R&S®FSMR3-B60/B64
Phase Noise Measurements
User Manual
(;Ý1]2)
1179014502
Version 02
This document describes the following R&S®FSMR3000 models:
●
R&S®FSMR3008 (1345.4004K08)
●
R&S®FSMR3026 (1345.4004K26)
●
R&S®FSMR3050 (1345.4004K50)
The contents of this manual correspond to firmware version 1.10 and higher.
The following firmware options are described:
●
R&S®FSMR3-B60 (1345.3114.08)
●
R&S®FSMR3-B60 (1345.3114.26)
●
R&S®FSMR3-B60 (1345.3114.50)
●
R&S®FSMR3-B64 (1345.3120.02)
© 2022 Rohde & Schwarz GmbH & Co. KG
Mühldorfstr. 15, 81671 München, Germany
Phone: +49 89 41 29 - 0
Fax: +49 89 41 29 12 164
Email: info@rohde-schwarz.com
Internet: www.rohde-schwarz.com
Subject to change – Data without tolerance limits is not binding.
R&S® is a registered trademark of Rohde & Schwarz GmbH & Co. KG.
Trade names are trademarks of their owners.
1179.0145.02 | Version 02 | R&S®FSMR3-B60/B64
Throughout this manual, products from Rohde & Schwarz are indicated without the ® symbol , e.g. R&S®FSMR3000 is indicated as
R&S FSMR3000.
R&S®FSMR3-B60/B64
Contents
1 Welcome to the phase noise measurement application.................... 9
1.1 Starting the application................................................................................................ 9
1.2 Understanding the display information.................................................................... 10
1.3 R&S multiview............................................................................................................. 14
1.4 Running a sequence of measurements.................................................................... 14
1.4.1 The sequencer concept.................................................................................................15
1.4.2 Sequencer settings....................................................................................................... 17
1.4.3 How to set up the sequencer........................................................................................ 17
2 Measurements and result displays.................................................... 19
2.1 Basics on phase noise measurements..................................................................... 19
Contents
2.1.1 Residual effects.............................................................................................................19
2.2 Performing measurements.........................................................................................20
2.3 Selecting measurements............................................................................................22
2.4 Result displays............................................................................................................23
2.5 Result display configuration......................................................................................28
2.5.1 Basic result displays......................................................................................................28
2.5.2 Laying out the result display with the smartgrid............................................................ 28
2.5.2.1 Background information: the smartgrid principle...........................................................29
2.5.2.2 How to activate smartgrid mode....................................................................................30
2.5.2.3 How to add a new result window...................................................................................31
2.5.2.4 How to close a result window........................................................................................31
2.5.2.5 How to arrange the result windows............................................................................... 32
3 Common measurement settings........................................................ 33
3.1 Configuration overview.............................................................................................. 33
3.2 Input source.................................................................................................................35
3.2.1 RF input.........................................................................................................................35
3.3 Level characteristics...................................................................................................36
3.3.1 Signal attenuation......................................................................................................... 36
3.3.2 Amplitude characteristics.............................................................................................. 37
3.3.3 Diagram scale............................................................................................................... 39
3.4 Frequency.................................................................................................................... 40
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3.5 Noise measurement configuration............................................................................ 44
3.5.1 Measurement range...................................................................................................... 44
3.5.2 Noise configuration....................................................................................................... 45
3.5.3 Integrated measurement configuration......................................................................... 49
3.5.4 Spot noise information.................................................................................................. 52
3.5.5 Spur display.................................................................................................................. 53
3.5.6 Frequency stability configuration...................................................................................55
3.6 Output.......................................................................................................................... 56
3.6.1 Output for noise sources............................................................................................... 56
3.6.2 Output configuration......................................................................................................57
4 Common analysis and display functions.......................................... 58
4.1 Zoomed displays.........................................................................................................58
Contents
4.1.1 Single zoom versus multiple zoom................................................................................59
4.1.2 Zoom functions..............................................................................................................60
4.1.3 How to zoom into a diagram......................................................................................... 62
4.2 Trace configuration.....................................................................................................65
4.2.1 Basics on traces............................................................................................................65
4.2.1.1 Analyzing several traces - trace mode.......................................................................... 65
4.2.1.2 Trace averaging............................................................................................................ 66
Sweep count................................................................................................................. 66
Trace smoothing............................................................................................................67
4.2.1.3 Spurs and spur removal................................................................................................ 67
4.2.2 Trace configuration........................................................................................................68
4.2.3 Trace export and import................................................................................................ 71
4.2.4 Copying traces.............................................................................................................. 76
4.2.5 Trace math.................................................................................................................... 76
4.2.6 Trace labels...................................................................................................................77
4.2.7 How to configure traces................................................................................................ 78
4.2.7.1 How to export trace data and numerical results............................................................78
4.2.8 References....................................................................................................................79
4.2.8.1 Reference: ASCII file export format.............................................................................. 79
4.3 Markers........................................................................................................................ 79
4.3.1 Basics on markers and marker functions...................................................................... 80
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4.3.1.1 Activating markers.........................................................................................................81
4.3.1.2 Marker results............................................................................................................... 81
4.3.2 Marker settings..............................................................................................................82
4.3.2.1 Individual marker setup................................................................................................. 82
4.3.2.2 General marker settings................................................................................................85
4.3.3 Marker search settings and positioning functions......................................................... 86
4.3.3.1 Marker search settings..................................................................................................87
4.3.3.2 Positioning functions..................................................................................................... 88
4.4 Limit lines.................................................................................................................... 89
4.4.1 Basics on limit lines.......................................................................................................89
4.4.2 Limit line settings and functions.................................................................................... 93
4.4.2.1 Limit line management.................................................................................................. 94
4.4.2.2 Limit line details.............................................................................................................96
Contents
4.4.3 How to define limit lines................................................................................................ 98
5 How to configure phase noise measurements................................101
5.1 Performing a basic phase noise measurement......................................................101
5.2 Customizing the measurement range..................................................................... 102
6 Remote commands............................................................................103
6.1 Common suffixes...................................................................................................... 103
6.2 Introduction............................................................................................................... 104
6.2.1 Conventions used in descriptions............................................................................... 104
6.2.2 Long and short form.................................................................................................... 105
6.2.3 Numeric suffixes..........................................................................................................105
6.2.4 Optional keywords.......................................................................................................106
6.2.5 Alternative keywords................................................................................................... 106
6.2.6 SCPI parameters.........................................................................................................106
6.2.6.1 Numeric values........................................................................................................... 107
6.2.6.2 Boolean....................................................................................................................... 107
6.2.6.3 Character data............................................................................................................ 108
6.2.6.4 Character strings.........................................................................................................108
6.2.6.5 Block data................................................................................................................... 108
6.3 Selecting the operating mode and application...................................................... 109
6.3.1 Selecting mode and applications................................................................................ 109
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6.3.2 Performing a sequence of measurements...................................................................113
6.3.3 Programming example: performing a sequence of measurements.............................114
6.4 Measurements and result displays..........................................................................116
6.4.1 Measurement selection............................................................................................... 117
6.4.2 Performing measurements.......................................................................................... 117
6.4.3 Querying results.......................................................................................................... 119
6.4.4 Programming examples.............................................................................................. 129
6.5 Common measurement settings............................................................................. 129
6.5.1 Remote commands to configure the input source.......................................................129
6.5.1.1 RF input.......................................................................................................................129
6.5.1.2 Baseband input........................................................................................................... 131
6.5.2 Output......................................................................................................................... 132
6.5.2.1 Signal source.............................................................................................................. 132
Contents
6.5.2.2 Miscellaneous output.................................................................................................. 134
6.5.3 Remote commands to configure user ports................................................................ 134
6.5.4 Remote commands to configure level characteristics.................................................136
6.5.5 Remote commands to configure the frequency.......................................................... 141
6.5.6 Phase noise measurement configuration....................................................................146
6.5.6.1 Noise configuration..................................................................................................... 146
6.5.6.2 Residual calculation configuration...............................................................................153
6.5.6.3 Spot noise configuration..............................................................................................157
6.5.6.4 Spur display................................................................................................................ 161
6.6 Common analysis and display functions............................................................... 165
6.6.1 Display configuration...................................................................................................165
6.6.2 Zoom........................................................................................................................... 174
6.6.3 Trace configuration......................................................................................................177
6.6.3.1 Trace characteristics................................................................................................... 177
6.6.3.2 Trace copy...................................................................................................................183
6.6.3.3 Trace export and import.............................................................................................. 183
6.6.3.4 Trace mathematics......................................................................................................188
6.6.3.5 Formats for returned values: ASCII format and binary format.................................... 189
6.6.4 Marker......................................................................................................................... 190
6.6.4.1 Individual marker setup............................................................................................... 190
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6.6.4.2 General marker settings..............................................................................................195
6.6.4.3 Marker search............................................................................................................. 196
6.6.4.4 Positioning markers.....................................................................................................197
6.6.4.5 Retrieving marker positions.........................................................................................201
6.6.5 Limit lines.................................................................................................................... 203
6.6.5.1 Managing limit lines.....................................................................................................203
6.6.5.2 Designing limit lines.................................................................................................... 207
6.6.5.3 Reading out the results of a limit check...................................................................... 213
6.6.5.4 Programming Example: Using Limit Lines.................................................................. 214
6.7 Using the status register.......................................................................................... 215
6.7.1 Status registers for phase noise measurements.........................................................215
6.7.1.1 STATus:QUEStionable register...................................................................................217
6.7.1.2 STATus:QUEStionable:POWer register...................................................................... 217
Contents
6.7.1.3 STATus:QUEStionable:LIMit register.......................................................................... 218
6.7.1.4 STATus:QUEStionable:PNOise register......................................................................218
6.7.1.5 Status register remote commands.............................................................................. 219
List of commands.............................................................................. 222
Index....................................................................................................228
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Contents
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1 Welcome to the phase noise measurement
application
The R&S FSMR3-B60/B64 is a hardware application that adds functionality to measure
the phase noise characteristics of a device under test with the R&S FSMR3 measuring
receiver.
This user manual contains a description of the functionality that the application provides, including remote control operation.
Functions that are not discussed in this manual are described in the R&S FSMR3 User
Manual.
The latest versions of the manuals are available for download at the product homepage.
http://www.rohde-schwarz.com/product/FSMR3000.html.
Installation
Welcome to the phase noise measurement application
Starting the application
Find detailed installing instructions in the Getting Started or the release notes of the
R&S FSMR3.
● Starting the application..............................................................................................9
● Understanding the display information....................................................................10
● R&S multiview.........................................................................................................14
● Running a sequence of measurements.................................................................. 14
1.1 Starting the application
The phase noise measurement application adds a new type of measurement to the
R&S FSMR3.
To activate the the Phase Noise application
1. Select the [MODE] key.
A dialog box opens that contains all operating modes and applications currently
available on your R&S FSMR3.
2. Select the "Phase Noise" item.
The R&S FSMR3 opens a new measurement channel for the Phase Noise application.
All settings specific to phase noise measurements are in their default state.
For details see Chapter 2.3, "Selecting measurements", on page 22.
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Multiple Measurement Channels and Sequencer Function
When you enter an application, a new measurement channel is created which determines the measurement settings for that application. The same application can be activated with different measurement settings by creating several channels for the same
application.
The number of channels that can be configured at the same time depends on the available memory on the instrument.
Only one measurement can be performed at any time, namely the one in the currently
active channel. However, in order to perform the configured measurements consecutively, a Sequencer function is provided.
If activated, the measurements configured in the currently active channels are performed one after the other in the order of the tabs. The currently active measurement is
indicated by a
are updated in the tabs (as well as the "MultiView") as the measurements are performed. Sequential operation itself is independent of the currently displayed tab.
For details on the Sequencer function see the R&S FSMR3 User Manual.
Welcome to the phase noise measurement application
Understanding the display information
symbol in the tab label. The result displays of the individual channels
1.2 Understanding the display information
The following figure shows the display as it looks for phase noise measurements. All
different information areas are labeled. They are explained in more detail in the following sections.
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Welcome to the phase noise measurement application
Understanding the display information
1
2 3
4
5
6
7
Figure 1-1: Screen layout of the phase noise measurement application
1 = Channel bar
2+3 = Diagram header
4 = Result display
5 = Measurement status
6 = Diagram footer
7 = Status bar
For a description of the elements not described below, please refer to the Getting Started of the R&S FSMR3.
Measurement status
The application shows the progress of the measurement in a series of green bars at
the bottom of the diagram area. For each half decade in the measurement, the applications adds a bar that spans the frequency range of the corresponding half decade.
The bar has several features.
●
The numbers within the green bar show the progress of the measurement(s) in the
half decade the application currently works on.
The first number is the current, the second number the total count of measurements for that half decade. The last number is the time the measurement requires.
●
A double-click on the bar opens an input field to define the number of averages for
that half decade.
●
A right-click on the bar opens a context menu.
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Channel bar information
The channel bar contains information about the current measurement setup, progress
and results.
Figure 1-2: Channel bar of the phase noise application
Welcome to the phase noise measurement application
Understanding the display information
The context menu provides easy access to various parameters (resolution bandwidth, sweep mode etc.) that define the measurement characteristics for a half
decade. The values in parentheses are the currently selected values.
Frequency Frequency the R&S FSMR3 has been tuned to.
The frontend frequency is the expected frequency of the carrier. When frequency tracking or verification is on, the application might adjust the frontend
frequency.
Ref Level & Att Reference level (first value) and attenuation (second value) of the
R&S FSMR3.
When level tracking or verification is on, the application might adjust the fron-
tend level.
Measurement Complete phase noise measurement range. For more information see Chap-
ter 3.5.1, "Measurement range", on page 44.
Measured Level DUT level that has been actually measured.
The measured level might differ from the frontend level, e.g. if you are using
level verification.
Initial Delta Difference between the nominal level and the first level that has been mea-
sured.
Drift Difference between the 1st level that has been measured and the level that
has been measured last.
In continuous sweep mode, the drift is the difference between the 1st level that
has been measured in the 1st sweep and the level that has been measured
last.
Measured Frequency DUT frequency that has been actually measured.
The measured frequency might differ from the frontend frequency, e.g. if you
are using level verification.
Initial Delta Difference between the nominal frequency and the first frequency that has
been measured.
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Drift Difference between the 1st frequency that has been measured and the fre-
SGL [#/#] Sweep mode (single or continuous). If you use trace averaging, it also shows
The following two figures show the relations between the frequency and level errors.
Figure 1-3: Frequency errors
f
front
f
meas_x
Welcome to the phase noise measurement application
quency that has been measured last.
In continuous sweep mode, the drift is the difference between the 1st fre-
quency that has been measured in the 1st sweep and the frequency that has
been measured last.
the current measurement number out of the total number of measurements.
f
f
meas_3
front
= initial frequency set on the frontend
= actual frequency that has been measured
f
meas_2
Understanding the display information
initial
offset
frequency
drift
f
meas_1
f
meas_4
f
P
P
meas_2
P
front
P
meas_1
P
meas_3
initial
offset
level drift
Figure 1-4: Level errors
P
= reference level if tracking = off
front
P
= initial reference level if tracking = on
front
P
= becomes reference level after first sweep if tracking = on
meas_1
P
= becomes reference level after second sweep if tracking = on
meas_2
P
= becomes reference level after third sweep if tracking = on
meas_3
Window title bar information
For each diagram, the header provides the following information:
Figure 1-5: Window title bar information of the phase noise application
1 = Window number
2 = Window type
3 = Trace color and number
4 = Trace mode
5 = Smoothing state and degree
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Status bar information
Global instrument settings, the instrument status and any irregularities are indicated in
the status bar beneath the diagram. Furthermore, the progress of the current operation
is displayed in the status bar.
1.3 R&S multiview
Each application is displayed in a separate tab. An additional tab ("MultiView") provides
an overview of all currently active channels at a glance. In the "MultiView" tab, each
individual window contains its own channel bar with an additional button. Select this
button to switch to the corresponding channel display quickly.
Welcome to the phase noise measurement application
Running a sequence of measurements
Remote command:
DISPlay:FORMat on page 166
1.4 Running a sequence of measurements
Only one measurement can be performed at any time, namely the one in the currently
active channel. However, in order to perform the configured measurements consecutively, a Sequencer function is provided.
● The sequencer concept...........................................................................................15
● Sequencer settings................................................................................................. 17
● How to set up the sequencer.................................................................................. 17
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1.4.1 The sequencer concept
The instrument can only activate one specific channel at any time. Thus, only one
measurement can be performed at any time, namely the one in the currently active
channel. However, in order to perform the configured measurements consecutively, a
Sequencer function is provided, which changes the channel of the instrument as
required. If activated, the measurements configured in the currently defined "Channel"s
are performed one after the other in the order of the tabs.
For each individual measurement, the sweep count is considered. Thus, each measurement may consist of several sweeps. The currently active measurement is indicated by a
The result displays of the individual channels are updated in the tabs as the measurements are performed. Sequential operation itself is independent of the currently dis-
played tab.
Sequencer modes
Three different Sequencer modes are available:
Welcome to the phase noise measurement application
Running a sequence of measurements
symbol in the tab label.
●
Single Sequence
Similar to single sweep mode; each measurement is performed once, until all measurements in all defined "Channel"s have been performed.
●
Continuous Sequence
Similar to continuous sweep mode; the measurements in each defined "Channel"
are performed one after the other, repeatedly, in the same order, until sequential
operation is stopped. This is the default Sequencer mode.
●
Channel-defined Sequence
First, a single sequence is performed. Then, only "Channel"s in continuous sweep
mode are repeated continuously.
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Example: Sequencer procedure
Assume the following active channel definition:
Welcome to the phase noise measurement application
Running a sequence of measurements
Tab name Application Sweep mode Sweep count
Spectrum Spectrum Cont. Sweep 5
Spectrum 2 Spectrum Single Sweep 6
Spectrum 3 Spectrum Cont. Sweep 2
IQ Analyzer IQ Analyzer Single Sweep 7
For Single Sequence, the following sweeps will be performed:
5x Spectrum, 6x Spectrum 2, 2 x Spectrum 3, 7x IQ Analyzer
For Continuous Sequence, the following sweeps will be performed:
5x Spectrum, 6x Spectrum 2, 2 x Spectrum 3, 7x IQ Analyzer,
5x Spectrum, 6x Spectrum 2, 2 x Spectrum 3, 7x IQ Analyzer,
...
For Channel-defined Sequence, the following sweeps will be performed:
5x Spectrum, 6x Spectrum 2, 2 x Spectrum 3, 7x IQ Analyzer,
5x Spectrum, 2 x Spectrum 3,
5x Spectrum, 2 x Spectrum 3,
...
Run Single/Run Cont and Single Sweep/Sweep Continuous keys
While the Sequencer is active, the [Run Single] and [Run Cont] keys control the
Sequencer, not individual sweeps. [Run Single] starts the Sequencer in single mode,
while [Run Cont] starts the Sequencer in continuous mode.
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The "Single Sweep" and "Continuous Sweep"softkeys control the sweep mode for the
currently selected channel only; the sweep mode only has an effect the next time the
Sequencer activates that channel, and only for a channel-defined sequence. In this
case, a channel in single sweep mode is swept only once by the Sequencer. A channel
in continuous sweep mode is swept repeatedly.
1.4.2 Sequencer settings
The "Sequencer" menu is available from the toolbar.
Sequencer State........................................................................................................... 17
Sequencer Mode...........................................................................................................17
Sequencer State
Activates or deactivates the Sequencer. If activated, sequential operation according to
the selected Sequencer mode is started immediately.
Remote command:
SYSTem:SEQuencer on page 114
INITiate:SEQuencer:IMMediate on page 113
INITiate:SEQuencer:ABORt on page 113
Welcome to the phase noise measurement application
Running a sequence of measurements
Sequencer Mode
Defines how often which measurements are performed. The currently selected mode
softkey is highlighted blue. During an active Sequencer process, the selected mode
softkey is highlighted orange.
"Single Sequence"
Each measurement is performed once, until all measurements in all
active channels have been performed.
"Continuous Sequence"
The measurements in each active channel are performed one after
the other, repeatedly, in the same order, until sequential operation is
stopped.
This is the default Sequencer mode.
"Channel Defined Sequence"
First, a single sequence is performed. Then, only channels in continuous sweep mode are repeated.
Remote command:
INITiate:SEQuencer:MODE on page 113
1.4.3 How to set up the sequencer
In order to perform the configured measurements consecutively, a Sequencer function
is provided.
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1. Configure a channel for each measurement configuration as required, including the
2. In the toolbar, select the "Sequencer" icon.
3. Toggle the "Sequencer" softkey to "On".
4. To change the Sequencer mode and start a new sequence immediately, select the
Welcome to the phase noise measurement application
Running a sequence of measurements
sweep mode.
The "Sequencer" menu is displayed.
A continuous sequence is started immediately.
corresponding mode softkey, or press the [Run Single] or [Run Cont] key.
The measurements configured in the currently active channels are performed one
after the other in the order of the tabs until the Sequencer is stopped.
The result displays in the individual channels are updated as the measurements
are performed.
To stop the sequencer
► To stop the Sequencer temporarily, press the highlighted [Run Single] or [Run
Cont] key (not for a channel-defined sequence). To continue the Sequencer, press
the key again.
To stop the Sequencer permanently, select the "Sequencer" icon in the toolbar and
toggle the "Sequencer" softkey to "Off".
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[dBc/Hz] noise phase sideband single with
PM Residual
)(
)(2
fL
raddffL
stop
start
f
f
mm
2 Measurements and result displays
The noise performance of a DUT is usually described by various effects and signal
characteristics that can be measured by the R&S FSMR3.
The R&S FSMR3 provides several measurements, each of which analyzes different
noise characteristics for different types of signal.
All measurements support several result displays, each of which shows different
aspects of the noise characteristics of the measured signal.
● Basics on phase noise measurements................................................................... 19
● Performing measurements......................................................................................20
● Selecting measurements.........................................................................................22
● Result displays........................................................................................................23
● Result display configuration.................................................................................... 28
Measurements and result displays
Basics on phase noise measurements
2.1 Basics on phase noise measurements
2.1.1 Residual effects
Residual noise effects are modulation products that originate directly from the phase
noise. It is possible to deduct them mathematically from the phase noise of a DUT.
The application calculates three residual noise effects. All calculations are based on an
integration of the phase noise over a particular offset frequency range.
Residual PM
The residual phase modulation is the contribution of the phase noise to the output of a
PM demodulator. It is evaluated over the frequency range you have defined.
Residual FM
The residual frequency modulation is the contribution of the phase noise to the output
of an FM demodulator. It is evaluated over the frequency range you have defined.
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[Hz]frequency
[dBc/Hz] noise phase sideband single with
FM Residual
m
m
f
f
mmm
f
fL
HzdffLf
stop
start
)(
)(2
2
frequency Carrier with
[rad]ResidualPM
Jitter[s]
0
0
2ff
Jitter
The jitter is the RMS temporal fluctuation of a carrier with the given phase noise evaluated over a given frequency range of interest.
Measurements and result displays
Performing measurements
Figure 2-1: Residual noise based on an integration between 10 kHz and 100 kHz offset
2.2
Performing measurements
To start single measurements
1. Configure the measurement range you would like to measure ("Frequency" dialog
box, see Chapter 3.4, "Frequency", on page 40).
2. Configure the number of measurements you would like to perform in a single measurement ("Sweep Config" dialog box, see "Sweep/Average Count" on page 48).
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3. Define how the results are evaluated for display ("Trace" dialog box, see Chap-
4. To start the measurement, select one of the following:
5. To repeat the same number of measurements without deleting the last trace, select
To start continuous measurements
1. If you want to average the trace or search for a maximum over more (or less) than
Measurements and result displays
Performing measurements
ter 4.2, "Trace configuration", on page 65).
● [RUN SINGLE] key
● "Single Sweep" softkey in the "Sweep" menu
The defined number of sweeps are performed, then the measurement is stopped.
While the measurement is running, the [RUN SINGLE] key is highlighted. To abort
the measurement, press the [RUN SINGLE] key again. The key is no longer highlighted. The results are not deleted until a new measurement is started.
the "Continue Single Sweep" softkey in the "Sweep" menu.
10 measurements, configure the "Average/Sweep Count" ("Sweep Config" dialog
box, see "Sweep/Average Count" on page 48).
2. To start the measurement, select one of the following:
● [RUN CONT] key
● "Continuous Sweep" softkey in the "Sweep" menu
After each sweep is completed, a new one is started automatically. While the mea-
surement is running, the [RUN CONT] key is highlighted. To stop the measurement, press the [RUN CONT] key again. The key is no longer highlighted. The
results are not deleted until a new measurement is started.
Single Sweep / Run Single............................................................................................21
Continuous Sweep / Run Cont......................................................................................22
Continue Single Sweep.................................................................................................22
Single Sweep / Run Single
Initiates a single measurement. The measurement is finished after all frequencies in
the frequency list have been measured. If necessary, the application automatically
determines the reference level before starting the actual measurement.
While the measurement is running, the "Single Sweep" softkey and the [RUN SINGLE]
key are highlighted. The running measurement can be aborted by selecting the highlighted softkey or key again.
Note: Sequencer. If the Sequencer is active, the "Single Sweep" softkey only controls
the sweep mode for the currently selected channel. However, the sweep mode only
takes effect the next time the Sequencer activates that channel, and only for a channel-defined sequence. In this case, the Sequencer sweeps a channel in single sweep
mode only once.
Furthermore, the [RUN SINGLE] key controls the Sequencer, not individual sweeps.
[RUN SINGLE] starts the Sequencer in single mode.
If the Sequencer is off, only the evaluation for the currently displayed channel is updated.
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For details on the Sequencer, see Chapter 1.4.1, "The sequencer concept",
on page 15.
Remote command:
INITiate<n>[:IMMediate] on page 119
Continuous Sweep / Run Cont
Initiates a measurement and repeats it continuously until stopped. If necessary, the
application automatically determines the reference level before starting the actual measurement.
While the measurement is running, the "Continuous Sweep" softkey and the [RUN
CONT] key are highlighted. The running measurement can be aborted by selecting the
highlighted softkey or key again. The results are not deleted until a new measurement
is started.
Note: Sequencer. If the Sequencer is active, the "Continuous Sweep" softkey only controls the sweep mode for the currently selected channel. However, the sweep mode
only takes effect the next time the Sequencer activates that channel, and only for a
channel-defined sequence. In this case, a channel in continuous sweep mode is swept
repeatedly.
Furthermore, the [RUN CONT] key controls the Sequencer, not individual sweeps.
[RUN CONT] starts the Sequencer in continuous mode.
For details on the Sequencer, see Chapter 1.4.1, "The sequencer concept",
on page 15.
Remote command:
INITiate<n>:CONTinuous on page 118
Measurements and result displays
Selecting measurements
Continue Single Sweep
Repeats the number of measurements defined by the "Sweep Count", without deleting
the trace of the last measurement.
While the measurement is running, the "Continue Single Sweep" softkey and the [RUN
SINGLE] key are highlighted. The running measurement can be aborted by selecting
the highlighted softkey or key again.
Remote command:
INITiate<n>:CONMeas on page 118
2.3 Selecting measurements
Access: [MEAS]
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The R&S FSMR3 provides several noise measurements, each determining different
noise aspects of different types of signal.
Phase noise measurement........................................................................................... 23
Phase noise measurement
Provides tools to measure the noise characteristics of a continuous wave signal.
This measurement measures the combined noise characteristics of the components in
the test setup.
Remote command:
CONFigure:PNOise:MEASurement on page 117
2.4 Result displays
Result displays show different aspects of the measurement results in numerical or
graphical form.
Measurements and result displays
Result displays
Depending on the measurement, one or more result displays are supported.
●
"Noise Diagram" on page 23
●
"Integrated Measurements" on page 24
●
"Spurious List" on page 25
●
"Marker Table" on page 27
●
"Allan Variance / Allan Deviation" on page 26
Noise Diagram.............................................................................................................. 23
Integrated Measurements............................................................................................. 24
Spurious List................................................................................................................. 25
Spot Noise.....................................................................................................................26
Allan Variance / Allan Deviation.................................................................................... 26
Marker Table................................................................................................................. 27
Noise Diagram
The "Noise Diagram" result display shows the power level of the noise over a variable
frequency offset from the carrier frequency.
The unit of both axes in the diagram is fix. The x-axis always shows the offset frequencies in relation to the carrier frequency on a logarithmic scale in Hz. It always has a
logarithmic scale to make sure of an equal representation of offsets near and far away
from the carrier. The range of offsets that the x-axis shows is variable and depends on
the measurement range you have defined and the scope of the x-axis that you have
set.
The y-axis always shows the noise power level contained in a 1 Hz bandwidth in relation to the level of the carrier.
The unit of the y-axis depends on which version of the "Noise Spectrum" diagram you
have selected.
●
"Noise Spectrum": Default display showing the single sideband phase noise with
linear y-axis in dBc/Hz.
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●
●
●
●
The scale of the y-axis is variable. Usually it is best to use the automatic scaling that
the application provides, because it makes sure that the whole trace is always visible.
You can, however, also customize the range, the minimum and the maximum values
on the y-axis by changing the y-axis scale.
The measurement results are displayed as traces in the diagram area. Up to six active
traces at any time are possible. Each of those can have a different setup and thus
show different aspects of the measurement results.
In the default state, the application shows two traces. A yellow one and a blue one.
Both result from the same measurement data, but have been evaluated differently. On
the first trace, smoothing has been applied, the second one shows the raw data.
The diagram also contains a grey area in its default state. This trace represents the
cross-correlation gain indicator.
Remote command:
TRACe<n>[:DATA]? on page 126
Measurements and result displays
Result displays
– "PN Noise Spectrum": Preconfigured for phase noise measurements.
– "AM Noise Spectrum": Preconfigured for AM noise measurements.
"Noise Spectrum L(f)": Same as the "Noise Spectrum" without AM noise calculation.
"Noise Spectrum SΦ(f)": Display showing the spectral density of phase fluctuations
with linear y-axis in dB/Hz.
"Noise Spectrum Sv(f)": Display showing the spectral density of frequency fluctuations with logarithmic y-axis in Hz/sqrt(Hz).
"Noise Spectrum Sy(f)": Display showing the spectral density of fractional frequency fluctuations with logarithmic y-axis in 1/sqrt(Hz).
The R&S FSMR3 adjusts numerical results like integrated measurements and spot
noise accordingly. AM noise calculation is only supported by the "Noise Spectrum"
result display.
Integrated Measurements
The "Integrated Measurements" result display summarizes the residual effects results
in a table.
The table consists of up to four rows with each row representing a different integration
interval. Each row basically contains the same information, which depends on the
residual effects configuration.
Result Description
Wnd Shows the number of the measurement window the
integration is done in (usually "1", unless you have
several noise diagrams open at the same time).
Range Shows the index of the integration range (1 to 4).
Trace Shows the number of the trace the integration is
applied to.
Start / Stop Offset Shows the start and stop offset of the integration
interval.
Weighting Shows the name of the weighting filter, if you have
applied one.
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Result Description
Int Noise Shows the integrated noise.
PM Shows the residual PM result in degrees and rad.
FM / AM Shows the residual FM results in Hz or the residual
Jitter Shows the jitter in seconds.
Remote command:
Int. PHN: FETCh<n>[:RANGe<j>]:PNOise<t>:IPN? on page 122
FM: FETCh<n>[:RANGe<j>]:PNOise<t>:RFM? on page 123
AM: FETCh<n>[:RANGe<j>]:PNOise<t>:RAM? on page 122
PM: FETCh<n>[:RANGe<j>]:PNOise<t>:RPM? on page 124
Jitter: FETCh<n>[:RANGe<j>]:PNOise<t>:RMS? on page 123
Measurements and result displays
Result displays
The integral is calculated over the frequency range
defined by the "Start" and "Stop" values.
(Only available for Phase Noise traces.)
AM results in %, depending on the trace configura-
tion.
(Only available for Phase Noise traces.)
(Only available for Phase Noise traces.)
Spurious List
Spurs are peak levels at one or more offset frequencies and are caused mostly by
interfering signals. The "Spurious List" result display shows the location of all detected
spurs in a table.
Note that only signals above a certain threshold are regarded as spurs. This threshold
is also considered in the spurious list if spur removal has been turned off for a trace.
The table consists of a variable number of rows. For each detected spur, the table
shows several results.
Wnd Shows the number of the measurement window the
spur is in (usually "1", unless you have several noise
diagrams open at the same time).
Trace Shows the trace that the spur is on.
Spur Shows the spur number. Spurs are sorted by their
frequency, beginning with the spur with the lowest
frequency.
Offset Shows the position (offset frequency) of the spur.
Power Shows the power level of the spur in dBc.
Jitter Shows the jitter value of the spur in s.
In addition to the jitter for each spur, the result display also shows the discrete jitter and the random jitter at the end of the table.
●
The discrete jitter is the RMS average of all
individual spur jitter values.
●
The random jitter is the jitter contribution of the
phase noise without spurs.
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Remote command:
FETCh<n>:PNOise<t>:SPURs? on page 120
FETCh<n>:PNOise<t>:SPURs:JITTer? on page 121
FETCh<n>:PNOise<t>:SPURs:DISCrete? on page 121
FETCh<n>:PNOise<t>:SPURs:RANDom? on page 121
Spot Noise
The "Spot Noise" result display shows the noise at a certain frequency offset (or spot)
that is part of the measurement range. It is thus like a fixed marker.
The unit of spot noise results is dBc/Hz. The application shows the results in a table.
The table consists of a variable number of 10x frequencies (depending on the mea-
surement range), and a maximum of six user frequencies, with each row containing the
spot noise information for a particular frequency offset.
The spot noise information is made up out of several values.
Offset Frequency Shows the offset frequency the spot noise is evalu-
Measurements and result displays
Result displays
ated for. You can add any offset that is part of the
measurement range.
The number in brackets (T<x>) indicates the trace
the result refers to.
Noise[T<x>] Shows the noise for the corresponding offset fre-
quency.
The number in brackets (T<x>) indicates the trace
the result refers to.
Remote command:
Querying spot noise results on 10x offset frequencies:
CALCulate<n>:SNOise<s>[:TRACe<t>]:DECades:X? on page 125
CALCulate<n>:SNOise<s>[:TRACe<t>]:DECades:Y? on page 125
Querying custom spot noise results:
CALCulate<n>:SNOise<s>[:TRACe<t>]:Y? on page 126
Allan Variance / Allan Deviation
The "Allan Variance" and "Allan Deviation" result displays are tools to determine the
frequency stability of a DUT over a long period of time (days or even months).
Frequency stability is a measure of how well a DUT is able to produce its specified frequency over time without deviating from that frequency. Because of the noise characteristics of oscillators, standard variance or deviation are not really applicable. Instead
the Allan variance and deviation are the tools of choice for these statistical evaluations.
Like the standard deviation, the Allan variance and deviation show how much the frequency of the DUT deviates from its specified (= average) value. Also like the standard
variance and deviation, the deviation is the square root of the variance.
The R&S FSMR3 calculates the Allan variance from the phase noise spectrum using
the following relationship:
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fh= integration bandwidth
Sy= spectral density of fractional frequency fluctuations
τ
= observation time
f = offset frequency
Overall, low values, both variance and deviation, correspond to a stable DUT, high values to an unstable DUT.
When you measure the stability of an oscillator, the resulting curve has a characteristic
shape. The shape is the same for variance and deviation.
The point of interest in the diagram is the minimum of the curve. First, the deviation is
high, because of noise. During the progression of the observation, the noise averages
out until the minimum is reached. The minimum thus corresponds to the point in time
when the deviation from the specified frequency is at its lowest. After that, the stability
deteriorates due to temperature effects and aging.
From the slope of the curve, you can also identify the type of noise that is in effect
(white noise, flicker phase, white frequency, flicker frequency, random walk).
For a comprehensive discussion of the Allan variance, refer to application note 1EF69:
Time Domain Oscillator Stability Measurement - Allan Variance.
The logarithmic x-axis corresponds to the observation time ("Tau"). Note that Tau is not
the measurement time, but the evaluated time - the measurement lasts longer than
Tau. Because the R&S FSMR3 calculates the Allan variance based on the measurement range of the phase noise measurement (offset frequency), the observation time
corresponds to the measurement range and vice versa.
The start time also defines the measurement bandwidth or integration bandwidth (fh in
the equation above):
Measurements and result displays
Result displays
The measurement bandwidth is displayed in the diagram area.
The y-axis shows the variance or deviation. It also has a logarithmic scale.
Remote command:
Trace data: TRACe<n>[:DATA]? on page 126
Measurement bandwidth: [SENSe:]BWIDth:MEASurement? on page 124
Marker Table
Displays a table with the current marker values for the active markers.
This table is displayed automatically if configured accordingly.
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Tip: To navigate within long marker tables, simply scroll through the entries with your
finger on the touchscreen.
Remote command:
LAY:ADD? '1',RIGH, MTAB, see LAYout:ADD[:WINDow]? on page 167
Results:
CALCulate<n>:MARKer<m>:X on page 195
2.5 Result display configuration
Measurement results can be evaluated in many different ways, for example graphically,
as summary tables, statistical evaluations. Thus, the result display is highly configurable to suit your specific requirements and optimize analysis. Here you can find out how
to optimize the display for your measurement results.
● Basic result displays................................................................................................28
● Laying out the result display with the smartgrid...................................................... 28
Measurements and result displays
Result display configuration
2.5.1 Basic result displays
Measurement results can be displayed and evaluated using various different methods,
also at the same time. Depending on the currently selected measurement, in particular
when using optional firmware applications, not all evaluation methods are available.
The result displays described here are available for most measurements in the phase
noise application.
2.5.2 Laying out the result display with the smartgrid
Measurement results can be evaluated in many different ways, for example graphically,
as summary tables, statistical evaluations etc. Each type of evaluation is displayed in a
separate window in the channel tab. Up to 16 individual windows can be displayed per
channel (i.e. per tab). To arrange the diagrams and tables on the screen, the Rohde &
Schwarz SmartGrid function helps you find the target position simply and quickly.
Principally, the layout of the windows on the screen is based on an underlying grid, the
SmartGrid. However, the SmartGrid is dynamic and flexible, allowing for many different
layout possibilities. The SmartGrid functionality provides the following basic features:
●
Windows can be arranged in columns or in rows, or in a combination of both.
●
Windows can be arranged in up to four rows and four columns.
●
Windows are moved simply by dragging them to a new position on the screen, possibly changing the layout of the other windows, as well.
●
All evaluation methods available for the currently selected measurement are displayed as icons in the evaluation bar. If the evaluation bar contains more icons
than can be displayed at once on the screen, it can be scrolled vertically. The same
evaluation method can be displayed in multiple windows simultaneously.
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●
●
● Background information: the smartgrid principle.....................................................29
● How to activate smartgrid mode..............................................................................30
● How to add a new result window.............................................................................31
● How to close a result window..................................................................................31
● How to arrange the result windows.........................................................................32
2.5.2.1 Background information: the smartgrid principle
SmartGrid display
Measurements and result displays
Result display configuration
New windows are added by dragging an evaluation icon from the evaluation bar to
the screen. The position of each new window depends on where you drop the evaluation icon in relation to the existing windows.
All display configuration actions are only possible in SmartGrid mode. When SmartGrid mode is activated, the evaluation bar replaces the current softkey menu display. When the SmartGrid mode is deactivated again, the previous softkey menu
display is restored.
During any positioning action, the underlying SmartGrid is displayed. Different colors
and frames indicate the possible new positions. The position in the SmartGrid where
you drop the window determines its position on the screen.
Figure 2-2: Moving a window in SmartGrid mode
The brown area indicates the possible "drop area" for the window, i.e. the area in which
the window can be placed. A blue area indicates the (approximate) layout of the window as it would be if the icon were dropped at the current position. The frames indicate
the possible destinations of the new window with respect to the existing windows:
above/below, right/left or replacement (as illustrated in Figure 2-3). If an existing window would be replaced, the drop area is highlighted in a darker color shade.
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Positioning the window
The screen can be divided into up to four rows. Each row can be split into up to four
columns, where each row can have a different number of columns. However, rows
always span the entire width of the screen and may not be interrupted by a column. A
single row is available as the drop area for the window in the SmartGrid. The row can
be split into columns, or a new row can be inserted above or below the existing row (if
the maximum of 4 has not yet been reached).
A
Measurements and result displays
Result display configuration
1
B
2 223 3
C
1
Figure 2-3: SmartGrid window positions
1 = Insert row above or below the existing row
2 = Create a new column in the existing row
3 = Replace a window in the existing row
SmartGrid functions
Once the evaluation icon has been dropped, icons in each window provide delete and
move functions.
The "Move" icon allows you to move the position of the window, possibly changing the
size and position of the other displayed windows.
The "Delete" icon allows you to close the window, enlarging the display of the remaining windows.
2.5.2.2 How to activate smartgrid mode
All display configuration actions are only possible in SmartGrid mode. In SmartGrid
mode the evaluation bar replaces the current softkey menu display. When the SmartGrid mode is deactivated again, the previous softkey menu display is restored.
► To activate SmartGrid mode, do one of the following:
●
Select the "SmartGrid" icon from the toolbar.
● Select the "Display Config" button in the configuration "Overview".
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