RAE Y-200 Operations Manual

Model Y-200 Series

Version 2.10

Operations Manual

Four Channel DIP Switch Programmable Inductive Loop Detector

Built-in Loop Analyzer for Each Channel

This manual contains technical in formation for the

Model Y-200 Series Loop Detector

pn 889-2502-02 Revision: April 2020

THE FOLLOWING PRODUCT WAS DESIGNED, INSPECTED , TESTED AND

MANUFACTURED IN THE USA BY EBERLE DESIGN, INC. IN PHOENIX, ARIZONA.

INFORMATION CONTAINED HEREIN IS PROPR IETARY TECHNICAL INFORMATION OF
EBERLE DESIGN, INC. PUBLICATION, REPRODUCTION OR USE IN WHOLE OR PART IS

NOT PERMITTED EXCEPT UNDER TERMS AGREED UPON IN WRITING. ALL

REGISTERED TRADEMARKS OF EBERLE DESIGN INC. ARE UNDER

IT IS AN EBERLE DESIGN, INC. RECOMMENDATION THAT EACH UNIT BE TESTED

AT LEAST ANNUALLY TO ENSURE COMPLIANCE WITH FACTO RY

SPECIFICATIONS AND MEETS PROPER OPERATIONAL STANDARDS. THE

RESULTS OF THIS TESTING WILL BE DOCUMENTED.

© COPYRIGHT

MAINTENANCE NOTE

Model Y-200 Operations Manual

Table of Contents

Section 1 General Description .......................................................................................................... 1

Section 2 General Characteristics .................................................................................................... 2

Section 3 Specifications ..................................................................................................................... 2

Section 4 User Interface .................................................................................................................... 4

Section 5 Installation and Set-Up ..................................................................................................... 9

Section 6 Block Diagram .................................................................................................................. 9

Section 7 Theory of Operation ....................................................................................................... 14

Section 8 Maintenance and Troubleshooting ................................................................................ 16

Section 1 General Description

This Operation Manual was written for peo ple ins talling, operating, and troubleshooting Reno A & E Mode l Y-200
inductive loop vehicle detectors. The Model Y-200 inductive loop vehicle detector is a scanning, four channel,
card rack type loop detector. The Model Y-200 is designed to meet or exceed the NEMA Standards TS 2-1998 for
Type B detectors and is downward compatible to NEMA Standards TS 1-1989.

The Model Y-200 uses a microcontroller to monitor and process signals from four separate loop / lead-in circuits.
The ope rat io n of e ac h cha nne l is ind epe nde ntl y pr ogra mme d w ith one o f four fro nt p ane l si x-positio n DIP switch
modules to provide the following selections:

Seven S ensiti vity Levels (-ΔL/L%) and OFF.
Presence or Pulse Mode.
Four Fr equenc y Select ions.

An eight-position DIP switch module mounted on the PC board provides the following funct ions :

Test Mode: Used to test and verify all detector functions for proper operation.
Filter ON / OFF: Filter ON increases the dete cto r’ s immunity to noise (recommended for intersection control).
Fail-Safe / Fail-Secure: Individual channel DIP switches to select Fail-Safe or Fail-Secure operation of the

channel’s output during a loop failure.
TS 2 Channel Off Status: Used to select the state of the channel status output when the channel is disabled.

The Fa il-Safe / Fail-Secure DIP switches o n the PC board mounted e ight-po sit io n DI P sw itc h modu le s ele ct eac h
channel’s output state as Call or No Call during a loop failure condition. The Fail-Sa fe selec tion, w hich is the
standard for intersection control, generates a continuous Call output state for as long as a loop failure condition
exists. The Fail-Secure selection generates a No Call output state during a loop failure condition. For traffic
control applications, such as incident dete ction, Fail-Secure operation is preferred because a constant Call from a
failed loop appears as though traffic movement has stopped. The switch selection allows the user to set the
detector to suit the application.

The Model Y-200 sequentially excites the f our loop circ uits. This eli minates t he possibility of adjace nt loop fields
coupling together (crosstalk) when t he loops are connected to the sa me detector. Each time the loop c ircuit is
activated, loop data is obtained and recorded. The data is compared to previous samples for the amount and rate of
change. A slow rate of change, as is t he case with e nvironmental drift, is continuous ly tracked. I f a rapid change
exceeds a threshold set by the sensitivity level, the output is activated.

Each channel has a single, dual color (green / red) Detect / Fail LED indicator. The LED provides an indication of
the channel’s output state and loop failure conditio ns. Output state c onditions are ind icated when t he Detect / Fail
LED is illuminated in a green state. Loop failure conditions are indicated when the Detect / Fail LED is
illuminated in a red state.

If the total inductance of the loop input network goes out of the range specified for the detector, or rapidly changes
by more than ±25%, the channe l will ent er the progr ammed Fai l-Safe or Fail-Secure mode of operation. The
Detect / Fail LED will illu minate (red ) to indica te t hat an Op en Loop Failure or a n inducta nce cha nge cond ition o f
greater than +25% exists. The Detect / Fail LED will flash (red) at a one Hz rate to indicate a Shorted loop Failure
or an i nduct ance cha nge c ond itio n of g reat er tha n -25% exists. Either indication will continue for as long as the
loop failure exists. If the loop self heals, the channe l will resume operation in a normal manner, except the Detect /
Fail LED will flash (red) at a rate of three 50 millisecond flashes per second, thus providing an alert that a Loop
Fail condition had occurred. Any prior Loo p Failure indication will continue until the detector is manually reset or
power is removed.

The Detect / Fail LED will illuminate (green) to indicate a vehicle presence in the loop area. If a prior Loop
Failure condition had occurred and detection occurs, the Detect / Fail LED will flash (red) at a rate of three 50
millisecond flashes per second followed by a single 750 millisecond flash (green). This prior Loop Failure
indication will continue until the detector is manually reset or power is removed.

In add itio n, t he Re no A & E M ode l Y-200 has a Test Mode that thoroughly tests t he detector module without the
need for external test equipment. The Test Mode uses the microcontroller to verify the proper operation of the
entire detector’s input and o utput circuitry including switc hes, LEDs, and o utputs. Each channel’s loop osc illator
circuit can also be tested to verify the correct frequency range in each of the four frequency selections.

The Model Y-200 Series is comprised of the following detectors:

Model Y-200-SS For NEMA TS 2-1998 applications calling for a four channel, 2.00” wide

Model Y/2-200-SS For NEMA TS 2-1998 applications calling for a four channel, 1.12” wide

(double width), rack mount detecto r with solid state outputs and an audible
detect signal (buzzer).

(single width), rack mount detector with solid state outputs and an audible
detect signal (buzzer).

889-2502-02 Model Y-200 Operations Manual Page 1 of 22

Section 2 General Characteristics

2.1 LOOP FREQUENCY

There are four (4) selectable loop frequency settings (nor mally in the range of 20 to 100 kilohertz) for each
channel. The actual loop operating frequency is a function of the loop / lead-in network and the compone nts of the
loop oscillator circuit. Adjacent loops connected to different detectors may crosstalk and re quire changing of t he
operating frequency of one of the loop circuits. If crosstalk is a problem, select another loop frequency for stab le
operation. The four frequency selections are selected via DIP switches 1 and 2 on each of the four front panel
mounted six-posi tion DIP switch modules.

NOTE: The detector channel must be reset after changing the frequency setting.

2.2 PRESENCE/ PULSE MODE

Two modes of operation for each detector channel are available. Presence or Pulse Mode is selected by setting the
state of DIP swi tch 3 on ea ch of the four fro nt pa nel mounted six-posit ion DIP switch modules.

P

RESENCE MODE: Provides a Call hold time of at least four minutes (regardless of vehicle size) and typically one

to three hours for an automobile or truck. This is the factory default setting and the most common setting.
P

ULSE MODE: An outp ut Pu lse of 1 25 ±1 0 milli seco nds dur atio n is ge nerate d for e ach ve hicle enter ing the loop

detection zone. Each detected vehicle is instantly tuned out if it remains in the loop detection zone longer than two
seconds. This enables detection of subsequent vehicles entering the loop detection zone. After each vehicle leaves
the loo p detection zone, the channel resumes f ull sensitivity within one second.

NOTE: Changing the Presence / Pulse Mode switch setting of an individual channel will reset that channel.

2.3 SENSITIVITY

There are seven (7) selectable sensitivity levels plus OFF for each channel. The sensitivity levels are designed so
that a one level increase actually doubles the sensitivity and a one level decrease halves t he s ens it iv it y. The s eve n
sensitivity levels and OFF sett ing are selected via DIP switches 4, 5, and 6 on each of the four front pa ne l mounted
six-position DIP switch modules. (See Section 3.4 for actual detection levels and response times for each
sens it iv i t y level.)

NOTE: Changing the sensitivity level of an individual channel will reset that channel.

2.4 AUDIBLE DETECT SIGNAL

The pushbutton on the front panel la beled BUZZER is used to enable an Audible Detect Signal. When this feature
is ena bled (ON), an audible signal will be activated whenever the detection zone for the selected channel is
occupied. The audible signal indicates actual occupancy of the loop detection zone. This feature allows a
technician to watch the detection zone on the street and confirm correct detector operation without having to look
at the detector front panel LEDs as well.

2.5 TEST MODE

Test Mode uses the microcontroller to verify the proper operation of the detector’s controls and indicators
(switc hes and LED s). Eac h cha nne l’s loop oscillator c ircuit is also tested to verify the correct frequency range in
each o f t he four freq uency se le c t io ns . D I P s w it c h 3 o n t he PC b oa r d mounted e i g ht -p o s it i o n D I P s w it c h mo d u l e is
used to enable Test Mode.

NOTE: Changing the position of the Test Mode DIP switch will reset the de te cto r .

2.6 TS 2 CHANNEL OFF STATUS

When DIP switch 2 on the PC board mounted eight-p os it io n D IP s w itc h mod u le is t ur ne d OFF, t urning a channel
OFF will cause that channel’s TS 2 c hannel status output to maintain State 1 (N ormal Operation / Detector

Channe l OK) . Whe n DI P swit ch 2 is tur ned ON, turning a channel OFF will cause that channe l’s TS 2 channel
status output to enter State 2 (Detecto r Cha nnel Failure).

2.7 NOISE FILTER

DIP sw itch 3 on the eig ht-position PC board mounted DIP s witch module controls the Noise Filter function. When
the DIP switch is set to t he ON position, the filter function is act ivated, a nd a time filter is added before the o utput
signal is activated when a vehicle is in the loop dete ction area. It is strongly reco mmended that the Filter be ON

889-2502-02 Model Y-200 Operations Manual Page 2 of 22

for most traffic c ontrol app licat ions. The factory default setting of this feature is ON (Noise Fi lter On). The
setting of this feature affects the detector’s response times. (See Section 3.4 for actual response times.)

NOTE: Changing the position of the Noise Filter DIP sw itc h w ill res e t the detec tor

2.8 FAIL-SAFE / FAIL-SECURE

Fail-Safe or Fail-Secure mode of operation is selectable for each channel by using PC board mounted DIP
switches. DIP switches 4, 5, 6, and 7 on the eight-position PC board mounted DIP switch module control
channels 1, 2, 3, and 4. When the DIP switch correspo nding to a given c hannel is in the ON posit io n, that c ha n ne l
will operate in Fail-Safe mode.

During a loop failure condition, the state o f the channel’s output can be selected as Call in the Fail-Safe mode of
operation or No Call in the Fail-Secure mode of operation. Fail-Safe operation d uring a loop failure is the standard
operation for intersection control. Fail-Secure operation during a loop failure is typically used for incident
detection systems for freeway management. The factory default setting of these four switches is ON (Fail-Safe
operation).

NOTE: Changing the Fail-Safe / Fail-Secure switch setting of an individual channel will reset that channel.

889-2502-02 Model Y-200 Operations Manual Page 3 of 22

Detect / Fail LED

Meaning

No Detect / No Loop Failure Condition
(No Call Output)

Solid ON (Green)

Detect (Call Output)

Solid ON (Orange)

Audible Detect Signal Activated, Detect ( Call Outpu t)

Solid ON (Red)

Open Loop Failure Or Inductance change condit ion of great er than +25% exists

One Hz flash rate (Red)
(50% D uty Cycle)

Three 50 ms (Red) flashes per second

Loop Failure condition occurred but no longer exists

Three 50 ms (Red) flas hes per second followed
by a single 750 ms (Green) flash

Three 50 ms (Red) flashes per second followed
by a single 750 ms (Orange) flash

Loop Failure condition occurred but no longer exists,
Audible Detect Signal Activated, And Detect (Ca ll Output)

Section 3 Specifications

3.1 PHYSICAL

WEIGHT: 6.0 oz (170 gm).
S

IZE: Mod el Y -200 (double width faceplate) - 4.50 inches (11.43 cm) high x 2.00 inches (5.08 cm) wide x 6.88

inches (17. 46 cm) l on g inc lu d ing co n nec to r (no t i nc lud in g fro nt ha ndle ). Mode l Y/2-200 (single width faceplate) -

4.50 inches (11.43 cm) high x 1.12 inches (2.84 c m) wide x 6.88 inches (17.46 cm) long including connector (not
including front handle). Handle adds 1.00 inch (2.54 cm) to depth measurement.

O

PERATING TEMPERATURE: -40° F to +180° F (-40° C to +82° C).

C

IRCUIT BOARD: Printed circuit boards are 0.062 inch thick FR4 material with 2 oz. copper on both sides and

plated through holes. Circuit board and components are conformal coated with polyur ethane.
C

ONNECTOR: 2 x 22 contact edge card connector with 0.156 inch (0.396 cm) contac t centers. Key slots located

between B/2 & C/3, M/11 & N/12, and E/5 & F/6. See Section 3.6 for pin assignments.

3.2 ELECTRICAL

POWER: 10.8 to 30 VDC. 100 milliamps maximum.
L

OOP INDUCTANCE RANGE: 20 to 2000 micro henries w ith a Q factor of 5 or greater.

L

OOP INPUTS: Transformer isolated. The minimum capacitance added by the detector is 0.068 microfarad.

L

IGHTNING PROTECTION: Meets and/or exceeds all applicable NEMA TS 2-1998 specifications for transient

voltage protection. The detector can tolerate, without damage, a 10 microfarad capacitor charged to 2,000 volts
being discharged directly into the loop input terminals, or a 10 microfarad capacitor charged to 2,000 volts bein g
discharged between either loop terminal and earth ground.

R

ESET: Meets and/or exceeds NEMA TS 2-1998 detector s pecifications. Eac h detector channel can be manually

reset b y momentar il y changin g a n y s w it c h po s it i o n (except t he fr e q ue ncy switches). T he d et e c to r c an also be reset
by connecting a logic ground signal to Co ntact C of the card edge co nnector or the retur n of power after a power
loss.

S

OLID STATE OUTPUT RATING: Opt ically is olated. 30 VDC max. co llector (dra in) to e mitter (so urce). 50 mA max.

satura tio n cu rre nt. 2 V DC max. tra ns isto r s atur at ion volt age . T he o utp ut is p rote cte d w ith a 33 -volt Zener diode
connected between the collector (drain) and emitter (source).

3.3 OPERATIONAL

DETECT / FAIL INDICATORS: The detector has one super bright, high intensity, two co lor ( g reen / red) light emitting
diode (LED) per channel to indicate a Call output and/or the status of any current or prior loop failure conditions.
A continuous ON (green) state indicates a Call output. A continuous ON (red) state indicates that a current open
loop failure condition or an inductance change condition of greater than +25% exists. This indication also
generates a Call output if t he channe l is set to operate in Fail-Sa fe Mode. If set to operate in Fail-Secure Mode, a
Call output is not generated. A one Hz (red) flash rate indicates that a current shorted loop failure condition or an
inductance change condition of greater than -25% exists. This indication also generates a Call output if the channel
is set to operate in Fail-Safe Mode. If set to operate in Fail-Secure Mode, a Call output is not generated. A flash
rate of three 50 millisecond (red) pulses indicates a prior loop failure condition. A flash rate of three 50
millisecond (red) p ulses followed by a s ingle 750 milliseco nd ( green) pulse indica tes a prior loop failure condition
and a current Call output (detect state).

If any channel has the audible detect feature activated, that channel’s Detect / Fail LED will be illuminated in an
orange state for any Call output condition.

OFF

Shorted Loop Failure Or Inductance change condition o f great er t han -25% exists

Loop Failure condition occurred but no longer exists And Detect (Call Output)

889-2502-02 Model Y-200 Operations Manual Page 4 of 22

∆

State

Output

Normal o pera tion

Continuous Low or On State

Channel failure

Continuous High or Off State

Open loop

50 millise c ond On time , 50 millisecond Off time

Shorted loop

50 millisecond On time, 100 milliseco nd Off time

Excessive inductance change (±25%)

50 millisecond On time, 150 milliseco nd Off time

RESPONSE TIME: Meets or exceeds NEMA TS 2-1998 response time specifications. Actual response times of
either channel depend on the sensitivity level setting and Noise Filter selection of that channel. When the Noise
Filter function is enabled (ON), response time is 120 ms ± 40 ms for al l se nsit ivit y leve ls. When the N oise Filte r
function is disabled (OFF), response time varies and depends on the sensitivity level selected. See Table:

Sensitivity, -

SELF-TUNING: The detector automatically tunes and is operational within two seconds after application of power
or after being reset. Full sensitivity and hold time requires 30 seconds of operation.

E

NVIRONMENTAL & TRACKING: The detector is fully self-compensating for environmental changes and loop drift

over t he full te mperature range and the entire loop inductance r ange.
G

ROUNDED LOOP OPERATION: The loop is olation transformer allows operation with poor qualit y loops (which may

include one short to ground at a single point).
L

OOP FEEDER LENGTH: Up to 5000 feet (1500m.) maximum with proper feeder cable and appropriate loops.

LOOP (FAIL) MONITOR: If the tot a l in duc ta nc e o f t he c ha n ne l’s loo p inp ut ne tw or k go e s o ut o f t he ra nge sp ec i fied
for the detecto r, or ra pidly changes by more than ±25%, the channel will immediately enter the programmed Fail­Safe or Fail-Secure mode of operation. The Fail-Safe mode of operation generates a continuous call during the
loop failure. The Fail-Secure mode of operation does not generate a continuous call during the loop failure. The
Detect / Fail LED will provide an ind icatio n to ident ify the type of loop failure co ndition t hat exists. A continuo us
ON (red) state indicates that a current open loop failure condition or an inductance change condition of greater than
+25% exists. A one Hz (red) flash rate indicates that a current shorted loop failure condition or an inductance
change co nd it ion o f gre at er t ha n -25 % exists. This will cont inue as long as the loop fault exists. However, if the

detector is reset, or power is momentarily lost, the detector will retune if the loop inductance is within the
acceptable range. If any type of loop failure occurs in one (or more) loop(s) in a group of two or more loops
wired in parallel, the detector will not re spond with a Fail-Safe output followi ng any type of reset. It is
essential that multiple loops wired to a common detector channel always be wired in series to ensure Fail­Safe operation under all circumstances. If the loop self-hea ls, t he detector will resume operation in a normal

manner except that the Detect / Fail LED will begin to flash at a rate of three 50 millisecond (red) flashes per
second, thus providing an alert that the detector has experienced a prior loop failure condition. During this state,
the Detect / Fail LED will also illuminate for 750 milliseconds (green) for a Call output. The Detec t / Fail LED
will continue this display patter n indicating the prior loop failure condit ion and/or detect state until the detector is
manually reset or power is removed.

FAIL-SAFE OUTPUTS: Per NEMA TS 2 -1998. A detection outp ut (Call) is ind icated by a conduc ting state. W hen
operating in Fail-Safe mode, a channel's output defa ults to a Call state for any loop failure condition on that
channe l. W hen ope rat ing i n Fail -Secure mode, a channel's outp ut defaults to a No Call state for any loop failure
condit io n o n t hat cha n ne l. In e it he r Fa i l-Safe or Fail-secure mode, a channel's outp ut defaults to a Call s tate upon
loss of power.

C

HANNEL STATUS OUTPUTS: Per NEMA TS 2-1998. Each channel has an output LED that c ommunicates the

status states of the channel as follows :

L/L, & Typical Response Times for actual response times.

889-2502-02 Model Y-200 Operations Manual Page 5 of 22

0 OFF

OFF

OFF

OFF

1 ON

OFF

OFF

0.64%

2

Low

OFF

ON

OFF

0.32%

3 ON

ON

OFF

0.16%

4

Normal

OFF

OFF

ON

0.08%

5 ON

OFF

ON

0.04%

6

High

OFF

ON

ON

0.02%

7 ON

ON

ON

0.01%

NOTE: Entries in this table are based on the assumption that all channels are set to the same sensitivity. To approximate response

DIP Switch

Function

Setting

Position

DIP Switch

Function

Setting

Position

3.4 TABLE: SENSITIVIT -L/L, & TYPICAL RESPONSE TIMES

Sensitivity

Level

time for a detector with the channels set to different sensitivities, look up the response time for each channel and divide it by four, then
add these times together.

Industry

Reference

DIP Switch

4 5 6 Noise Filter Off Noise Filter On

-∆L/L

Threshold

35 ms ±10 ms 120 ms ±40 ms
50 ms ±15 ms 120 ms ±40 ms

75 ms ±25 ms 120 ms ±40 ms
120 ms ±40 ms 120 ms ±40 ms
120 ms ±40 ms 120 ms ±40 ms

Response Time

-------- -----­17 ms ±5 ms 120 ms ±40 ms
17 ms ±5 ms 120 ms ±40 ms

3.5 TABLES: DEFAULT SETTINGS

Front Panel Mounted DIP Switches

1
2 OFF
3 Presence / Pulse Mode Presence ON
4
5 ON
6 ON

PC Board Mounted DIP Switches

Frequency 0

Sensitivity 6

OFF

OFF

1 Test Mode Off OFF
2 TS 2 Channel Off St atus Off OFF
3 Noise Filter Filter On ON
4 Channel 1 Fail-Safe / Fail-Secure
5 Channel 2 Fail-Safe / Fail-Secure ON
6 Channel 3 Fail-Safe / Fail-Secure ON
7 Channel 4 Fail-Safe / Fail-Secure ON
8 N/A N/A OFF

Fail-Safe

889-2502-02 Model Y-200 Operations Manual Page 6 of 22

ON

Pin

Function

Pin

Function

A

DC Common

1 No Connection

B

DC + 2

No Connection

C

Reset Input

3 No Connection

D

Channel 1 Loop Input

4 Channel 1 Loop Input

E

Channel 1 Loop Input

5 Channel 1 Loop Input

F

Channel 1 Output, Collector (Drain)

6 No Connection

H

Channel 1 Output, Emitter (Source)

7 Channel 1 TS 2 Status Output

Channel 2 Loop Input

8 Channel 2 Loop Input

K

Channel 2 Loop Input

9 Channel 2 Loop Input

L

Chassis Ground

10

No Connection

M

No Connection

11

No Connection

N

No Connection

12

No Connection

P

Channel 3 Loop Input

13

Channel 3 Loop Input

R

Channel 3 Loop Input

14

Channel 3 Loop Input

S

Channel 3 Output, Collector (Drain)

15

No Connection

T

Channel 3 Output, Emitter (Source)

16

Channel 3 TS 2 Status Output

U

Channel 4 Loop Input

17

Channel 4 Loop Input

V

Channel 4 Loop Input

18

Channel 4 Loop Input

W

Channel 2 Output, Collector (Drain)

19

No Connection

X

Channel 2 Output, Emitter (Source)

20

Channel 2 TS 2 Status Output

Y

Channel 4 Output, Collector (Drain)

21

No Connection

Z

Channel 4 Output, Emitter (Source)

22

Channel 4 TS 2 Status Output

3.6 TABLE: PIN ASSIGNMENTS

J

889-2502-02 Model Y-200 Operations Manual Page 7 of 22

Y - 200

VEHICLE

1 2

3 4

PRES PULS

SENSE 4 2 1 1 2 FREQ

LEVE

PRES PULS

SENSE

4 2

1

1 2 FREQ

LEVE

PRES PULS

SENSE

4

2 1 1 2 FREQ

LEVE

PRES PULS

SENSE 4

2

1

1 2

FREQ

LEVE

C

H

A N

1

C H A N 2 C H A N

3

C H A N

4

BUZZER

6 5 4 3 2 1 O 6 5 4 3 2 1 O 6 5 4 3 2 1 O 6 5 4 3 2 1 O

DETECT / FAIL LED - CHANNEL 1

SENSITIVITY LEVEL - CHANNEL 1

PRESENCE or PULSE - CHANNEL 1

FREQUENCY - CHANNEL 1

PRESENCE or PULSE - CHANNEL 2

SENSITIVITY LEVEL - CHANNEL 2

FREQUENCY - CHANNEL 2

DETECT / FAIL LED - CHANNEL 2

BUZZER PUSHBUTTON

Press to Activate / Deactivate
Audible Detect Buzzer

SENSITIVITY LEVEL - CHANNEL 3

PRESENCE or PULSE - CHANNEL 3

FREQUENCY - CHANNEL 3

PRESENCE or PULSE - CHANNEL 4

SENSITIVITY LEVEL - CHANNEL 4

DETECT / FAIL LED - CHANNEL 3

DETECT / FAIL LED - CHANNEL 4
FREQUENCY - CHANNEL 4

Section 4 User Interface

• OFF = No Call Output

• ON (Green) = Call Output

• ON (Red) = L oop Failure

• ON (Orange) = Call Output

(Audible Detect Feature Activated)

• 0 = OFF

• 7 = Highest

• OFF = Pulse Mode

• ON = Presence Mode

• 0 = HI

• 1 = MED HI

• 2 = MED LO

• 3 = LO

• OFF = No Call Output

• ON (Green) = Call Output

• ON (Red) = Loop Fail ure

• ON (Orange) = Call Output

(Audible Detect Feature Activated)

• 0 = OFF

• 7 = Highest

• OFF = Pulse Mode

• ON = Presence Mode

• 0 = HI

• 1 = MED HI

• 2 = MED LO

• 3 = LO

• OFF = No Call Output

• ON (Green) = Call Output

• ON (Red) = Loop Fail ure

• ON (Orange) = Call Output

(Audible Detect Feature Activated)

• 0 = OFF

• 7 = Highest

• OFF = Pulse Mode

• ON = Presence Mode

• 0 = HI

• 1 = MED HI

• 2 = MED LO

• 3 = LO

• OFF = No Call Output

• ON (Green) = Call Output

• ON (Red) = L oop Failure

• ON (Orange) = Call Output

(Audible Detect Feature Activated)

• 0 = OFF

• 7 = Highest

• OFF = Pulse Mode

• ON = Presence Mode

• 0 = HI

• 1 = MED HI

• 2 = MED LO

• 3 = LO

NOTE: There is an eight-position DIP switch module (S5) located near the center of the PC board. DIP switch 1 must be in the OFF
position for the detector to function properly.

889-2502-02 Model Y-200 Operations Manual Page 8 of 22

Frequency

DIP S w itch 1

DIP S w itch 2

Switch Values

High *

OFF *

OFF *

0 + 0 = 0 *

Medium High

ON

OFF

1 + 0 = 1

Medium Low

OFF

ON

0 + 2 = 2

Low

ON

ON

1 + 2 = 3

* Factory default setting.

6 5 4

3

O

N

PRES

SENS

4

2

1 FRE

LEVE

2

1

2 1 6 5 4

3

O

N

PRES

SENS

4 2

1 FRE LEVE

2

1

2

1

Section 5 Installation and Set-Up

Each c hanne l has a front p anel mounte d six -position DIP swit ch mo dule to cont rol the oper ation of the chan nel.
There is also an eight-position DIP switch module located near the center of the PC board. The va rio us s wit che s
can be set before or after the detector card is inserted into a card rack wired with appropriate contact assignments.
The PRES PUL SE switc hes on t he four , six-pos ition DIP switch modules and the FAIL-SAFE, FILTER, and
100 MS sw itc hes o n the e ig ht-p osition DIP sw itch module ca n be pre-selected for the desired modes of operat ion.
The SENSE L EVEL and FREQ switches may require adjustment after the detector card has been inserted into the
card rack. When the detector is inserted into the card rack, each channel will automatically tune to the loop circuit
and begin operation within two seconds.

Ensure that DI P sw itc h 1 on t he e ig ht-positio n DIP switch module (S5) located near the ce nter of the PC board is
set to the OFF po s it io n. Th is s w itc h mus t be OFF for the detector to operate correctly. Plug the detector into a n
appropriately wired card rack receptacle and apply power.

5.1 FRONT PANEL PROGRAMMING DIP SWITCHES

Frequency: The Model Y-200 detector sequentially activates each channel’s loop

circuit; so crosstalk between adjacent loops connected to different channels of the same
detector is normally not a concern. Adjacent loops connected to different detectors may
crosstalk. This may require cha nging the operat ing frequenc y of o ne o f t he loop c ir c u it s .
If crosstalk is a problem, select another loop frequency for stable operation. Each
channel of the Model Y -2 00 has four frequency selections that allow altering the resonant
frequency of the loop circuit. The four frequency selections are selected with two
switches marked 1 and 2 on the DIP switch module. The value (1 or 2) to t he left o f the
DIP sw itch is as sig ned to the sw itch w hen the s witc h is ON. If the sw itch is OFF, the
switch has a value o f zero (0). By adding t he switch ON and OFF value s, the two
switches can combine for values from 0 to 3 that indicate one of the four frequency
selections. Use the following table as a reference for the switch selections and frequency
settings. The factory defa ult sett in g of these switches is switch 1 OFF and switc h 2 OFF
(High).

NOTE: After changing any frequency switch setting(s), it is necessary to reset the
detector channel by momentarily changing one of the other switch positions.

889-2502-02 Model Y-200 Operations Manual Page 9 of 22

Presence / Pulse Output Mode: One of two output modes can be selected for each
channel via DIP switc h 3.

PRESENCE (PRES): When the s w itch is in t he ON position, Presence Mode is selected.
Presence Mode provides a call hold time of at least four minutes (regardless of vehicle
size) and typically one to three hours for an automobile or truck. This is the factory
default setting and the most common setting.

PULSE (PULS): W hen the sw it c h is i n t h e OFF position, Pulse Mod e is se lected. Pulse
Mode will generate a single 125 millisecond pulse output for each vehicle entering the
loop detection zone. Any vehicle remaining in the loop detection zone longer than two
seconds will be tuned out providing full sensitivit y for the vacant portion of the loop
detection zone. Full sensitivity for the entire loop detection zone is recovered within one
second following the departure of any vehicle that has occupied the loop detection zone
longer than two seconds.

NOTE: Changing the setting of this switch will re s et the c hann el.

0

Off

OFF

OFF

OFF

0 + 0 + 0 = 0

N/A 1

ON

OFF

OFF

1 + 0 + 0 = 1

0.64% 2 Low

OFF

ON

OFF

0 + 2 + 0 = 2

0.32% 3

ON

ON

OFF

1 + 2 + 0 = 3

0.16% 4 Normal

OFF

OFF

ON

0 + 0 + 4 = 4

0.08% 5

ON

OFF

ON

1+ 0 + 4 = 5

0.04%

6 *

High *

OFF *

ON *

ON *

0 + 2 + 4 = 6 *

0.02% * 7

ON

ON

ON

1 + 2 + 4 = 7

0.01%

* Factory default setting.

6 5 4

3

O

N

PRES

SENS

4 2

1

FRE LEVE

2

1

2

1

SAFE

4 3 1

100MS

TEST

FILTER

2

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

8

O

N

SAFE

4 3 1

100MS

TEST

FILTER

2

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

8

O

N

Sensitivity: Each detector channel has seven sensitivity levels plus OFF that are selected
with t hre e s wi tc hes lab e led 4, 5, and 6 o n t he D I P sw it c h mo du le. T he va lue (1, 2, or 4)
to the le ft of the D IP switc h is assig ned to the s witch whe n the swi tch is ON. I f the
switc h is OFF, the sw itch has a value of zero (0 ). By adding the s witch ON and OFF
values, the three sw itc hes will combine for values from 0 to 7 that indicate OFF or one of
the seven sensitivity level selections. Choose the lowest sensitivity level that will
consistently detect the smallest vehicle that must be detected. Do not use any sensitivity
level h igher tha n necessa ry. The following table shows the actual sensitivity for each
combination of switch setting s. The factor y default setting of these switches is switch 4
OFF, swit ch 5 ON, and switch 6 ON (s ensitivity level 6, -ΔL/L = 0.02%).

Sensitivity

Level

Industry

Reference

DIP Swit ch

4 5 6

Switch
Values

-∆L/L

Threshold

5.2 FRONT PANEL MOUNTED PUSHBUTTON – AUDIBLE DETECT SIGNAL (BUZZER)

The pushbutton on the front panel la beled BUZZER is used to enable an Audible Detect Signal. When this feature
is enabled (on), an audible signal will be activated whenever the detection zone for the selected channel is
occupied. The audible signal indicates actual occupancy of the loop detection zone. Onl y one cha nnel ca n be

turned on at a time. Turning t his feature on for o ne channel automatica lly turns it off for t he other channels. To
activate this feature, press the pus hbutton. The first time the pushbutton is press ed, a short (50 millisecond)
audible signal confirms the activation of the feature for Channel 1. The second time the pushbutton is pressed, two
short ( 50 ms ) au d ible s ig nals co n fir m t he a ct iva t io n of the fe at ure fo r C ha nne l 2. T he t hi rd t i me t he p us hb utt o n is
pressed, three short (50 ms) audible signals confirm the activation of the feature for Channel 3. The fourth time the
pushbutton is pressed, four short (50 ms) audib le signals confirm the activation of the feature for Channel 4. To
deactivate this feature, press and hold the pushbutto n for one second . A long (250 millisecond) audible signal
confirms the deactivation of the feature.

NOTES: When operating in Pulse Mode, the audible detect signal will cease once a vehicle has occupied the

detection zone for more than two seconds.

This feature is automatically disabled 15 minutes after activation or on loss of power.

5.3 PC BOARD MOUNTED PROGRAMMING DI P S WITCHES

Test Mode: Test Mode uses the microcontroller to verify t he proper operation of the

entire detector’s input and outp ut circuitry includ ing switches, LEDs, and outputs. Eac h
channel’s loop oscillator circuit is also c hecked to ver ify the co rrect freq uenc y in eac h of
the four frequency selections. Test mode is selected by means of DIP switch 1 on the
eight-position DIP switch module located near the center of the PC board. Refer to
Section 8.5 for a complete explanation of Test Mode operation. The factory default
setting of this switch is OFF (Test Mo de O ff).

TS 2 Channel Off Status: T he Y -200 det ector’s TS 2 channel status outp uts conform to
the status states spec ified in NEM A Standa rds TS 2-1998. When DIP s witch 2 (labeled
100MS) on the eight-position DIP switch module located near the center of the PC board
is turned OFF, turning a channel OFF will cause that channel’s TS 2 channel status
output to maintain State 1 (Normal Operation / Detector Cha nne l OK). When DIP switch
2 is turned ON, turning a channel OFF wi ll cause t hat chan nel’s TS 2 channel s tatus
output to enter State 2 (Dete ctor Channel Failure). The factory de fault setting of this
switc h is OFF.

NOTE: The setting of this switch affects all four de tec tor c han ne ls .

889-2502-02 Model Y-200 Operations Manual Page 10 of 22

Operation

Detect / Fail LED

Output State

Solid ON (Red)

One Hz flash rate (Red)

Solid ON (Red)

One Hz flash rate (Red)

Detect / Fail LED

Meaning

OFF

No Loop Failure

Open Loop Failure

Inductance change condition of greater t han +25% exists

Shorted Loop Failure

Inductance change condition of greater t han -25% exists

Three 50 ms (Red) flashes per second

Loop Failure condition occurred but no longer exists

SAFE

4 3 1

100MS

TEST

FILTER

2

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

8

O

N

SAFE

4

3

1

100MS

TEST

FILTER

2

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

8

O

N

Noise Filter: DIP sw itch 3 on the eight-position DIP switch module located near the
center of the PC board controls t he Noise Filter function. When t he DIP s witch is set to
the ON position, the filter function is activated, and a time filter is added before the
output signal is activated when a vehicle is in the loop detection area. It is stro ngly
recommended that the Filter be ON for mos t traffic control applications. The factory
default set ting of this feature is ON (Noise Filter O n).

NOTE: The setting of this switch affects all four de tec tor c han ne ls.

Fail-Safe / Fail-Secure: Fail-Safe or Fa il-Secure mode of operation is selectable for
each channel using DIP switches 4, 5, 6, and 7 o n the eight-po sit io n DI P sw itc h mo d ule
located near the center of the PC board. DIP switch 4 controls channel 1, DIP switch 5
controls cha n nel 2, DI P switc h 6 controls channel 3, and DIP switch 7 controls channel 4.
These s wit c hes se t t he d e fau lt s ta te o f t he cha nne l’ s o ut put w hen a lo op fa ilu re co nd it io n
exists on t he lo op net wo rk co nnected to the channel. O ne of two output states, shown i n
the table below, can be selected during a loop failure condition.

Fail-Safe

Fail-Secure

or

or

Call

No Call

When the sw itc h is in t he ON p osition, the Fa il -Safe mode of operation is selected. Fail­Safe operation during a loop failure is the standard mode of operation for intesection
contro l. Whe n the switc h is in the OFF posit ion, the Fa il-Secure mode of operation is
selected. Fail-Secure operation during a loop failure is typically used in incident
detection systems for freeway management. The factory default setting of these four
switches is ON (Fail-Safe Mode).

NOTE: Changing the setting of any of these switches will reset the associated channe l.

DIP S w itch 8: DIP switch 8 is a spare. I t has no fu nction.

5.4 LOOP FAIL INDICATIONS

The Detect / Fail LED for each channel indicates loop failure problems according to the following table. The
Detect / Fail LED is illuminated in a red state to provide an indicatio n of either a current or prior o ut of tolerance
(loop failure) condition. A continuous ON (red) state indicates that a current open loop failure co ndition or an
inducta nce change condition of greater than +25% exists. A one Hz (red) flash rate indicates that a current shorted
loop fa ilure c onditi on or an inducta nce ch ange co nditio n of grea ter tha n -25% exists. If the loop self heals, the
channel will resume ope rat ion in a normal manner excep t t hat t he Dete ct / Fail LED will be gin t o fla sh at a rate o f
three 50 millisecond (red) flashes per second, thus providing an alert t hat the channel has experienced a prior loop
failure condition.

Solid ON (Red)

One Hz flash rate (Red)

(50% D uty Cycle)

or

or

5.5 RESETTING THE DETEC TOR

Changing the position of any of an individ ual channel’s front pa nel mounted DIP switches (excep t the Frequency
switches) resets the channel. When the detector is installed and operating, the most convenient method for
resett ing is to mo menta ri ly cha nge t he pos itio n of t he PRES / PULS DIP switch and then return it to its or iginal
position. Changing the position o f the individ ual channel’s PC boa rd mounted Fail-S afe / Fail-Secure DIP sw itch
will also reset the channel. Cha nging the pos ition of the PC board mounted FILTER or TEST DIP switc h resets
the detector. The detector can also be reset by connecting a logic ground signal to Contact C of the edge card
connector or by the reapplication of power after a power loss.

889-2502-02 Model Y-200 Operations Manual Page 11 of 22

DIP Switches

DIP Switches

DIP Switches

DIP Switches

DIP Switches

Squaring

Loop

Loop

Loop

Channel 1 FREQ

Loop

Loop

Loop

Channel 2 FREQ

Loop

Loop

Loop

Channel 3 FREQ

Loop

Loop

Loop

Channel 4 FREQ

10 MHz

Line

10.8 to

5 VDC

GND

Vs

Buzzer

Section 6 Block Diagram

Circuit

Clock

Switches

Crystal

Input

Input

Input

Input

30 VDC

Isolation

Isolation

Isolation

Isolation

Conditioning

Circuit

Oscillator

Switches

Oscillator

Switches

Oscillator

Switches

Oscillator

External

Reset

(Contact C)

Switch

Buzzer

Detect

Outputs

PC Board

Micro

Controller

Channel 1

Front Panel

Channel 2

Front Panel

Channel 3

Front Panel

Channel 4

Front Panel

Detect / Fail

LEDs

TS 2 Status

Outputs

889-2502-02 Model Y-200 Operations Manual Page 12 of 22

889-2502-02 Model Y-200 Operations Manual Page 13 of 22

Section 7 Theory of Operation

The Reno A & E Model Y-200 De tec to r d ig it al ly me as ur es c ha nges in t he res o na nt fre que nc y o f fo ur ind ep e nde nt
parallel tuned resonant circuits (loop / lead-in) to determine if a vehicle has entered the detection zones. The
detector applies an excitation voltage to each loop circuit res ulting in the loops oscillating at its resona nt frequency.
The current flow in the loop wire creates magnetic fields around the loop wire. When a vehicle passes over the
loop area, the conductive metal of the vehicle causes a loading of the loop’s magnetic fields. The loading
decreases the loop inductance, which causes the resonant frequency to increase. By continuously sampling the
loop’s resonant frequency, the magnitude and rate of change can be determined. If the frequency change exceeds a
selectable threshold (set by the sensitivity settings), the detector will activate an output signal. If the rate of change
is slow , typ ical of e nvironmental drift, the dete ctor will continuously tra ck and compensate for the c hange. The
detector also monitors the loop frequency for out of range conditions such as an opened or shorted loop circuit.

The detector scans the loop / lead-in circu it connected to each detector channel. The scanning method alternates
the on and off cycle of each channel’s loop circuit. Each channel’s oscillator circuit supplies the excitation voltage
that is co upled to t he lo op c ircu it b y a lo op is ola tion t ra nsfo rmer. The transformer provides high common mode
isolation between the loop and detector electronics, whic h allows the detector to operate on poor quality loops
including a single short to ground. The trans former also limits the amount of static energy (light ning) that can
transfer to the detector electronics. A spark gap transient s uppression device is connected ac ross the loop inp uts to
the isolation transformer. This device will dissipate static charges prior to their reaching the transformer. The loop
input is also filtered for 60-c ycle noise. A network of three capacitors is connected to the detector side of the
isolation transformer. The capacitors can be switched in or out of the oscillator circuit to shift the frequency of the
loop circuit, thus providing frequency separation between adjacent loops.

The sine wave from the loop circuit is square d for the microcontro ller to digitally meas ure the period of severa l
cycles. A high-speed clock sets a reference count for the period in a counter. If the frequency increases, the period
is shorter and the period count decreases. By comparing the new count with the reference count, a percentage of
change can be calculated that indirectly relates to the inductance change. If the magnitude of the change exceeds a
selectable threshold (sensitivity setting), the detector activates the output device.

The rate of change is also monitored. Slow rates of change typical of environmental drift are tracked and
automatically compensated for. If the total inductance of the loop input network goes out of the range specified for
the detector, or rapidly c hanges b y more t han ±25%, the c hannel w ill immed iately e nt er the pr ogramme d Fa il-Safe
or Fai l-Secure mode of operation. Fa il-Safe operation generates a continuous call output in t he Pr es e nce Mo de o r
Pulse Mode. Fail-Secure operation does not generate a call during the loop failure. In both modes of operatio n,
the Detect / Fail LED will turn ON (red) or flash (red) at a one Hz rate and remain ON or continue flashing as long
as the loop failure condition exists. If t he loop self-heals, the channel will resume operation in a normal manner;
except the Detect / Fail LED will begin to flash at a rate of three red flashes per second, thus providing an alert of a
prior Loop Fail condition. The Detect / Fail LED will co ntinue indicating t he last loop failure conditio n until the
detector is manually reset or power is removed.

The detector is designed to operate from D.C. power sources provid ing either 12 VDC or 24 VDC. O n-board
regulators provide regulated voltages so t hat the detector can safely operate over t he full input voltage range of

10.8 VDC to 30 VDC. The unit is also pr ovided with an external reset capab ility. When Contact C of the ed ge
card connector receives a logic ground signal for a minimum of 30 microseconds, both channels of the detector are
immediately reset. Changing any front panel switch (except the frequency switches) resets the associated channel.

The operating parameters of each detector channel are established b y D IP s wit ch s ett ings on D IP sw itc h mod ule s
located on the front panel or PC board. Operating parameters that can be selected on the front panel are
Sensitivity, Presence / Pulse Mode, and Loop Frequency. Operating parameters that can be selected on the PC
board are Test Mode, TS 2 Channel Off St atus, Noise Filter, a nd Fail-Safe / Fail-Secure Operat ion. A front pane l
mounted pushbutton is used for act ivation of an audible detect signa l. The loop frequency switches are directly
connected to the tuning capacitors in the loop oscillator circuits. The settings of the remaining s witches are strobed
into the microprocessor. The microproces sor pro vides eight o utput s ignals: a sepa rate o utput line for each c hannel
and a separate fail stat us line for each c hannel. Each ou tput li ne drive s a fail -safe optically isolated transistor.
Solid state output devices provide faster turn on and turn off times, thus giving more ac curate information when the
detector is used in speed and/or occupancy applications. The out put signa ls are con nected to four, dual c olor
(green / red), front panel mounted Detect / Fail LEDs. Eac h LED corresponds to an individual detector channe l.
The Detect / Fail LEDs are normally extinguished when there are no detect outputs, the loops are in tolerance, and
there have been no previous failure conditions. A Detect / Fail LED will be steady ON (green) when a current
detect output state exists. A De tect / Fail LED will be steady ON (red ) when a current open loop failure or an
inductance change condition of more than 25% exists. A Detect / Fail LED will flash at a one Hz rate (red) when a
current shorted loop failure or an inductance change condition of less than 25% exists. When a Detect / Fail LED
flashes at a rate of three 50 millisecond flashes per second (red), it is an indication that the loop is currently in
tolerance, but the detector channel has previously experienced an out of tolerance condition. If a current detect
output state exists and a detector channel has previously experienced an out of tolerance condition, the
corresponding Detect / Fail LED will flash at a rate of three 50 millisecond flashes per second (red) followed by a
single 750 millisecond flas h (green). Either of these pr ior failure Detect / Fail LED fla shing conditions will be
reset whenever the detector is reset, the channel is reset, or power is interrupted.

889-2502-02 Model Y-200 Operations Manual Page 14 of 22

The detector offers a choice of operation in either Fail-Safe or Fail-Secure Mode. Fail-Safe operation is the proper
choice for intersection control applications where the detector should output a vehicle detect condition in the event
of either a loop failure or power failure condition. Fail-Secure operation is the proper choice for freeway
manage ment a pplicat ions whe re it is undesira ble fo r the dete ctor to output a vehicle detect co ndition for a loop
failure condition. A vehicle detect condition on a freeway would be considered a stalled vehicle. When the
detector is operated in the Fail-Secure Mode, the detector offers a faster response time than it does when operated
in the Fa i l -Sa fe Mode. Slight ly s lower respo nse ti mes in the Fail-Safe Mode allow more filtering, hence providing
more noise immunity for intersection control applications.

The Reno A & E Model Y-200 detector is designed and manufactured using the lates t available technology in
electronic design and manufacturing, thus providing the highest possible performance and reliability. Once
properly installed a Reno A & E loop detector will provide years of trouble free operation.

889-2502-02 Model Y-200 Operations Manual Page 15 of 22

Symptom

Where To Start

See Troubleshooting Power Problems.
Check for sensitivity set extremely low (0 to 2).

All Channel Detect / Fail LEDs are ON (Green) and ca nnot
be turne d OFF, even when the channel is disabled .

Check the Reset line (Contact C), the detect or is being continuall y
reset.

Loop Fa il indic at ion ( LED ON Red o r flas hing R ed at a one
Hz rate).

Previou s Lo op Fa il ind icat io n (LE D fla shin g thr ee t ime s per
second Red) and detector appears to be working correctly.

Detector intermittently stays in the Call state (LED ON
Green).

Section 8 Maintenance and T r oubleshooting

The Reno A & E Model Y -200 Detector requires no maintenance. I f you a re having problems with your Model Y­200 detector, use the troubleshooting chart below to help determine the cause of the problem.

No LEDs lit and detector does not respond to traffic.

See Troubleshooting Loop Fail Problems.

See Troubleshooting Intermittent Loop Fail Problems.

See Troubleshooting Intermittent Det ect or Loc k Ups.

8.1 TROUBLESHOOTING POWER PROBLEMS

Do any o f the LEDs t urn ON (Green) when the detector is powered up and a vehicle is over one of t he loops
connected to the detector?

NO, Do any of the detectors in the rack d o anything when powered up and a vehic le is over one of the
loops connected to any of the detectors?

NO, Check Power Supply voltage. Is it greater than 10.8 VDC and less than 30 VDC?

NO, Unplug all devices that are connected to the Power Supply. Check the Power

Suppl y voltage again. Is it greater than 10.8 VDC and less than 30 V DC?

NO, Replace the Power Supply.
YES, Reconnect the unplugged devices, one at a time, until the voltage is

no longer valid. Replace the device that, when plugged in, causes the
Power Supply voltage to be invalid. Can all devices be plugged in at the
same time and work correctly?

NO, Power Supply is defective or under rated for the number of
units connected to the power supply. Replace with an
appropiate unit.

YES, Replaced device was defective.

YES, Wiring from Power Supply to rack is incorrect or defective.

YES, Swap t he detector with a working detector elsewhere in the rack. Did the problem

follow the detector?

NO, The slot is defective. Co nfirm correct wiring of the slot and that the edge
connector is not defective or damaged.

YES, The swapped unit is defective. Replace the unit.

YES, Probably not a power related problem.

889-2502-02 Model Y-200 Operations Manual Page 16 of 22

8.2 TROUBLESHOOTING LOOP FAIL PROBLEMS

Is one of the four front panel LEDs showing a Loop Failure indication (ON Red or one Hz flash rate Red)?

NO, All channels have tuned up to the existing loop / lead-in circuits and are within accepta ble limits.
YES, If a cha nnel is not be ing us ed, you wil l see t his dis play if the c hanne l has no t been d isab led. Is

there a loop connected to this channel?

NO, Disable the channel by setti ng the sensitivity leve l t o 0 (set DIP switches 4, 5, and 6 to the
OFF position) and the Loop Failure indication will cease.

YES, There is an open, a high resistance, or a s hort in the loop / lead-in c ircuit. Disconnect
the existing loop at the field ter minals in the cabinet and co nnect a test loop to the field
terminals. Reset the detector. Did the Loop Failure indication cease?

NO, The problem is in the cabinet. Replace the detector with a known good unit.
Did the Loop Failure indication cease?

NO, The detector is not the problem. Measure the resistance from each
loop terminal to the edge connector in the rack. It should read less than

0.5 Ohms for both terminals. Check a ll wir ing from ter minal b lock to the
edge connector in the rack. Also check that the edge connector itself is not
the problem.

YES, The replaced unit was defective.

YES, The problem is in the field. The next step is to determine if the loop / lead-in

circuit is shorted. Do this by c onnecting the loop in pa rallel with t he test loop that
you have i ns talled. Reset the detector. Did the Loop Failure indication cease?

NO, There is either a short in the loop / lead-in circuit or insufficient
inductance in the loop / lead-in circuit. Disconnect the loop in the
cabinet. Connect a MegOhm meter to one of the lead-in wires and earth
ground. Is the resistance greater than 50 megohms?

NO, There is leakage to earth ground in the loop / lead-in
circuit. Disconnect the loop from the lead-in cable. Measure
the resistance between one of the loop wires and earth ground.
Is the resistance greater than 50 megohms?

NO, The loop is damaged. Replace the loop.
YES, The lead-in cable is defective. Check all

splices. Replace the lead-in cable if necessary.

YES, The problem is insufficient inductance in the loop / lead­in circuit or a short in the lead-in cable. Leave the loop
disconnected in the cabinet. Disconnect the loop from the lead­in cable. Using a MegOhm meter, measure the resistance
between the two lead-in wires. Is the resistance greater than 50
megohms?

NO, The lead-in cable is defective. Check all splices.
Replace the lead-in cable if necessary.

YES, This indicates too few turns in the lo op itself or
some of the turns are shorted to each other. In either
case the loop must be replaced to correct the
problem.

YES, There is an open or high resistance in the field. Disconnect the loop
in the cabinet. Measure the resistance of the loop / lead-in circuit (from
one lead of the loop to the other). Is the resistance below five Ohms?

NO, Measure the resistance as close as possible to where the
loop enters the pavement. Is the resistance below two Ohms?

NO, The loop is probably damaged. Replace the
loop.

YES, The lead-in cable is defective. Check all
splices. Replace the lead-in cable if necessary.

YES, The p r oblem is p ro b ably exce s s i ve i nd uctance . Are t here
several loops connected in series for the loop / lead-in circuit?

NO, This is typically caused by having too many
turns in a large loop. Replace the loop with one that
has an inductance of less than 2000 microhenries.

889-2502-02 Model Y-200 Operations Manual Page 17 of 22

YES, If possible, connecting each loop to its own
detector is preferred. Or try a parallel wiring
arrangement for the loops if separate detection
channels are not possible.

8.3 TROUBLESHOOTING INTERMITTENT LOOP FAIL PROBLEMS

Intermittent Loop Fail problems te nd to be associated with bad sp lices in the loop / lead-in c ircuit, shorts in t he
loop / lead-In c irc uit, shorts to earth ground in the loop / lead-in circuit, or loose connections or bad so lder jo ints in
the sig nal c ab inet. If you ha ve any splices that are not soldered and sealed with an adhesive heat shrink or epoxy
resin, replace the splice with one that is. Using a MegOhm meter, measure the resistance from one of the loop
wires to earth ground. It should be greater than 50 megaohms. Inspect the loop. Look for exposed wires or debris
pressed into the saw cut. Tighten all screw terminals in the signal cabinet that the loop circuit uses. Check solder
joints in the loop circuit, espec ially on the rack itself. Discon nect and reconnect any connector used in the loop
circuit and check for loose pins and sockets in these connectors. I f your cabinet has lightning or sur ge suppress ion
devices on the loop inputs in the cabinet, remove or replace them. Check for places in the field where the loop
wire or lead-in cable may be pinched or chaffed. Look for wires pinc hed under j unction bo x covers a nd where the
wire enters conduit, especially where the loop wire leaves the saw cut and enters a conduit. After checking all of
the above items, you could swap out the detector but this type of failure is rarely ever related to the detector.

8.4 TROUBLESHOOTING INTERMITTENT D ET EC TO R LO CK UPS

Problems of this type tend to be difficult to isola te due to the many possible causes and the short duration of t he
symptom (usually less than 30 minutes). If the problem occurs more frequently in the morning or when raining,
suspect a short to earth ground in the loop / lead-in circuit. This can usually be ve r ified by testing with a MegOhm
meter but not always. Vibration can also be a possible ca use. Loop wires may be moving slight ly in a conduit due
to vibrations from truck traffic. Utility lids in t he street near t he loop may also be a source o f problems. E nsure
that lids near a loop are bolted down so that they cannot move. Check that each set of loop wires is twisted
together in any pull boxes and that lengths are not excessive. Inspect the loop. Look for exposed wires or debris
pressed into the saw cut. Check for places in the field where the loop wire or lead-in cable ma y be pinc hed or
chaffed. Look for wires pinched under junction box covers and where the wire enters a conduit, especially where
the loop wire leaves the saw cut and enters a conduit. If your cabinet has lightning or surge suppression
devices on the loop inputs in the cabinet, remove or replace them. If you have any splices that are not soldered
and sealed with an adhesive heat shrink or epoxy resin, replace the splice with one that is. Solder all crimp
connec tio ns i n the lo op circ uit. T ighten a ll screw ter minals in t he signal c abinet that t he loop c ircuit uses. Check
solder joints in the loop circuit, especially on the harness itself. Disconnect and reconnect any connector used in
the loop circuit and check for loose pins and sockets in these connectors.

8.5 TEST MODE OPERATION

Test Mode uses the microcontroller to verify the proper operation of the detector’s controls and indicators
(switches and LEDs). Each channel’s loop oscillator circ uit is also c hecked to verify the correct frequency in each
of the four frequency selections. The frequenc y portion of the tes t requires the detec tor to be co nnected to a 100
micro henry loo p. If an ind uctance value ot her than 10 0 micro henries is used, the freque ncy test r esults w ill be
invalid.

NOTE: The test procedures outlined below should not be performed in an operational traffic s ignal cabinet.

Test Procedure (PC Board Mounted DIP Switches)

TEP 1. Remove power from the detector.

S
S

TEP 2. Set all f ront panel Chan nel 1 Programming DIP switches ( S 1) to the OFF position.

S

TEP 3. Set all f ront panel Chan nel 2 Programming DIP switches ( S 2) to the OFF position.

S

TEP 4. Set all f ront panel Chan nel 3 Programming DIP switches ( S 3) to the OFF position.

S

TEP 5. Set all f ront panel Chan nel 4 Programming DIP switches ( S 4) to the OFF position.

S

TEP 6. Set all PC board mounted DIP switches (S5) to the OFF position.

S

TEP 7. Set the TEST switch (switch 1 on the PC board mounted DIP switch module, S5) to the ON

position. Insert the detector into a suitable test fixture and apply power. All of the detector’s LED
indicators should be OFF, all o f t he test box’s detect outputs should be ON, a nd the Channel 4 TS 2
status outp ut sho uld b e ON. Turn t he TEST switch to t he OFF position. All the LED indicato rs
should remain OFF, all detect outp uts should remain ON, and the Channel 4 TS 2 status output
should be OFF. Note: To test the frequency range the channel must be connected to a 100
microhenry loop. The other tests may be performed with loops within the ra nge of 20 to 2000
microhenries.

889-2502-02 Model Y-200 Operations Manual Page 18 of 22

Switch Label

DIP Switch

LED Indications and Outputs

N/A

8

N/A

SAFE 4

7

Channel 2 Test Box Output OFF

SAFE 3

6

Channel 3 Test Box Output OFF

SAFE 2

5

Channel 4 Test Box Output OFF

SAFE 1

4

Channel 1 Test Box TS 2 Stat us Output ON

FILTER

3

Channel 2 Test Box TS 2 Status Output ON

100MS

2

Channel 3 Test Box TS 2 Stat us Output ON

TEST

1

Channel 4 Test Box TS 2 Stat us Output ON

Switch Label

DIP Switch

LED Indications and Outputs

SENSE LEVEL 4

6

Channel 1 Detect / Fail LED Illuminated - GREEN

SENSE LEVEL 2

5

Channel 1 Detect / Fail LED Illuminated - RED

SENSE LEVEL 1

4

Channel 1 Detect / Fail LED Illuminated - GREEN

PRES PULS

3

Channel 1 Detect / Fail LED Illuminated - RED

Switch Label

DIP Switch

LED Indications and Outputs

SENSE LEVEL 4

6

Channel 2 Detect / Fail LED Illuminated - GREEN

SENSE LEVEL 2

5

Channel 2 Detect / Fail LED Illuminated - RED

SENSE LEVEL 1

4

Channel 2 Detect / Fail LED Illuminated - GREEN

PRES PULS

3

Channel 2 Detect / Fail LED Illuminated - RED

Switch Label

DIP Switch

LED Indications and Outputs

SENSE LEVEL 4

6

Channel 3 Detect / Fail LED Illuminated - GREEN

SENSE LEVEL 2

5

Channel 3 Detect / Fail LED I lluminated - RED

SENSE LEVEL 1

4

Channel 3 Detect / Fail LED Illuminated - GREEN

PRES PULS

3

Channel 3 Detect / Fail LED Illuminated - RED

STEP 8. Individua lly, t urn ON each s witc h of the PC boa rd mou nted D IP sw itch mo dule ( S5). Turn O FF

STEP 9. Remove power from the detector.

Test Procedure (Programming DIP Switches)

TEP 1. Remove power from the detector.

S
S

TEP 2. Set all f ront panel Chan nel 1 Programming DIP switches ( S 1) to the OFF position.

S

TEP 3. Set all f ront panel Chan nel 2 Programming DIP switches ( S 2) to the OFF position.

S

TEP 4. Set all f ront panel Chan nel 3 Programming DIP switches ( S 3) to the OFF position.

S

TEP 5. Set all f ront panel Chan nel 4 Programming DIP switches ( S 4) to the OFF position.

S

TEP 6. Set all PC board mounted DIP switches (S5) to the OFF position.

S

TEP 7. Set the TEST switch (switch 1 on the PC board mounted DIP switch module, S5) to the ON

S

TEP 8. Individually, turn ON switches 6, 5, 4, and 3 of the Channel 1 Programming DIP sw itch module

each switch after verifying the results ind icated in the chart below:

position. Insert the detector into a suitable test fixture and apply power. All of the detector’s LED
indicators should be OFF, all o f t he test box’s detect outputs should be ON, and the Channe l 4 TS 2
status outp ut sho uld b e ON. Turn t he TEST switch t o the OFF position. All the LED indicators
should remain OFF, all detect outp uts should remain ON, and the Channel 4 TS 2 status output
should be OFF. Note: To test the frequency range the channel must be connected to a 100
microhenry loop. The other tests may be performed with loops within t he range of 20 to 2000
microhenries.

(S1). Turn OFF each switch after verifying the results indicated in the table below.

STEP 9. Individually, turn ON switches 6, 5, 4, and 3 of the Channel 2 Programming DIP switch module

(S2). Turn OFF each switch after verifying the results of the detector’s LEDs indicated in the chart
below.

STEP 10. Individually, turn ON switches 6, 5, 4, and 3 of the Channel 3 Programming DIP switch module

(S3). Turn OFF each switch after verifying the results of the detector’s LEDs indicated in the chart
below.

889-2502-02 Model Y-200 Operations Manual Page 19 of 22

Switch Label

DIP Switch

LED Indications and Outputs

SENSE LEVEL 4

6

Channel 4 Detect / Fail LED Illuminated - GREEN

SENSE LEVEL 2

5

Channel 4 Detect / Fail LED Illuminated - RED

SENSE LEVEL 1

4

Channel 4 Detect / Fail LED Illuminated - GREEN

PRES PULS

3

Channel 4 Detect / Fail LED Illuminated - RED

DIP Switch 1

(FREQ 2)

DIP Switch 2

(FREQ 1)

OFF

OFF

N/A

ON

OFF

Channel 1 Detect / Fail LED Flash - RED

ON

ON

Channel 1 Detect / Fail LED Flash - GREEN / RED

OFF

ON

Channel 1 Detect / Fail LED Flash - GREEN

OFF

OFF

Channel 1 Detect / Fail LED OFF

OFF

OFF

N/A

ON

OFF

Channel 2 Detect / Fail LED Flash - RED

ON

ON

Channel 2 Detect / Fail LED Flash - GREEN / RED

OFF

ON

Channel 2 Detect / Fail LED Flash - GREEN

OFF

OFF

Channel 2 Detect / Fail LED OFF

OFF

OFF

N/A

ON

OFF

Channel 3 Detect / Fail LED Flash - RED

ON

ON

Channel 3 Detect / Fail LED Flash - GREEN / RED

OFF

ON

Channel 3 Detect / Fail LED Flash - GREEN

OFF

OFF

Channel 3 Detect / Fail LED OFF

OFF

OFF

N/A

ON

OFF

Channel 4 Detect / Fail LED Flash - RED

ON

ON

Channel 4 Detect / Fail LED Flash - GREEN / RED

OFF

ON

Channel 4 Detect / Fail LED Flash - GREEN

OFF

OFF

Channel 4 Detect / Fail LED OFF

STEP 11. Individually, turn ON switches 6, 5, 4, and 3 of the Channel 4 Programming DIP sw itch module

(S4). Turn OFF each switch after verifying the results of the detector’s LEDs indicated in the chart
below.

STEP 12. Remove power from the detector.

Test Procedure (Frequency DIP Switches)

TEP 1. Remove power from the detector.

S
S

TEP 2. Set all f ront panel Chan nel 1 Programming DIP switches ( S 1) to the OFF position.

S

TEP 3. Set all f ront panel Chan nel 2 Programming DIP switches ( S 2) to the OFF position.

S

TEP 4. Set all f ront panel Chan nel 3 Programming DIP switches ( S3) to the OFF position.

S

TEP 5. Set all f ront panel Chan nel 4 Programming DIP switches ( S 4) to the OFF position.

S

TEP 6. Set all PC board mounted DIP switches (S5) to the OFF position.

S

TEP 7. Set the TEST switch (switch 1 on the PC board mounted DIP switch module, S5) to the ON

position. Insert the detector into a suitable test fixture and apply power. All of the detector’s LED
indicators should be OFF, all o f t he test box’s detect outputs should be ON, a nd the Channel 4 TS 2
status output should be ON . Tur n the TEST switc h to t he OFF position. All the LED indicators
should remain OFF, all detect outp uts should remain ON, and the Channel 4 TS 2 status output
should be OFF.

S

TEP 8. NOTE: To test the frequency range, each channel must be connected to a 100 microhenry loop.

Set the switches and verify the results as indicated in the chart below:

LED Indications

CH 1

CH 2

CH 3

CH 4

STEP 9. Remove power from the detector.
An LED indication different than the ones described for each DIP switch setting indicates the loop frequency is out

of tolerance. Verify that the loop test coil has an inductance of 100 microhenries. If the test loop measures 100
microhenries the detector module should be serviced.

889-2502-02 Model Y-200 Operations Manual Page 20 of 22

Action

LED Indications and Outputs

•

• Buzzer Sounds

•

• Buzzer OFF

Action

LED Indications and Outputs

•

• Buzzer Sounds

•

• Buzzer OFF

Action

LED Indications and Outputs

•

• Buzzer Sounds

•

• Buzzer OFF

Action

LED Indications and Outputs

•

• Buzzer Sounds

•

• Buzzer OFF

Test Procedure (Buzzer)

TEP 1. Remove power from the detector.

S
S

TEP 2. Refer to the table in Sec tio n 3. 5 a nd set a ll front pa nel p rogra mming D IP sw itc hes ( S1, S2, S3, an d

S

TEP 3. Refer to the table in Section 3.6 and set a ll PC board mounted DIP switches (S5) to their default

S

TEP 4. Insert the detector into a suitable test fixture and apply power. All the LED indicators should be

S

TEP 5. Press t he front panel mounted pushb utton la beled BUZZER. The buzzer should sound once (50

S

TEP 6. Perform the actions and verify the results indicated in the table below.

S4) to their default positions.

positions.

OFF. NOTE: To test the frequency range, the channel must be connected to a 100 microhenry
loop. The other tests may be performed with any loops within the range of 20 to 2000
microhenries.

ms).

Input Call Channel 1

Remove Call Channel 1

Channel 1 Detect / Fail LED Illuminated - ORANGE

Channel 1 Detect / Fail LED Illuminated - ORANGE

STEP 7. Press t he fro nt pane l moun ted p ushbutt on lab eled BUZZER. The buzzer should s ound twice (50

ms).

S

TEP 8. Perform the actions and verify the results indicated in the table below.

Input Call Channel 1

Remove Call Channel 1

Channel 2 Detect / Fail LED Illuminated - ORANGE

Channel 2 Detect / Fail LED Illuminated - ORANGE

STEP 9. Press t he fro nt p a nel mo un te d p us hb utt on la be led BUZZER. The buzzer should sound three times

(50 ms).

S

TEP 10. Perform the actions and verify the results indicated in the table below.

Input Call Channel 1

Remove Call Channel 1

Channel 3 Detect / Fail LED Illuminated - ORANGE

Channel 3 Detect / Fail LED Illuminated - ORANGE

STEP 11. Pre ss the front pane l moun ted p ushb utto n labe led BUZZER. The buzzer should sound four times

(50 ms).

S

TEP 12. Perform the actions and verify the results indicated in the table below.

Input Call Channel 1

Remove Call Channel 1

Channel 4 Detect / Fail LED Illuminated - ORANGE

Channel 4 Detect / Fail LED Illuminated - ORANGE

STEP 13. Press the front panel mounted switch labeled BUZZER. The buzzer should sound onc e (250 ms).
S

TEP 14. Remove power from the detector.

889-2502-02 Model Y-200 Operations Manual Page 21 of 22

Switch / Button / Input

Action

LED Indications and Outputs

•

• Test Box Channel 1 TS 2 Status LED Flas h

•

• Test Box Channel 1 TS 2 Status LED ON *

•

• Test Box Channel 1 TS 2 Status LED ON

•

• Test Box Channel 2 T S 2 Status L ED Flash

•

• Test Box Channel 2 TS 2 Status LED ON *

•

• Test Box Channel 1 TS 2 Status LED ON

•

• Test Box Channel 3 TS 2 Status LED Flas h

•

• Test Box Channel 3 TS 2 Status LED ON *

•

• Test Box Channel 3 TS 2 Status LED ON

•

• Test Box Channel 4 TS 2 Status LED Flas h

•

• Test Box Channel 4 TS 2 Status LED ON *

Test Procedure (Reset)

TEP 1. Remove power from the detector.

S
S

TEP 2. Refer to the table in Section 3.5 and set all front panel p rogra mming DIP sw itc hes (S 1, S2, S3, a nd

S

TEP 3. Refer to the table in Section 3.6 and set a ll PC board mounted DIP switches (S5) to their default

S

TEP 4. Insert the detector into a suitable test fixture and apply power. All the LED indicators s hould be

S

TEP 5. Perform the actions and verify the results indicated in the table below.

Channel 1 OPEN LOOP

Channel 1 OPEN LOOP

S4) to their default positions.

positions.

OFF. NOTE: To test the frequency range, the channel must be connected to a 100 microhenry
loop. The other tests may be performed with any loops within the range of 20 to 2000
microhenries.

NOTE: Unless otherwise noted, references to sw itches, buttons, or inputs in the tab le correspond
to labels on test equipment supplied by Reno A & E.

Detector Channel 1 Detect / Fail LED Illuminated - RED

Pushbutton

Pushbutton

Press and Hold

Release

• Detector Channel 1 Output ON

• Test Box Channel 1 Detect LED ON

Detector Channel 1 Detect / Fail LED Flash - RED (Three 50 ms
Flashes per Second)

• Detector Channel 1 Output OFF

• Test Box Channel 1 Detect LED OFF

RESET Pushbutton

Channel 2 OPEN LOOP

Pushbutton

Channel 2 OPEN LOOP

Pushbutton

RESET Pushbutton

Channel 3 OPEN LOOP

Pushbutton

Channel 3 OPEN LOOP

Pushbutton

RESET Pushbutton

Channel 4 OPEN LOOP

Pushbutton

Channel 4 OPEN LOOP

Pushbutton

Press and

Release

Press and Hold

Release

Press and

Release

Press and Hold

Release

Press and

Release

Press and Hold

Release

Detector Channel 1 Detect / Fail LED OFF

Detector Channel 2 Detect / Fail LED Illuminated - RED

• Detector Channel 2 Output ON

• Test Box Channel 2 Detect LED ON

Detector Channel 2 Detect / Fail LED Flash - RED (Three 50 ms
Flashes per Second)

• Detector Channel 2 Output OFF

• Test Box Channel 2 Detect LED OFF

Detector Channel 1 Detect / Fail LED OFF

Detector Channel 3 Detect / Fail LED Illuminated - RED

• Detector Channel 3 Output ON

• Test Box Channel 3 De tect LED ON

Detector Channel 3 Detect / Fail LED Flash - RED (Three 50 ms
Flashes per Second)

• Detector Channel 3 Output OFF

• Test Box Channel 3 Detect LED OFF

Detector Channel 3 Detect / Fail LED OFF

Detector Channel 4 Detect / Fail LED Illuminated - RED

• Detector Channel 4 Output ON

• Test Box Channel 4 Detect LED ON

Detector Channel 4 Detect / Fail LED Flash - RED (Three 50 ms
Flashes per Second)

• Detector Channel 4 Output OFF

• Test Box Channel 4 Detect LED OFF

889-2502-02 Model Y-200 Operations Manual Page 22 of 22

Switch / Button / Input

Action

LED Indications and Outputs

•

• Test Box Channel 4 TS 2 Status LED ON

RESET Pushbutton

Press and

Release

Detector Channel 4 Detect / Fail LED OFF

* NOTE: The TS 2 Status LED may continue flashing for up to five (5) seconds after the OP EN LOOP

button is released.

S

TEP 6. Remove power from the detector.

8.6 THINGS TO KNOW ABOUT LOOPS

Always use a wire with cross-linked Polyet hylene insu lation (insulation type XLPE) for loop wire.
Typical sensing height is ⅔ of the shortest leg of a loop. Therefore, a 6΄ x 6΄ loop will have a detection height of 4΄.
The inductance of a conventional four-sided loop can be estimated using the formula:
L = P x (T2 + T) / 4 Where: L = Loop Inductance in microhenries

P = Loop Perimeter in feet
T = Number of Turns of Wire.

Therefore, a 6΄ by 6΄ loop with 3 turns would have an inductance of:

L = (6 + 6 + 6 + 6) x (32 + 3) / 4
L = 24 x (9 + 3) / 4
L = 24 x 12 / 4
L = 24 x 3

L = 72 microhenries.
The inductance of a QuadrupoleTM loop can be estimated using the formula:
L = [P x (T2 + T) / 4] + [CL x (T2 + T) / 4] Where: L = Loop Inductance in micro he nr ies

P = Loop Perimeter in feet
T = Number of Turns of Wire
CL = Length of Center Leg in feet.

Therefore, a 6΄ by 50΄ loop with a 2-4-2 configuration would have an inductance of:

L = [(6 + 50 + 6 + 50) x (22 + 2) / 4] + [50 x (42 + 4) / 4]

L = [112 x (4 + 2) / 4] + [50 x (16 + 4) / 4]

L = (112 x 6 / 4) + (50 x 20 / 4)

L = (112 x 1.5) + (50 x 5)

L = 168 + 250

L = 418 micr ohenries.
Loop Feeder cable typically adds 0.22 microhenrie s of inductance per foot of cable.
Total inductance of loops connected in series: L
Total inductance of loops connected in parallel: L

= L1 + L2 + L3 + . . . + LN.

TOTAL

= 1 / [ (1 / L1) + (1 / L2) + (1 / L3) + . . . + (1 / LN) ].

TOTAL

889-2502-02 Model Y-200 Operations Manual Page 23 of 22