Rainbow Electronics AT90S2313 User Manual
Features
• Utilizes the AVR
• AVR – High-performance and Low-power RISC Architecture
– 118 Powerful Instructions – Most Single Clock Cycle Execution
– 32x8GeneralPurposeWorkingRegisters
– Up to 10 MIPS Throughput at 10 MHz
• Data and Non-volatile Program Memory
– 2K Bytes of In-System Programmable Flash
Endurance 1,000 Write/Erase Cycles
– 128 Bytes of SRAM
– 128 Bytes of In-System Programmable EEPROM
Endurance: 100,000 Write/Erase Cycles
– Programming Lock for Flash Program and EEPROM Data Security
• Peripheral Features
– One 8-bit Timer/Counter with Separate Prescaler
– One 16-bit Timer/Counter with Separate Prescaler,
Compare, Capture Modes and 8-, 9-, or 10-bit PWM
– On-chip Analog Comparator
– Programmable Watchdog Timer with On-chip Oscillator
– SPI Serial Interface for In-System Programming
–FullDuplexUART
• • Special Microcontroller Features
– Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes
– External and Internal Interrupt Sources
• • Specifications
– Low-power, High-speed CMOS Process Technology
– Fully Static Operation
• Power Consumption at 4 MHz, 3V, 25°C
– Active: 2.8 mA
– Idle Mode: 0.8 mA
– Power-down Mode: <1 µA
• I/O and Packages
– 15 Programmable I/O Lines
– 20-pin PDIP and SOIC
• Operating Voltages
– 2.7 - 6.0V (AT90S2313-4)
– 4.0 - 6.0V (AT90S2313-10)
• Speed Grades
– 0 - 4 MHz (AT90S2313-4)
– 0 - 10 MHz (AT90S2313-10)
®
RISC Architecture
8-bit
Microcontroller
with 2K Bytes
of In-System
Programmable
Flash
AT90S2313
Pin Configuration
PDIP/SOIC
Rev. 0839I–AVR–06/02
1
Description The AT90S2313 is a low-power CMOS 8-bit microcontroller based on the AVR RISC
architecture. By executing powerful instructions in a single clock cycle, the AT90S2313
achieves throughputs approaching 1 MIPS per MHz allowing the system designer to
optimize power consumption versus processing speed.
The AVR core combines a rich instruction set with 32 general purpose working registers.
All the 32 registers are directly connected to the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), allowing
two independent registers to be accessed in one single instruction executed in one clock
cycle. The resulting architecture is more code efficient while achieving throughputs up to
ten times faster than conventional CISC microcontrollers.
Figure 1. The AT90S2313 Block Diagram
The AT90S2313 provides the following features: 2K bytes of In-System Programmable
Flash, 128 bytes EEPROM, 128 bytes SRAM, 15 general purpose I/O lines, 32 general
purpose working registers, flexible Timer/Counters with compare modes, internal and
external interrupts, a programmable serial UART, programmable Watchdog Timer with
internal Oscillator, an SPI serial port for Flash memory downloading and two software
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AT90S2313
0839I–AVR–06/02
selectable power-saving modes. The Idle mode stops the CPU while allowing the
SRAM, Timer/Counters, SPI port and interrupt system to continue functioning. The
Power-down mode saves the register contents but freezes the Oscillator, disabling all
other chip functions until the next external interrupt or Hardware Reset.
The device is manufactured using Atmel’s high-density non-volatile memory technology.
The On-chip In-System Programmable Flash allows the Program memory to be reprogrammed in-system through an SPI serial interface or by a conventional non-volatile
memory programmer. By combining an enhanced RISC 8-bit CPU with In-System Programmable Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT90S2313 is a powerful
microcontroller that provides a highly flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications.
The AT90S2313 AVR is supported with a full suite of program and system development
tools including: C compilers, macro assemblers, program debugger/simulators, In-Circuit Emulators and evaluation kits.
Pin Descriptions
VCC Supply voltage pin.
GND Ground pin.
AT90S2313
Port B (PB7..PB0) Port B is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port. Port pins can provide internal pull-up resistors
(selected for each bit). PB0 and PB1 also serve as the positive input (AIN0) and the
negative input (AIN1), respectively, of the On-chip Analog Comparator. The Port B output buffers can sink 20 mA and can drive LED displays directly. When pins PB0 to PB7
are used as inputs and are externally pulled low, they will source current if the internal
pull-up resistors are activated. The Port B pins are tri-stated when a reset condition
becomes active, even if the clock is not active.
Port B also serves the functions of various special features of the AT90S2313 as listed
on page 51.
Port D (PD6..PD0) Port D has seven bi-directional I/O ports with internal pull-up resistors, PD6..PD0. The
Port D output buffers can sink 20 mA. As inputs, Port D pins that are externally pulled
low will source current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port D pins are tri-stated
when a reset condition becomes active, even if the clock is not active.
Port D also serves the functions of various special features of the AT90S2313 as listed
on page 56.
RESET
XTAL1 Input to the inverting Oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit.
XTAL2 Output from the inverting Oscillator amplifier.
Reset input. A low level on this pin for more than 50 ns will generate a Reset, even if the
clock is not running. Shorter pulses are not guaranteed to generate a Reset.
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3
Crystal Oscillator XTAL1 and XTAL2 are input and output, respectively, of an inverting amplifier that can
be configured for use as an On-chip Oscillator, as shown in Figure 2. Either a quartz
crystal or a ceramic resonator may be used. To drive the device from an external clock
source, XTAL2 should be left unconnected while XTAL1 is driven, as shown in Figure 3.
Figure 2. Oscillator Connections
MAX 1 HC BUFFER
HC
C2
C1
Note: When using the MCU Oscillator as a clock for an external device, an HC buffer should be
connected as indicated in the figure.
XTAL2
XTAL1
GND
Figure 3. External Clock Drive Configuration
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AT90S2313
Architectural Overview
The fast-access Register File concept contains 32 x 8-bit general purpose working registers with a single clock cycle access time. This means that during one single clock
cycle, one ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit) operation is executed. Two operands are output
from the Register File, the operation is executed, and the result is stored back in the
Register File – in one clock cycle.
Figure 4. The AT90S2313 AVR RISC Architecture
0839I–AVR–06/02
Six of the 32 registers can be used as three 16-bit indirect address register pointers for
Data Space addressing – enabling efficient address calculations. One of the three
address pointers is also used as the address pointer for the constant table look-up function. These added function registers are the 16-bit X-register, Y-register, and Z-register.
The ALU supports arithmetic and logic functions between registers or between a constant and a register. Single register operations are also executed in the ALU. Figure 4
shows the AT90S2313 AVR RISC microcontroller architecture.
In addition to the register operation, the conventional memory addressing modes can be
used on the Register File as well. This is enabled by the fact that the Register File is
assigned the 32 lowermost Data Space addresses ($00 - $1F), allowing them to be
accessed as though they were ordinary memory locations.
5
The I/O memory space contains 64 addresses for CPU peripheral functions such as
control registers, Timer/Counters, A/D converters and other I/O functions. The I/O memory can be accessed directly or as the Data Space locations following those of the
Register File, $20 - $5F.
The AVR has Harvard architecture – with separate memories and buses for program
and data. The program memory is accessed with a 2-stage pipeline. While one instruction is being executed, the next instruction is pre-fetched from the program memory.
This concept enables instructions to be executed in every clock cycle. The program
memory is In-System Programmable Flash memory.
With the relative jump and call instructions, the whole 1K address space is directly
accessed. Most AVR instructions have a single 16-bit word format. Every program
memory address contains a 16- or 32-bit instruction.
During interrupts and subroutine calls, the return address Program Counter (PC) is
stored on the Stack. The Stack is effectively allocated in the general data SRAM, and
consequently the stack size is only limited by the total SRAM size and the usage of the
SRAM. All user programs must initialize the SP in the reset routine (before subroutines
or interrupts are executed). The 8-bit Stack Pointer (SP) is read/write accessible in the
I/O space.
The 128 bytes data SRAM + Register File and I/O Registers can be easily accessed
through the five different addressing modes supported in the AVR architecture.
The memory spaces in the AVR architecture are all linear and regular memory maps.
Figure 5. Memory Maps
A flexible interrupt module has its control registers in the I/O space with an additional
Global Interrupt Enable bit in the Status Register. All the different interrupts have a separate Interrupt Vector in the Interrupt Vector table at the beginning of the program
memory. The different interrupts have priority in accordance with their Interrupt Vector
position. The lower the Interrupt Vector address, the higher the priority.
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AT90S2313
General Purpose Register File
Figure 6 shows the structure of the 32 general purpose registers in the CPU.
Figure 6. AVR CPU General Purpose Working Registers
70Addr.
R0 $00
R1 $01
R2 $02
…
R13 $0D
General R14 $0E
Purpose R15 $0F
Working R16 $10
Registers R17 $11
…
R26 $1A X-register Low Byte
R27 $1B X-register High Byte
R28 $1C Y-register Low Byte
R29 $1D Y-register High Byte
R30 $1E Z-register Low Byte
R31 $1F Z-register High Byte
All the register operating instructions in the instruction set have direct and single-cycle
access to all registers. The only exception is the five constant arithmetic and logic
instructions SBCI, SUBI, CPI, ANDI, ORI between a constant and a register and the LDI
instruction for load immediate constant data. These instructions apply to the second half
of the registers in the Register File (R16..R31). The general SBC, SUB, CP, AND, OR,
and all other operations between two registers or on a single register apply to the entire
Register File.
X-register, Y-register, and Zregister
As shown in Figure 6, each register is also assigned a data memory address, mapping
them directly into the first 32 locations of the user Data Space. Although the Register
File is not physically implemented as SRAM locations, this memory organization provides great flexibility in access of the registers, as the X-, Y-, and Z-registers can be set
to index any register in the file.
The registers R26..R31 have some added functions to their general purpose usage.
These registers are the address pointers for indirect addressing of the Data Space. The
three indirect address registers X, Y and Z are defined in Figure 7.
Figure 7. X-, Y-, and Z-Registers
15 0
X-register 7 0 7 0
R27 ($1B) R26 ($1A)
15 0
Y-register 7 0 7 0
R29 ($1D) R28 ($1C)
15 0
Z-register 7 0 7 0
R31 ($1F) R30 ($1E)
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In the different addressing modes these address registers have functions as fixed displacement, automatic increment and decrement (see the descriptions for the different
instructions).
ALU – Arithmetic Logic Unit
In-SystemProgrammable Flash Program Memory
The high-performance AVR ALU operates in direct connection with all the 32 general
purpose working registers. Within a single clock cycle, ALU operations between registers in the Register File are executed. The ALU operations are divided into three main
categories – arithmetic, logical, and bit functions.
The AT90S2313 contains 2K bytes On-chip In-System Programmable Flash memory for
program storage. Since all instructions are 16- or 32-bit words, the Flash is organized as
1K x 16. The Flash memory has an endurance of at least 1,000 write/erase cycles.
The AT90S2313 Program Counter (PC) is 10 bits wide, thus addressing the 1,024 program memory addresses.
See page 60 for a detailed description on Flash data downloading. See page 10 for the
different addressing modes.
EEPROM Data Memory The AT90S2313 contains 128 bytes of EEPROM data memory. It is organized as a sep-
arate data space in which single bytes can be read and written. The EEPROM has an
endurance of at least 100,000 write/erase cycles. The access between the EEPROM
and the CPU is described on page 39, specifying the EEPROM Address Register, the
EEPROM Data Register and the EEPROM Control Register.
For the SPI data downloading, see page 68 for a detailed description.
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AT90S2313
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SRAM Data Memory Figure 8 shows how the AT90S2313 data memory is organized.
Figure 8. SRAM Organization
Register File Data Address Space
R0 $00
R1 $01
R2 $02
……
R29 $1D
R30 $1E
R31 $1F
I/O Registers
$00 $20
$01 $21
$02 $22
……
$3D $5D
$3E $5E
$3F $5F
AT90S2313
Internal SRAM
$60
$61
$62
…
$DD
$DE
$DF
The 224 data memory locations address the Register File, I/O memory and the data
SRAM. The first 96 locations address the Register File + I/O memory, and the next 128
locations address the data SRAM.
The five different addressing modes for the data memory cover: Direct, Indirect with Displacement, Indirect, Indirect with Pre-decrement and Indirect with Post-increment. In the
Register File, registers R26 to R31 feature the indirect addressing pointer registers.
The Direct addressing reaches the entire data address space.
The Indirect with Displacement mode features 63 address locations reached from the
base address given by the Y- and Z-registers.
When using register indirect addressing modes with automatic pre-decrement and postincrement, the address registers X, Y, and Z are used and decremented and
incremented.
The 32 general purpose working registers, 64 I/O Registers and the 128 bytes of data
SRAM in the AT90S2313 are all directly accessible through all these addressing modes.
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Program and Data Addressing Modes
The AT90S2313 AVR RISC microcontroller supports powerful and efficient addressing
modes for access to the Program memory (Flash) and Data memory. This section
describes the different addressing modes supported by the AVR architecture. In the figures, OP means the operation code part of the instruction word. To simplify, not all
figures show the exact location of the addressing bits.
Register Direct, Single Register Rd
Register Direct, Two Registers Rd and Rr
Figure 9. Direct Single Register Addressing
The operand is contained in register d (Rd).
Figure 10. Direct Register Addressing, Two Registers
Operands are contained in register r (Rr) and d (Rd). The result is stored in register d
(Rd).
I/O Direct Figure 11. I/O Direct Addressing
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0839I–AVR–06/02
Operand address is contained in 6 bits of the instruction word. n is the destination or
source register address.
Data Direct Figure 12. Direct Data Addressing
A 16-bit data address is contained in the 16 LSBs of a 2-word instruction. Rd/Rr specify
the destination or source register.
AT90S2313
Data Indirect with Displacement
Data Indirect Figure 14. Data Indirect Addressing
Figure 13. Data Indirect with Displacement
Operand address is the result of the Y- or Z-register contents added to the address contained in 6 bits of the instruction word.
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Operand address is the contents of the X-, Y-, or Z-register.
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Data Indirect with Predecrement
Figure 15. Data Indirect Addressing with Pre-decrement
The X-, Y-, or Z-register is decremented before the operation. Operand address is the
decremented contents of the X-, Y-, or Z-register.
Data Indirect with Postincrement
Constant Addressing Using the LPM Instruction
Figure 16. Data Indirect Addressing with Post-increment
The X-, Y-, or Z-register is incremented after the operation. Operand address is the contents of the X-, Y-, or Z-register prior to incrementing.
Figure 17. Code Memory Constant Addressing
12
Constant byte address is specified by the Z-register contents. The 15 MSBs select word
address (0 - 1K), the LSB selects low byte if cleared (LSB = 0) or high byte if set (LSB =
1).
AT90S2313
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AT90S2313
Indirect Program Addressing, IJMP and ICALL
Relative Program Addressing, RJMP and RCALL
Figure 18. Indirect Program Memory Addressing
Program execution continues at address contained by the Z-register (i.e., the PC is
loaded with the contents of the Z-register).
Figure 19. Relative Program Memory Addressing
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Program execution continues at address PC + k + 1. The relative address k is -2048 to
2047.
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Memory Access and Instruction Execution Timing
This section describes the general access timing concepts for instruction execution and
internal memory access.
TheAVRCPUisdrivenbytheSystemClockØ, directly generated from the external
clock crystal for the chip. No internal clock division is used.
Figure 20 shows the parallel instruction fetches and instruction executions enabled by
the Harvard architecture and the fast-access Register File concept. This is the basic
pipelining concept to obtain up to 1 MIPS per MHz with the corresponding unique results
for functions per cost, functions per clocks and functions per power-unit.
Figure 20. The Parallel Instruction Fetches and Instruction Executions
T1 T2 T3 T4
System Clock Ø
1st Instruction Fetch
1st Instruction Execute
2nd Instruction Fetch
2nd Instruction Execute
3rd Instruction Fetch
3rd Instruction Execute
4th Instruction Fetch
Figure 21 shows the internal timing concept for the Register File. In a single clock cycle
an ALU operation using two register operands is executed, and the result is stored back
to the destination register.
Figure 21. Single-cycle ALU Operation
T1 T2 T3 T4
System Clock Ø
Total Execution Time
Register Operands Fetch
ALU Operation Execute
Result Write Back
The internal data SRAM access is performed in two System Clock cycles as described
in Figure 22.
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AT90S2313
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Figure 22. On-chip Data SRAM Access Cycles
T1 T2 T3 T4
System Clock Ø
AT90S2313
Address
Data
WR
Data
RD
Prev. Address
Address
I/O Memory The I/O space definition of the AT90S2313 is shown in Table 1.
Table 1. AT90S2313 I/O Space
Address Hex Name Function
$3F ($5F) SREG Status Register
$3D ($5D) SPL Stack Pointer Low
$3B ($5B) GIMSK General Interrupt MaSK Register
$3A ($5A) GIFR General Interrupt Flag Register
$39 ($59) TIMSK Timer/Counter Interrupt MaSK Register
$38 ($58) TIFR Timer/Counter Interrupt Flag Register
$35 ($55) MCUCR MCU general Control Register
(1)
Write
Read
$33 ($53) TCCR0 Timer/Counter 0 Control Register
$32 ($52) TCNT0 Timer/Counter 0 (8-bit)
$2F ($4F) TCCR1A Timer/Counter 1 Control Register A
$2E ($4E) TCCR1B Timer/Counter 1 Control Register B
$2D ($4D) TCNT1H Timer/Counter 1 High Byte
$2C ($4C) TCNT1L Timer/Counter 1 Low Byte
$2B ($4B) OCR1AH Output Compare Register 1 High Byte
$2A ($4A) OCR1AL Output Compare Register 1 Low Byte
$25 ($45) ICR1H T/C 1 Input Capture Register High Byte
$24 ($44) ICR1L T/C 1 Input Capture Register Low Byte
$21 ($41) WDTCR Watchdog Timer Control Register
$1E ($3E) EEAR EEPROM Address Register
$1D ($3D) EEDR EEPROM Data Register
$1C ($3C) EECR EEPROM Control Register
$18 ($38) PORTB Data Register, Port B
$17 ($37) DDRB Data Direction Register, Port B
$16 ($36) PINB Input Pins, Port B
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Table 1. AT90S2313 I/O Space
Address Hex Name Function
$12 ($32) PORTD Data Register, Port D
$11 ($31) DDRD Data Direction Register, Port D
$10 ($30) PIND Input Pins, Port D
$0C ($2C) UDR UART I/O Data Register
$0B ($2B) USR UART Status Register
$0A ($2A) UCR UART Control Register
$09 ($29) UBRR UART Baud Rate Register
$08 ($28) ACSR Analog Comparator Control and Status Register
Note: 1. Reserved and unused locations are not shown in the table.
(1)
(Continued)
All AT90S2313 I/O and peripherals are placed in the I/O space. The I/O locations are
accessed by the IN and OUT instructions transferring data between the 32 general purpose working registers and the I/O space. I/O Registers within the address range $00 $1F are directly bit-accessible using the SBI and CBI instructions. In these registers, the
value of single bits can be checked by using the SBIS and SBIC instructions. Refer to
the instruction set section for more details. When using the I/O specific commands IN
and OUT, the I/O addresses $00 - $3F must be used. When addressing I/O Registers as
SRAM, $20 must be added to this address. All I/O Register addresses throughout this
document are shown with the SRAM address in parentheses.
For compatibility with future devices, reserved bits should be written to zero if accessed.
Reserved I/O memory addresses should never be written.
Some of the Status Flags are cleared by writing a logical “1” to them. Note that the CBI
and SBI instructions will operate on all bits in the I/O Register, writing a “1” back into any
flag read as set, thus clearing the flag. The CBI and SBI instructions work with registers
$00 to $1F only.
The I/O and peripherals control registers are explained in the following sections.
Status Register – SREG The AVR Status Register (SREG) at I/O space location $3F ($5F) is defined as:
Bit 76543210
$3F ($5F) I THSVNZCSREG
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initialvalue00000000
• Bit 7 – I: Global Interrupt Enable
The Global Interrupt Enable bit must be set (one) for the interrupts to be enabled. The
individual interrupt enable control is then performed in separate control registers. If the
Global Interrupt Enable bit is cleared (zero), none of the interrupts are enabled independent of the individual interrupt enable settings. The I-bit is cleared by hardware after an
interrupt has occurred, and is set by the RETI instruction to enable subsequent
interrupts.
•Bit6–T:BitCopyStorage
16
The Bit Copy instructions BLD (Bit LoaD) and BST (Bit STore) use the T-bit as source
and destination for the operated bit. A bit from a register in the Register File can be copied into T by the BST instruction, and a bit in T can be copied into a bit in a register in the
Register File by the BLD instruction.
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AT90S2313
• Bit 5 – H: Half-carry Flag
The Half-carry Flag H indicates a Half-carry in some arithmetic operations. See the
Instruction Set description for detailed information.
• Bit 4 – S: Sign Bit, S = N ⊕ V
The S-bit is always an exclusive or between the Negative Flag N and the Two’s Complement Overflow Flag V. See the Instruction Set description for detailed information.
• Bit 3 – V: Two’s Complement Overflow Flag
The Two’s Complement Overflow Flag V supports two’s complement arithmetics. See
the Instruction Set description for detailed information.
• Bit 2 – N: Negative Flag
The Negative Flag N indicates a negative result after the different arithmetic and logic
operations. See the Instruction Set description for detailed information.
• Bit 1 – Z: Zero Flag
The Zero Flag Z indicates a zero result after the different arithmetic and logic operations. See the Instruction Set description for detailed information.
• Bit 0 – C: Carry Flag
The Carry Flag C indicates a Carry in an arithmetic or logic operation. See the Instruction Set description for detailed information.
Note that the Status Register is not automatically stored when entering an interrupt routine and restored when returning from an interrupt routine. This must be handled by
software.
Stack Pointer – SP An 8-bit register at I/O address $3D ($5D) forms the Stack Pointer of the AT90S2313. 8
bits are used to address the 128 bytes of SRAM in locations $60 - $DF.
Bit 76543210
$3D ($5D) SP7 SP6 SP5 SP4 SP3 SP2 SP1 SP0 SPL
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initialvalue00000000
The Stack Pointer points to the data SRAM stack area where the Subroutine and Interrupt Stacks are located. This stack space in the data SRAM must be defined by the
program before any subroutine calls are executed or interrupts are enabled. The Stack
Pointer must be set to point above $60. The Stack Pointer is decremented by 1 when
data is pushed onto the stack with the PUSH instruction, and it is decremented by 2
when an address is pushed onto the stack with subroutine calls and interrupts. The
Stack Pointer is incremented by 1 when data is popped from the stack with the POP
instruction, and it is incremented by 2 when an address is popped from the stack with
return from subroutine RET or return from interrupt RETI.
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17
Reset and Interrupt Handling
The AT90S2313 provides 10 different interrupt sources. These interrupts and the separate Reset Vector each have a separate Program Vector in the program memory space.
All the interrupts are assigned individual enable bits that must be set (one) together with
the I-bit in the Status Register in order to enable the interrupt.
The lowest addresses in the Program memory space are automatically defined as the
Reset and Interrupt Vectors. The complete list of vectors is shown in Table 2. The list
also determines the priority levels of the different interrupts. The lower the address, the
higher the priority level. RESET has the highest priority, and next is INT0 (the External
Interrupt Request 0), etc.
Table 2. Reset and Interrupt Vectors
Vector No. Program Address Source Interrupt Definition
1 $000 RESET Hardware Pin, Power-on Reset and
Watchdog Reset
2 $001 INT0 External Interrupt Request 0
3 $002 INT1 External Interrupt Request 1
4 $003 TIMER1 CAPT1 Timer/Counter1 Capture Event
5 $004 TIMER1 COMP1 Timer/Counter1 Compare Match
6 $005 TIMER1 OVF1 Timer/Counter1 Overflow
7 $006 TIMER0 OVF0 Timer/Counter0 Overflow
8 $007 UART, RX UART, RX Complete
9 $008 UART, UDRE UART Data Register Empty
10 $009 UART, TX UART, TX Complete
11 $00A ANA_COMP Analog Comparator
The most typical and general program setup for the Reset and Interrupt Vector
addresses are:
Address Labels Code Comments
$000 rjmp RESET ; Reset Handler
$001 rjmp EXT_INT0 ; IRQ0 Handler
$002 rjmp EXT_INT1 ; IRQ1 Handler
$003 rjmp TIM_CAPT1 ; Timer1 Capture Handler
$004 rjmp TIM_COMP1 ; Timer1 Compare Handler
$005 rjmp TIM_OVF1 ; Timer1 Overflow Handler
$006 rjmp TIM_OVF0 ; Timer0 Overflow Handler
$007 rjmp UART_RXC ; UART RX Complete Handler
$008 rjmp UART_DRE ; UDR Empty Handler
$009 rjmp UART_TXC ; UART TX Complete Handler
$00a rjmp ANA_COMP ; Analog Comparator Handler
;
$00b MAIN: ldi r16,low(RAMEND); Main program start
$00c out SPL,r16
$00d <instr> xxx
…………
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Reset Sources The AT90S2313 has three sources of reset:
• Power-on Reset. The MCU is reset when the supply voltage is below the Power-on
Reset threshold (V
POT
).
• External Reset. The MCU is reset when a low level is present on the RESET
more than 50 ns.
• Watchdog Reset. The MCU is reset when the Watchdog Timer period expires and
the Watchdog is enabled.
During Reset, all I/O Registers are then set to their initial values, and the program starts
execution from address $000. The instruction placed in address $000 must be an RJMP
(Relative Jump) instruction to the reset handling routine. If the program never enables
an interrupt source, the Interrupt Vectors are not used, and regular program code can
be placed at these locations. The circuit diagram in Figure 23 shows the reset logic.
Table 3 defines the timing and electrical parameters of the reset circuitry.
Figure 23. Reset Logic
AT90S2313
pin for
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Table 3. Reset Characteristics (V
Symbol Parameter Min Typ Max Units
Power-on Reset Threshold Voltage (rising) 1.0 1.4 1.8 V
(1)
V
POT
V
RST
t
TOUT
t
TOUT
Note: 1. The Power-on Reset will not work unless the supply voltage has been below V
Power-on Reset Threshold Voltage (falling) 0.4 0.6 0.8 V
RESET Pin Threshold Voltage – 0.85 V
Reset Delay Time-out Period
FSTRT Unprogrammed
Reset Delay Time-out Period
FSTRT Programmed
(falling).
=5.0V)
CC
CC
11.0 16.0 21.0 ms
0.25 0.28 0.31 ms
V
POT
The user can select the start-up time according to typical Oscillator start-up. The number of WDT Oscillator cycles used for each time-out is shown in Table 4. The frequency
of the Watchdog Oscillator is voltage-dependent, as shown in “Typical Characteristics”
on page 74.
19
Table 4. Number of Watchdog Oscillator Cycles
FSTRT Time-out at VCC= 5V Number of WDT Cycles
Programmed 0.28 ms 256
Unprogrammed 16.0 ms 16K
Power-on Reset A Power-on Reset (POR) circuit ensures that the device is reset from Power-on. As
shown in Figure 23, an internal timer is clocked from the Watchdog Timer. This timer
prevents the MCU from starting until after a certain period after V
Power-on Threshold voltage (V
)(seeFigure24).TheFSTRTFusebitintheFlash
POT
has reached the
CC
can be programmed to give a shorter start-up time if a ceramic resonator or any other
fast-start Oscillator is used to clock the MCU.
If the built-in start-up delay is sufficient, RESET
an external pull-up resistor. By holding the RESET
can be connected to VCCdirectly or via
pin low for a period after VCChas
been applied, the Power-on Reset period can be extended. Refer to Figure 25 for a timing example of this.
Figure 24. MCU Start-up, RESET
V
VCC
RESET
TIME-OUT
INTERNAL
RESET
POT
V
RST
Figure 25. MCU Start-up, RESET
V
VCC
RESET
POT
Tied to VCC.
t
TOUT
Controlled Externally
V
RST
20
AT90S2313
TIME-OUT
INTERNAL
RESET
t
TOUT
0839I–AVR–06/02
AT90S2313
External Reset An External Reset is generated by a low level on the RESET pin. Reset pulses longer
than 50 ns will generate a reset, even if the clock is not running. Shorter pulses are not
guaranteed to generate a reset. When the applied signal reaches the Reset Threshold
Voltage (V
period t
Figure 26. External Reset during Operation
) on its positive edge, the delay timer starts the MCU after the Time-out
RST
has expired.
TOUT
Watchdog Reset When the Watchdog times out, it will generate a short reset pulse of one XTAL cycle
duration. On the falling edge of this pulse, the delay timer starts counting the Time-out
period t
. Refer to page 37 for details on operation of the Watchdog.
TOUT
Figure 27. Watchdog Reset during Operation
Interrupt Handling The AT90S2313 has two 8-bit Interrupt Mask Control Registers: the GIMSK (General
Interrupt Mask Register) and the TIMSK (Timer/Counter Interrupt Mask Register).
When an interrupt occurs, the Global Interrupt Enable I-bit is cleared (zero) and all interrupts are disabled. The user software can set (one) the I-bit to enable interrupts. The Ibit is set (one) when a Return from Interrupt instruction (RETI) is executed.
0839I–AVR–06/02
For interrupts triggered by events that can remain static (e.g., the Output Compare
Register1 matching the value of Timer/Counter1), the Interrupt Flag is set when the
event occurs. If the Interrupt Flag is cleared and the interrupt condition persists, the flag
will not be set until the event occurs the next time.
When the Program Counter is vectored to the actual Interrupt Vector in order to execute
the interrupt handling routine, hardware clears the corresponding flag that generated the
21
General Interrupt Mask Register – GIMSK
interrupt. Some of the Interrupt Flags can also be cleared by writing a logical “1” to the
flag bit position(s) to be cleared.
If an interrupt condition occurs when the corresponding interrupt enable bit is cleared
(zero), the Interrupt Flag will be set and remembered until the interrupt is enabled, or the
flag is cleared by software.
If one or more interrupt conditions occur when the Global Interrupt Enable bit is cleared
(zero), the corresponding interrupt flag(s) will be set and remembered until the Global
Interrupt Enable bit is set (one), and will be executed by order of priority.
Note that external level interrupt does not have a flag, and will only be remembered for
as long as the interrupt condition is active.
Note that the Status Register is not automatically stored when entering an interrupt routine and restored when returning from an interrupt routine. This must be handled by
software.
Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
$3B ($5B) INT1 INT0 – – – – – – GIMSK
Read/Write R/W R/W R R R R R R
Initial value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
• Bit 7 – INT1: External Interrupt Request 1 Enable
When the INT1 bit is set (one) and the I-bit in the Status Register (SREG) is set (one),
the external pin interrupt is enabled. The Interrupt Sense Control1 bits 1/0 (ISC11 and
ISC10) in the MCU general Control Register (MCUCR) defines whether the external
interrupt is activated on rising or falling edge of the INT1 pin or level sensed. Activity on
the pin will cause an interrupt request even if INT1 is configured as an output. The corresponding interrupt of External Interrupt Request 1 is executed from program memory
address $002. See also “External Interrupts”.
• Bit 6 – INT0: External Interrupt Request 0 Enable
When the INT0 bit is set (one) and the I-bit in the Status Register (SREG) is set (one),
the external pin interrupt is enabled. The Interrupt Sense Control0 bits 1/0 (ISC01 and
ISC00) in the MCU general Control Register (MCUCR) defines whether the External
Interrupt is activated on rising or falling edge of the INT0 pin or level sensed. Activity on
the pin will cause an interrupt request even if INT0 is configured as an output. The corresponding interrupt of External Interrupt Request 0 is executed from program memory
address $001. See also “External Interrupts.”
• Bits 5..0 – Res: Reserved Bits
These bits are reserved bits in the AT90S2313 and always read as zero.
22
AT90S2313
0839I–AVR–06/02
General Interrupt FLAG Register – GIFR
AT90S2313
Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
$3A ($5A) INTF1 INTF0 – – – – – – GIFR
Read/Write R/W R/W R R R R R R
Initial value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
• Bit 7 – INTF1: External Interrupt Flag1
When an edge on the INT1 pin triggers an interrupt request, the corresponding Interrupt
Flag, INTF1, becomes set (one). If the I-bit in SREG and the corresponding interrupt
enable bit, INT1 bit in GIMSK, are set (one), the MCU will jump to the Interrupt Vector.
The flag is cleared when the interrupt routine is executed. Alternatively, the flag can be
cleared by writing a logical “1” to it. The flag is always cleared when INT1 is configured
as level interrupt.
• Bit 6 – INTF0: External Interrupt Flag0
When an edge on the INT0 pin triggers an interrupt request, the corresponding Interrupt
Flag, INTF0, becomes set (one). If the I-bit in SREG and the corresponding interrupt
enable bit, INT0 bit in GIMSK, are set (one), the MCU will jump to the Interrupt Vector.
The flag is cleared when the interrupt routine is executed. Alternatively, the flag can be
cleared by writing a logical “1” to it. The flag is always cleared when INT0 is configured
as level interrupt.
Timer/Counter Interrupt Mask Register – TIMSK
• Bits 5..0 – Res: Reserved Bits
These bits are reserved bits in the AT90S2313 and always read as zero.
Note that external level interrupt does not have a flag, and will only be remembered for
as long as the interrupt condition is active.
Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
$39 ($59) TOIE1 OCIE1A – – TICIE1 – TOIE0 – TIMSK
Read/Write R/W R/W R R R/W R R/W R
Initial value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
• Bit 7 – TOIE1: Timer/Counter1 Overflow Interrupt Enable
When the TOIE1 bit is set (one) and the I-bit in the Status Register is set (one), the
Timer/Counter1 Overflow Interrupt is enabled. The corresponding interrupt (at vector
$005) is executed if an overflow in Timer/Counter1 occurs (i.e., when the TOV1 bit is set
in the Timer/Counter Interrupt Flag Register [TIFR]).
• Bit 6 – OCIE1A: Timer/Counter1 Output Compare Match Interrupt Enable
When the OCIE1A bit is set (one) and the I-bit in the Status Register is set (one), the
Timer/Counter1 Compare Match Interrupt is enabled. The corresponding interrupt (at
vector $004) is executed if a compare match in Timer/Counter1 occurs (i.e., when the
OCF1A bit is set in the Timer/Counter Interrupt Flag Register [TIFR]).
0839I–AVR–06/02
• Bit 5,4 – Res: Reserved Bits
These bits are reserved bits in the AT90S2313 and always read as zero.
23
Timer/Counter Interrupt FLAG Register – TIFR
• Bit 3 – TICIE1: Timer/Counter1 Input Capture Interrupt Enable
When the TICIE1 bit is set (one) and the I-bit in the Status Register is set (one), the
Timer/Counter1 Input Capture Event Interrupt is enabled. The corresponding interrupt
(at vector $003) is executed if a capture-triggering event occurs on PD6(ICP) (i.e., when
the ICF1 bit is set in the Timer/Counter Interrupt Flag Register [TIFR]).
• Bit 2 – Res: Reserved Bit
This bit is a reserved bit in the AT90S2313 and always reads as zero.
• Bit 1 – TOIE0: Timer/Counter0 Overflow Interrupt Enable
When the TOIE0 bit is set (one) and the I-bit in the Status Register is set (one), the
Timer/Counter0 Overflow Interrupt is enabled. The corresponding interrupt (at vector
$006) is executed if an overflow in Timer/Counter0 occurs (i.e., when the TOV0 bit is set
in the Timer/Counter Interrupt Flag Register [TIFR]).
• Bit 0 – Res: Reserved Bit
This bit is a reserved bit in the AT90S2313 and always read as zero.
Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
$38 ($58) TOV1 OCF1A – – ICF1 – TOV0 – TIFR
Read/Write R/W R/W R R R/W R R/W R
Initial value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
• Bit 7 – TOV1: Timer/Counter1 Overflow Flag
The TOV1 is set (one) when an overflow occurs in Timer/Counter1. TOV1 is cleared by
hardware when executing the corresponding interrupt handling vector. Alternatively,
TOV1 is cleared by writing a logical “1” to the flag. When the I-bit in SREG and TOIE1
(Timer/Counter1 Overflow Interrupt Enable) and TOV1 are set (one), the
Timer/Counter1 Overflow Interrupt is executed. In PWM mode, this bit is set when
Timer/Counter1 changes counting direction at $0000.
• Bit 6 – OCF1A: Output Compare Flag 1A
The OCF1A bit is set (one) when a compare match occurs between the Timer/Counter1
and the data in OCR1A (Output Compare Register1 A). OCF1A is cleared by hardware
when executing the corresponding interrupt handling vector. Alternatively, OCF1A is
cleared by writing a logical “1” to the flag. When the I-bit in SREG and OCIE1A
(Timer/Counter1 Compare Match Interrupt Enable) and the OCF1A are set (one), the
Timer/Counter1 Compare Match Interrupt is executed.
• Bits 5, 4 – Res: Reserved Bits
These bits are reserved bits in the AT90S2313 and always read as zero.
• Bit 3 – ICF1: Input Capture Flag 1
The ICF1 bit is set (one) to flag an input capture event, indicating that the
Timer/Counter1 value has been transferred to the Input Capture Register (ICR1). ICF1
is cleared by hardware when executing the corresponding interrupt handling vector.
Alternatively, ICF1 is cleared by writing a logical “1” to the flag. When the SREG I-bit
and TICIE1 (Timer/Counter1 Input Capture Interrupt Enable) and ICF1 are set (one), the
Timer/Counter1 Capture Interrupt is executed.
24
AT90S2313
0839I–AVR–06/02
AT90S2313
• Bit 2 – Res: Reserved Bit
This bit is a reserved bit in the AT90S2313 and always reads as zero.
• Bit 1 – TOV0: Timer/Counter0 Overflow Flag
The bit TOV0 is set (one) when an overflow occurs in Timer/Counter0. TOV0 is cleared
by hardware when executing the corresponding interrupt handling vector. Alternatively,
TOV0 is cleared by writing a logical “1” to the flag. When the SREG I-bit and TOIE0
(Timer/Counter0 Overflow Interrupt Enable) and TOV0 are set (one), the
Timer/Counter0 Overflow Interrupt is executed.
• Bit 0 – Res: Reserved Bit
This bit is a reserved bit in the AT90S2313 and always reads as zero.
External Interrupts The External Interrupts are triggered by the INT1 and INT0 pins. Observe that, if
enabled, the interrupts will trigger even if the INT0/INT1 pins are configured as outputs.
This feature provides a way of generating a software interrupt. The External Interrupts
can be triggered by a falling or rising edge or a low level. This is set up as indicated in
the specification for the MCU Control Register (MCUCR). When the External Interrupt is
enabled and is configured as level-triggered, the interrupt will trigger as long as the pin
is held low.
The External Interrupts are set up as described in the specification for the MCU Control
Register (MCUCR).
Interrupt Response Time The interrupt execution response for all the enabled AVR interrupts is four clock cycles,
minimum. Four clock cycles after the Interrupt Flag has been set, the Program Vector
address for the actual interrupt handling routine is executed. During this four clock cycle
period, the Program Counter (two bytes) is pushed onto the Stack, and the Stack
Pointer is decremented by two. The Power-down is normally a relative jump to the interrupt routine, and this jump takes two clock cycles. If an interrupt occurs during execution
of a multi-cycle instruction, this instruction is completed before the interrupt is served.
A return from an interrupt handling routine takes four clock cycles. During these four
clock cycles, the Program Counter (two bytes) is popped back from the Stack, the Stack
Pointer is incremented by two, and the I-flag in SREG is set. When the AVR exits from
an interrupt, it will always return to the main program and execute one more instruction
before any pending interrupt is served.
MCU Control Register – MCUCR
The MCU Control Register contains control bits for general MCU functions.
Bit 76543210
$35 ($55) – – SE SM ISC11 ISC10 ISC01 ISC00 MCUCR
Read/Write R R R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initialvalue00000000
• Bits 7, 6 – Res: Reserved Bits
0839I–AVR–06/02
These bits are reserved bits in the AT90S2313 and always read as zero.
• Bit 5 – SE: Sleep Enable
The SE bit must be set (one) to make the MCU enter the sleep mode when the SLEEP
instruction is executed. To avoid the MCU entering the sleep mode unless it is the programmer’s purpose, it is recommended to set the Sleep Enable (SE) bit just before the
execution of the SLEEP instruction.
25
• Bit 4 – SM: Sleep Mode
This bit selects between the two available sleep modes. When SM is cleared (zero), Idle
mode is selected as sleep mode. When SM is set (one), Power-down mode is selected
as sleep mode. For details, refer to the paragraph “Sleep Modes”.
•Bits3,2–ISC11,ISC10:InterruptSenseControl1Bit1andBit0
The External Interrupt 1 is activated by the external pin INT1 if the SREG I-flag and the
corresponding interrupt mask in the GIMSK Register is set. The level and edges on the
external INT1 pin that activate the interrupt are defined in Table 5.
Table 5. Interrupt 1 Sense Control
ISC11 ISC10 Description
0 0 The low level of INT1 generates an interrupt request.
01Reserved
1 0 The falling edge of INT1 generates an interrupt request.
1 1 The rising edge of INT1 generates an interrupt request.
• Bits 1, 0 – ISC01, ISC00: Interrupt Sense Control 0 Bit 1 and Bit 0
The External Interrupt 0 is activated by the external pin INT0 if the SREG I-flag and the
corresponding interrupt mask is set. The level and edges on the external INT0 pin that
activate the interrupt are defined in Table 6.
Table 6. Interrupt 0 Sense Control
ISC01 ISC00 Description
0 0 The low level of INT0 generates an interrupt request.
01Reserved
1 0 The falling edge of INT0 generates an interrupt request.
1 1 The rising edge of INT0 generates an interrupt request.
The value on the INTn pin is sampled before detecting edges. If edge interrupt is
selected, pulses with a duration longer than one CPU clock period will generate an interrupt. Shorter pulses are not guaranteed to generate an interrupt. If low-level interrupt is
selected, the low level must be held until the completion of the currently executing
instruction to generate an interrupt. If enabled, a level-triggered interrupt will generate
an interrupt request as long as the pin is held low.
26
AT90S2313
0839I–AVR–06/02
AT90S2313
Sleep Modes To enter the sleep modes, the SE bit in MCUCR must be set (one) and a SLEEP instruc-
tion must be executed. If an enabled interrupt occurs while the MCU is in a sleep mode,
the MCU awakes, executes the interrupt routine, and resumes execution from the
instruction following SLEEP. The contents of the Register File, SRAM and I/O memory
are unaltered. If a Reset occurs during sleep mode, the MCU wakes up and executes
from the Reset Vector.
Idle Mode When the SM bit is cleared (zero), the SLEEP instruction forces the MCU into the Idle
mode, stopping the CPU but allowing Timer/Counters, Watchdog and the interrupt system to continue operating. This enables the MCU to wake up from external triggered
interrupts as well as internal ones like Timer Overflow interrupt and Watchdog Reset. If
wake-up from the Analog Comparator Interrupt is not required, the Analog Comparator
can be powered down by setting the ACD-bit in the Analog Comparator Control and Status Register (ACSR). This will reduce power consumption in Idle mode. When the MCU
wakes up from Idle mode, the CPU starts program execution immediately.
Power-down Mode When the SM bit is set (one), the SLEEP instruction forces the MCU into the Power-
down mode. In this mode, the external Oscillator is stopped while the external interrupts
and the Watchdog (if enabled) continue operating. Only an External Reset, a Watchdog
Reset (if enabled), an external level interrupt on INT0 or INT1 can wake up the MCU.
Note that when a level-triggered interrupt is used for wake-up from Power-down, the low
level must be held for a time longer than the reset delay Time-out period t
wise, the device will not wake up.
TOUT
.Other-
Timer/Counters The AT90S2313 provides two general purpose Timer/Counters – one 8-bit T/C and one
16-bit T/C. The Timer/Counters have individual prescaling selection from the same 10bit prescaling timer. Both Timer/Counters can either be used as a timer with an internal
clock time base or as a counter with an external pin connection that triggers the
counting.
Timer/Counter Prescaler Figure 28 shows the general Timer/Counter prescaler.
Figure 28. Timer/Counter Prescaler
0839I–AVR–06/02
TCK1 TCK0
27
The four different prescaled selections are: CK/8, CK/64, CK/256, and CK/1024, where
CK is the Oscillator clock. For the two Timer/Counters, added selections such as CK,
external clock source and stop can be selected as clock sources.
8-bit Timer/Counter0 Figure 29 shows the block diagram for Timer/Counter0.
The 8-bit Timer/Counter0 can select clock source from CK, prescaled CK or an external
pin. In addition, it can be stopped as described in the specification for the
Timer/Counter0 Control Register (TCCR0). The Overflow Status Flag is found in the
Timer/Counter Interrupt Flag Register (TIFR). Control signals are found in the
Timer/Counter0 Control Register (TCCR0). The interrupt enable/disable settings for
Timer/Counter0 are found in the Timer/Counter Interrupt Mask Register (TIMSK).
When Timer/Counter0 is externally clocked, the external signal is synchronized with the
Oscillator frequency of the CPU. To assure proper sampling of the external clock, the
minimum time between two external clock transitions must be at least one internal CPU
clock period. The external clock signal is sampled on the rising edge of the internal CPU
clock.
The 8-bit Timer/Counter0 features both a high-resolution and a high-accuracy usage
with the lower prescaling opportunities. Similarly, the high prescaling opportunities make
the Timer/Counter0 useful for lower speed functions or exact timing functions with infrequent actions.
Figure 29. Timer/Counter0 Block Diagram
28
T0
AT90S2313
0839I–AVR–06/02
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