Between you and I C. Number Problems D. Redundantly Formed Adverbs E. As for like F. Whom for who

G. Unsplit Infinitives Causing

Miscues H. Unsplit Verb Phrases I. Prepositions Moved from the

Ends of Sentences J. Borrowed Articles for Borrowed

Nouns K. Overrefined Pronunciation

-IC; -ICAL

-ILE; -INE ILLOGIC

A. Generally B. Illogical Comparison C. Danglers and Misplaced

Modifiers D. The Disjointed Appositive E. Mistaken Subject of a

Prepositional Phrase F. P oor Exposition of Sequence G. “Times less than” H. “Times more than” I. Miscellaneous Other Examples

INCOMPLETE SENTENCES

A. Fragments B. Incomplete Sentences in

Informal Writing

INELEGANT VARIATION INTER-; INTRAINVERSION IRREGULAR VERBS

A. The Forms

B. Past-Participial Adjectives No

Longer Used as Verb Forms C. AmE vs. BrE D. Dialectal Forms E. Derived Nouns Used as Verbs

’

F. Choice Between -ed and -

ITALICS

A. Generally B. Foreign Phrases

-IZE; -ISE JARGON LATINISMS LEGALESE LITERARY ALLUSION MALAPROPISMS METAPHORS

A. Generally B. Mixed Metaphors C. Dormant Metaphors

METATHESIS MISCUES

A. Unintended Word Association B. Misplaced Modifiers C. Clear Referents D. Failure to Hyphenate Phrasal

Adjectives E. Misleading Phraseology F. Ill-Advisedly Deleted that

MONDEGREENS MORPHOLOGICAL DEFORMITIES MUTE E

NAMES

A. Capitalization B. Jr., Sr., III, Etc. C. Pronunciation of Foreign Names D. Names with Particles E. British Practices with American

Place Names F. Proper Names as Adjectives G. Pluralizing Proper Names H. Names for Place Residents and

Natives I. Other Sources

NEEDLESS VARIANTS

NEGATIVES A. Negative Prefixes B. Not un-; not inC. Periphrastic Negatives D. Not . . . all

NEOLOGISMS NONWORDS NOUN PLAGUE NUMERALS

A. General Guidance in Using B. Not Beginning Sentences with C. Round Numbers D. Decades E. Votes and Scores F. Cardinal and Ordinal G. Repetition H. In Names

NUMERICAL PREFIXES OBJECT-SHUFFLING

OBSCURITY OFFICIALESE

-OR; -OUR OVERSTATEMENT OXYMORONS

A. Generally B. Plural

PARALLELISM

A. Generally B. Parts of Speech C. Phrases and Clauses D. Content

PASSIVE VOICE

A. Generally

B. The Double Passive PERPERIPHRASIS PHRASAL ADJECTIVES

A. General Rule

B. Exception for -ly Adverbs

C. Suspensive Hyphens

D. Duration or Amount

E. The Compound Conundrum

F. Proper Nouns

G. Phrasal Adjectives Following the

Noun

H. Foreign Phrases PHRASAL VERBS PLAIN LANGUAGE

A. Generally

B. A Plain-Language Library

PLURALS

A. Generally B. Borrowed Words C. Nouns Ending in -f D. Nouns Ending in -o E. Nouns Ending in -y F. Proper Names G. Compound Nouns H. Differentiated Forms I. Acronyms and Abbreviations J. Mass (Noncount) Nouns K. Numbers and Decades L. Words and Letters M. Plural Possessives

POINTING WORDS

A. Generally

B. This vs. that PORTMANTEAU WORDS POSSESSIVES

A. Singular Possessives

B. Plural Possessives

C. Absolute Possessives

D. Double Possessives

E. Joint Possessives: John and

Mary’s house F. Names as Adjectives G. Possessives of Names Made

with Possessives H. Inanimate Things I. Phrasal Possessives J. Attributive Nouns Ending in -ed K. Possessives Followed by

Relative Pronouns

L. Units of Time or Value M. Titles of Books, Films, and the

N. Goodness’ sake and con-

science’ sake POSTPOSITIVE ADJECTIVES PREPOSITIONS

A. The Preposition Quotient B. Ending Sentences with

Prepositions

C. Redundant Prepositions D. The Wrong Preposition E. Prepositions as Particles or

Adverbs PROFANITY PRONOUNS

A. The Basics B. Confusion of Nominative and

Objective Cases

C. Underused in Specialized

Writing

D. Indefinite Pronouns: Number E. Reflexive Pronouns F. Overeager Pronouns G. Restrictive and Nonrestrictive

Relative Pronouns

H. One as a Pronoun I. Noun-Pronoun Disagreement J. Relative Pronoun-Antecedent

Disagreement PRONUNCIATION

A. General Principles

B. Commonly Mispronounced

Words C. Lambdacism and Rhotacism D. The Mispronounced -phE. Names F. Pronunciation and enunciation G. Bibliography

PUNCTUATION

A. Apostrophe B. Bullet C. Colon D. Comma E. Dash F. Ellipsis Dots G. Em-Dash H. En-Dash I. Exclamation Point J. Hyphen K. Parentheses L. Period M. Question Mark N. Quotation Marks O. Semicolon P. Square Brackets Q. Virgule R. Bibliography

PUNS QUADRI-; QUADRU-; QUADRAQUESTIONS, DIRECT AND INDIRECT QUOTATIONS

A. Use of Quoted Material B. Handling Block Quotations C. Punctuating the Lead-In

D. American and British Systems

E. Ellipses RE- PAIRS REDUNDANCY REMOTE RELATIVES

A. Generally

B. The Exceptional which RETRONYMS RUN-ON SENTENCES SENTENCE ADVERBS SENTENCE ENDS SENTENCE LENGTH SESQUIPEDALITY SET PHRASES SEXISM

A. Generally

B. The Pronoun Problem

C. Words with man- and -man

D. Differentiated Feminine Forms

E. Equivalences

F. Statute of Limitations

G. Bibliography SKUNKED TERMS SLANG SLIPSHOD EXTENSION SOUND OF PROSE

A. Undue Alliteration or Rhyme

B. Awkward Repetition SPELLING

A. Common Misspellings

B. Doubling of Final Consonants in

Inflected Forms C. Words with -ie- or -eiD. Compounds

SPLIT INFINITIVES

A. Generally B. Splits to Be Avoided C. Justified Splits D. Awkwardness Caused by

Avoiding Splits E. Ambiguities

STANDARD ENGLISH SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT

A. General Rule B. False Attraction to Noun

Intervening Between Subject

and Verb C. False Attraction to Predicate

Noun D. Compound Subjects Joined

Conjunctively E. Misleading Connectives F. Plural Units Denoting Amounts G. One and one (is) (are) H. Thing after thing (is) (are) I. More than one is; more than

one are J. Plural Subject Intended to

Denote Area or Statistic K. One in five; one of every five L. Decades M. An Unusual Plural N. Nouns of Multitude

O. A number of people (is) (are) P. One of those who (is) (are) Q. Each as Subject R. What as Subject S. Inversion

T. Alternatives SUBJECT-VERB SEPARATION SUBJUNCTIVES SUPERSTITIONS

A. Never End a Sentence with a

Preposition B. Never Split an Infinitive C. Never Split a Verb Phrase D. Never Begin a Sentence with

And or But E. Never Write a One-Sentence

Paragraph F. Never Begin a Sentence with

Because G. Never Use since to Mean

because H. Never Use between with More

than Two Objects I. Never Use the First-Person

Pronouns I and me J. Never Use Contractions K. Never Use you in Referring to

Your Reader

SWAPPING HORSES SYNESIS TENSES

A. Generally B. Sequence of

C. Threatened Obsolescence of

Perfect Tenses TITULAR TOMFOOLERY TMESIS UNDERSTOOD WORDS VERBAL AWARENESS VOGUE WORDS VOWEL CLUSTERS WEASEL WORDS WELLERISMS

-WISE WOOLLINESS WORD PATRONAGE WORD-SWAPPING

-WORTHY ZEUGMA

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

adj. = adjective

adv. = adverb

AHD=The American Heritage

Dictionary of the English Language

Am. = American AmE = American English arch. = archaic

A.S. = Anglo-Saxon

Aus. =Australian

Br. = British

BrE = British English

c. = century

circa

ca. = (

Can. = Canadian

cap. = capitalized

confer

cf. = (

COD=The Concise Oxford

Dictionary of Current English

colloq. = colloquial

conj. = conjunction

DAEU

= Margaret Nicholson, A

Dictionary of AmericanEnglish Usage

DCAU

= Bergen Evans & Cornelia

Evans,

Contemporary American Usage

ed. = edition; editor

exempli gratia

e.g. = (

example

(4th ed. 2000)

) around

) compare with

(8th ed. 1990)

(1957)

A Dictionary of

(1957)

) for

Eng. = English

esp. = especially

ex.=example fig. = figuratively

fr. = from; derived from; found

Fr. = French

G.B. = Great Britain (i.e.,

England, Scotland, and Wales)

Ger. = German

Gk. = Greek

ibid.=(ibidem

i.e. = (

Ital. = Italian

Jap. =Japanese

L. = Latin

l.c. = lowercase

lit. = literally

MAU

= Wilson Follett,

) in the same work

id est

) that is

Modern

American Usage

ME = Middle English

MEU1

= H.W. Fowler,

A Dictionary

of Modern English Usage

(1926)

MEU2

= H.W. Fowler,

A Dictionary

of Modern English Usage

(Ernest Gowers ed., 2d ed.

1965)

MEU3

= R.W. Burchfield,

Fowler’s Modern English

(1996)

Usage

(1966)

The New

n. = noun

no. = number

NOAD=The New Oxford American

Dictionary

Norw. = Norwegian

obs. = obsolete

OE = Old English

(2001)

OED=The Oxford English

Dictionary

(2d ed. 1989)

OED Supp.=A Supplement to the

Oxford English Dictionary

(4 vols., 1972-1986)

OF = Old French

OGEU=The Oxford Guide to

English Usage

orig. = originally

p. = page

phr. = phrase

pl. = plural

pmbl. = preamble

pp. = pages

p.pl. = past participle

prep. = preposition

pron. = pronoun

pr.pl. = present participle quot. = quotation

repr. = reprinted

rev. = revised by; revision

(1983)

RH2=The Random House

Dictionary of the English Language

Russ. = Russian

Scot. = Scottish

sing. = singular

(2d ed. 1987)

SOED=The New Shorter Oxford

English Dictionary

Sp. = Spanish

specif. = specifically

U&A

=Eric Partridge,

Abusage

U.K. = United Kingdom (i.e.,

Great Britain and-since 1922-Northern Ireland)

U.S. = United States

USGPO = United States Government

Printing Office,

(rev. ed. 1986)

of Style

usu. = usually

vb. = verb v.i. = intransitive verb v.t. = transitive verb

(1993)

Usage &

(1942)

A Manual

W2=Webster’s New Interna-

tional Dictionary of the English Language

1934)

(2d ed.

W3=Webster’s Third New

International Dictionary of the English Language

(1961)

W11=Merriam-Webster’s

Collegiate Dictionary

ed. 2003)

(11th

WDEU=Merriam-Webster’s

Dictionary of English

(1989)

Usage

WNWCD=Webster’s New World

College Dictionary

1995)

(3d ed.

PRONUNCIATION GUIDE

for all the vowel sounds in

burger, London

as in

fact, vat

as in

calm, father

ahr

as in

bar, start

air

as in

flare, lair

as in

tall, law

as in

page, same

as in

balk, job

as in

chief, bench

as in

deck, red

as in

leg, ferry

as in

flea, tidy

eer

as in

mere, tier

as in

fence, off

as in

go, mug

as in

harp, hold

as in

which, while

as in

rib, akin

as in

time, eye

as in

jump, magic

as in

keep, school

as in

lever, pill

as in

muck, drum

amok,

as in

note, clown

for a French-sounding nasalized n

as in

long, plank

as in

hot, wash

as in

loan, home

as in

join, ploy

as in

rule, tomb

oor

as in

poor, lure

as in

board, court

as in

plow, loud

as in

poem, drop

as in

rank, hear

as in

seek, pass

as in

sharp, trash

as in

time, boot

as in

thin, math

as in as in

as in

as in as in

there, bathe took, pull vague, shiver witch, away year, union zone, please measure, vision

-uu

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Sharp PW-E550 User Manual

Specifications and Main Features

Frequently Asked Questions

User Manual