How it Works
Rohde&Schwarz
Loading...
FSV3-K6
User Manual
390 pgs7.45 Mb0
User Manual
373 pgs7.41 Mb0
Table of contents
Loading...

Rohde&Schwarz FSV3-K6 User Manual

Download
Page 1
R&S®FSV3-K6 Pulse Measurement Option User Manual
1178942602 Version 07
Page 2
This manual applies to the following R&S®FSV3000 and R&S®FSVA3000 models with firmware version
1.70 and higher:
●
R&S®FSV3004 (1330.5000K04) / R&S®FSVA3004 (1330.5000K05)
●
R&S®FSV3007 (1330.5000K07) / R&S®FSVA3007 (1330.5000K08)
●
R&S®FSV3013 (1330.5000K13) / R&S®FSVA3013 (1330.5000K14)
●
R&S®FSV3030 (1330.5000K30) / R&S®FSVA3030 (1330.5000K31)
●
R&S®FSV3044 (1330.5000K43) / R&S®FSVA3044 (1330.5000K44)
The following firmware options are described:
●
R&S FSV/A-K6 (1346.3330.xx)
© 2022 Rohde & Schwarz GmbH & Co. KG Mühldorfstr. 15, 81671 München, Germany Phone: +49 89 41 29 - 0 Email: info@rohde-schwarz.com Internet: www.rohde-schwarz.com Subject to change – data without tolerance limits is not binding. R&S® is a registered trademark of Rohde & Schwarz GmbH & Co. KG. Trade names are trademarks of the owners.
1178.9426.02 | Version 07 | R&S®FSV3-K6
The following abbreviations are used throughout this manual: R&S®FSV3 is abbreviated as R&S FSV3.
Page 3
R&S®FSV3-K6
1.1 Documentation overview..............................................................................................9
1.1.1 Getting started manual....................................................................................................9
1.1.2 User manuals and help................................................................................................... 9
1.1.3 Service manual............................................................................................................. 10
1.1.4 Instrument security procedures.....................................................................................10
1.1.5 Printed safety instructions............................................................................................. 10
1.1.6 Data sheets and brochures........................................................................................... 10
1.1.7 Release notes and open-source acknowledgment (OSA)............................................ 10
1.1.8 Application notes, application cards, white papers, etc.................................................10
1.2 About this manual....................................................................................................... 11

Contents

Contents
1 Preface.................................................................................................... 9
1.3 Conventions used in the documentation..................................................................11
1.3.1 Typographical conventions............................................................................................11
1.3.2 Conventions for procedure descriptions........................................................................12
1.3.3 Notes on screenshots................................................................................................... 12
2 Welcome to the pulse measurements application............................13
2.1 Starting the pulse application....................................................................................13
2.2 Understanding the display information.................................................................... 14
3 Measurements and result displays.................................................... 17
3.1 Pulse parameters........................................................................................................ 17
3.1.1 Timing parameters........................................................................................................ 18
3.1.2 Power/amplitude parameters........................................................................................ 21
3.1.3 Frequency parameters.................................................................................................. 25
3.1.4 Phase parameters.........................................................................................................26
3.1.5 Envelope model (cardinal data points) parameters.......................................................27
3.2 Evaluation methods for pulse measurements......................................................... 31
4 Measurement basics............................................................................44
4.1 Parameter definitions................................................................................................. 44
4.1.1 Amplitude droop............................................................................................................ 45
4.1.2 Ripple............................................................................................................................ 45
3User Manual 1178.9426.02 ─ 07
Page 4
R&S®FSV3-K6
4.1.3 Overshoot......................................................................................................................47
4.2 Pulse detection............................................................................................................47
4.3 Parameter spectrum calculation................................................................................49
4.4 Segmented data capturing......................................................................................... 52
4.5 Basics on input from I/Q data files............................................................................ 55
4.6 Trace evaluation..........................................................................................................56
4.6.1 Trace statistics.............................................................................................................. 57
4.6.2 Normalizing traces........................................................................................................ 58
5.1 Configuration overview.............................................................................................. 62
5.2 Signal description....................................................................................................... 64
5.3 Input and output settings........................................................................................... 67
Contents
5 Configuration........................................................................................62
5.3.1 Input source settings..................................................................................................... 67
5.3.1.1 Radio frequency input................................................................................................... 68
5.3.1.2 Settings for input from I/Q data files..............................................................................70
5.3.2 Output settings.............................................................................................................. 71
5.4 Frontend settings........................................................................................................72
5.4.1 Frequency settings........................................................................................................73
5.4.2 Amplitude settings.........................................................................................................74
5.5 Trigger settings........................................................................................................... 78
5.6 Data acquisition.......................................................................................................... 84
5.7 Sweep settings............................................................................................................ 87
5.8 Pulse detection............................................................................................................89
5.9 Pulse measurement settings..................................................................................... 92
5.9.1 Measurement levels...................................................................................................... 92
5.9.2 Measurement point....................................................................................................... 94
5.9.3 Measurement range...................................................................................................... 96
5.10 Automatic settings......................................................................................................98
6 Analysis................................................................................................ 99
6.1 Result configuration................................................................................................... 99
6.1.1 Pulse selection.............................................................................................................. 99
6.1.2 Result range................................................................................................................100
6.1.3 Result range spectrum configuration.......................................................................... 101
4User Manual 1178.9426.02 ─ 07
Page 5
R&S®FSV3-K6
6.1.4 Result range frequency configuration......................................................................... 103
6.1.5 Parameter configuration for result displays.................................................................103
6.1.5.1 Parameter distribution configuration........................................................................... 103
6.1.5.2 Parameter spectrum configuration.............................................................................. 105
6.1.5.3 Parameter trend configuration.....................................................................................107
6.1.6 Table configuration...................................................................................................... 110
6.1.6.1 Limit settings for table displays....................................................................................111
6.1.7 Y-Scaling..................................................................................................................... 112
6.1.8 Units............................................................................................................................ 114
6.2 Display configuration................................................................................................115
6.3 Markers.......................................................................................................................116
6.3.1 Individual marker settings............................................................................................116
6.3.2 General marker settings.............................................................................................. 119
Contents
6.3.3 Marker search settings................................................................................................121
6.3.4 Marker positioning functions....................................................................................... 122
6.4 Trace configuration...................................................................................................123
6.5 Trace / data export configuration............................................................................ 127
6.6 Export functions........................................................................................................129
7 Export functions.................................................................................134
8 How to perform measurements in the pulse application............... 138
8.1 How to perform a standard pulse measurement....................................................138
8.2 How to configure a limit check for a pulse measurement.....................................139
8.3 How to export table data.......................................................................................... 140
9 Remote commands for pulse measurements................................. 142
9.1 Introduction............................................................................................................... 142
9.1.1 Conventions used in descriptions............................................................................... 143
9.1.2 Long and short form.................................................................................................... 144
9.1.3 Numeric suffixes..........................................................................................................144
9.1.4 Optional keywords.......................................................................................................144
9.1.5 Alternative keywords................................................................................................... 145
9.1.6 SCPI parameters.........................................................................................................145
9.1.6.1 Numeric values........................................................................................................... 145
5User Manual 1178.9426.02 ─ 07
Page 6
R&S®FSV3-K6
9.1.6.2 Boolean....................................................................................................................... 146
9.1.6.3 Character data............................................................................................................ 147
9.1.6.4 Character strings.........................................................................................................147
9.1.6.5 Block data................................................................................................................... 147
9.2 Common suffixes...................................................................................................... 147
9.3 Activating pulse measurements.............................................................................. 148
9.4 Signal description..................................................................................................... 151
9.5 Input/output settings.................................................................................................154
9.5.1 RF input.......................................................................................................................154
9.5.2 Input from I/Q data files...............................................................................................157
9.5.3 Configuring the outputs............................................................................................... 158
9.6 Frontend configuration.............................................................................................161
9.6.1 Frequency................................................................................................................... 161
Contents
9.6.2 Amplitude settings.......................................................................................................163
9.6.3 Configuring the attenuation......................................................................................... 166
9.7 Triggering measurements........................................................................................ 168
9.7.1 Configuring the triggering conditions...........................................................................168
9.7.2 Configuring the trigger output......................................................................................172
9.8 Segmented data capturing....................................................................................... 175
9.9 Data acquisition........................................................................................................ 176
9.10 Pulse detection..........................................................................................................179
9.11 Configuring the pulse measurement.......................................................................182
9.11.1 Measurement levels.................................................................................................... 182
9.11.2 Measurement point..................................................................................................... 185
9.11.3 Measurement range.................................................................................................... 187
9.12 Configuring and performing sweeps...................................................................... 189
9.13 Configuring the results.............................................................................................194
9.13.1 Selecting the pulse......................................................................................................194
9.13.2 Defining the result range............................................................................................. 194
9.13.3 Configuring a parameter distribution........................................................................... 196
9.13.4 Configuring a parameter spectrum..............................................................................203
9.13.5 Configuring a pulse-pulse spectrum............................................................................209
9.13.6 Configuring a parameter trend.................................................................................... 212
6User Manual 1178.9426.02 ─ 07
Page 7
R&S®FSV3-K6
9.13.7 Configuring a result range spectrum........................................................................... 231
9.13.8 Configuring the statistics and parameter tables.......................................................... 232
9.13.9 Configuring limit checks.............................................................................................. 250
9.13.10 Configuring the Y-Axis scaling and units.....................................................................254
9.14 Configuring the result display................................................................................. 258
9.14.1 General window commands........................................................................................258
9.14.2 Working with windows in the display...........................................................................259
9.15 Configuring standard traces.................................................................................... 266
9.16 Working with markers...............................................................................................271
9.16.1 Individual marker settings........................................................................................... 271
9.16.2 General marker settings..............................................................................................277
9.16.3 Positioning the marker................................................................................................ 279
9.16.3.1 Positioning normal markers.........................................................................................279
Contents
9.16.3.2 Positioning delta markers............................................................................................281
9.17 Retrieving results......................................................................................................283
9.17.1 Retrieving and storing trace data................................................................................ 284
9.17.2 Retrieving information on data segments....................................................................288
9.17.3 Retrieving information on detected pulses.................................................................. 290
9.17.4 Retrieving parameter results....................................................................................... 295
9.17.4.1 Retrieving power / amplitude parameters................................................................... 295
9.17.4.2 Retrieving timing parameters...................................................................................... 313
9.17.4.3 Retrieving frequency parameters................................................................................ 322
9.17.4.4 Retrieving phase parameters...................................................................................... 327
9.17.4.5 Retrieving envelope model parameters...................................................................... 331
9.17.5 Retrieving limit results................................................................................................. 345
9.17.6 Exporting trace results to an ASCII file....................................................................... 347
9.17.7 Exporting table results to an ASCII file........................................................................349
9.17.8 Exporting I/Q results to an iq-tar file............................................................................351
9.18 Retrieving marker results.........................................................................................352
9.19 Deprecated commands.............................................................................................353
9.20 Programming example: pulse measurement......................................................... 355
Annex.................................................................................................. 361
A Reference: ASCII file export format..................................................363
7User Manual 1178.9426.02 ─ 07
Page 8
R&S®FSV3-K6
B Effects of large gauss filters.............................................................365
Contents
List of Commands (Pulse).................................................................366
Index....................................................................................................384
8User Manual 1178.9426.02 ─ 07
Page 9
R&S®FSV3-K6

1 Preface

1.1 Documentation overview

1.1.1 Getting started manual

Preface
Documentation overview
This chapter provides safety-related information, an overview of the user documenta­tion and the conventions used in the documentation.
This section provides an overview of the R&S FSV/A user documentation. Unless specified otherwise, you find the documents on the R&S FSV/A product page at:
www.rohde-schwarz.com/manual/FSV3000
Introduces the R&S FSV/A and describes how to set up and start working with the product. Includes basic operations, typical measurement examples, and general infor­mation, e.g. safety instructions, etc.
A printed version is delivered with the instrument. A PDF version is available for down­load on the Internet.

1.1.2 User manuals and help

Separate user manuals are provided for the base unit and the firmware applications:
●
Base unit manual Contains the description of all instrument modes and functions. It also provides an introduction to remote control, a complete description of the remote control com­mands with programming examples, and information on maintenance, instrument interfaces and error messages. Includes the contents of the getting started manual.
●
Firmware application manual Contains the description of the specific functions of a firmware application, includ­ing remote control commands. Basic information on operating the R&S FSV/A is not included.
The contents of the user manuals are available as help in the R&S FSV/A. The help offers quick, context-sensitive access to the complete information for the base unit and the firmware applications.
All user manuals are also available for download or for immediate display on the Inter­net.
9User Manual 1178.9426.02 ─ 07
Page 10
R&S®FSV3-K6

1.1.3 Service manual

1.1.4 Instrument security procedures

1.1.5 Printed safety instructions

Preface
Documentation overview
Describes the performance test for checking the rated specifications, module replace­ment and repair, firmware update, troubleshooting and fault elimination, and contains mechanical drawings and spare part lists.
The service manual is available for registered users on the global Rohde & Schwarz information system (GLORIS):
https://gloris.rohde-schwarz.com
Deals with security issues when working with the R&S FSV/A in secure areas. It is available for download on the Internet.
Provides safety information in many languages. The printed document is delivered with the product.

1.1.6 Data sheets and brochures

The data sheet contains the technical specifications of the R&S FSV/A. It also lists the firmware applications and their order numbers, and optional accessories.
The brochure provides an overview of the instrument and deals with the specific char­acteristics.
See www.rohde-schwarz.com/brochure-datasheet/FSV3000

1.1.7 Release notes and open-source acknowledgment (OSA)

The release notes list new features, improvements and known issues of the current firmware version, and describe the firmware installation.
The open-source acknowledgment document provides verbatim license texts of the used open source software.
See www.rohde-schwarz.com/firmware/FSV3000

1.1.8 Application notes, application cards, white papers, etc.

These documents deal with special applications or background information on particu­lar topics.
See www.rohde-schwarz.com/application/FSV3000
10User Manual 1178.9426.02 ─ 07
Page 11
R&S®FSV3-K6

1.2 About this manual

Preface
Conventions used in the documentation
This Pulse Measurements User Manual provides all the information specific to the application. All general instrument functions and settings common to all applications and operating modes are described in the main R&S FSV/A User Manual.
The main focus in this manual is on the measurement results and the tasks required to obtain them. The following topics are included:
●
Welcome to the Pulse Measurements Application
Introduction to and getting familiar with the application
●
Measurements and Result Displays
Details on supported measurements and their result types
●
Measurement Basics
Background information on basic terms and principles in the context of the mea­surement
●
Configuration + Analysis
A concise description of all functions and settings available to configure measure­ments and analyze results with their corresponding remote control command
●
How to Perform Measurements in the Pulse Application
The basic procedure to perform each measurement and step-by-step instructions for more complex tasks or alternative methods
●
Remote Commands for Pulse Measurements
Remote commands required to configure and perform Pulse measurements in a remote environment, sorted by tasks (Commands required to set up the environment or to perform common tasks on the instrument are provided in the main R&S FSV/A User Manual) Programming examples demonstrate the use of many commands and can usually be executed directly for test purposes
●
List of remote commands
Alphabetical list of all remote commands described in the manual
●
Index

1.3 Conventions used in the documentation

1.3.1 Typographical conventions

The following text markers are used throughout this documentation:
Convention Description
"Graphical user interface ele­ments"
[Keys] Key and knob names are enclosed by square brackets.
All names of graphical user interface elements on the screen, such as dialog boxes, menus, options, buttons, and softkeys are enclosed by quotation marks.
11User Manual 1178.9426.02 ─ 07
Page 12
R&S®FSV3-K6
Preface
Conventions used in the documentation
Convention Description
Filenames, commands, program code
Input Input to be entered by the user is displayed in italics.
Links Links that you can click are displayed in blue font.
"References" References to other parts of the documentation are enclosed by quota-
Filenames, commands, coding samples and screen output are distin­guished by their font.
tion marks.

1.3.2 Conventions for procedure descriptions

When operating the instrument, several alternative methods may be available to per­form the same task. In this case, the procedure using the touchscreen is described. Any elements that can be activated by touching can also be clicked using an addition­ally connected mouse. The alternative procedure using the keys on the instrument or the on-screen keyboard is only described if it deviates from the standard operating pro­cedures.
The term "select" may refer to any of the described methods, i.e. using a finger on the touchscreen, a mouse pointer in the display, or a key on the instrument or on a key­board.

1.3.3 Notes on screenshots

When describing the functions of the product, we use sample screenshots. These screenshots are meant to illustrate as many as possible of the provided functions and possible interdependencies between parameters. The shown values may not represent realistic usage scenarios.
The screenshots usually show a fully equipped product, that is: with all options instal­led. Thus, some functions shown in the screenshots may not be available in your par­ticular product configuration.
12User Manual 1178.9426.02 ─ 07
Page 13
R&S®FSV3-K6
2 Welcome to the pulse measurements appli-

Welcome to the pulse measurements application

Starting the pulse application
cation
The R&S FSV3 Pulse application is a firmware application that adds functionality to perform measurements on pulsed signals to the R&S FSV/A.
The R&S FSV3 Pulse application provides measurement and analysis functions for pulse signals frequently used in radar applications, for example.
The R&S FSV3 Pulse application (R&S FSV/A-K6) features:
●
Automated measurement of many pulse parameters including timing, amplitude, frequency and phase parameters
●
Statistical analysis of pulse parameters
●
Analysis of "parameter trends" over time and frequency
●
Visualization of the dependency between parameters
●
Display of amplitude, frequency, phase and power spectrum measurement traces for individual pulses
This user manual contains a description of the functionality that the application pro­vides, including remote control operation.
Functions that are not discussed in this manual are the same as in the Spectrum appli­cation and are described in the R&S FSV/A User Manual. The latest version is availa­ble for download at the product homepage:
http://www.rohde-schwarz.com/product/FSV3000.html.
Installation
You can find detailed installation instructions in the R&S FSV/A Getting Started manual or in the Release Notes.

2.1 Starting the pulse application

Pulse measurements require a separate application on the R&S FSV/A.
To activate the R&S FSV3 Pulse application
1. Press the [MODE] key on the front panel of the R&S FSV/A. A dialog box opens that contains all operating modes and applications currently
available on your R&S FSV/A.
2. Select the "Pulse" item.
13User Manual 1178.9426.02 ─ 07
Page 14
R&S®FSV3-K6
Welcome to the pulse measurements application
Understanding the display information
The R&S FSV/A opens a new measurement channel for the R&S FSV3 Pulse application.
The measurement is started immediately with the default settings. It can be configured in the Pulse "Overview" dialog box, which is displayed when you select the "Overview" softkey from any menu (see Chapter 5.1, "Configuration overview", on page 62).
Multiple Measurement Channels and Sequencer Function
When you activate an application, a new measurement channel is created which deter­mines the measurement settings for that application. The same application can be acti­vated with different measurement settings by creating several channels for the same application.
The number of channels that can be configured at the same time depends on the avail­able memory on the instrument.
Only one measurement can be performed at any time, namely the one in the currently active channel. However, in order to perform the configured measurements consecu­tively, a Sequencer function is provided.
If activated, the measurements configured in the currently active channels are per­formed one after the other in the order of the tabs. The currently active measurement is indicated by a are updated in the tabs (including the "MultiView") as the measurements are per­formed. Sequential operation itself is independent of the currently displayed tab.
For details on the Sequencer function see the R&S FSV/A User Manual.
symbol in the tab label. The result displays of the individual channels

2.2 Understanding the display information

The following figure shows a measurement diagram during analyzer operation. All dif­ferent information areas are labeled. They are explained in more detail in the following sections.
14User Manual 1178.9426.02 ─ 07
Page 15
R&S®FSV3-K6
Welcome to the pulse measurements application
Understanding the display information
1
2 3
4
5
6
1 = Channel bar for firmware and measurement settings 2+3 = Window title bar with diagram-specific (trace) information 4 = Diagram area 5 = Diagram footer with diagram-specific information, depending on measurement 6 = Instrument status bar with error messages, progress bar and date/time display
Channel bar information
In the R&S FSV3 Pulse application, the R&S FSV/A shows the following settings:
Table 2-1: Information displayed in the channel bar in the R&S FSV3 Pulse application
Ref Level Reference level
Att *) RF attenuation
Freq *) Center frequency for the RF signal
Meas Time Measurement time (data acquisition time)
Meas BW *) Measurement bandwidth
SRate Sample rate
SGL The sweep is set to single sweep mode.
*) If the input source is an I/Q data file, most measurement settings related to data acquisition are not known and thus not displayed.
(See Chapter 4.5, "Basics on input from I/Q data files", on page 55)
In addition, the channel bar also displays information on instrument settings that affect the measurement results even though this is not immediately apparent from the display of the measured values (e.g. transducer or trigger settings). This information is dis-
15User Manual 1178.9426.02 ─ 07
Page 16
R&S®FSV3-K6
Welcome to the pulse measurements application
Understanding the display information
played only when applicable for the current measurement. For details see the R&S FSV/A Getting Started manual.
Window title bar information
For each diagram, the header provides the following information:
Figure 2-1: Window title bar information in the R&S FSV3 Pulse application
1 = Window number 2 = Window type 3 = Trace color 4 = Trace number 6 = Trace mode
Diagram footer information
The diagram footer (beneath the diagram) contains the start and stop values for the displayed time range.
Status bar information
Global instrument settings, the instrument status and any irregularities are indicated in the status bar beneath the diagram. Furthermore, the progress of the current operation is displayed in the status bar.
16User Manual 1178.9426.02 ─ 07
Page 17
R&S®FSV3-K6

3 Measurements and result displays

Measurements and result displays
Pulse parameters
During a pulse measurement, I/Q data from the input signal is captured for a specified time or for a specified record length. Pulses are detected from the signal according to specified thresholds and user-defined criteria. The measured signal is then compared with the ideal signal described by the user and any deviations are recorded. The defined range of measured data is then evaluated to determine characteristic pulse parameters. These parameters can either be displayed as traces, in a table, or be eval­uated statistically over a series of measurements.
Measurement range vs. result range vs. detection range
The measurement range defines which part of an individual pulse is measured (for example for frequency deviation), whereas the result range determines which data is displayed on the screen in the form of amplitude, frequency or phase vs. time traces.
The detection range (if enabled) determines which part of the capture buffer is ana­lyzed. The pulse numbers in the result displays are always relative to the current detection range, that is: pulse number 1 is the first pulse within the detection range in the capture buffer. If disabled (default), the entire capture buffer is used as the detec­tion range. See also "Detection range" on page 49.
Exporting Table Results to an ASCII File
Measurement result tables can be exported to an ASCII file for further evaluation in other (external) applications.
For step-by-step instructions on how to export a table, see Chapter 8.3, "How to export
table data", on page 140.
● Pulse parameters....................................................................................................17
● Evaluation methods for pulse measurements.........................................................31

3.1 Pulse parameters

The pulse parameters to be measured are based primarily on the IEEE 181 Standard 181-2003. For detailed descriptions refer to the standard documentation ("IEEE Stan­dard on Transitions, Pulses, and Related Waveforms", from the IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement (I&M) Society, 7 July 2003).
The following graphic illustrates the main pulse parameters and characteristic values. (For a definition of the values used to determine the measured pulse parameters see
Chapter 4.1, "Parameter definitions", on page 44.)
17User Manual 1178.9426.02 ─ 07
Page 18
R&S®FSV3-K6
Measurements and result displays
Pulse parameters
Figure 3-1: Definition of the main pulse parameters and characteristic values
In order to obtain these results, select the corresponding parameter in the result config­uration (see Chapter 6.1, "Result configuration", on page 99) or apply the required SCPI parameter to the remote command (see Chapter 9.13, "Configuring the results", on page 194 and Chapter 9.17, "Retrieving results", on page 283).
● Timing parameters.................................................................................................. 18
● Power/amplitude parameters.................................................................................. 21
● Frequency parameters............................................................................................25
● Phase parameters...................................................................................................26
● Envelope model (cardinal data points) parameters.................................................27

3.1.1 Timing parameters

The following timing parameters can be determined by the R&S FSV3 Pulse applica­tion.
Timestamp.....................................................................................................................19
Settling Time................................................................................................................. 19
Rise Time......................................................................................................................19
Fall Time........................................................................................................................19
18User Manual 1178.9426.02 ─ 07
Page 19
R&S®FSV3-K6
Measurements and result displays
Pulse parameters
Pulse Width (ON Time)................................................................................................. 20
Off Time.........................................................................................................................20
Duty Ratio..................................................................................................................... 20
Duty Cycle (%).............................................................................................................. 20
Pulse Repetition Interval............................................................................................... 20
Pulse Repetition Frequency (Hz).................................................................................. 21
Timestamp
The time stamp uniquely identifies each pulse in the capture buffer. It is defined as the time from the capture start point to the beginning of the pulse period of the current pulse. (As opposed to the pulse number, which is always relative to the start of the detection range, see also "Detection range" on page 49).
Depending on the user-specified definition of the pulse period, the period begins with the mid-level crossing of the current pulse's rising edge (period: high-to-low) or the mid-level crossing of the previous pulse's falling edge (period low-to-high). See also
"Pulse Period" on page 65.
Note: For external triggers, the trigger point within the sample (TPIS) is considered in the timestamp (see TRACe:IQ:TPISample? on page 294).
Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:TIMing:TSTamp? on page 321 CALCulate<n>:TABLe:TIMing:TSTamp on page 250 [SENSe:]PULSe:TIMing:TSTamp:LIMit? on page 347
Settling Time
The difference between the time at which the pulse exceeds the mid threshold on the rising edge to the point where the pulse waveform remains within the pulse boundary (ON Inner/ ON Outer)
See Figure 3-1 Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:TIMing:SETTling? on page 320 CALCulate<n>:TABLe:TIMing:SETTling on page 250 [SENSe:]PULSe:TIMing:SETTling:LIMit? on page 347
Rise Time
The time required for the pulse to transition from the base to the top level. This is the difference between the time at which the pulse exceeds the lower and upper thresh­olds.
See Figure 3-1 Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:TIMing:RISE? on page 319 CALCulate<n>:TABLe:TIMing:RISE on page 250 [SENSe:]PULSe:TIMing:RISE:LIMit? on page 346
Fall Time
The time required for the pulse to transition from the top to the base level. This is the difference between the time at which the pulse drops below the upper and lower thresholds.
19User Manual 1178.9426.02 ─ 07
Page 20
R&S®FSV3-K6
Measurements and result displays
Pulse parameters
See Figure 3-1 Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:TIMing:FALL? on page 315 CALCulate<n>:TABLe:TIMing:FALL on page 248 [SENSe:]PULSe:TIMing:FALL:LIMit? on page 346
Pulse Width (ON Time)
The time that the pulse remains at the top level ("ON"). This is the time between the first positive edge and the subsequent negative edge of the pulse in seconds, where the edges occur at crossings of the mid threshold.
See Figure 3-1 Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:TIMing:PWIDth? on page 319 CALCulate<n>:TABLe:TIMing:PWIDth on page 249 [SENSe:]PULSe:TIMing:PWIDth:LIMit? on page 346
Off Time
The time that the pulse remains at the base level ("OFF"). This is the time between the first negative edge and the subsequent positive edge of the pulse in seconds, where the edges occur at crossings of the mid threshold.
See Figure 3-1 Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:TIMing:OFF? on page 316 CALCulate<n>:TABLe:TIMing:OFF on page 249 [SENSe:]PULSe:TIMing:OFF:LIMit? on page 346
Duty Ratio
The ratio of the "Pulse Width" to "Pulse Repetition Interval" expressed as a value between 0 and 1 (requires at least two measured pulses)
Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:TIMing:DRATio? on page 315 CALCulate<n>:TABLe:TIMing:DRATio on page 248 [SENSe:]PULSe:TIMing:DRATio:LIMit? on page 346
Duty Cycle (%)
The ratio of the "Pulse Width" to "Pulse Repetition Interval" expressed as a percentage (requires at least two measured pulses)
Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:TIMing:DCYCle? on page 314 CALCulate<n>:TABLe:TIMing:DCYCle on page 248 [SENSe:]PULSe:TIMing:DCYCle:LIMit? on page 346
Pulse Repetition Interval
The time between two consecutive edges of the same polarity in seconds (requires at least two measured pulses). The user-specified definition of the pulse period (see"Pulse Period" on page 65) determines whether this value is calculated from con­secutive rising or falling edges.
20User Manual 1178.9426.02 ─ 07
Page 21
R&S®FSV3-K6

3.1.2 Power/amplitude parameters

Measurements and result displays
Pulse parameters
Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:TIMing:PRI? on page 318 CALCulate<n>:TABLe:TIMing:PRI on page 249 [SENSe:]PULSe:TIMing:PRI:LIMit? on page 346
Pulse Repetition Frequency (Hz)
The frequency of occurrence of pulses, i.e. inverse of the "Pulse Repetition Interval" (requires at least two measured pulses)
Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:TIMing:PRF? on page 317 CALCulate<n>:TABLe:TIMing:PRF on page 249 [SENSe:]PULSe:TIMing:PRF:LIMit? on page 346
The following power/amplitude parameters can be determined by the R&S FSV3 Pulse application.
Top Power..................................................................................................................... 21
Base Power...................................................................................................................21
Pulse Amplitude............................................................................................................ 22
In-Phase Amplitude/Quadrature Amplitude...................................................................22
Average ON Power....................................................................................................... 22
Average Tx Power.........................................................................................................22
Minimum Power............................................................................................................ 22
Peak Power...................................................................................................................23
Peak-to-Avg ON Power Ratio........................................................................................23
Peak-to-Average Tx Power Ratio..................................................................................23
Peak-to-Min Power Ratio.............................................................................................. 23
Droop............................................................................................................................ 23
Ripple............................................................................................................................24
Overshoot......................................................................................................................24
Power (at Point)............................................................................................................ 24
Pulse-to-Pulse Power Ratio.......................................................................................... 24
Top Power
The median pulse ON power. The value of this parameter is used as a reference (100%) to determine other parameter values such as the rising / falling thresholds. Var­ious algorithms are provided to determine the top power (see "Measurement Algo-
rithm" on page 93).
Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:TOP? on page 312 CALCulate<n>:TABLe:POWer:TOP on page 247 [SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:TOP:LIMit? on page 346
Base Power
The median pulse OFF power. The value of this parameter is used as a reference (0%) to determine other parameter values such as the rising / falling thresholds.
21User Manual 1178.9426.02 ─ 07
Page 22
R&S®FSV3-K6
Measurements and result displays
Pulse parameters
Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:BASE? on page 302 CALCulate<n>:TABLe:POWer:BASE on page 244 [SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:BASE:LIMit? on page 346
Pulse Amplitude
The difference between the "Top Power" and the "Base Power", calculated in linear power units (W). This value determines the 100% power range (amplitude). This value is converted to dBm for the "Pulse Results" table.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:AMPLitude? on page 299 CALCulate<n>:TABLe:POWer:AMPLitude on page 243 [SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:AMPLitude:LIMit? on page 346
In-Phase Amplitude/Quadrature Amplitude
The pulse in-phase or quadrature amplitude as a voltage, measured at the measure­ment point of the pulse (see Chapter 5.9.2, "Measurement point", on page 94). Values range from -10 mV to +10 mV.
Remote command: Querying results:
[SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:AMPLitude:I? on page 300 [SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:AMPLitude:Q? on page 301
Including results in result summary table:
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:POWer:AMPLitude:I on page 243 CALCulate<n>:TABLe:POWer:AMPLitude:Q on page 243
Querying limit check results:
[SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:AMPLitude:I:LIMit? on page 346 [SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:AMPLitude:Q:LIMit? on page 346
Average ON Power
The average power during the pulse ON time Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:ON? on page 304 CALCulate<n>:TABLe:POWer:ON on page 245 [SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:ON:LIMit? on page 346
Average Tx Power
The average transmission power over the entire pulse ON + OFF time Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:AVG? on page 301 CALCulate<n>:TABLe:POWer:AVG on page 243 [SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:AVG:LIMit? on page 346
Minimum Power
The minimum power over the entire pulse ON + OFF time
22User Manual 1178.9426.02 ─ 07
Page 23
R&S®FSV3-K6
Measurements and result displays
Pulse parameters
Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:MIN? on page 304 CALCulate<n>:TABLe:POWer:MIN on page 244 [SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:MIN:LIMit? on page 346
Peak Power
The maximum power over the entire pulse ON + OFF time Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:MAX? on page 303 CALCulate<n>:TABLe:POWer:MAX on page 244 [SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:MAX:LIMit? on page 346
Peak-to-Avg ON Power Ratio The ratio of maximum to average power over the pulse ON time (also known as crest factor)
Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:PON? on page 309 CALCulate<n>:TABLe:POWer:PON on page 246 [SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:PON:LIMit? on page 346
Peak-to-Average Tx Power Ratio
The ratio of maximum to average power over the entire pulse ON + OFF interval. Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:PAVG? on page 307 CALCulate<n>:TABLe:POWer:PAVG on page 245 [SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:PAVG:LIMit? on page 346
Peak-to-Min Power Ratio
The ratio of maximum to minimum power over the entire pulse ON + OFF time Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:PMIN? on page 307 CALCulate<n>:TABLe:POWer:PMIN on page 246 [SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:PMIN:LIMit? on page 346
Droop
The rate at which the pulse top level decays, calculated as the difference between the power at the beginning of the pulse ON time and the power at the end of the pulse ON time, divided by the pulse amplitude.
Droop values are only calculated if Pulse Has Droop is set to "On" (default ). For more information see Chapter 4.1.1, "Amplitude droop", on page 45 Note: The percentage ratio values are calculated in %V if the "Measurement Level" is
defined in V (see "Reference Level Unit" on page 94), otherwise in %W. Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:ADRoop:DB? on page 298 [SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:ADRoop[:PERCent]? on page 298 CALCulate<n>:TABLe:POWer:ADRoop:DB on page 242
23User Manual 1178.9426.02 ─ 07
Page 24
R&S®FSV3-K6
Measurements and result displays
Pulse parameters
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:POWer:ADRoop[:PERCent] on page 242 [SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:ADRoop:DB:LIMit? on page 346 [SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:ADRoop[:PERCent]:LIMit? on page 346
Ripple
The ripple is calculated as the difference between the maximum and minimum devia­tion from the pulse top reference, within a user specified interval.
For more information see Chapter 4.1.2, "Ripple", on page 45 Note: The percentage ratio values are calculated in %V if the "Measurement Level" is
defined in V (see "Reference Level Unit" on page 94), otherwise in %W. Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:RIPPle:DB? on page 311 [SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:RIPPle[:PERCent]? on page 311 CALCulate<n>:TABLe:POWer:RIPPle:DB on page 247 CALCulate<n>:TABLe:POWer:RIPPle[:PERCent] on page 247 [SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:RIPPle:DB:LIMit? on page 346 [SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:RIPPle[:PERCent]:LIMit? on page 346
Overshoot
The height of the local maximum after a rising edge, divided by the pulse amplitude. For more information see Chapter 4.1.3, "Overshoot", on page 47. Note: The percentage ratio values are calculated in %V if the "Measurement Level" is
defined in V (see "Reference Level Unit" on page 94), otherwise in %W. Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:OVERshoot:DB? on page 305 [SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:OVERshoot[:PERCent]? on page 306 CALCulate<n>:TABLe:POWer:OVERshoot:DB on page 245 CALCulate<n>:TABLe:POWer:OVERshoot[:PERCent] on page 245 [SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:OVERshoot:DB:LIMit? on page 346 [SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:OVERshoot[:PERCent]:LIMit? on page 346
Power (at Point)
The power measured at the pulse "measurement point" specified by the Measurement
Point Reference and the "Offset" on page 95
Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:POINt? on page 308 CALCulate<n>:TABLe:POWer:POINt on page 246 [SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:POINt:LIMit? on page 346
Pulse-to-Pulse Power Ratio
The ratio of the "Power" values from the first measured pulse to the current pulse. Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:PPRatio? on page 310 CALCulate<n>:TABLe:POWer:PPRatio on page 246 [SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:PPRatio:LIMit? on page 346
24User Manual 1178.9426.02 ─ 07
Page 25
R&S®FSV3-K6

3.1.3 Frequency parameters

Measurements and result displays
Pulse parameters
The following frequency parameters can be determined by the R&S FSV3 Pulse appli­cation.
Frequency..................................................................................................................... 25
Pulse-Pulse Frequency Difference................................................................................25
Frequency Error (RMS).................................................................................................25
Frequency Error (Peak).................................................................................................25
Frequency Deviation..................................................................................................... 26
Chirp Rate.....................................................................................................................26
Frequency
Frequency of the pulse measured at the defined Measurement point Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:FREQuency:POINt? on page 325 CALCulate<n>:TABLe:FREQuency:POINt on page 239 [SENSe:]PULSe:FREQuency:POINt:LIMit? on page 346
Pulse-Pulse Frequency Difference
Difference in frequency between the first measured pulse and the currently measured pulse
Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:FREQuency:PPFRequency? on page 325 CALCulate<n>:TABLe:FREQuency:PPFRequency on page 240 [SENSe:]PULSe:FREQuency:PPFRequency:LIMit? on page 346
Frequency Error (RMS)
The RMS frequency error of the currently measured pulse. The error is calculated rela­tive to the given pulse modulation. It is not calculated at all for modulation type "Arbi­trary". The error is calculated over the Measurement range.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:FREQuency:RERRor? on page 326 CALCulate<n>:TABLe:FREQuency:RERRor on page 240 [SENSe:]PULSe:FREQuency:RERRor:LIMit? on page 346
Frequency Error (Peak)
The peak frequency error of the currently measured pulse. The error is calculated rela­tive to the given pulse modulation. It is not calculated at all for modulation type "Arbi­trary". The error is calculated over the Measurement range.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:FREQuency:PERRor? on page 324 CALCulate<n>:TABLe:FREQuency:PERRor on page 239 [SENSe:]PULSe:FREQuency:PERRor:LIMit? on page 346
25User Manual 1178.9426.02 ─ 07
Page 26
R&S®FSV3-K6
Measurements and result displays
Pulse parameters
Frequency Deviation
The frequency deviation of the currently measured pulse. The deviation is calculated as the absolute difference between the maximum and minimum frequency values within the Measurement range.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:FREQuency:DEViation? on page 323 CALCulate<n>:TABLe:FREQuency:DEViation on page 239 [SENSe:]PULSe:FREQuency:DEViation:LIMit? on page 346
Chirp Rate
A known frequency chirp rate (per μs) to be used for generating an ideal pulse wave­form.
Note: a chirp rate is only available for the Pulse Modulation type "Linear FM". Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:FREQuency:CRATe? on page 322 CALCulate<n>:TABLe:FREQuency:CRATe on page 239 [SENSe:]PULSe:FREQuency:CRATe:LIMit? on page 346

3.1.4 Phase parameters

The following phase parameters can be determined by the R&S FSV3 Pulse applica­tion.
Phase............................................................................................................................26
Pulse-Pulse Phase Difference.......................................................................................26
Phase Error (RMS)........................................................................................................27
Phase Error (Peak)....................................................................................................... 27
Phase Deviation............................................................................................................27
Phase
Phase of the pulse measured at the defined Measurement point Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:PHASe:POINt? on page 329 CALCulate<n>:TABLe:PHASe:POINt on page 241 [SENSe:]PULSe:PHASe:POINt:LIMit? on page 346
Pulse-Pulse Phase Difference
Difference in phase between the first measured pulse and the currently measured pulse
Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:PHASe:PPPHase? on page 330 CALCulate<n>:TABLe:PHASe:PPPHase on page 241 [SENSe:]PULSe:PHASe:PPPHase:LIMit? on page 346
26User Manual 1178.9426.02 ─ 07
Page 27
R&S®FSV3-K6
Measurements and result displays
Pulse parameters
Phase Error (RMS)
The RMS phase error of the currently measured pulse. The error is calculated relative to the given pulse modulation. It is not calculated at all for the Pulse Modulation type "Arbitrary". The error is calculated over the Measurement range.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:PHASe:RERRor? on page 331 CALCulate<n>:TABLe:PHASe:RERRor on page 242 [SENSe:]PULSe:PHASe:RERRor:LIMit? on page 346
Phase Error (Peak)
The peak phase error of the currently measured pulse. The error is calculated relative to the given pulse modulation. It is not calculated at all for the Pulse Modulation type "Arbitrary". The error is calculated over the Measurement range.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:PHASe:PERRor? on page 328 CALCulate<n>:TABLe:PHASe:PERRor on page 241 [SENSe:]PULSe:PHASe:PERRor:LIMit? on page 346
Phase Deviation
The phase deviation of the currently measured pulse. The deviation is calculated as the absolute difference between the maximum and minimum phase values within the
Measurement range.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:PHASe:DEViation? on page 328 CALCulate<n>:TABLe:PHASe:DEViation on page 241 [SENSe:]PULSe:PHASe:DEViation:LIMit? on page 346

3.1.5 Envelope model (cardinal data points) parameters

The pulse envelope model has the shape of a trapezoid of amplitude (V) versus time (s) values. This model allows for a finite rise and fall time, as well as an amplitude droop across the top of the pulse. During measurement of each pulse, the points of this trapezoidal model are determined as the basis for further measurements. For example, the rise and fall time amplitude thresholds or the "pulse top" duration are determined from the parameters of the envelope model.
27User Manual 1178.9426.02 ─ 07
Page 28
R&S®FSV3-K6
Measurements and result displays
Pulse parameters
Figure 3-2: Envelope model parameters
Each of these parameters has a time and an amplitude value. The time values are rel­ative to the pulse timestamp and displayed in seconds. The amplitude values are dis­played as power in dBm units.
You configure the desired high, mid and low thresholds for the rise and fall slopes rela­tive to the base (0%) and top (100%) levels. See Chapter 5.9.1, "Measurement levels", on page 92.
The power value of the rise base point and the fall base point is assumed to be equal and is defined by the "Base Power" parameter found in the "Amplitude Parameters" group of the table configuration (see "Base Power" on page 21).
Rise Base Point Time....................................................................................................28
Rise Low Point Time..................................................................................................... 29
Rise Mid Point Time......................................................................................................29
Rise High Point Time.....................................................................................................29
Rise Top Point Time...................................................................................................... 29
Rise Low Point Level.....................................................................................................29
Rise Mid Point Level..................................................................................................... 29
Rise High Point Level....................................................................................................30
Rise Top Point Level..................................................................................................... 30
Fall Base Point Time.....................................................................................................30
Fall Low Point Time.......................................................................................................30
Fall Mid Point Time........................................................................................................30
Fall High Point Time......................................................................................................30
Fall Top Point Time........................................................................................................30
Fall Low Point Level......................................................................................................31
Fall Mid Point Level.......................................................................................................31
Fall High Point Level..................................................................................................... 31
Fall Top Point Level.......................................................................................................31
Rise Base Point Time
The time the amplitude starts rising above 0 %.
28User Manual 1178.9426.02 ─ 07
Page 29
R&S®FSV3-K6
Measurements and result displays
Pulse parameters
Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:EMODel:RBPTime? on page 339 CALCulate<n>:TABLe:EMODel:RBPTime on page 236 [SENSe:]PULSe:EMODel:RBPTime:LIMit? on page 345
Rise Low Point Time
The time the amplitude reaches the Low (Proximal) Threshold in the rising edge. Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:EMODel:RLPTime? on page 342 CALCulate<n>:TABLe:EMODel:RLPTime on page 237 [SENSe:]PULSe:EMODel:RLPTime:LIMit? on page 346
Rise Mid Point Time
The time the amplitude reaches the Mid (Mesial) Threshold in the rising edge. Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:EMODel:RMPTime? on page 343 CALCulate<n>:TABLe:EMODel:RMPTime on page 238 [SENSe:]PULSe:EMODel:RMPTime:LIMit? on page 346
Rise High Point Time
The time the amplitude reaches the High (Distal) Threshold in the rising edge. Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:EMODel:RHPTime? on page 341 CALCulate<n>:TABLe:EMODel:RHPTime on page 237 [SENSe:]PULSe:EMODel:RHPTime:LIMit? on page 346
Rise Top Point Time
The time the amplitude reaches the 100 % level in the rising edge. Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:EMODel:RTPTime? on page 345 CALCulate<n>:TABLe:EMODel:RTPTime on page 238 [SENSe:]PULSe:EMODel:RTPTime:LIMit? on page 346
Rise Low Point Level
The amplitude of the Low (Proximal) Threshold in the rising edge. Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:EMODel:RLPLevel? on page 341 CALCulate<n>:TABLe:EMODel:RLPLevel on page 237 [SENSe:]PULSe:EMODel:RLPLevel:LIMit? on page 346
Rise Mid Point Level
The amplitude of the Mid (Mesial) Threshold in the rising edge. Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:EMODel:RMPLevel? on page 343 CALCulate<n>:TABLe:EMODel:RMPLevel on page 237 [SENSe:]PULSe:EMODel:RMPLevel:LIMit? on page 346
29User Manual 1178.9426.02 ─ 07
Page 30
R&S®FSV3-K6
Measurements and result displays
Pulse parameters
Rise High Point Level
The amplitude of the High (Distal) Threshold in the rising edge. Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:EMODel:RHPLevel? on page 340 CALCulate<n>:TABLe:EMODel:RHPLevel on page 236 [SENSe:]PULSe:EMODel:RHPLevel:LIMit? on page 345
Rise Top Point Level
The amplitude at 100 % in the rising edge. Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:EMODel:RTPLevel? on page 344 CALCulate<n>:TABLe:EMODel:RTPLevel on page 238 [SENSe:]PULSe:EMODel:RTPLevel:LIMit? on page 346
Fall Base Point Time
The time the amplitude reaches 0 % on the falling edge. Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:EMODel:FBPTime? on page 333 CALCulate<n>:TABLe:EMODel:FBPTime on page 234 [SENSe:]PULSe:EMODel:FBPTime:LIMit? on page 345
Fall Low Point Time
The time the amplitude reaches the Low (Proximal) Threshold in the falling edge. Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:EMODel:FLPTime? on page 336 CALCulate<n>:TABLe:EMODel:FLPTime on page 235 [SENSe:]PULSe:EMODel:FLPTime:LIMit? on page 345
Fall Mid Point Time
The time the amplitude reaches the Mid (Mesial) Threshold in the falling edge. Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:EMODel:FMPTime? on page 337 CALCulate<n>:TABLe:EMODel:FMPTime on page 235 [SENSe:]PULSe:EMODel:FMPTime:LIMit? on page 345
Fall High Point Time
The time the amplitude reaches the High (Distal) Threshold in the falling edge. Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:EMODel:FHPTime? on page 335 CALCulate<n>:TABLe:EMODel:FHPTime on page 234 [SENSe:]PULSe:EMODel:FHPTime:LIMit? on page 345
Fall Top Point Time
The time the amplitude falls below the 100 % level in the falling edge.
30User Manual 1178.9426.02 ─ 07
Page 31
R&S®FSV3-K6
Measurements and result displays
Evaluation methods for pulse measurements
Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:EMODel:FTPTime? on page 339 CALCulate<n>:TABLe:EMODel:FTPTime on page 236 [SENSe:]PULSe:EMODel:FTPTime:LIMit? on page 345
Fall Low Point Level
The amplitude of the Low (Proximal) Threshold in the falling edge. Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:EMODel:FLPLevel? on page 335 CALCulate<n>:TABLe:EMODel:FLPLevel on page 234 [SENSe:]PULSe:EMODel:FLPLevel:LIMit? on page 345
Fall Mid Point Level
The amplitude of the Mid (Mesial) Threshold in the falling edge. Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:EMODel:FMPLevel? on page 337 CALCulate<n>:TABLe:EMODel:FMPLevel on page 235 [SENSe:]PULSe:EMODel:FMPLevel:LIMit? on page 345
Fall High Point Level
The amplitude of the High (Distal) Threshold in the falling edge. Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:EMODel:FHPLevel? on page 334 CALCulate<n>:TABLe:EMODel:FHPLevel on page 234 [SENSe:]PULSe:EMODel:FHPLevel:LIMit? on page 345
Fall Top Point Level
The amplitude at 100 % in the falling edge. Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:EMODel:FTPLevel? on page 338 CALCulate<n>:TABLe:EMODel:FTPLevel on page 235 [SENSe:]PULSe:EMODel:FTPLevel:LIMit? on page 345

3.2 Evaluation methods for pulse measurements

The data that was measured by the R&S FSV3 Pulse application can be evaluated using various different methods.
All evaluation modes available for the Pulse measurement are displayed in the selec­tion bar in SmartGrid mode.
For details on working with the SmartGrid see the R&S FSV/A Getting Started manual.
By default, the Pulse measurement results are displayed in the following windows:
●
"Magnitude Capture"
31User Manual 1178.9426.02 ─ 07
Page 32
R&S®FSV3-K6
Measurements and result displays
Evaluation methods for pulse measurements
●
"Pulse Results"
●
"Pulse Frequency"
●
"Pulse Magnitude"
●
"Pulse Phase"
The following evaluation methods are available for Pulse measurements:
Magnitude Capture........................................................................................................32
Marker Table................................................................................................................. 33
Parameter Distribution.................................................................................................. 33
Parameter Spectrum.....................................................................................................34
Parameter Trend...........................................................................................................35
Pulse Frequency........................................................................................................... 37
Pulse I and Q................................................................................................................ 37
Pulse Magnitude........................................................................................................... 38
Pulse Phase..................................................................................................................39
Pulse Phase (Wrapped)................................................................................................39
Pulse Results................................................................................................................ 40
Pulse-Pulse Spectrum...................................................................................................41
Pulse Statistics..............................................................................................................42
Result Range Spectrum................................................................................................43
Magnitude Capture
Displays the captured data. Detected pulses are indicated by green bars along the x­axis. The currently selected pulse is highlighted in blue.
Additionally, the following parameters are indicated by horizontal lines in the diagram:
●
"Ref": the pulse detection reference level (see Chapter 5.9.1, "Measurement lev-
els", on page 92)
●
"Det": the pulse detection threshold (see "Threshold" on page 90)
●
"100 %": a fixed top power level (see "Fixed Value" on page 93) You can drag the line in the diagram to change the top power level.
The detection range is indicated by vertical lines ("DR", see "Detection Range" on page 91). You can drag the lines within the capture buffer to change the detection range.
32User Manual 1178.9426.02 ─ 07
Page 33
R&S®FSV3-K6
Measurements and result displays
Evaluation methods for pulse measurements
Remote command: LAY:ADD:WIND '2',RIGH,MCAP see LAYout:ADD[:WINDow]? on page 260 Results:
TRACe<n>[:DATA]? on page 284
Marker Table
Displays a table with the current marker values for the active markers. This table is displayed automatically if configured accordingly.
Tip: To navigate within long marker tables, simply scroll through the entries with your finger on the touchscreen.
Remote command: LAY:ADD? '1',RIGH, MTAB, see LAYout:ADD[:WINDow]? on page 260 Results:
CALCulate<n>:MARKer<m>:X on page 273 CALCulate<n>:MARKer<m>:Y? on page 353
Parameter Distribution
Plots a histogram of a particular parameter, i.e. all measured parameter values from the current capture vs pulse count or occurrence in %. Thus you can determine how often a particular parameter value occurs. For each "parameter distribution" window you can configure a different parameter to be displayed.
This evaluation method allows you to distinguish transient and stable effects in a spe­cific parameter, such as a spurious frequency deviation or a fluctuation in power over several pulses.
33User Manual 1178.9426.02 ─ 07
Page 34
R&S®FSV3-K6
Measurements and result displays
Evaluation methods for pulse measurements
Note: Limit lines. Optionally, limit lines can be displayed in the "Parameter Distribution" diagram. You can drag these lines to a new position in the window. The new position is maintained, the limit check is repeated, and the results of the limit check in any active table displays are adapted.
Note that averaging is not possible for "parameter distribution" traces. Remote command:
LAY:ADD:WIND '2',RIGH,PDIS see LAYout:ADD[:WINDow]? on page 260
Chapter 9.13.3, "Configuring a parameter distribution", on page 196
Results:
TRACe<n>[:DATA]? on page 284
Parameter Spectrum
Calculates an FFT for a selected column of the "Pulse Results" table. This "spectrum" allows you to easily determine the frequency of periodicities in the pulse parameters. For example, the "Parameter Spectrum" for "Pulse Top Power" might display a peak at a particular frequency, indicating incidental amplitude modulation of the amplifier output due to the power supply.
The "Parameter Spectrum" is calculated by taking the magnitude of the FFT of the selected parameter and normalizing the result to the largest peak. In order to calculate the frequency axis the average PRI (pulse repetition interval) is taken to be the "sam­ple rate" for the FFT. Note that in cases where the signal has a non-uniform or stag­gered PRI the frequency axis must therefore be interpreted with caution.
34User Manual 1178.9426.02 ─ 07
Page 35
R&S®FSV3-K6
Measurements and result displays
Evaluation methods for pulse measurements
Remote command: LAY:ADD:WIND '2',RIGH,PSP see LAYout:ADD[:WINDow]? on page 260
Chapter 9.13.4, "Configuring a parameter spectrum", on page 203
Results:
TRACe<n>[:DATA]? on page 284
Parameter Trend
Plots all measured parameter values from the current capture buffer (or detection range, if enabled) vs pulse number or pulse timestamp. This is equivalent to plotting a column of the "Pulse Results" table for the rows highlighted green. This evaluation allows you to determine trends in a specific parameter, such as a frequency deviation or a fluctuation in power over several pulses.
The "parameter trend" evaluation can also be used for a more general scatter plot - the parameters from the current capture buffer cannot only be displayed over time, but also versus any other pulse parameter. For example, you can evaluate the rise time vs fall time.
For each "parameter trend" window you can configure a different parameter to be dis­played for both the x-axis and the y-axis, making this a very powerful and flexible analysis tool.
35User Manual 1178.9426.02 ─ 07
Page 36
R&S®FSV3-K6
Measurements and result displays
Evaluation methods for pulse measurements
Figure 3-3: Pulse width trend display (over pulse numbers)
Figure 3-4: Peak power vs pulse width scatter plot
Note: Limit lines. Optionally, limit lines can be displayed in the "Parameter Trend" dia­gram. You can drag these lines to a new position in the window. The new position is maintained, the limit check is repeated, and the results of the limit check in any active table displays are adapted. If a limit is defined for a parameter that is displayed in a "Parameter Trend" diagram, the "Auto Scale Once" on page 113 function is not available for the axis this parameter is displayed on (see also "Activating a limit check for a parameter" on page 112). This avoids the rapid movement of the limit lines which would occur if the axis scale changed.
Note that averaging is not possible for "parameter trend" traces. Note: Setting markers in "Parameter Trend" Displays. In "Parameter Trend" displays,
especially when the x-axis unit is not pulse number, positioning a marker by defining its x-axis value can be very difficult or ambiguous. Thus, markers can be positioned by defining the corresponding pulse number in the "Marker" edit field for all parameter
36User Manual 1178.9426.02 ─ 07
Page 37
R&S®FSV3-K6
Measurements and result displays
Evaluation methods for pulse measurements
trend displays, regardless of the displayed x-axis parameter. The "Marker" edit field is displayed when you select one of the "Marker" softkeys. However, the position displayed in the marker information area or the marker table is shown in the defined x-axis unit.
Remote command: LAY:ADD:WIND '2',RIGH,PTR see LAYout:ADD[:WINDow]? on page 260
Chapter 9.13.6, "Configuring a parameter trend", on page 212
Pulse Frequency
Displays the frequency trace of the selected pulse. The length and alignment of the trace can be configured in the "Result Range" dialog box (see Chapter 6.1.2, "Result
range", on page 100).
Note:
You can apply an additional filter after demodulation to help filter out unwanted signals (see "FM Video Bandwidth" on page 103).
Remote command: LAY:ADD:WIND '2',RIGH,PFR see LAYout:ADD[:WINDow]? on page 260 Results:
TRACe<n>[:DATA]? on page 284
Pulse I and Q
Displays the magnitude of the I and Q components of the selected pulse versus time as separate traces in one diagram. The length and alignment of the trace can be con­figured in the "Result Range" dialog box (see Chapter 6.1.2, "Result range", on page 100).
37User Manual 1178.9426.02 ─ 07
Page 38
R&S®FSV3-K6
Measurements and result displays
Evaluation methods for pulse measurements
Remote command: LAY:ADD:WIND '2',RIGH,PIAQ see LAYout:ADD[:WINDow]? on page 260 Results:
[SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:AMPLitude:I? on page 300 [SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:AMPLitude:Q? on page 301
Pulse Magnitude
Displays the magnitude vs. time trace of the selected pulse. The length and alignment of the trace can be configured in the "Result Range" dialog box (see Chapter 6.1.2,
"Result range", on page 100).
Remote command: LAY:ADD:WIND '2',RIGH,PMAG see LAYout:ADD[:WINDow]? on page 260 Results:
TRACe<n>[:DATA]? on page 284
38User Manual 1178.9426.02 ─ 07
Page 39
R&S®FSV3-K6
Measurements and result displays
Evaluation methods for pulse measurements
Pulse Phase
Displays the phase vs. time trace of the selected pulse. The length and alignment of the trace can be configured in the "Result Range" dialog box (see Chapter 6.1.2,
"Result range", on page 100).
Remote command: LAY:ADD:WIND '2',RIGH,PPH see LAYout:ADD[:WINDow]? on page 260 Results:
TRACe<n>[:DATA]? on page 284
Pulse Phase (Wrapped)
Displays the wrapped phase vs. time trace of the selected pulse. The length and align­ment of the trace can be configured in the "Result Range" dialog box (see Chap-
ter 6.1.2, "Result range", on page 100).
39User Manual 1178.9426.02 ─ 07
Page 40
R&S®FSV3-K6
Measurements and result displays
Evaluation methods for pulse measurements
Remote command: LAY:ADD:WIND '2',RIGH,PPW see LAYout:ADD[:WINDow]? on page 260 Results:
TRACe<n>[:DATA]? on page 284
Pulse Results
Displays the measured pulse parameters in a table of results. Which parameters are displayed can be configured in the "Result Configuration" (see Chapter 6.1, "Result
configuration", on page 99). The currently selected pulse is highlighted blue. The pul-
ses contained in the current capture buffer (or detection range, if enabled) are highligh­ted green. The number of detected pulses in the current capture buffer ("Curr") and the entire measurement ("Total") is indicated in the title bar.
Note:
You can apply an additional filter after demodulation to help filter out unwanted signals (see "FM Video Bandwidth" on page 103).
Limit check
Optionally, the measured results can be checked against defined limits (see Chap-
ter 6.1.6.1, "Limit settings for table displays", on page 111). The results of the limit
check are indicated in the Pulse Results table as follows:
Table 3-1: Limit check results in the result tables
Display color Limit check result
White No limit check active for this parameter
Green Limit check passed
Red, asterisk before Limit check failed; limit exceeds lower limit
Red, asterisk behind Limit check failed; limit exceeds upper limit
40User Manual 1178.9426.02 ─ 07
Page 41
R&S®FSV3-K6
Measurements and result displays
Evaluation methods for pulse measurements
Note: The results of the limit check are for informational purposes only; special events such as stopping the measurement are not available.
Note: Optionally, limit lines can be displayed in the Parameter Distribution and Param-
eter Trend diagrams. You can drag these lines to a new position in the window. The
new position is maintained, the limit check is repeated, and the results of the limit check in any active table displays are adapted.
Remote command: LAY:ADD:WIND '2',RIGH,PRES see LAYout:ADD[:WINDow]? on page 260
Chapter 9.13.8, "Configuring the statistics and parameter tables", on page 232
Results:
Chapter 9.17.4, "Retrieving parameter results", on page 295
Number of pulses: [SENSe:]PULSe:COUNt? on page 292
Chapter 9.17.5, "Retrieving limit results", on page 345
Pulse-Pulse Spectrum
The pulse-to-pulse spectrum is basically a Parameter Spectrum, based on complex I/Q data. The I and Q values for each pulse (taken at the Measurement Point Reference) are integrated over all pulses to create a spectrum that consists of positive and nega­tive frequencies. You cannot select a parameter for the spectrum. All other settings are identical to the "parameter spectrum".
41User Manual 1178.9426.02 ─ 07
Page 42
R&S®FSV3-K6
Measurements and result displays
Evaluation methods for pulse measurements
The pulse-to-pulse spectrum is useful to analyze small frequency shifts which cannot be detected within an individual pulse, for example Doppler effects.
Remote command: LAY:ADD? '1',RIGH,PPSP, see LAYout:ADD[:WINDow]? on page 260 Results:
TRACe<n>[:DATA]? on page 284
Pulse Statistics
Displays statistical values (minimum, maximum, average, standard deviation) for the measured pulse parameters in a table of results. The number of evaluated pulses is also indicated. Both the current capture buffer data and the cumulated captured data from a series of measurements are evaluated. The statistics calculated only from pul­ses within the current capture buffer (or detection range, if enabled) are highlighted green. For reference, the measured parameters from the "Selected Pulse" are also shown, highlighted blue. The displayed parameters are the same as in the "Pulse Results" and can be configured in the "Result Configuration" (see Chapter 6.1, "Result
configuration", on page 99).
Note: Limit checks are also available for "Pulse Statistics"; see "Pulse Results" on page 40.
Remote command: LAY:ADD:WIND '2',RIGH,PST see LAYout:ADD[:WINDow]? on page 260
Chapter 9.13.8, "Configuring the statistics and parameter tables", on page 232
Results:
Chapter 9.17.4, "Retrieving parameter results", on page 295
42User Manual 1178.9426.02 ─ 07
Page 43
R&S®FSV3-K6
Measurements and result displays
Evaluation methods for pulse measurements
[SENSe:]PULSe:<ParameterGroup>:<Parameter>:COUNt? on page 293
Chapter 9.17.5, "Retrieving limit results", on page 345
Result Range Spectrum
Calculates a power spectrum from the captured I/Q data, within the time interval defined by the result range (see Chapter 6.1.2, "Result range", on page 100.
The "Result Range Spectrum" is calculated using a Welch periodogram, which involves averaging the spectrum calculated by overlapping windows.
The shape of the window used for the calculation can be specified. The length of the window is calculated such that a specific resolution bandwidth is obtained.
Remote command: LAY:ADD:WIND '2',RIGH,RRSP see LAYout:ADD[:WINDow]? on page 260 Results:
TRACe<n>[:DATA]? on page 284
43User Manual 1178.9426.02 ─ 07
Page 44
R&S®FSV3-K6

4 Measurement basics

4.1 Parameter definitions

Measurement basics
Parameter definitions
Some background knowledge on basic terms and principles used in pulse measure­ments is provided here for a better understanding of the required configuration set­tings.
● Parameter definitions.............................................................................................. 44
● Pulse detection........................................................................................................47
● Parameter spectrum calculation..............................................................................49
● Segmented data capturing......................................................................................52
● Basics on input from I/Q data files.......................................................................... 55
● Trace evaluation......................................................................................................56
The pulse parameters to be measured are based primarily on the IEEE 181 Standard 181-2003. For detailed descriptions refer to the standard documentation ("IEEE Stan­dard on Transitions, Pulses, and Related Waveforms", from the IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement (I&M) Society, 7 July 2003).
The following definitions are used to determine the measured pulse power parameters:
Value Description
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
The magnitude in V corresponding to the pulse OFF level (base level)
0%
The magnitude in V corresponding to the pulse ON level (top level)
100%
The magnitude in V at the peak level occurring directly after the pulse rising edge (mid-level
Ov
crossing)
The magnitude in V of the reference model at the top of the rising edge (beginning of the pulse
rise
top)
The magnitude in V of the reference model at the top of the falling edge (end of the pulse top)
fall
The magnitude in V corresponding to the largest level above the reference model which occurs
rip+
within the ripple portion of the pulse top
The magnitude in V of the reference model at the point in time where L
top+
The magnitude in V corresponding to the lowest measured level below the reference model which
rip-
occurs within the ripple portion of the pulse top
The magnitude in V of the reference model at the point in time where L
top-
is measured
rip+
is measured
rip-
● Amplitude droop......................................................................................................45
● Ripple......................................................................................................................45
● Overshoot................................................................................................................47
44User Manual 1178.9426.02 ─ 07
Page 45
R&S®FSV3-K6
100 (%V) Droop
%0%100
LL
LL
fallrise
100 (%W) Droop
2
%0
2
%100
22
LL
LL
fallrise
 
 
fall
rise
L
L
10
log20 (dB) Droop

4.1.1 Amplitude droop

Measurement basics
Parameter definitions
The amplitude droop is calculated as the difference between the power at the begin­ning of the pulse ON time and the power at the end of the pulse ON time, divided by the pulse amplitude:
Figure 4-1: Illustration of levels used to define the droop measurement

4.1.2 Ripple

The ripple is calculated as the difference between the maximum and minimum devia­tion from the pulse top reference, within a user specified interval.
The default behavior compensates for droop in the pulse top using the following formu­lae:
45User Manual 1178.9426.02 ─ 07
Page 46
R&S®FSV3-K6
100 (%V) Ripple
%0%100
LL
LLLL
riptoptoprip
100 (%W) Ripple
2
%0
2
%100
2222
LL
LLLL
riptoptoprip
 
 
222
%100
222
%100
10
log10 (dB) Ripple
riptop
toprip
LLL
LLL
100 (%V) Ripple
%0%100
LL
LL
ripri p
100 (%W) Ripple
2
%0
2
%100
22
LL
LL
riprip
 
 
rip
rip
L
L
10
log20 (dB) Ripple
Measurement basics
Parameter definitions
However, if Pulse Has Droop is set to "Off" or the 100 % Level Position is set to "Cen­ter", then the reference model has a flat pulse top and L
formulae are reduced to:
top+
= L
top-
= L
. Thus, the
100%
The following illustration indicates the levels used for calculation.
Figure 4-2: Illustration of levels used to define the ripple measurement.
46User Manual 1178.9426.02 ─ 07
Page 47
R&S®FSV3-K6
100 (%V)Overshoot
%0%100
%100
LL
LL
Ov
100 (%W)Overshoot
2
%0
2
%100
2
%100
2
LL
LL
Ov
 
 
%100
10
log20 (dB)Overshoot
L
L
Ov

4.1.3 Overshoot

Measurement basics
Pulse detection
The overshoot is defined as the height of the local maximum after a rising edge, divi­ded by the pulse amplitude:
Figure 4-3: Illustration of levels used to define the overshoot measurement

4.2 Pulse detection

A pulsed input signal is a signal whose carrier power is modulated by two states: ON and OFF. Basically, a pulse is detected when the input signal power exceeds a thresh­old, then falls below that threshold, or vice versa. Pulses that rise to and then remain at a peak (positive) power level for a certain duration, and then fall again are referred to as positive pulses. The opposite - falling to and remaining at a minimum (negative) power level, then rising - is referred to as a negative pulse. The "ON" power level is
47User Manual 1178.9426.02 ─ 07
Page 48
R&S®FSV3-K6
Measurement basics
Pulse detection
referred to as the top or 100% level, whereas the "OFF" level is referred to as the base or 0% level.
Top
Base
Positive
pulse
A hysteresis can refine the detection process and avoid falsely interpreting unstable signals as additional pulses. Optionally, detection can be restricted to a maximum num­ber of pulses per capture process.
A top power level that is not constant is called an amplitude droop. Since the top level is an important reference for several pulse parameters, take a droop into consideration where possible. If a signal is known to have a droop, the reference level is not calcula­ted as an average or median value over the ON time. Instead, it is calculated sepa­rately for the rising and falling edges.
The time it takes the signal power to rise from the base level to the top is called the rise time.
The duration the signal power remains at the top level is considered the ON time, which also defines the pulse width.
Base
Top
Negative
pulse
The time it takes the signal power to fall from the top to the base level is called the fall time.
The duration the signal power remains at the base level is called the OFF time.
The pulse repetition interval (also known as pulse period) is defined as the duration of one complete cycle consisting of:
●
The rise time
●
The ON time
●
The fall time
●
The OFF time
To avoid taking noise, ripples, or other signal instabilities into consideration, the abso­lute peak or minimum power values are not used to calculate these characteristic val­ues. Instead, threshold values are defined.
See Chapter 3.1, "Pulse parameters", on page 17 for more precise definitions and an illustration of how these values are calculated.
48User Manual 1178.9426.02 ─ 07
Page 49
R&S®FSV3-K6
Measurement basics
Parameter spectrum calculation
Detection range
If the capture buffer contains a large number of pulses, it can be tedious to find a par­ticular pulse for analysis. In this case, you can enable the use of a detection range instead of the entire capture buffer for analysis.
A detection range determines which part of the capture buffer is analyzed. It is defined by the Detection Start and the Detection Length. If disabled (default), the entire capture buffer is used as the detection range.
The pulse numbers in the result displays are always relative to the current detection range, that is: pulse number 1 is the first pulse within the detection range. If you change the position of the detection range within the capture buffer, pulse number 1 can be a different pulse. All pulse-based results are automatically updated, if neces­sary. To navigate to a particular pulse in the capture buffer, use the pulse timestamps, which are relative to the start of the capture buffer.
An active detection range is indicated by vertical lines ("DR") in the "Magnitude Cap­ture" Buffer display. You can also change the detection range graphically by dragging the vertical lines in the window.

4.3 Parameter spectrum calculation

When a signal is measured over time, it is possible to calculate the frequency spectrum for the measured signal by performing an FFT on the measured data. Similarly, it is possible to calculate a "spectrum" for a particular pulse parameter by performing an FFT. This "spectrum" allows you to determine the frequency of periodicities in the pulse parameters easily. For example, the "Parameter Spectrum" for "Pulse Top Power" can display a peak at a particular frequency, indicating incidental amplitude modulation of the amplifier output due to the power supply.
Basically, the "parameter spectrum" is calculated by taking the magnitude of the FFT of the selected parameter and normalizing the result to the largest peak.
Frequency axis
When calculating a spectrum from a measured signal, the sample rate ensures a regu­lar distance between two frequencies. To calculate the frequency axis for a "parameter spectrum", the average PRI (pulse repetition interval) is taken to be the "sample rate" for the FFT.
Interpolation
However, in cases where the signal has a non-uniform or staggered PRI the frequency axis must be interpreted with caution. In cases where the pulses only occur in non-con­tiguous intervals, using the PRI no longer provides useful results. A good solution to create equidistant samples for calculation is to "fill up" the intervals between pulses with interpolated values. Based on the measured and interpolated values, the fre­quency axis can then be created.
The number of possible interpolation values is restricted to 100,000 by the R&S FSV3 Pulse application . Thus, the resulting spectrum is limited. By default, the frequency
49User Manual 1178.9426.02 ─ 07
Page 50
R&S®FSV3-K6
Measurement basics
Parameter spectrum calculation
span for the resulting spectrum is determined automatically. However, to improve the accuracy (and performance) of the interpolation, the maximum required frequency span can be restricted further manually.
Non-contiguous pulses - sections vs gaps
For the non-contiguous pulse measurements described above, interpolation in the long intervals where no pulses occur distort the result. Therefore, time intervals without pul­ses are identified, referred to as gaps. The time intervals that contain pulses are also identified, referred to as sections. Interpolation is then performed only on the sections, whereas the gaps are ignored for the spectrum calculation.
A gap threshold ensures that pulses with large intervals are not split into multiple sec­tions. A section threshold ensures that singular pulses within a long gap are not inclu­ded in calculation.
Example: Non-contiguous pulse measurement
A typical measurement setup that results in non-contiguous pulses is a rotating radar antenna scanning the air. For most of the time required for a single rotation, no pulses are received. However, when an object comes within the scan area, several pulses are detected within a short duration in time (identified as a section). When the object leaves the scan area again, the pulses will stop, defining a gap until the next object is detected.
Blocks
Spectrum calculation is then performed for the individual sections only. However, the Fourier transformation is not performed on the entire section in one step. Each section is split into blocks, which can overlap. An FFT is performed on each block to calculate an individual result. The smaller the block size, the more individual results are calcula­ted, and the more precise the final result. Thus, the block size determines the resolu­tion bandwidth in the final spectrum. Note that while the block size can be defined manually, the RBW cannot.
Window functions
Each block with its measured and interpolated values is multiplied with a specific win­dow function. Windowing helps minimize the discontinuities at the end of the measured signal interval and thus reduces the effect of spectral leakage, increasing the fre­quency resolution.
Various different window functions are provided in the R&S FSV3 Pulse application. Each of the window functions has specific characteristics, including some advantages and some trade-offs. Consider these characteristics carefully to find the optimum solu­tion for the measurement task.
50User Manual 1178.9426.02 ─ 07
Page 51
R&S®FSV3-K6
 
 
 
 
1length
n4
cos
2
alpha
1length
n2
cos5.0
2
1alpha
)n(w
blackman
1length
2
cos1
5.0
alpha
Measurement basics
Parameter spectrum calculation
Table 4-1: FFT window functions
Window type Function
Rectangular The rectangular window function is in effect not a function at all, it maintains the original
sampled data. This can be useful to minimize the required bandwidth; however, heavy sidelobes can occur, which do not exist in the original signal.
Hamming
Hann
Blackman (default)
Bartlett
Averaging and final spectrum
After windowing, an FFT is performed on each block, and the individual spectrum results are then combined to a total result by averaging the traces. The complete proc­ess to calculate a "parameter spectrum" is shown in Figure 4-4.
51User Manual 1178.9426.02 ─ 07
Page 52
R&S®FSV3-K6
Measurement basics
Segmented data capturing
Figure 4-4: Calculating a parameter spectrum for non-contiguous pulses

4.4 Segmented data capturing

As described above, measuring pulses with a varying repetition interval is a common task in the R&S FSV3 Pulse application. Pulses to be measured can have a relatively short duration compared to the repetition interval (low duty cycle). Performing a mea­surement over a long time period can lead to large volumes of data with only minor parts of it being relevant. Thus, a new segmented data capturing function has been introduced. Using this function, the input signal is measured for the entire time span, which can be very long; however, only user-defined segments of the data are actually stored on the R&S FSV/A. Thus, much less data, and only relevant data, needs to be analyzed. Analyzing pulses becomes much quicker and more efficient.
Although segmented data capturing is similar to the common gated trigger method for data acquisition, there is a significant difference: absolute timing information is provi­ded for the entire acquisition, in addition to the samples within the gating intervals. Fur-
52User Manual 1178.9426.02 ─ 07
Page 53
R&S®FSV3-K6
Measurement basics
Segmented data capturing
thermore, pretrigger information for the pulses within a segment is available, as opposed to gates that are triggered by a rising or falling edge, and do not provide pre­trigger data.
Trigger and trigger offset
A precondition for segmented data capturing is a trigger, as the segment definition is based on the trigger event. A specified trigger offset is applied to each segment, thus allowing for pretrigger data to be included in the segment. Furthermore, the length of each segment (that is: the measurement time for an individual segment) must be defined such that the longest expected pulse can be captured in one segment. Finally, the number of trigger events for which data is to be captured can be defined.
Measurement time
If segmented capturing is active, the total measurement time is defined by the number of trigger events and the segment length. Thus, the Measurement Time setting in the "Data Acquisition" dialog box is not available.
A process indicator in the status bar shows the progress of the measurement if seg­mented capturing is used.
Alignment based on trigger event
Since segment definition is based on the trigger event, this event can also be used as a reference point for the measurement point and result range definition (see Chap-
ter 5.9.2, "Measurement point", on page 94 and "Alignment" on page 101).
To align the measurement point to a trigger event on a per-pulse basis, the R&S FSV3 Pulse application needs to associate one trigger event with each measured pulse. The following rule applies to both power and external trigger sources:
●
Trigger source - rising slope: The pulse whose rising edge is closest to the trigger
event is associated
●
Trigger source - falling slope: The pulse whose falling edge is closest to the trigger
event is associated
53User Manual 1178.9426.02 ─ 07
Page 54
R&S®FSV3-K6
Measurement basics
Segmented data capturing
Figure 4-5: Measurement point aligned to trigger on falling edge
Number of events vs number of segments
Generally, the number of trigger events corresponds to the number of captured seg­ments. However, sometimes, multiple trigger events can occur within a time interval shorter than the specified segment length. Thus, the segments for the individual trigger events overlap. In this case, the overlapping segments are merged together and the number of segments is lower than the number of trigger events.
t1 t2 t3 t4
s1 s3s2
measurement time
Figure 4-6: Number of segments vs. number of trigger events
trigger events
captured
segments
Result displays for segmented data
The "Magnitude Capture" display provides an overview of the entire measurement. However, for segmented data, the time span can be very long, whereas the relevant signal segments can be relatively short. Thus, to improve clarity, the display is com­pressed to eliminate the gaps between the captured segments. The segment ranges
54User Manual 1178.9426.02 ─ 07
Page 55
R&S®FSV3-K6
Measurement basics
Basics on input from I/Q data files
are indicated by vertical lines. Between two segments, the gap can be compressed in the display. The time span indicated for the x-axis in the diagram footer is only up-to­date when the measurement is completed. (See also "Magnitude Capture" on page 32.)
Markers "jump" over the gaps, but indicate the correct absolute time within the seg­ments.
This compressed time-axis display is also used for the pulse-based results.
The result tables are identical for segmented or full data capture.
Timestamps vs. sample number
As mentioned above, timing information is available for the entire measurement span, not only for the captured data segments. Thus, the absolute time that each segment starts at is available as a timestamp. On the other hand, only the data samples within the specified segments are actually stored. The samples are indexed. Thus, in addition to the timestamps, the start of a segment can also be referenced by the index number of the first sample in the segment. This is useful, for example, when retrieving the cap­tured segment data in remote operation. (See also TRACe<n>:IQ:SCAPture:
BOUNdary? on page 288.)
The timing information for the captured segments is also stored when the I/Q data is exported. It can then be retrieved when the I/Q data is used as an input source to reproduce results that are consistent with the original measurement.
(See Chapter 4.5, "Basics on input from I/Q data files", on page 55)

4.5 Basics on input from I/Q data files

The I/Q data to be evaluated in a particular R&S FSV/A application can not only be captured by the application itself, it can also be loaded from a file, provided it has the correct format. The file is then used as the input source for the application.
For example, you can capture I/Q data using the I/Q Analyzer application, store it to a file, and then analyze the signal parameters for that data later using the Pulse applica­tion (if available).
The I/Q data file must be in one of the following supported formats:
.iq.tar
●
.iqw
●
.csv
●
.mat
●
.wv
●
.aid
●
(For details, see the R&S FSV/A I/Q Analyzer and I/Q Input User Manual.)
55User Manual 1178.9426.02 ─ 07
Page 56
R&S®FSV3-K6
Measurement basics
Trace evaluation
Only a single data stream can be used as input, even if multiple streams are stored in the file.
An application note on converting Rohde & Schwarz I/Q data files is available from the Rohde & Schwarz website:
1EF85: Converting R&S I/Q data files
For I/Q file input, the stored I/Q data remains available as input for any number of sub­sequent measurements. When the data is used as an input source, the data acquisi­tion settings in the current application (attenuation, center frequency, measurement bandwidth, sample rate) can be ignored. As a result, these settings cannot be changed in the current application. Only the measurement time can be decreased, in order to perform measurements on an extract of the available data (from the beginning of the file) only.
For some file formats that do not provide the sample rate and measurement time or record length, you must define these parameters manually. Otherwise the traces are not visible in the result displays.
When using input from an I/Q data file, the [RUN SINGLE] function starts a single mea­surement (i.e. analysis) of the stored I/Q data, while the [RUN CONT] function repeat­edly analyzes the same data from the file.
Sample iq.tar files
If you have the optional R&S FSV/A VSA application (R&S FSV3-K70), some sample iq.tar files are provided in the C:/R_S/Instr/user/vsa/DemoSignals directory on the R&S FSV/A.
Pre-trigger and post-trigger samples
In applications that use pre-triggers or post-triggers, if no pre-trigger or post-trigger samples are specified in the I/Q data file, or too few trigger samples are provided to satisfy the requirements of the application, the missing pre- or post-trigger values are filled up with zeros. Superfluous samples in the file are dropped, if necessary. For pre­trigger samples, values are filled up or omitted at the beginning of the capture buffer, for post-trigger samples, values are filled up or omitted at the end of the capture buffer.

4.6 Trace evaluation

Traces in graphical result displays based on the defined result range (see Chap-
ter 6.1.2, "Result range", on page 100) can be configured. For example, you can per-
form statistical evaluations over a defined number of measurements, pulses, or sam­ples.
56User Manual 1178.9426.02 ─ 07
Page 57
R&S®FSV3-K6

4.6.1 Trace statistics

Measurement basics
Trace evaluation
You can configure up to 6 individual traces for the following result displays (see Chap-
ter 6.1.2, "Result range", on page 100):
●
"Pulse Frequency" on page 37
●
"Pulse Magnitude" on page 38
●
"Pulse Phase" on page 39
●
"Pulse Phase (Wrapped)" on page 39
● Trace statistics........................................................................................................ 57
● Normalizing traces.................................................................................................. 58
Each trace represents an analysis of the data measured in one result range. Statistical evaluations can be performed over several traces, that is, result ranges. Which ranges and how many are evaluated depends on the configuration settings.
Selected pulse vs all pulses
The "Sweep/Average Count" determines how many measurements are evaluated.
For each measurement, in turn, either the selected pulse only (that is: one result range), or all detected pulses (that is: possibly several result ranges) can be included in the statistical evaluation.
Thus, the overall number of averaging steps depends on the "Sweep/Average Count" and the statistical evaluation mode.
Figure 4-7: Trace statistics - number of averaging steps
57User Manual 1178.9426.02 ─ 07
Page 58
R&S®FSV3-K6

4.6.2 Normalizing traces

Measurement basics
Trace evaluation
For pulse results based on an individual pulse, sometimes, the absolute value is not of interest. Instead, the relative offset of each point in the trace from a specific measure­ment point within the pulse, or from a reference pulse, is of interest.
Normalization based on a measurement point
In a standard trace for a pulse result display, the measured frequency, magnitude, or phase value for each measurement point in the result range is displayed. If only the rel­ative deviations within that pulse are of interest, you can subtract a fixed value from each trace point. The fixed value is the value measured at a specified point in the pulse. Thus, the trace value at the specified measurement point is always 0. This hap­pens when a trace is normalized based on the measured pulse.
The measurement point used for normalization is the same point used to determine the pulse parameter results, see Chapter 5.9.2, "Measurement point", on page 94.
Figure 4-8: Normalization of the Pulse Phase trace based on the measured pulse
By default, the measurement point is the center of the pulse. However, this position can be moved arbitrarily within the pulse by defining an offset.
If the measurement point is defined with an offset in time, the trace value does not pass 0 at the measurement point. It passes 0 at the time of the measurement point + the offset value.
58User Manual 1178.9426.02 ─ 07
Page 59
R&S®FSV3-K6
Measurement basics
Trace evaluation
Figure 4-9: Normalization of the Pulse Phase trace based on the measured pulse + 100 ns offset
Normalization + averaging window
Together with an Averaging Window for the measurement point, normalization based on the measured pulse can provide for a very stable pulse trace. However, the calcula­ted average value does not always coincide with the measured trace point value. So in this case, the maxhold, minhold or average traces do not necessarily pass 0 at the measurement point.
Figure 4-10: Normalization based on the measured pulse with an average window
59User Manual 1178.9426.02 ─ 07
Page 60
R&S®FSV3-K6
Measurement basics
Trace evaluation
Normalization based on a reference pulse
Sometimes you are not interested in the deviations of the pulse results within a single pulse, but rather in the deviations to a reference pulse. Then you can also base nor­malization on the measurement point of a specified reference pulse. In this case, the trace value for the measurement point in the reference pulse is deducted from all trace values in the measured pulse.
Figure 4-11: Normalization based on a reference pulse
Note that in this case, the value at the measurement point used to determine pulse parameter results is also normalized. Thus, normalization based on a reference pulse modifies the results in the Pulse Results and "Pulse Statistics" on page 42 tables! The pulse parameter values in the pulse tables for the (normalized) reference pulse are always 0.
However, as opposed to normalization based on a measured pulse, the pulse-to-pulse deviations are maintained when normalized to a reference pulse.
The reference pulse can be defined as one of the following:
●
A fixed pulse number
●
The currently selected pulse
●
A previous (-n) or subsequent (+n) pulse, relative to the currently evaluated pulse
Normalization of pulse phase traces
Phase traces for an individual pulse can be normalized just like magnitude and fre­quency traces, as described above. However, you can also define a phase offset. In this case, the pulses are not normalized to 0, but to the phase offset value. The phase measured at a specified point in the reference or measured pulse, plus the phase off- set, is subtracted from each trace point.
60User Manual 1178.9426.02 ─ 07
Page 61
R&S®FSV3-K6
Measurement basics
Trace evaluation
The phase offset for normalization is defined in the "Units" settings (see "Phase Nor-
malization" on page 115).
61User Manual 1178.9426.02 ─ 07
Page 62
R&S®FSV3-K6

5 Configuration

Configuration
Configuration overview
Access: [MODE] > "Pulse"
Pulse measurements require a special application on the R&S FSV/A.
When you activate the Pulse application the first time, a set of parameters is passed on from the currently active application. After initial setup, the parameters for the mea­surement channel are stored upon exiting and restored upon re-entering the channel. Thus, you can switch between applications quickly and easily.
When you activate the Pulse application, a pulse measurement for the input signal is started automatically with the default configuration. The "Pulse" menu is displayed and provides access to the most important configuration functions.
Automatic refresh of results after configuration changes
The R&S FSV/A supports you in finding the correct measurement settings quickly and easily - after each change in settings, the measurements are repeated and the result displays are updated immediately and automatically to reflect the changes. You do not need to refresh the display manually. Thus, you can see if the setting is appropriate or not directly through the transparent dialog boxes.
● Configuration overview............................................................................................62
● Signal description....................................................................................................64
● Input and output settings.........................................................................................67
● Frontend settings.................................................................................................... 72
● Trigger settings....................................................................................................... 78
● Data acquisition.......................................................................................................84
● Sweep settings........................................................................................................87
● Pulse detection........................................................................................................89
● Pulse measurement settings...................................................................................92
● Automatic settings...................................................................................................98

5.1 Configuration overview

Access: all menus
Throughout the measurement configuration, an overview of the most important cur­rently defined settings is provided in the "Overview".
62User Manual 1178.9426.02 ─ 07
Page 63
R&S®FSV3-K6
Configuration
Configuration overview
In addition to the main measurement settings, the "Overview" provides quick access to the main settings dialog boxes. Thus, you can easily configure an entire measurement channel from input over processing to output and evaluation by stepping through the dialog boxes as indicated in the "Overview".
In particular, the "Overview" provides quick access to the following configuration dialog boxes (listed in the recommended order of processing):
1. Signal Description See Chapter 5.2, "Signal description", on page 64
2. Input and Frontend Settings See Chapter 5.3, "Input and output settings", on page 67
3. (Optionally:) Trigger/Gate See Chapter 5.5, "Trigger settings", on page 78
4. Data Acquisition See Chapter 5.6, "Data acquisition", on page 84
5. Pulse Detection See Chapter 5.8, "Pulse detection", on page 89
6. Pulse Measurement See Chapter 5.9, "Pulse measurement settings", on page 92
7. Result Configuration See Chapter 6.1, "Result configuration", on page 99
8. Display Configuration See Chapter 6.2, "Display configuration", on page 115
To configure settings
► Select any button in the "Overview" to open the corresponding dialog box.
63User Manual 1178.9426.02 ─ 07
Page 64
R&S®FSV3-K6
Configuration
Signal description
Select a setting in the channel bar (at the top of the measurement channel tab) to change a specific setting.
Preset Channel............................................................................................................. 64
Specific Settings for...................................................................................................... 64
Preset Channel
Select the "Preset Channel" button in the lower left-hand corner of the "Overview" to restore all measurement settings in the current channel to their default values.
Note: Do not confuse the "Preset Channel" button with the [Preset] key, which restores the entire instrument to its default values and thus closes all channels on the R&S FSV/A (except for the default channel)!
Remote command:
SYSTem:PRESet:CHANnel[:EXEC] on page 151
Specific Settings for
The channel can contain several windows for different results. Thus, the settings indi­cated in the "Overview" and configured in the dialog boxes vary depending on the selected window.
Select an active window from the "Specific Settings for" selection list that is displayed in the "Overview" and in all window-specific configuration dialog boxes.
The "Overview" and dialog boxes are updated to indicate the settings for the selected window.

5.2 Signal description

Access: "Overview" > "Signal Description"
Or: [MEAS CONFIG] > "Signal Description"
The signal description provides information on the expected input signal, which optimi­zes pulse detection and measurement.
64User Manual 1178.9426.02 ─ 07
Page 65
R&S®FSV3-K6
Configuration
Signal description
Pulse Period..................................................................................................................65
Pulse Has Droop...........................................................................................................65
Pulse Modulation...........................................................................................................65
Timing Auto Mode.........................................................................................................66
Minimum Pulse Width................................................................................................... 66
Maximum Pulse Width.................................................................................................. 66
Min Pulse Off Time........................................................................................................66
Frequency Offset Auto Mode........................................................................................ 67
Frequency Offset Value.................................................................................................67
Chirp Rate Auto Mode...................................................................................................67
Chirp Rate.....................................................................................................................67
Pulse Period
Defines how a pulse is detected. "High to Low"
"Low to High"
Remote command:
[SENSe:]TRACe:MEASurement:DEFine:PULSe:PERiod on page 154
Pulse Has Droop
If enabled, a pulse can be modeled as having amplitude droop, i.e. the pulse top may not be flat.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]TRACe:MEASurement:DEFine:PULSe:ADRoop on page 153
The pulse period begins with the falling edge of the preceding pulse and ends with the falling edge of the current pulse.
The pulse period begins with the rising edge of the current pulse and end with the rising edge of the succeeding pulse.
Pulse Modulation
Defines the expected pulse modulation:
65User Manual 1178.9426.02 ─ 07
Page 66
R&S®FSV3-K6
Configuration
Signal description
"Arbitrary"
Modulation not considered (no phase error/frequency error results available)
"CW"
Continuous wave modulation, i.e. only the carrier power is modulated (On/Off) For CW modulation, additional parameters are available to define the frequency offset.
"Linear FM"
Linear frequency modulation (FM) (The frequency changes linearly over time within each pulse) For linear pulse modulation, additional parameters are available to define the chirp rate.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]TRACe:MEASurement:DEFine:PULSe:MODulation on page 154
Timing Auto Mode
If enabled, the timing parameters (minimum pulse width, maximum pulse width, mini­mum pulse off time) are determined automatically from the current capture settings.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]TRACe:MEASurement:DEFine:DURation:AUTO on page 151
Minimum Pulse Width
Defines a minimum pulse width; pulses outside this range are not detected. The availa­ble value range is restricted by the sample rate.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]TRACe:MEASurement:DEFine:DURation:MIN on page 152
Maximum Pulse Width
Defines a maximum pulse width; pulses outside this range are not detected. The avail­able value range is restricted by the sample rate.
The analysis of a single pulse is limited to 1 million samples.
Table 5-1: Measurement example for 10
Gauss filter is 4 and 1.25 for flat filter.
Meas BW Filter R&S FSV/A
10 MHz Gauss 25 ms
1 GHz Gauss 250 µs
MHz and 1 GHz Meas BW, default oversampling factor for
Flat 80 ms
Flat 800 µs
Remote command:
[SENSe:]TRACe:MEASurement:DEFine:DURation:MAX on page 152
Min Pulse Off Time
The minimum time the pulse is "off", i.e. the time between successive pulses. This value is used to determine noise statistics and to reject short drops in amplitude during pulse "on" time. The available value range is 50ns to 100s, but may be restricted fur­ther by the sample rate.
66User Manual 1178.9426.02 ─ 07
Page 67
R&S®FSV3-K6
Configuration
Input and output settings
Remote command:
[SENSe:]TRACe:MEASurement:DEFine:DURation:OFF on page 152
Frequency Offset Auto Mode
If enabled, the frequency offset is estimated automatically for each individual pulse. Remote command:
[SENSe:]TRACe:MEASurement:DEFine:FREQuency:OFFSet:AUTO on page 153
Frequency Offset Value
Defines a known frequency offset to be corrected in the pulse acquisition data. Remote command:
[SENSe:]TRACe:MEASurement:DEFine:FREQuency:OFFSet on page 152
Chirp Rate Auto Mode
If enabled, the chirp rate is estimated automatically for each individual pulse. Remote command:
[SENSe:]TRACe:MEASurement:DEFine:FREQuency:RATE:AUTO on page 153
Chirp Rate
Defines a known frequency chirp rate (in Hz/μs) to be used to generate an ideal pulse waveform for computing frequency and phase error parameters. This value is assumed constant for all measured pulses.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]TRACe:MEASurement:DEFine:FREQuency:RATE on page 153

5.3 Input and output settings

Access: "Overview" > "Input/Frontend"
Or: [INPUT/OUTPUT]
Or: "Input & Output"
The R&S FSV/A can analyze signals from different input sources and provide various types of output (such as noise or trigger signals).
The settings for data input and output are described here.
● Input source settings...............................................................................................67
● Output settings........................................................................................................71

5.3.1 Input source settings

Access: "Overview" > "Input/Frontend" > "Input Source"
The input source determines which data the R&S FSV/A will analyze.
67User Manual 1178.9426.02 ─ 07
Page 68
R&S®FSV3-K6
5.3.1.1 Radio frequency input
Configuration
Input and output settings
The default input source for the R&S FSV/A is "Radio Frequency", i.e. the signal at the "RF Input" connector of the R&S FSV/A. If no additional options are installed, this is the only available input source.
● Radio frequency input............................................................................................. 68
● Settings for input from I/Q data files........................................................................70
Access: "Overview" > "Input/Frontend" > "Input Source" > "Radio Frequency"
RF Input Protection
The RF input connector of the R&S FSV/A must be protected against signal levels that exceed the ranges specified in the data sheet. Therefore, the R&S FSV/A is equipped with an overload protection mechanism for DC and signal frequencies up to 30 MHz. This mechanism becomes active as soon as the power at the input mixer exceeds the specified limit. It ensures that the connection between RF input and input mixer is cut off.
When the overload protection is activated, an error message is displayed in the status bar ("INPUT OVLD"), and a message box informs you that the RF input was discon­nected. Furthermore, a status bit (bit 3) in the STAT:QUES:POW status register is set. In this case, you must decrease the level at the RF input connector and then close the message box. Then measurement is possible again. Reactivating the RF input is also possible via the remote command INPut<ip>:ATTenuation:PROTection:RESet.
Radio Frequency State................................................................................................. 68
Input Coupling...............................................................................................................69
Impedance.................................................................................................................... 69
Direct Path.................................................................................................................... 69
YIG-Preselector.............................................................................................................69
Input Connector.............................................................................................................70
Radio Frequency State
Activates input from the "RF Input" connector. Remote command:
INPut<ip>:SELect on page 157
68User Manual 1178.9426.02 ─ 07
Page 69
R&S®FSV3-K6
Configuration
Input and output settings
Input Coupling
The RF input of the R&S FSV/A can be coupled by alternating current (AC) or direct current (DC).
AC coupling blocks any DC voltage from the input signal. This is the default setting to prevent damage to the instrument. Very low frequencies in the input signal may be dis­torted.
However, some specifications require DC coupling. In this case, you must protect the instrument from damaging DC input voltages manually. For details, refer to the data sheet.
Remote command:
INPut<ip>:COUPling on page 155
Impedance
For some measurements, the reference impedance for the measured levels of the R&S FSV/A can be set to 50 Ω or 75 Ω.
Select 75 Ω if the 50 Ω input impedance is transformed to a higher impedance using a 75 Ω adapter of the RAZ type. (That corresponds to 25Ω in series to the input impe­dance of the instrument.) The correction value in this case is 1.76 dB = 10 log (75Ω/ 50Ω).
Remote command:
INPut<ip>:IMPedance on page 156
Direct Path
Enables or disables the use of the direct path for small frequencies. In spectrum analyzers, passive analog mixers are used for the first conversion of the
input signal. In such mixers, the LO signal is coupled into the IF path due to its limited isolation. The coupled LO signal becomes visible at the RF frequency 0 Hz. This effect is referred to as LO feedthrough.
To avoid the LO feedthrough the spectrum analyzer provides an alternative signal path to the A/D converter, referred to as the direct path. By default, the direct path is selected automatically for RF frequencies close to zero. However, this behavior can be disabled. If "Direct Path" is set to "Off", the spectrum analyzer always uses the analog mixer path.
"Auto"
"Off" Remote command:
INPut<ip>:DPATh on page 156
YIG-Preselector
Enables or disables the YIG-preselector, if available on the R&S FSV/A.
(Default) The direct path is used automatically for frequencies close to zero.
The analog mixer path is always used.
An internal YIG-preselector at the input of the R&S FSV/A ensures that image frequen­cies are rejected. However, image rejection is only possible for a restricted bandwidth. To use the maximum bandwidth for signal analysis you can disable the YIG-preselector at the input of the R&S FSV/A, which can lead to image-frequency display.
69User Manual 1178.9426.02 ─ 07
Page 70
R&S®FSV3-K6
5.3.1.2 Settings for input from I/Q data files
Configuration
Input and output settings
Note: Note that the YIG-preselector is active only on frequencies greater than
7.5 GHz. Therefore, switching the YIG-preselector on or off has no effect if the fre-
quency is below that value. Remote command:
INPut<ip>:FILTer:YIG[:STATe] on page 156
Input Connector
Determines which connector the input data for the measurement is taken from. "RF" "RF Probe"
Remote command:
INPut<ip>:CONNector on page 155
(Default:) The "RF Input" connector The "RF Input" connector with an adapter for a modular probe
This setting is only available if a probe is connected to the "RF Input" connector.
Access: "Overview" > "Input/Frontend" > "Input Source" > "I/Q File"
Or: [INPUT/OUTPUT] > "Input Source Config" > "Input Source" > "I/Q File"
For details, see the R&S FSV/A I/Q Analyzer and I/Q Input User Manual.
I/Q Input File State........................................................................................................ 70
Select I/Q data file.........................................................................................................71
I/Q Input File State
Enables input from the selected I/Q input file. If enabled, the application performs measurements on the data from this file. Thus,
most measurement settings related to data acquisition (attenuation, center frequency, measurement bandwidth, sample rate) cannot be changed. The measurement time can only be decreased to perform measurements on an extract of the available data only.
Note: Even when the file input is disabled, the input file remains selected and can be enabled again quickly by changing the state.
Remote command:
INPut<ip>:SELect on page 157
70User Manual 1178.9426.02 ─ 07
Page 71
R&S®FSV3-K6
Configuration
Input and output settings
Select I/Q data file
Opens a file selection dialog box to select an input file that contains I/Q data. The I/Q data file must be in one of the following supported formats:
.iq.tar
●
.iqw
●
.csv
●
.mat
●
.wv
●
.aid
●
For details on formats, see the R&S FSV/A I/Q Analyzer and I/Q Input user manual.
Note: Only a single data stream or channel can be used as input, even if multiple streams or channels are stored in the file.
Note: For some file formats that do not provide the sample rate and measurement time or record length, you must define these parameters manually. Otherwise the traces are not visible in the result displays.
The default storage location for I/Q data files is C:\R_S\INSTR\USER. Remote command:
INPut<ip>:FILE:PATH on page 157

5.3.2 Output settings

Access: [Input/Output] > "Output"
The R&S FSV/A can provide output to special connectors for other devices.
For details on connectors, refer to the R&S FSV/A Getting Started manual, "Front / Rear Panel View" chapters.
How to provide trigger signals as output is described in detail in the R&S FSV/A User Manual.
71User Manual 1178.9426.02 ─ 07
Page 72
R&S®FSV3-K6
Configuration
Frontend settings
Noise Source Control....................................................................................................72
Noise Source Control
Enables or disables the 28 V voltage supply for an external noise source connected to the "Noise source control / Power sensor") connector. By switching the supply voltage for an external noise source on or off in the firmware, you can enable or disable the device as required.
External noise sources are useful when you are measuring power levels that fall below the noise floor of the R&S FSV/A itself, for example when measuring the noise level of an amplifier.
In this case, you can first connect an external noise source (whose noise power level is known in advance) to the R&S FSV/A and measure the total noise power. From this value, you can determine the noise power of the R&S FSV/A. Then when you measure the power level of the actual DUT, you can deduct the known noise level from the total power to obtain the power level of the DUT.
Remote command:
DIAGnostic:SERVice:NSOurce on page 159

5.4 Frontend settings

Access: "Overview" > "Input/Frontend"
The frequency and amplitude settings represent the "frontend" of the measurement setup.
● Frequency settings..................................................................................................73
● Amplitude settings...................................................................................................74
72User Manual 1178.9426.02 ─ 07
Page 73
R&S®FSV3-K6

5.4.1 Frequency settings

Configuration
Frontend settings
Access: "Overview" > "Input/Frontend" > "Frequency"
Or: [FREQ]
Center Frequency......................................................................................................... 73
Center Frequency Stepsize...........................................................................................73
Frequency Offset...........................................................................................................74
Center Frequency
Defines the center frequency of the signal in Hertz. The allowed range of values for the center frequency depends on the frequency span. span > 0: span
zero span: 0 Hz ≤ f f
and span
max
/2 ≤ f
min
center
depend on the instrument and are specified in the data sheet.
min
center
≤ f
≤ f
max
max
– span
min
/2
Remote command:
[SENSe:]FREQuency:CENTer on page 161
Center Frequency Stepsize
Defines the step size by which the center frequency is increased or decreased using the arrow keys.
The step size can be coupled to another value or it can be manually set to a fixed value.
"= Center"
Sets the step size to the value of the center frequency. The used value is indicated in the "Value" field.
"Manual"
Defines a fixed step size for the center frequency. Enter the step size in the "Value" field.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]FREQuency:CENTer:STEP on page 162
73User Manual 1178.9426.02 ─ 07
Page 74
R&S®FSV3-K6

5.4.2 Amplitude settings

Configuration
Frontend settings
Frequency Offset
Shifts the displayed frequency range along the x-axis by the defined offset. This parameter has no effect on the instrument's hardware, on the captured data, or on
data processing. It is simply a manipulation of the final results in which absolute fre­quency values are displayed. Thus, the x-axis of a spectrum display is shifted by a constant offset if it shows absolute frequencies. However, if it shows frequencies rela­tive to the signal's center frequency, it is not shifted.
A frequency offset can be used to correct the display of a signal that is slightly distorted by the measurement setup, for example.
The allowed values range from -1 THz to 1 THz. The default setting is 0 Hz. Remote command:
[SENSe:]FREQuency:OFFSet on page 162
Access: "Overview" > "Input/Frontend" > "Amplitude"
Or: [AMPT]
Amplitude settings affect the y-axis values.
Reference Level............................................................................................................75
└ Shifting the Display (Offset)............................................................................ 75
RF Attenuation.............................................................................................................. 75
└ Attenuation Mode / Value................................................................................75
Using Electronic Attenuation.........................................................................................76
Input Settings................................................................................................................ 76
74User Manual 1178.9426.02 ─ 07
Page 75
R&S®FSV3-K6
Configuration
Frontend settings
└ Preamplifier.....................................................................................................76
└ Input Coupling.................................................................................................77
└ Ext. PA Correction...........................................................................................77
└ Impedance...................................................................................................... 78
Reference Level
Defines the expected maximum input signal level. Signal levels above this value are possibly not measured correctly, which is indicated by the "IF Overload" status display.
Defines the expected maximum reference level. Signal levels above this value are pos­sibly not measured correctly. Signals above the reference level are indicated by an "IF Overload" status display.
The reference level can also be used to scale power diagrams; the reference level is then used for the calculation of the maximum on the y-axis.
Since the hardware of the R&S FSV/A is adapted according to this value, it is recom­mended that you set the reference level close above the expected maximum signal level. Thus you ensure an optimum measurement (no compression, good signal-to­noise ratio).
Remote command:
DISPlay[:WINDow<n>][:SUBWindow<w>]:TRACe<t>:Y[:SCALe]:RLEVel
on page 163
Shifting the Display (Offset) ← Reference Level
Defines an arithmetic level offset. This offset is added to the measured level. In some result displays, the scaling of the y-axis is changed accordingly.
Define an offset if the signal is attenuated or amplified before it is fed into the R&S FSV/A so the application shows correct power results. All displayed power level results are shifted by this value.
The setting range is ±200 dB in 0.01 dB steps. Note, however, that the internal reference level (used to adjust the hardware settings to
the expected signal) ignores any "Reference Level Offset". Thus, it is important to keep in mind the actual power level the R&S FSV/A must handle. Do not rely on the dis­played reference level (internal reference level = displayed reference level - offset).
Remote command:
DISPlay[:WINDow<n>][:SUBWindow<w>]:TRACe<t>:Y[:SCALe]:RLEVel: OFFSet on page 164
RF Attenuation
Defines the mechanical attenuation for RF input.
Attenuation Mode / Value ← RF Attenuation
The RF attenuation can be set automatically as a function of the selected reference level (Auto mode). Automatic attenuation ensures that no overload occurs at the RF Input connector for the current reference level. It is the default setting.
By default and when no (optional) electronic attenuation is available, mechanical attenuation is applied.
75User Manual 1178.9426.02 ─ 07
Page 76
R&S®FSV3-K6
Configuration
Frontend settings
In "Manual" mode, you can set the RF attenuation in 1 dB steps (down to 0 dB). Other entries are rounded to the next integer value. The range is specified in the data sheet. If the defined reference level cannot be set for the defined RF attenuation, the refer­ence level is adjusted accordingly and the warning "limit reached" is displayed.
NOTICE! Risk of hardware damage due to high power levels. When decreasing the attenuation manually, ensure that the power level does not exceed the maximum level allowed at the RF input, as an overload can lead to hardware damage.
Remote command:
INPut<ip>:ATTenuation on page 166 INPut<ip>:ATTenuation:AUTO on page 166
Using Electronic Attenuation
If the (optional) Electronic Attenuation hardware is installed on the R&S FSV/A, you can also activate an electronic attenuator.
In "Auto" mode, the settings are defined automatically; in "Manual" mode, you can define the mechanical and electronic attenuation separately.
Note: Electronic attenuation is not available for stop frequencies (or center frequencies in zero span) above 7 GHz. In "Auto" mode, RF attenuation is provided by the electronic attenuator as much as possible to reduce the amount of mechanical switching required. Mechanical attenua­tion can provide a better signal-to-noise ratio, however.
When you switch off electronic attenuation, the RF attenuation is automatically set to the same mode (auto/manual) as the electronic attenuation was set to. Thus, the RF attenuation can be set to automatic mode, and the full attenuation is provided by the mechanical attenuator, if possible.
The electronic attenuation can be varied in 1 dB steps. If the electronic attenuation is on, the mechanical attenuation can be varied in 5 dB steps. Other entries are rounded to the next lower integer value.
If the defined reference level cannot be set for the given attenuation, the reference level is adjusted accordingly and the warning "limit reached" is displayed in the status bar.
Remote command:
INPut<ip>:EATT:STATe on page 168 INPut<ip>:EATT:AUTO on page 167 INPut<ip>:EATT on page 167
Input Settings
Some input settings affect the measured amplitude of the signal, as well. For details see Chapter 5.3.1, "Input source settings", on page 67.
Preamplifier ← Input Settings
If the (optional) internal preamplifier hardware is installed, a preamplifier can be activa­ted for the RF input signal.
You can use a preamplifier to analyze signals from DUTs with low output power. For R&S FSV/A3004, 3007, 3013, and 3030 models, the following settings are availa-
ble:
76User Manual 1178.9426.02 ─ 07
Page 77
R&S®FSV3-K6
Configuration
Frontend settings
"Off" "15 dB" "30 dB"
Deactivates the preamplifier. The RF input signal is amplified by about 15 dB. The RF input signal is amplified by about 30 dB.
For R&S FSV/A44 or higher models, the input signal is amplified by 30 dB if the pream­plifier is activated. In this case, the preamplifier is only available under the following conditions:
●
In zero span, the maximum center frequency is 43.5 GHz
●
For frequency spans, the maximum stop frequency is 43.5 GHz
●
For I/Q measurements, the maximum center frequency depends on the analysis bandwidth:
≤
43.5 GHz - (<Analysis_bw> / 2)
f
center
If any of the conditions no longer apply after you change a setting, the preamplifier is automatically deactivated.
Remote command:
INPut<ip>:GAIN:STATe on page 165 INPut<ip>:GAIN[:VALue] on page 165
Input Coupling ← Input Settings
The RF input of the R&S FSV/A can be coupled by alternating current (AC) or direct current (DC).
AC coupling blocks any DC voltage from the input signal. This is the default setting to prevent damage to the instrument. Very low frequencies in the input signal may be dis­torted.
However, some specifications require DC coupling. In this case, you must protect the instrument from damaging DC input voltages manually. For details, refer to the data sheet.
Remote command:
INPut<ip>:COUPling on page 155
Ext. PA Correction ← Input Settings
This function is only available if an external preamplifier is connected to the R&S FSV/A, and only for frequencies above 1 GHz. For details on connection, see the preamplifier's documentation.
Using an external preamplifier, you can measure signals from devices under test with low output power, using measurement devices which feature a low sensitivity and do not have a built-in RF preamplifier.
When you connect the external preamplifier, the R&S FSV/A reads out the touchdown (.S2P) file from the EEPROM of the preamplifier. This file contains the s-parameters of the preamplifier. As soon as you connect the preamplifier to the R&S FSV/A, the pre­amplifier is permanently on and ready to use. However, you must enable data correc­tion based on the stored data explicitly on the R&S FSV/A using this setting.
When enabled, the R&S FSV/A automatically compensates the magnitude and phase characteristics of the external preamplifier in the measurement results. Any internal preamplifier, if available, is disabled.
When disabled, no compensation is performed even if an external preamplifier remains connected.
77User Manual 1178.9426.02 ─ 07
Page 78
R&S®FSV3-K6

5.5 Trigger settings

Configuration
Trigger settings
Remote command:
INPut<ip>:EGAin[:STATe] on page 164
Impedance ← Input Settings
For some measurements, the reference impedance for the measured levels of the R&S FSV/A can be set to 50 Ω or 75 Ω.
Select 75 Ω if the 50 Ω input impedance is transformed to a higher impedance using a 75 Ω adapter of the RAZ type. (That corresponds to 25Ω in series to the input impe­dance of the instrument.) The correction value in this case is 1.76 dB = 10 log (75Ω/ 50Ω).
Remote command:
INPut<ip>:IMPedance on page 156
Access: "Overview" > "Trigger" > "Trigger Source"
Or: [TRIG] > "Trigger Config"
Trigger settings determine when the input signal is measured.
External triggers from one of the [TRIGGER INPUT/OUTPUT] connectors on the R&S FSV/A are also available.
For step-by-step instructions on configuring triggered measurements, see the R&S FSV/A User Manual.
Trigger Source...............................................................................................................79
└ Free Run.........................................................................................................79
└ External Trigger 1/2........................................................................................ 79
└ I/Q Power........................................................................................................80
└ IF Power..........................................................................................................80
Trigger Level................................................................................................................. 80
Drop-Out Time...............................................................................................................80
Trigger Offset................................................................................................................ 80
Slope.............................................................................................................................81
78User Manual 1178.9426.02 ─ 07
Page 79
R&S®FSV3-K6
Configuration
Trigger settings
Hysteresis..................................................................................................................... 81
Trigger Holdoff...............................................................................................................81
Segmented Capture......................................................................................................81
└ Activating/de-activating segmented data capturing........................................ 82
└ Events.............................................................................................................82
└ Trigger Offset..................................................................................................82
└ Segment Length..............................................................................................82
Trigger 1/2.....................................................................................................................83
└ Output Type.................................................................................................... 83
└ Level..................................................................................................... 84
└ Pulse Length.........................................................................................84
└ Send Trigger.........................................................................................84
Trigger Source
Defines the trigger source. If a trigger source other than "Free Run" is set, "TRG" is displayed in the channel bar and the trigger source is indicated.
Note: When triggering is activated, the squelch function is automatically disabled. Remote command:
TRIGger[:SEQuence]:SOURce on page 171
Free Run ← Trigger Source
No trigger source is considered. Data acquisition is started manually or automatically and continues until stopped explicitly.
Remote command: TRIG:SOUR IMM, see TRIGger[:SEQuence]:SOURce on page 171
External Trigger 1/2 ← Trigger Source
Data acquisition starts when the TTL signal fed into the specified input connector meets or exceeds the specified trigger level.
(See "Trigger Level" on page 80). Note: The "External Trigger 1" softkey automatically selects the trigger signal from the
"Trigger 1 Input / Output" connector on the front panel. For details, see the "Instrument Tour" chapter in the R&S FSV/A Getting Started man-
ual. "External Trigger 1"
Trigger signal from the "Trigger 1 Input / Output" connector.
"External Trigger 2"
Trigger signal from the "Trigger 2 Input / Output" connector. Note: Connector must be configured for "Input" in the "Output" config­uration (See the R&S FSV/A user manual).
Remote command: TRIG:SOUR EXT, TRIG:SOUR EXT2 See TRIGger[:SEQuence]:SOURce on page 171
79User Manual 1178.9426.02 ─ 07
Page 80
R&S®FSV3-K6
Configuration
Trigger settings
I/Q Power ← Trigger Source
If the R&S FSV3-B1000/-B600 bandwidth extension option is active, this trigger is not available for bandwidths ≥400 MHz.
Triggers the measurement when the magnitude of the sampled I/Q data exceeds the trigger threshold.
Remote command: TRIG:SOUR IQP, see TRIGger[:SEQuence]:SOURce on page 171
IF Power ← Trigger Source
The R&S FSV/A starts capturing data as soon as the trigger level is exceeded around the third intermediate frequency.
For frequency sweeps, the third IF represents the start frequency. The trigger threshold depends on the defined trigger level, as well as on the RF attenuation and preamplifi­cation. A reference level offset, if defined, is also considered. The trigger bandwidth at the intermediate frequency depends on the RBW and sweep type. For details on avail­able trigger levels and trigger bandwidths, see the instrument data sheet.
For measurements on a fixed frequency (e.g. zero span or I/Q measurements), the third IF represents the center frequency.
This trigger source is only available for RF input. The available trigger levels depend on the RF attenuation and preamplification. A refer-
ence level offset, if defined, is also considered. For details on available trigger levels and trigger bandwidths, see the data sheet. Note: Be aware that in auto sweep type mode, due to a possible change in sweep
types, the trigger bandwidth can vary considerably for the same RBW setting. Remote command:
TRIG:SOUR IFP, see TRIGger[:SEQuence]:SOURce on page 171
Trigger Level
Defines the trigger level for the specified trigger source. For details on supported trigger levels, see the instrument data sheet. Remote command:
TRIGger[:SEQuence]:LEVel:IFPower on page 170 TRIGger[:SEQuence]:LEVel:IQPower on page 171 TRIGger[:SEQuence]:LEVel[:EXTernal<port>] on page 170
Drop-Out Time
Defines the time that the input signal must stay below the trigger level before triggering again.
Remote command:
TRIGger[:SEQuence]:DTIMe on page 168
Trigger Offset
Defines the time offset between the trigger event and the start of the measurement.
80User Manual 1178.9426.02 ─ 07
Page 81
R&S®FSV3-K6
Configuration
Trigger settings
Offset > 0: Start of the measurement is delayed
Offset < 0: Measurement starts earlier (pretrigger)
Only possible for zero span (e.g. I/Q Analyzer application) and gated trigger switched off Maximum allowed range limited by the measurement time: Pretrigger
= measurement time
max
max
Tip: To determine the trigger point in the sample (for "External" or "IF Power" trigger source), use the TRACe:IQ:TPISample? command.
Remote command:
TRIGger[:SEQuence]:HOLDoff[:TIME] on page 169
Slope
For all trigger sources except time, you can define whether triggering occurs when the signal rises to the trigger level or falls down to it.
Remote command:
TRIGger[:SEQuence]:SLOPe on page 171
Hysteresis
Defines the distance in dB to the trigger level that the trigger source must exceed before a trigger event occurs. Setting a hysteresis avoids unwanted trigger events caused by noise oscillation around the trigger level.
This setting is only available for "IF Power" trigger sources. The range of the value is between 3 dB and 50 dB with a step width of 1 dB.
(For details see the R&S FSV/A I/Q Analyzer and I/Q Input User Manual.) Remote command:
TRIGger[:SEQuence]:IFPower:HYSTeresis on page 169
Trigger Holdoff
Defines the minimum time (in seconds) that must pass between two trigger events. Trigger events that occur during the holdoff time are ignored.
Remote command:
TRIGger[:SEQuence]:IFPower:HOLDoff on page 169
Segmented Capture Access: "Overview" > "Trigger" > "Segmented Capture"
Configures data capturing with a gating function, that is non-continuous data acquisi­tion.
81User Manual 1178.9426.02 ─ 07
Page 82
R&S®FSV3-K6
Configuration
Trigger settings
Segmented capture is only possible if an external, IF Power, or RF Power trigger is used (see "Trigger Source" on page 79).
For details on segmented data capture and recommended settings see Chapter 4.4,
"Segmented data capturing", on page 52.
Activating/de-activating segmented data capturing ← Segmented Capture
If activated, data is captured for the specified duration before and after each trigger event, for the specified number of trigger events. The signal data between these cap­ture times is not stored in the capture buffer.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]SWEep:SCAPture[:STATe] on page 176
Events ← Segmented Capture
Specifies the number of trigger events for which data segments are to be captured. If multiple events occur within one segment length, the segment is extended (see "Num-
ber of events vs number of segments" on page 54).
Remote command:
[SENSe:]SWEep:SCAPture:EVENts on page 175
Trigger Offset ← Segmented Capture
Defines an offset to the trigger event at which data capturing starts. For a negative off­set, data capturing starts before the actual trigger event.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]SWEep:SCAPture:OFFSet[:TIME] on page 175 TRACe<n>:IQ:SCAPture:TSTamp:SSTart? on page 288 TRACe<n>:IQ:SCAPture:TSTamp:TRIGger? on page 290
Segment Length ← Segmented Capture
Defines a time period starting from the Trigger Offset in which data is captured. If multi­ple events occur within one segment length, the segment is extended (see "Number of
events vs number of segments" on page 54).
Remote command:
[SENSe:]SWEep:SCAPture:LENGth[:TIME] on page 175
82User Manual 1178.9426.02 ─ 07
Page 83
R&S®FSV3-K6
Configuration
Trigger settings
Trigger 1/2
The trigger input and output functionality depends on how the variable "Trigger Input/ Output" connectors are used.
Note: Providing trigger signals as output is described in detail in the R&S FSV/A User Manual.
"Trigger 1" "Trigger 2"
"Trigger 3"
"Input"
"Output"
Remote command:
OUTPut<up>:TRIGger<tp>:DIRection on page 172
Output Type ← Trigger 1/2
Type of signal to be sent to the output "Output Off"
"Device Trig­gered"
"Trigger 1" is input only. Defines the usage of the variable "Trigger Input/Output" connector on
the front panel Defines the usage of the variable "Trigger 3 Input/Output" connector
on the rear panel The signal at the connector is used as an external trigger source by
the R&S FSV/A. Trigger input parameters are available in the "Trig­ger" dialog box.
The R&S FSV/A sends a trigger signal to the output connector to be used by connected devices. Further trigger parameters are available for the connector.
Deactivates the output. (Only for "Trigger 3", for which only output is supported.)
(Default) Sends a trigger when the R&S FSV/A triggers.
83User Manual 1178.9426.02 ─ 07
Page 84
R&S®FSV3-K6
Configuration
Data acquisition
"Trigger Armed"
"User Defined"
Remote command:
OUTPut<up>:TRIGger<tp>:OTYPe on page 173
Level ← Output Type ← Trigger 1/2
Defines whether a high (1) or low (0) constant signal is sent to the trigger output con­nector.
The trigger pulse level is always opposite to the constant signal level defined here. For example, for "Level" = "High", a constant high signal is output to the connector until you select the Send Trigger function. Then, a low pulse is provided.
Sends a (high level) trigger when the R&S FSV/A is in "Ready for trig­ger" state. This state is indicated by a status bit in the STATus:OPERation reg­ister (bit 5), as well as by a low-level signal at the "AUX" port (pin 9).
Sends a trigger when you select the "Send Trigger" button. In this case, further parameters are available for the output signal.
Remote command:
OUTPut<up>:TRIGger<tp>:LEVel on page 173
Pulse Length ← Output Type ← Trigger 1/2
Defines the duration of the pulse (pulse width) sent as a trigger to the output connector. Remote command:
OUTPut<up>:TRIGger<tp>:PULSe:LENGth on page 174
Send Trigger ← Output Type ← Trigger 1/2
Sends a user-defined trigger to the output connector immediately. Note that the trigger pulse level is always opposite to the constant signal level defined
by the output Level setting. For example, for "Level" = "High", a constant high signal is output to the connector until you select the "Send Trigger" function. Then, a low pulse is sent.
Which pulse level will be sent is indicated by a graphic on the button. Remote command:
OUTPut<up>:TRIGger<tp>:PULSe:IMMediate on page 174

5.6 Data acquisition

Access: "Overview" > "Data Acquisition" > "Acquisition"
Or: [MEAS CONFIG] > "Data Acquisition" > "Acquisition" tab
You must define how much and how data is captured from the input signal.
84User Manual 1178.9426.02 ─ 07
Page 85
R&S®FSV3-K6
Configuration
Data acquisition
Input from I/Q data files
If the input source is an I/Q data file, most measurement settings related to data acqui­sition (attenuation, center frequency, measurement bandwidth, sample rate) cannot be changed. The measurement time can only be decreased, in order to perform measure­ments on an extract of the available data (from the beginning of the file) only.
For details, see Chapter 4.5, "Basics on input from I/Q data files", on page 55.
Filter type...................................................................................................................... 85
Measurement Bandwidth.............................................................................................. 86
Sample rate...................................................................................................................86
Measurement Time....................................................................................................... 86
Record length................................................................................................................86
Long Capture Buffer......................................................................................................87
Filter type
Defines the filter to be used for demodulation. "Flat"
Standard flat demodulation filter
85User Manual 1178.9426.02 ─ 07
Page 86
R&S®FSV3-K6
Configuration
Data acquisition
"Gauss"
Remote command:
[SENSe:]BWIDth:DEMod:TYPE on page 177
Measurement Bandwidth
The measurement bandwidth is defined by the used filter and the sample rate. Either a flat or a Gauss filter are available. For information on supported sample rates and filter bandwidths see the data sheet.
Note: If the input source is an I/Q data file, the measurement bandwidth cannot be changed. For details, see Chapter 4.5, "Basics on input from I/Q data files", on page 55.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]BANDwidth:DEMod on page 177
Filter with optimized settling behavior (default) Note: For Gaussian filters whose -3dB bandwidth is large compared
to the maximum I/Q bandwidth, the ideal Gaussian filter shape would exceed the maximum I/Q bandwidth at its outer edges. Thus, the actual filter only follows the ideal Gaussian filter shape in the inner range of the set I/Q bandwidth. At a certain frequency offset it must deviate from the ideal Gauss filter and drop off faster. For details see Chapter B, "Effects of large gauss filters", on page 365.
Sample rate
The sample rate for I/Q data acquisition is indicated for reference only. It is calculated from the defined measurement bandwidth and measurement time, or taken from the I/Q data input file.
Measurement Time
Defines how long data is captured for analysis ("Meas Time"), or how many samples are captured in each record ("Record Length").
Note: If the input source is an I/Q data file, the measurement time can only be decreased, in order to perform measurements on an extract of the available data (from the beginning of the file) only. For details, see Chapter 4.5, "Basics on input from I/Q data files", on page 55.
The maximum measurement time in the R&S FSV3 Pulse application is limited only by the available memory ("memory limit reached" message is shown in status bar). Note, however, that increasing the measurement time (and thus reducing the available mem­ory space) may restrict the number of measurement channels that can be activated simultaneously on the R&S FSV/A.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]SWEep:TIME on page 178
Record length
The record length for I/Q data acquisition is indicated for reference only. It is calculated from the defined measurement bandwidth and measurement time, or taken from the I/Q data input file.
86User Manual 1178.9426.02 ─ 07
Page 87
R&S®FSV3-K6
Configuration
Sweep settings
Remote command:
[SENSe:]RLENgth? on page 178
Long Capture Buffer
The long capture buffer provides functionality to use the full I/Q memory depth of the R&S FSV/A for data acquisition.
The following settings are possible:
●
Off: This is the default setting. Only the standard I/Q memory capacity of the R&S FSV/A is used. The available I/Q memory capacity is shared by all measure­ment channels.
●
On: The long capture buffer is activated permanently. A data capture in a different measurement channel will overwrite and invalidate the acquired I/Q data. A red "IQ" icon in the channel tab indicates that the results for the channel no longer match the data currently in the capture buffer.
●
Auto: The long capture buffer is activated in case that the record length exceeds the amount of data which can be acquired within the standard memory capacity of the R&S FSV/A. If the record length decreases again, the long capture buffer is deactivated automatically.
Remote command:
TRACe:IQ:LCAPture on page 179

5.7 Sweep settings

Access: [SWEEP]
The sweep settings define how often data from the input signal is acquired and then evaluated.
Continuous Sweep / Run Cont......................................................................................87
Single Sweep / Run Single............................................................................................88
Continue Single Sweep.................................................................................................88
Measurement Time....................................................................................................... 88
Sweep/Average Count.................................................................................................. 89
Continuous Sweep / Run Cont
After triggering, starts the sweep and repeats it continuously until stopped. This is the default setting.
While the measurement is running, the "Continuous Sweep" softkey and the [RUN CONT] key are highlighted. The running measurement can be aborted by selecting the highlighted softkey or key again. The results are not deleted until a new measurement is started.
Note: Sequencer. If the Sequencer is active, the "Continuous Sweep" softkey only con­trols the sweep mode for the currently selected channel. However, the sweep mode only takes effect the next time the Sequencer activates that channel, and only for a channel-defined sequence. In this case, a channel in continuous sweep mode is swept repeatedly.
87User Manual 1178.9426.02 ─ 07
Page 88
R&S®FSV3-K6
Configuration
Sweep settings
If the Sequencer is active in MSRT mode, the "Continuous Sweep" function does not start data capturing. It merely affects trace averaging over multiple sequences. In this case, trace averaging is performed.
Furthermore, the [RUN CONT] key controls the Sequencer, not individual sweeps. [RUN CONT] starts the Sequencer in continuous mode.
For details on the Sequencer, see the R&S FSV/A User Manual. Remote command:
INITiate<n>:CONTinuous on page 190
Single Sweep / Run Single
After triggering, starts the number of sweeps set in "Sweep Count". The measurement stops after the defined number of sweeps has been performed.
While the measurement is running, the "Single Sweep" softkey and the [RUN SINGLE] key are highlighted. The running measurement can be aborted by selecting the high­lighted softkey or key again.
Note: Sequencer. If the Sequencer is active, the "Single Sweep" softkey only controls the sweep mode for the currently selected channel. However, the sweep mode only takes effect the next time the Sequencer activates that channel, and only for a chan­nel-defined sequence. In this case, the Sequencer sweeps a channel in single sweep mode only once. Furthermore, the [RUN SINGLE] key controls the Sequencer, not individual sweeps. [RUN SINGLE] starts the Sequencer in single mode.
If the Sequencer is off, only the evaluation for the currently displayed channel is upda­ted.
For details on the Sequencer, see the R&S FSV/A User Manual. Remote command:
INITiate<n>[:IMMediate] on page 191
Continue Single Sweep
After triggering, repeats the number of sweeps set in "Sweep Count", without deleting the trace of the last measurement.
While the measurement is running, the "Continue Single Sweep" softkey and the [RUN SINGLE] key are highlighted. The running measurement can be aborted by selecting the highlighted softkey or key again.
Remote command:
INITiate<n>:CONMeas on page 190
Measurement Time
Defines how long data is captured for analysis ("Meas Time"), or how many samples are captured in each record ("Record Length").
Note: If the input source is an I/Q data file, the measurement time can only be decreased, in order to perform measurements on an extract of the available data (from the beginning of the file) only. For details, see Chapter 4.5, "Basics on input from I/Q data files", on page 55.
88User Manual 1178.9426.02 ─ 07
Page 89
R&S®FSV3-K6
Configuration
Pulse detection
The maximum measurement time in the R&S FSV3 Pulse application is limited only by the available memory ("memory limit reached" message is shown in status bar). Note, however, that increasing the measurement time (and thus reducing the available mem­ory space) may restrict the number of measurement channels that can be activated simultaneously on the R&S FSV/A.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]SWEep:TIME on page 178
Sweep/Average Count
Defines the number of measurements to be performed in the single sweep mode. Val­ues from 0 to 200000 are allowed. If the values 0 or 1 are set, one measurement is performed.
In continuous sweep mode, if "Sweep Count" = 0 (default), averaging is performed over 10 measurements. For "Sweep Count" =1, no averaging, maxhold or minhold operations are performed.
The "Average Count" also determines the number of measurements used to calculate the pulse trace statistics for the result range displays (see Chapter 4.6.1, "Trace statis-
tics", on page 57).
Remote command:
[SENSe:]SWEep:COUNt on page 192

5.8 Pulse detection

Access: "Overview" > "Detection"
Or: [MEAS CONFIG] > "Data Acquisition" > "Detection" tab
The pulse detection settings define the conditions under which a pulse is detected within the input signal.
89User Manual 1178.9426.02 ─ 07
Page 90
R&S®FSV3-K6
Configuration
Pulse detection
Reference Source......................................................................................................... 90
Threshold...................................................................................................................... 90
Hysteresis..................................................................................................................... 91
Detection Limit.............................................................................................................. 91
Maximum Pulse Count..................................................................................................91
Detection Range........................................................................................................... 91
Detection Start.............................................................................................................. 91
Detection Length...........................................................................................................91
Reference Source
Defines the level to be used as a reference for the pulse detection threshold. "Reference" "Peak" "Noise"
"Absolute" Remote command:
[SENSe:]DETect:REFerence on page 181
Threshold
The threshold determines whether a pulse is detected or not. The top of a pulse must exceed the threshold in order to be detected. The threshold is defined in dB in relation to the defined reference, or as an absolute threshold in dBm.
Current reference level Peak level as measured over the entire capture data interval Noise level determined from the current capture data according to the
Min Pulse Off Time parameter set in Signal description.
Absolute level defined by the Threshold
90User Manual 1178.9426.02 ─ 07
Page 91
R&S®FSV3-K6
Configuration
Pulse detection
Remote command:
[SENSe:]DETect:THReshold on page 182
Hysteresis
Defines a hysteresis for pulse detection in dB in relation to the defined threshold. As long as the signal does not exceed the hysteresis, the next threshold crossing is ignored.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]DETect:HYSTeresis on page 180
Detection Limit
Restricts the number of pulses to be detected. When the maximum number is excee­ded, measurement is stopped for the current capture buffer. This limitation can be used to speed up the measurement if only a small number of pulses is of interest.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]DETect:LIMit on page 179
Maximum Pulse Count
Defines the maximum number of pulses to be detected. This limit is ignored if Detection Limit is disabled. Remote command:
[SENSe:]DETect:LIMit:COUNt on page 180
Detection Range
Enables or disables the use of a detection range instead of the entire capture buffer for analysis.
A detection range determines which part of the capture buffer is analyzed. It is defined by the Detection Start and the Detection Length. An active detection range is indicated in the "Magnitude Capture" Buffer display by vertical lines ("DR").
See also "Detection range" on page 49. Remote command:
[SENSe:]DETect:RANGe on page 180
Detection Start
Defines the beginning of the detection range as the time in seconds from the capture buffer start. You can also change the detection start graphically by dragging the left vertical line ("DR") in the "Magnitude Capture" Buffer.
The pulse numbers in the result displays are always relative to the current detection range, that is: pulse number 1 is the first pulse within the detection range in the capture buffer. (Timestamps are in relation to the capture buffer start.)
Remote command:
[SENSe:]DETect:RANGe:STARt on page 181
Detection Length
Defines the length of the detection range as a time in seconds. You can also change the detection length graphically by dragging one of the vertical lines ("DR") in the "Mag­nitude Capture" Buffer.
91User Manual 1178.9426.02 ─ 07
Page 92
R&S®FSV3-K6

5.9 Pulse measurement settings

5.9.1 Measurement levels

Configuration
Pulse measurement settings
Remote command:
[SENSe:]DETect:RANGe:LENGth on page 181
Access: "Overview" > "Measurement"
The pulse measurement settings determine how much data is measured for each pulse, in relation to defined levels, points, or ranges. Which definition is actually used during measurement depends on the selected evaluation method.
● Measurement levels................................................................................................92
● Measurement point................................................................................................. 94
● Measurement range................................................................................................96
Access: "Overview" > "Measurement" > "Meas Levels" tab
Or: [MEAS CONFIG] > "Pulse Meas" > "Meas Levels" tab
Some measurements are performed depending on defined levels.
92User Manual 1178.9426.02 ─ 07
Page 93
R&S®FSV3-K6
Configuration
Pulse measurement settings
Position......................................................................................................................... 93
Measurement Algorithm................................................................................................93
Fixed Value....................................................................................................................93
Ripple Portion................................................................................................................94
Reference Level Unit.....................................................................................................94
High (Distal) Threshold................................................................................................. 94
Mid (Mesial) Threshold..................................................................................................94
Low (Proximal) Threshold............................................................................................. 94
Boundary.......................................................................................................................94
Position
Determines where the 100% value (from base to top) for the rise and fall time mea­surements is calculated.
This allows you to consider a "droop" in the pulse top during the pulse measurements. If a droop is to be considered, the 100% value must be calculated separately for the rising and falling edges.
"Edge"
"Center"
Remote command:
[SENSe:]TRACe:MEASurement:DEFine:COMPensate:ADRoop on page 183
The 100% value is measured separately for the rising and falling edges.
The 100% value is measured at the pulse center and used for all measurements.
Measurement Algorithm
Defines the algorithm used to detect the pulse top level. "Mean" "Median"
"Fixed"
"Peak Power" Remote command:
[SENSe:]TRACe:MEASurement:ALGorithm on page 183
Fixed Value
Defines the value (in dBm) to be used by the "Fixed" measurement algorithm. Note that if the fixed value is much higher than the actual pulse top level, pulse param-
eters cannot be measured ("---" indicated in the table results). In this case, reduce the fixed power level or the High (Distal) Threshold used for rise/fall time measurements.
You can also change the fixed top power level graphically, by moving the "100 %" hori­zontal line in the "Magnitude Capture" Buffer display.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]TRACe:MEASurement:DEFine:TOP:FIXed on page 184
The arithmetic average of the measured values The level for which half the values lie above, the other half below in
the histogram A Fixed Value is used.
Useful if some pulses do not reach the top level, but you want to measure them nevertheless, while maintaining a specified top level.
The peak power is used to detect the pulse top level.
93User Manual 1178.9426.02 ─ 07
Page 94
R&S®FSV3-K6
Configuration
Pulse measurement settings
Ripple Portion
Defines the portion of the pulse top which is used to measure the ripple. Remote command:
[SENSe:]TRACe:MEASurement:DEFine:RIPPle on page 184
Reference Level Unit
Defines the unit of the pulse amplitude values, i.e. whether magnitude (V) or power (W, dBm) values are used to determine the threshold levels for fall and rise times.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]TRACe:MEASurement:DEFine:AMPLitude:UNIT on page 183
High (Distal) Threshold
The upper threshold in percent of the pulse amplitude used to signify the end of a ris­ing or beginning of a falling signal level.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]TRACe:MEASurement:DEFine:TRANsition:HREFerence on page 184
Mid (Mesial) Threshold
The middle threshold in percent of the pulse amplitude used to signify the mid-transi­tion level between pulse states.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]TRACe:MEASurement:DEFine:TRANsition:REFerence on page 185
Low (Proximal) Threshold
The lower threshold in percent of the pulse amplitude used to signify the end of a fall­ing or beginning of a rising signal level.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]TRACe:MEASurement:DEFine:TRANsition:LREFerence on page 185
Boundary
The boundary in percent of the pulse amplitude to either side of the pulse top (ON state). Used to determine the settling time, for example. Once the signal remains within the boundary, it is assumed to have settled.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]TRACe:MEASurement:DEFine:BOUNdary:TOP on page 183

5.9.2 Measurement point

Access: "Overview" > "Measurement" > "Meas Point" tab
Or: [MEAS CONFIG] > "Pulse Meas" > "Meas Point" tab
Some specific pulse parameters, e.g. the phase or the frequency, are determined at a specific time instant (measurement point) within the pulse. You can configure this point based on a reference and offset value.
94User Manual 1178.9426.02 ─ 07
Page 95
R&S®FSV3-K6
Configuration
Pulse measurement settings
Measurement Point Reference..................................................................................... 95
Offset.............................................................................................................................95
Averaging Window........................................................................................................ 96
Reference for Pulse-Pulse Measurements................................................................... 96
Measurement Point Reference
Defines the reference which the Offset refers to. "Rise"
"Center"
"Fall"
Remote command:
[SENSe:]TRACe:MEASurement:DEFine:PULSe:INSTant:REFerence
on page 186
Offset
The time offset of the measurement point in reference to the pulse center or an edge, depending on the Measurement Point Reference setting.
The "Offset" is indicated in the dialog box.
The measurement point is defined in reference to the rising edge (mid-level crossing).
The measurement point is defined in reference to the center of the pulse (equal distance from the rising and falling mid-level crossings).
The measurement point is defined in reference to the falling edge (mid-level crossing).
95User Manual 1178.9426.02 ─ 07
Page 96
R&S®FSV3-K6
Configuration
Pulse measurement settings
Remote command:
[SENSe:]TRACe:MEASurement:DEFine:PULSe:INSTant on page 185
Averaging Window
Measurement point results are averaged over a window centered at the measurement point. The length of the averaging window in seconds can be defined. A minimum length of 1 sample is enforced internally.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]TRACe:MEASurement:DEFine:PULSe:INSTant:AWINdow on page 185
Reference for Pulse-Pulse Measurements
Reference pulse on which relative pulse results are based (e.g. for traces normalized to reference pulse, see Chapter 4.6.2, "Normalizing traces", on page 58).
"Fixed"
"Selected"
"Before Pulse"
"After Pulse"
Remote command:
[SENSe:]TRACe:MEASurement:DEFine:PULSe:REFerence:POSition
on page 186
[SENSe:]TRACe:MEASurement:DEFine:PULSe:REFerence on page 186
A fixed pulse number Relative results for the specified pulse number itself are not valid and are indicated as "...".
The currently selected pulse (see Chapter 6.1.1, "Pulse selection", on page 99) Relative results for the selected pulse itself are not valid and are indi­cated as "...". If you change the value for the reference pulse here, the Chap-
ter 6.1.1, "Pulse selection", on page 99 value is adapted accordingly,
and vice versa. The nth pulse before the currently evaluated pulse, where n is the
specified number No values are available for the first n pulses, as no valid reference pulse is available. These results are indicated as "...". For example, a value of 2 will use row 1 as the reference row for Pulse-Pulse results for pulse number 3. In this case, pulse numbers 1 and 2 will not have a valid reference row and the Pulse-Pulse results will be invalid for these rows.
The nth pulse after the currently evaluated pulse, where n is the specified number No values are available for the last n pulses, as no valid reference pulse is available. These results are indicated as "...". For example, a value of 2 will use row 5 as the reference row for Pulse-Pulse results for pulse number 3. In this case, the last two pulse rows will not have a valid reference row and the Pulse-Pulse results will be invalid for these rows.

5.9.3 Measurement range

Access: "Overview" > "Measurement" > "Meas Range" tab
96User Manual 1178.9426.02 ─ 07
Page 97
R&S®FSV3-K6
Configuration
Pulse measurement settings
Or: [MEAS CONFIG] > "Pulse Meas" > "Meas Range" tab
Some measurements are performed over a range within the pulse, for example the phase or frequency deviation. The measurement range is specified either by start and end points relative to the rising and falling edges, or as a proportion of the pulse top.
Reference, Length, Offset
Reference, Length, Offset
Defines the reference for the measurement range definition. Depending on the selected reference type, an additional setting is available to define the range.
"Center"
"Edge"
Remote command:
[SENSe:]TRACe:MEASurement:DEFine:PULSe:ESTimation:REFerence
on page 188 Relative range (Center):
Defines a relative range around the center of the pulse. The range is defined by its length in percent of the pulse top.
Defines the start and stop of the measurement range with respect to the pulse edges. The range is defined by a time offset from the mid­dle of the rising edge and a time offset from the middle of the falling edge.
............................................................................................. 97
97User Manual 1178.9426.02 ─ 07
Page 98
R&S®FSV3-K6

5.10 Automatic settings

Configuration
Automatic settings
[SENSe:]TRACe:MEASurement:DEFine:PULSe:ESTimation:LENGth
on page 188 Absolute range (Edge):
[SENSe:]TRACe:MEASurement:DEFine:PULSe:ESTimation:OFFSet:LEFT
on page 188
[SENSe:]TRACe:MEASurement:DEFine:PULSe:ESTimation:OFFSet:RIGHt
on page 188
Access: [AUTO SET]
Some settings can be adjusted by the R&S FSV/A automatically according to the cur­rent measurement settings.
Auto Scale Continuous (All).......................................................................................... 98
Auto Scale Once (All)....................................................................................................98
Auto Scale Continuous (All)
Automatically determines the optimal result range and reference level position for each new measurement in all displayed diagrams (for graphical or pulse-based result dis-
plays only). Remote command:
SENS:TRAC:MEAS:DEF:RRAN:AUTO ON, see [SENSe:]TRACe:MEASurement:
DEFine:RRANge:AUTO on page 195
DISP:TRAC:Y:SCAL:AUTO ON, see DISPlay[:WINDow<n>][:SUBWindow<n>]:
TRACe<t>:Y[:SCALe]:AUTO on page 255
Auto Scale Once (All)
Automatically determines the optimal result range and reference level position once for the current measurement settings in all displayed diagrams and pulse-based result dis­plays. All automatic scaling functions are then switched off.
Remote command:
SENS:TRAC:MEAS:DEF:RRAN:AUTO ONCE, see [SENSe:]TRACe:MEASurement:
DEFine:RRANge:AUTO on page 195
DISP:TRAC:Y:SCAL:AUTO ONCE, see DISPlay[:WINDow<n>][:
SUBWindow<n>]:TRACe<t>:Y[:SCALe]:AUTO on page 255
98User Manual 1178.9426.02 ─ 07
Page 99
R&S®FSV3-K6

6 Analysis

6.1 Result configuration

Analysis
Result configuration
After a Pulse measurement has been performed, you can analyze the results in vari­ous ways.
● Result configuration................................................................................................ 99
● Display configuration.............................................................................................115
● Markers................................................................................................................. 116
● Trace configuration............................................................................................... 123
● Trace / data export configuration.......................................................................... 127
● Export functions.................................................................................................... 129
Access: "Overview" > "Result Configuration"
Or: [MEAS CONFIG] > "Result Config"
Some evaluation methods require or allow for additional settings to configure the result display. Note that the available settings depend on the selected window (see "Specific
Settings for" on page 64).
● Pulse selection........................................................................................................99
● Result range..........................................................................................................100
● Result range spectrum configuration.................................................................... 101
● Result range frequency configuration................................................................... 103
● Parameter configuration for result displays...........................................................103
● Table configuration................................................................................................110
● Y-Scaling............................................................................................................... 112
● Units...................................................................................................................... 114

6.1.1 Pulse selection

Access: [MEAS CONFIG] > "Selected Pulse"
The pulse traces (frequency, magnitude and pulse vs. time) always display the trace for one specific pulse, namely the currently selected pulse. The currently selected pulse is highlighted blue in the "Pulse Results" and "Pulse Statistics" displays.
As soon as a new pulse is selected, all pulse-specific displays are automatically upda­ted.
The selected pulse (number) is relative to the currently defined detection range, if enabled (see "Detection Range" on page 91). If you change the detection range within the capture buffer, the selected pulse is adapted automatically, and all pulse-based results are updated, if necessary.
99User Manual 1178.9426.02 ─ 07
Page 100
R&S®FSV3-K6

6.1.2 Result range

Analysis
Result configuration
Linked markers
In "Parameter Trend" displays, the marker M1 can be linked to the selected pulse (see
"Link Trend M1 to Selected Pulse" on page 121). Thus, if you select a different pulse,
the marker M1 is also set to the same pulse, and vice versa.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]TRACe:MEASurement:DEFine:PULSe:SELected on page 194
Access: "Overview" > "Result Configuration" > "Result Range" tab
Or: [MEAS CONFIG] > "Result Config" > "Result Range" tab
The result range determines which data is displayed on the screen (see also "Mea-
surement range vs. result range vs. detection range" on page 17). This range applies
to the "pulse magnitude", frequency and phase vs time displays.
Furthermore, the spectrum for the result range can be displayed (see "Result Range
Spectrum" on page 43).
The range is defined by a reference point, alignment and the range length.
Automatic Range Scaling............................................................................................101
Result Range Reference Point....................................................................................101
Offset...........................................................................................................................101
Alignment.................................................................................................................... 101
Length......................................................................................................................... 101
100User Manual 1178.9426.02 ─ 07
Loading...
Buy Points How it Works FAQ Contact Us Questions and Suggestions Privacy Policy Cookie Policy Terms of Use