SEMTECH SC604A Technical data

1
United States Patents: 6,504,422, 6,794,926
www.semtech.com
POWER MANAGEMENT
OBJECTIVE -NOVEMBER 9, 2000
SC604A
Low Noise, High Efficiency
Features
June 27, 2005
Description
Applications
Typical Application Circuit
The SC604A is a very high efficiency charge pump white LED driver driver from the mAhXLife
TM
family of products,
optimized for Li-Ion battery applications.
The four (4) LED outputs are current matched for consis­tent LED brightness. Extremely low battery current is achieved by automatically reconfiguring the charge pump to match circuit conditions. Using four LEDs, each at 20mA for a total I
OUT
= 80mA, the SC604A can use less
than 83mA from the supply for most of the battery life.
Patented low noise mode switching circuitry and constant output current allow the use of extremely small input and output capacitors.
Very high efficiency over 90% of battery lifePeak efficiency over 92%Current regulation for up to 4 LEDsDigital 3 bit output control logicCurrent matching tolerance of ±3% typicalWide current range per LED [0.5mA - 30mA]High available total LED current = 4
I
LED
= 120mA
Low Shutdown Current: 1µA typicalSoft start / In-rush current limitingShort circuit protectionMLP-16 [4x4] PackageFixed frequency 250kHz1x, 1.5x and 2x charge pump modes of operation
Cellular phonesLED backlightingPDA power suppliesPortable devices
Electronic booksWireless web appliancesLCD Modules
Patent Pending
VIN
EN
CTRL0
CTRL1
BATTERY
1µF
CTRL2
GND
ILED1 ILED2 ILED3
ILED4
VOUT
C1+
C1-
C2+ C2-
SC604A
1µF
1µF
1µF
ISET
查询SC604A供应商
2
2005 Semtech Corp. www.semtech.com
SC604A
POWER MANAGEMENT
Absolute Maximum Ratings
Electrical Characteristics
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DAEL
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Unless specified: TA = -40°C to 85°C, V
IN
= 2.85V to 5.5V, C1 = C2 = 1.0µF (ESR = 0.03). Typical values @ T
A
=25°C, LED VF = 3.4V.
This device is ESD sensitive. Use of standard ESD handling precautions is required.
Note: (1) By JESD51 standards
Exceeding the specifications below may result in permanent damage to the device, or device malfunction. Operation outside of the parameters specified in the Electrical Characteristics section is not implied.
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2005 Semtech Corp. www.semtech.com
SC604A
POWER MANAGEMENT
Electrical Characteristics (Cont.)
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tnerruChgiHtupnII
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µ
A
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LI
V
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DNG=01
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A
Notes: (1) Guaranteed by design
Unless specified: T
A
= -40°C to 85°C, V
IN
= 2.85V to 5.5V, C1 = C2 = 1.0µF (ESR = 0.03Ω). Typical values @ T
A
=25°C, LED VF = 3.4V.
4
2005 Semtech Corp. www.semtech.com
SC604A
POWER MANAGEMENT
Definitions
I
LED
Accuracy
The LED current is determined by the R
SET
resistor (I
LED
vs. R
SET
data is found on pages 9 and 10). This term
does not include the tolerance of the resistor R
SET
. If maximum accuracy is required, a precision resistor is needed. To calculate the error I
LED-ERR
[%], use the formula
I
LED-ERR
[%] = ±
Current Matching
Current Matching refers to the difference in current from
one LED to the next. The ∆I between any two LEDs will
meet this requirement. To calculate the error I
LED-LED-ERR
, first identify the highest and lowest value of the 4 LED currents, and use the formula:
I
LED-LED-ERR
[%] =
or
which reduces to ±
1x Mode, 1.5x Mode and 2x Mode
1x Mode, 1.5x Mode and 2x Mode all refer to the charge pump configuration. These modes boost the battery input voltage and ensure there is enough voltage at V
OUT
so that the regulated current will flow through the LEDs and return via the I
LED
pins.
I
LED
()
MEASURED
I
LED
-
I
LED
%
100
IMAX
IMAX + IMIN
-1
100%
2
IMIN
IMAX + IMIN
-1
100%
2
IMIN
100%
IMAX
IMINIMAX
+
Input Current
The total input current of the SC604A is a function of the sum of the LED currents, the charge pump mode and the quiescent current. The quiescent current trend is charted on page 12 and used to calculate IIN in the following examples.
I
IN
= I
OUT
 Mode + IQ =
(I
LED1+ILED2+ILED3+ILED4
)
Mode + I
Q
Example 1:
Mode = 1x, IQ = 2.4mA,
I
LED1+ILED2+ILED3+ILED4
= 4
15mA = 60mA
Answer 1:
I
IN
= I
OUT
Mode + IQ = 60mA
1 + 2.4mA =
62.4mA
Example 2:
Mode = 1.5x, IQ = 2.4mA,
I
LED1+ILED2+ILED3+ILED4
= 4
15mA = 60mA
Answer 2:
I
IN
= I
OUT
Mode + I
Q
= 60mA
1.5 + 2.4mA =
92.4mA
Mode Transition Voltage
Mode transition voltage refers to the input voltage at the point just before the charge pump changes from a weaker mode to a stronger mode. V
TRANS1X
is the
transition from 1x to 1.5x mode, and V
TRANS1.5X
is the
transition from 1.5x to 2x mode. Equations for V
TRANS1X
and V
TRANS1.5X
are given on page 7.
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2005 Semtech Corp. www.semtech.com
SC604A
POWER MANAGEMENT
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Pin Descriptions
ECIVEDEGAKCAP
)1(
RTLMIA406CS61-PLM
TRTLMIA406CS
)2(
61-PLM
BVE406CSdraoBnoitaulavE
Notes:
(1) Available in tape and reel only. A reel contains 3000 devices.
(2) Available in lead-free package only. This product is fully WEEE and
RoHS compliant.
Ordering Information
Pin Configuration
Note: (1) The CTRL word must match the outputs in use.
TOP VIEW
MLPQ16: 4X4 16 LEAD
ISET VOUT VIN C1+
ILED1 ILED2 ILED3 ILED4
EN
CTRL0
CTRL1
CTRL2
GND
C2+
C2-
C1-
TOP VIEW
1
2
3
4
12
11
10
9
16 15 14
13
5678
T
6
2005 Semtech Corp. www.semtech.com
SC604A
POWER MANAGEMENT
Block Diagram
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)1(
sutatStuptuO
2LRTC1LRTC0LRTC4DEL3DEL2DEL1DEL
000 FFOFFOFFONO
001 FFOFFONOFFO
010 FFONOFFOFFO
011NOFFOFFOFFO
100 FFOFFONONO
101 FFONONONO
110 NONONONO
111 FFOFFOFFOFFO
Table 1 - LED Enable Logic
VIN
CTRL0
EN
VOUT
7
2
1
6
C1+
C2-
C2+
C1-
8
mAhXLife Fractional Charge Pump [1x, 1.5x, 2x]
Schmitt Buffer
Schmitt Buffer
250kHz Oscillator & Delay Cl k
Mode Select [1x, 1.5x, 2x Start up, Shutdown]
Current Brightness Control
Current Sense FETs and Amplifier(s)
Current Set Detect
1.22V Bandgap Voltage
GND
ISET
CTRL1
I
L
ED3 ILED2 ILED1ILED4
CTRL2
Schmitt Buffer
Schmitt Buffer
Ouput Selection Logic
9
10
11
3
4
12
5
13
14
15
16
TM
Notes: (1) The sequencing of Enable and logic state CTRL{2,1,0} = [1, 1, 1] will affect quiescent state current. IQ = 100µA if Enable transitions high before CTRL{2,1,0} transitions to [1, 1, 1]. IQ = 400µA if Enable transitions high after CTRL{2,1,0} transitions to [1, 1, 1]. If Enable = high and CTRL{2,1,0}= [1, 1, 1] is to be used for an extended period of time, it is recommended that Enable = High when change to the [1, 1, 1] state to achieve the lower IQ level.
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2005 Semtech Corp. www.semtech.com
SC604A
POWER MANAGEMENT
Applications Information
Designing for Lowest Possible Battery Current
The SC604A efficiency and battery current are shown in the plots that follow on page 8. For this example, 4 LEDs are matched at 15mA each. The battery current remains low at 63mA well into the Li-Ion battery range as indicated in the plot by a boundary box. The SC604A uses 1x mode (I
IN=IOUT+IQ
) for part of the input voltage range, conserving significant energy from the battery. A similar four (4) output device uses only 1.5x mode (I
IN
= I
OUT
1.5+I
Q
) over the input voltage range. This means that the SC604A will have about 25% higher efficiency than a
1.5x only charge pump. Where the competition drops off at 3V, the SC604A uses 2x mode to extend the operating range down to a battery voltage of only 2.85V.
The input voltages at which the mode transitions occur are dependent on the forward voltage V
F
of the LED used
and the LED current I
LED
. To keep the battery current low and in the 1x mode for as long as possible, it is best to choose an LED with a lower V
F
.
The mode transition voltages V
TRANS1X
and V
TRANS1.5X
can
be estimated by the following equations:
V
TRANS1X
= VF + V
ILED
+ [(# of LEDs used)  I
LED
 1.2]
V
TRANS1.5X
= VF + V
ILED
+ [(# of LEDs used)  I
LED
 16]
1.5
where, V
F
is the forward LED voltage measured from
anode to cathode, V
ILED
is the voltage at the ILED pin, typically V
ILED
= 100mV, I
LED
is the LED current.
Power efficiency can now be estimated for comparison with the intended battery voltage range.
Efficiency [%] =
Detailed Description
The SC604A contains a fractional charge pump, mode selection circuit, output selection logic, current setting detection circuit, and four current sense circuits. All are depicted in the block diagram on page 6.
The fractional charge pump multiplies the input voltage a multiple of 1, 1.5 or 2 times the input voltage. The charge pump switches at a fixed 250kHz whenever the mode is 1.5x or 2x. The charge pump does not switch during 1x mode, saving power and improving efficiency.
The mode selection circuit automatically selects the mode as 1x, 1.5x or 2x based on circuit conditions such as LED voltage, input voltage and load current. 1x is the most efficient mode, followed by 1.5x and 2x modes. At lower voltages a stronger mode may be needed to maintain regulation, if so, the mode will change first to 1.5x and then to 2x. 2x mode usually operates for a much shorter run time compared to 1x mode, and 2x mode maintains the output until the battery is discharged to 2.85V or less. The LED requiring the highest voltage drop will determine the output voltage needed to drive all outputs with adequate bias. Comparing all cathodes and regulating VOUT for the LED with the lowest cathode voltage ensures sufficient bias for all LEDs.
Output selection logic enables control over the LED outputs for on and off functions with eight (8) different output states. The states are defined in Table 1 on page
6.
The current set and detection circuit uses an external resistor and a 1.22V reference to program the LED current.
Four (4) current regulating circuits sink matched currents from the LEDs. LEDs with matched forward voltage will produce the best possible matched currents. For best
matching performance it is recommended that the ∆Vf
between LEDs be under 250mV. (For more information
on Vf considerations refer to Semtech application
notes).
V
OUTIOUT
100%
VIN(I
OUT
Mode + I
Q
(
8
2005 Semtech Corp. www.semtech.com
SC604A
POWER MANAGEMENT
Efficiency Comparison for 4 LEDs with 15mA Each and LED = 3.5V
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
3.23.33.43.53.63.73.83.94.04.14.2
VIN [V]
Efficiency [%]
Competition 1.5x mode
Semt e ch 1x mo de
90% of Li-Ion battery life
Semtech 1.5x mode
Battery Current Comparison for 4 LEDs at 15mA Each with LED = 3.5V
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
3.23.33.43.53.63.73.83.94.04.14.2
VIN [V]
Battery Current [mA]
90% of Li-Ion battery life
Competition 1.5x mode
Semt e ch 1x mo de
Semtech 1.5x mode
9
2005 Semtech Corp. www.semtech.com
SC604A
POWER MANAGEMENT
There are four methods for setting and adjusting the LED current outlined here. The methods are:
1) R
SET
only
2) Analog Reference V
ADJ
3) NMOS switched parallel resistors
4) PWM Input
Method 1. The most basic means of setting the LED current is
with a resistor connected from ISET to GND, as shown in the application circuit on Page 1. The resistor R
SET
establishes the reference current needed for a constant LED current. Values of R
SET
for a fixed LED current are given in Table 2 and also in the
below graph, “Typical R
SET
Resistance vs. LED Current”. Methods 2 and 3 on page 10 are for setting the LED current allow for brightness control.
Table 2 - Resistor Value Selection
RRRRR
TESTES
TES
TESTES
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eulaV
eulaVeulaV
]Am[DELI]Am[DELI
]Am[DELI
]Am[DELI]Am[DELIRRRRR
TESTES
TES
TESTES
k[k[
k[
k[k[ ΩΩΩΩΩ]]
]
]]
ktseraeNktseraeN
ktseraeN
ktseraeNktseraeN ΩΩΩΩΩ
dradnatSdradnatS
dradnatS
dradnatSdradnatS
eulaVeulaV
eulaV
eulaVeulaV
dradnatSdradnatS
dradnatS
dradnatSdradnatS
eulaVeulaV
eulaV
eulaVeulaV
ecnereffiD%ecnereffiD%
ecnereffiD%
ecnereffiD%ecnereffiD%
5.0139139%0.0
1174074%2.0-
2732732%0.0
3551451%6.0-
50.491.39%0.1-
015.745.74%0.0
5138.136.13%7.0-
020.420.42%0.0
035.615.61%0.0
Methods for Setting LED Current
Typical R
SET
Resistance vs. LED Current
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
650
700
750
800
850
900
950
1000
0.511.522.5 33.544.555.566.577.5 88.599.510
LED Current [mA]
R
SET
Resistance [kΩ]
10
2005 Semtech Corp. www.semtech.com
SC604A
POWER MANAGEMENT
V
JDA
]V[I
DEL
]Am[V
JDA
]V[I
DEL
]Am[
000.02.03006.08.41
001.07.72007.03.21
002.01.52008.07.9
003.05.22009.01.7
004.00.02000.11.2
005.03.71051.10.1
Table 3 - Analog Voltage for LED Current Control
Figure 1 - Analog Voltage for LED Current Control
Figure 2 - 3 Bit LED Current Control with Open Drain
Method 2. The example circuit in Figure 1 uses a 16.5kresistor
and an analog input DC voltage, V
ADJ
, which varies from 1.2V to 0V to control LED current from 1mA to 30mA. Table 3 shows the resulting output. If necessary, the analog V
ADJ
voltage can be sourced from a voltage higher than 1.2V, but the source must be divided down so that the V
ADJ
mode will not exceed 1.2V. For lower current applications and for higher resolution, a larger resistor may be substituted in this circuit. PWM applications are also possible with this circuit by application of RC filtering. (Consult with Semtech for detailed application support).
Methods for Setting LED Current (Cont.)
Method 3. The circuit in Figure 2 uses open drain NMOS transistors to set an equivalent resistance for R
SET
. Parallel combinations are switched on and off for R1, R2 and R3. R4 is always connected, so that a minimum value of LED current can be maintained at
1.5mA.
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2005 Semtech Corp. www.semtech.com
SC604A
POWER MANAGEMENT
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ssenthgirB
lortnoC
1dohteMR
TES
ylnO1egaPnotiucriCAm5.0<I
DEL
<Am03ssenthgirBdexiF
2dohteMVecnerefeRgolanA
JDA
01egaPno1erugiFAm5.0<I
DEL
<Am03etinifnI
3dohteM
lellaraPdehctiwSSOMN
srotsiseR
01egaPno2erugiFAm5.0<I
DEL
<Am03
2
N
deppetS
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)1(
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DEL
<Am03etinifnI
Note: 1) “N” is the number of NMOS transistors used for brightness control.
Table 4 - Summary of LED Current Control
Figure 3 - PWM Example Circuit
Method 4. LED current may also be controlled by applying a PWM
signal to any of the CTRL2, CTRL1 and CTRL0 inputs. The circuit in Figure 3 turns 4 LEDs on and off by applying a PWM signal to the CTRL0 input. This circuit uses resistor R
SET
to set the on state current and the average LED current is then proportional to the percentage of on-time when the CTRL0 pin is a logic low. Average LED current is approximately equal to:
I
AVG
= (tON I
LED_ON
)/(tON + t
OFF
)
The recommended PWM frequency is between 100Hz and 500Hz. Due to start up delay and ramp up time, frequency >500Hz will result in error in the average value of I
LED
. Frequency <100Hz can
naturally cause the LEDs to blink visibly.
In PWM applications where ILED4 is not used, keep ILED4 pin 13 open. Connecting ILED4 to ground can result in the charge pump operating in open loop mode. Connecting ILED4 to VIN will work but will cause shutdown current IQ to increase to approximately VIN / 100k.
Methods for Setting LED Current (Cont.)
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2005 Semtech Corp. www.semtech.com
SC604A
POWER MANAGEMENT
OVP Event with LED Open Circuit
Mode Transition Voltage vs. LED Voltage
Startup with 4 LEDs at 20 mA
Efficiency vs. Load at Low Battery
Efficiency vs. Load at High Battery
Quiescent Current Trend
Typical Characteristics
50
60
70
80
90
100
020406080100120
Total Load Current [mA]
Efficiency [%]
VIN = 3.8V
V
IN = 4. 0V
VIN = 4.2V
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 20406080100120
Total Load Current [mA]
Efficiency [%]
VIN = 3.6V
VIN = 2.8V
V
IN = 3.4V
0
1
2
3
4
5
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Total Output Current [mA]
Quiescent Current [mA]
Trend for 4 LEDs
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
LED Current [mA]
Input Voltage [V]
V
f = 3.6V
V
f = 3.4V
V
f = 3.2V
1X to 1. 5X Mode for 4 LEDs
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2005 Semtech Corp. www.semtech.com
SC604A
POWER MANAGEMENT
Battery Current for 4 LEDs at 0.5mA
Efficiency for 4 LEDs at 0.5mA
Efficiency for 4 LEDs at 20mA
Battery Current for 4 LEDs at 10mA
Efficiency for 4 LEDs at 10mA
Battery Current for 4 LEDs at 20mA
Typical Characteristics with 4 LEDs
50
60
70
80
90
100
3.23.43.63.844.2
Input Voltage [V]
Efficiency [%]
LED = 3.37V
30
40
50
60
70
80
3.23.43.63.844.2
Input Voltage [V]
Battery Current [mA]
LED = 3.37V
50
60
70
80
90
100
3.23.43.63.844.2
Input Voltage [V]
Efficiency [%]
LED = 3.45V
40
60
80
100
120
140
3.23.43.63.84.04.2
Input Voltage [V]
Battery Current [mA]
LED = 3.45V
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
3.23.43.63.844.2
Input Voltage [V]
Battery Current [mA]
LED = 2.91V
LED = 2.91V
20
30
40
50
60
70
3.23.43.63.844.2
Input Voltage [V]
Efficiency [%]
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2005 Semtech Corp. www.semtech.com
SC604A
POWER MANAGEMENT
Typical Characteristics with 4 LEDs
Ripple in 1x Mode for 4 LEDs at 20mA Each
Ripple in 1.5x Mode for 4 LEDs at 20mA Each
Ripple in 2x Mode for 4 LEDs at 20mA Each
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2005 Semtech Corp. www.semtech.com
SC604A
POWER MANAGEMENT
Evaluation Board Schematic
C1
1.0uF
1 2
C2
1.0uF
1 2
RSET
TBD
1 2
D4
1 2
D3
1 2
D2
1 2
D1
1 2
C4
1.0uF 1
2
J4
1 2
J3
1 2
J2
1 2
J1
1 2
R1
1ohm
12
R4
1ohm
12
R3
1ohm
12
R2
1ohm
12
CNTRL1
CNTRL0
JP4
1 2
JP3
1 2
JP2
1 2
JP1
1 2
SC604
EN
1
CTRL02CTRL13CRTL2
4
ISET
5
VOUT
6
C2+11GND
12
ILED4
13
ILED3
14
ILED2
15
ILED1
16
C2-
10
VIN
7
C1-
9
C1+
8
JP6
ENABLE
123
C2+
1
C2-
1
C1-
1
C1+
1
R4+1R4-
1
R3+1R3-
1
R2+
1
LED4
1
R2-
1
LED31LED2
1
R1+
1
LED1
1
OFF
ON
R1-
1
BATTERY +
VBAT
1
BATTERY -
GND
1
CTRL2
1
2
3
RIN
0.22
1 2 CTRL1
1
2
3
CTRL0
1
2
3
CNTRL2
JP5
Input Resist ance Bypa ss
1 2
J5
Input Jacks
POS
1
NEG
2
VBAT
BATTE RY -
GND
1
ENABLE
LOWLOWLOW HIGHHI GHHIG H
C1-
C6
10uF
1
2
VBAT
VOUT
1
JP7
Connect RSET pot.
1 2
1M
POT_3296W-105
1 3
2
VOUT
RSET
C3
1.0uF 1
2
Analog C ontrol
VADJ
1
C1+
RADJ
16.5k
1 2
C2-
C2+
Evaluation Board Bill of Materials
Evaluation Board Gerber Plots
Reference Value Comment
U1 SC604A Component references in bold are the only essential design components. C1,C2,C3,C4 1.OµF Bucket, input and output capacitors. Ceramic, low ESR type, 6.3V rating or higher. C6 10µF This extra capacitor supports usage of long power leads from benchtop supply. D1,D2,D3,D4 - Add LEDs to meet the requirements of the application. J1, J2, J3, J4 - Jumpers in series with each LED.
JP1,JP2,JP3,JP4 - Jumpers to bypass each 1 sense resistor and bypass J1, J2, J3 and J4.
JP5 - Jumper for bypassing the R4 input resistor. JP6 - Enable jumper. JP7 - Connects RSET potentiometer. Remove this jumper when using a fixed value R1. CTRL0,CTRL1,CTRL2 - Jumpers provide High/Low settings for the control bits. RSET - RSET resistor
3296W-105 Evaluation board has 1M potentiometer in place of R1. R4 0.22 Series input resistor for studying effects of input resistance. RADJ 16.5k Resistor for analog brightness control. Apply test signal of 0 to 1.2V at VADJ test point.
J5 - Banana jacks for power supply.
Top View
Bottom View
SC604A
16
2005 Semtech Corp. www.semtech.com
POWER MANAGEMENT
17
2005 Semtech Corp. www.semtech.com
SC604A
POWER MANAGEMENT
Outline Drawing- MLP-16 [4x4]
.003
.010
.074
16
.012
.085
-
.000
.031
(.008)
0.08
0.30
16
.014
.089
0.25
1.90
.040
-
.002-0.00
0.80
2.25
0.35
2.15
-
0.05
1.00
(0.20)
.004 0.10
1.90 2.15 2.25
0.65 BSC.026 BSC
0.45.018 .026.022 0.55 0.65
.089.085.074
D/2
E1
2
A
A1
1
LxN
bbb C A B
A2
bxN
e
SEATING PLANE
C
E/2
D1
N
e/2
aaa C
CONTROLLING DIMENSIONS ARE IN MILLIMETERS (ANGLES IN DEGREES).
COPLANARITY APPLIES TO THE EXPOSED PAD AS WELL AS THE TERMINALS.
1.
2.
NOTES:
A D
E
B
-
--
-
INCHES
N
bbb
aaa
A2
A1
E1
D1
DIM
L
e
E
D
A
b
MIN MAX
MILLIMETERS
MINMAX NOM
.153 .157 .161 3.90 4.00 4.10
.153 .157 .161 3.90 4.00 4.10
INDICATOR
(LASER MARK)
PIN 1
DIMENSIONS
NOM
yyww = Datecode (Example: 0452)
Marking Information
604A
yyww
18
2005 Semtech Corp. www.semtech.com
SC604A
POWER MANAGEMENT
Land Pattern MLP-16pin [4x4]
P
Y
K
C
Z
P
Y
X
G
K
H
.189
.026 .016 .041
.106 .091 .091
4.80
0.40
1.05
0.65
2.30
2.30
2.70
DIM
(3.75)
MILLIMETERS
DIMENSIONS
(.148)
INCHES
THIS LAND PATTERN IS FOR REFERENCE PURPOSES ONLY. CONSULT YOUR MANUFACTURING GROUP TO ENSURE YOUR COMPANY'S MANUFACTURING GUIDELINES ARE MET.
NOTES:
1.
2x G
H
2x (C)
2x Z
X
Semtech Corporation
Power Management Products Division
200 Flynn Road, Camarillo, CA 93012
Phone: (805) 498-2111 FAX (805)498-3804
Contact Information
Visit us at: www.semtech.com
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