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Technical Note TN-204 04/17/vk
RAE Systems
TVOC Mode
Benzene Mode
MultiRAE Benzene
with RAE
Cartridge
RAE-Sep Cartridge
MODES & APPLICATIONS FOR THE MULTIRAE BENZENE
INTRODUCTION
Benzene is a very well-known human carcinogen that is widely
distributed throughout nature (coal, crude oil, gas and gas condensate). In most fuel products (gasoline, diesel, jet fuel), it exists in concentrations of up t o several percent, by volume (vol%).
Benzene is a very important industrial
chemical, as well. It belongs to the BTEX
aromatic family and is a liquid with a rather high vapor pressure. Due to its ha zardous properties, Cal/OSHA set its PEL
(Personal Exposure Limit) as 1 ppm of
TWA and 5 ppm of STEL (Short Term
1
Exposure Limit).
ACGIH recommends
even more strict limits of 0.5 and 2.5
2
ppm, respectively.
There are several
portable products on the market (from
RAE Systems, IonScience, Dräger) that
are able to measure such low concentrations of benzene, but only the MultiRAE
Benzene combines the ability to make
quick benzene-specific assessment
(“snapshot”) measurements with the ad-
-Sep Tube
vantages of a versatile multi-gas monitor (up to six gas sensors)
with real-time wireless capability. It can support more than 20
intelligent interchangeable sensor options.
Note: This Technical Note applies only to the MultiRAE Benzene monitor. For information regarding the UltraRAE 3000, refer to RAE Systems Technical Note TN-127: “Benzene-Specific
Measurements In Petroleum Hydrocarbons Using The RAE
Systems UltraRAE 3000.”
INSTRUMENT AND CARTRIDGE
The MultiRAE Benzene is designed specifically for use with the
replaceable benzene-specific RAE-Sep Tube Cartridge, which
comprises six individual RAE-Sep tubes.
The MultiRAE Benzene has two modes: TVOC (Total Volatile
Organic Compounds) mode and Benzene mode. When used in
TVOC mode, its display shows all sensor readings continuously.
When the instrument i s i n benzene mode, t he dis play p rompts for
snapshot sampling. (Refer to the MultiRAE User’s Guide for details
on managing, calibrating, and measuring in both TVOC and Ben-
3
zene modes
.) To perform snapshot compound-specific (benzene) measurement in addition to general VOC measurement
requires a RAE-Sep Tube Cartridge (available in packs of six:
P/N M01-0312-000).
Note: Each tube should be used for one measurement only.
The RAE-Sep Tube Cartridge is designed to provide six onetime specific measurements of benzene. This cartridge has
unique properties and performance features not found in other
monitors’ separation tube configurations. It has been designed
to provide accurate, benzene-only measurement and has only
been evaluated and tested on the MultiRAE Benzene monitor.
Failure to use the MultiRAE Benzene monitor with the
Note:
RAE-Sep Tube Cartridge will result in inaccurate detection or
measurement, which may include the failure to detect benzene
and possible serious injury or death.
For proper cartridge operation and replacement, refer to the document “RAE-Sep Tube Cartridge For MultiRAE Benzene.”
4
by Honeywell 877-723-2878 raesystems.com
Honeywell Internal
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Technical Note TN-204 04/17/vk
RAE Systems
Sensor/Mode
Range
Reso-
Some measurable parameters of the instrument are presented below. Refer to the MultiRAE Benzene datasheet for comprehensive
sensor specification data.
5
lution
9.8eV for use in TVOC mode 10 ppb to 2,000 ppm 10 ppb
9.8eV for use in Benzene
mode (with RAE-Sep Tube
Cartridge)
0.1 to 200 ppm 0.1 ppm
MULTIRAE BENZENE-SPECIFIC MEASUREMENT
PRINCIPLE
In Benzene mode, the monitor is designed to make specif ic benzene measurements. This is achieved via these two approaches:
1. The monitor uses a lower-energy, 9.8eV PID lamp. This allows excluding from cross-contamination all the VOCs with
ionization energy (IE) above 9.8eV.
2. RAE-Sep tubes eliminate most VOCs. Two major effects
are present in them:
• Gas absorption in the tube. This is usually a fast pro-
cess, and it is reversible.
• Gas reaction (chemical) in the tube. This is a slower
process, and it is not reversible.
Note: Some VOCs can be eluted (removed) from the RAE-Sep
Tube and cause false positive benzene readings.
In addition, if the instruments are insensitive to some gases (for
example, their IE is above 9.8eV or if they require high correction
factors), the products of their chemical reactions in RAE-Sep
Tubes may become sensitive and may distort the benzene reading. A separate case is when gases don’t absorb in the RAESep Tube and are insensitive to the monitor equipped with a
9.8eV lamp (for example, lower hydrocarbons such as methane,
ethane, etc.).
Example of Elution
When the instrument in Benzene mode was exposed to 400 ppm
of acetone for 60 seconds, the reading didn’t exceed 0.2 ppm.
After 5 minutes running in air, the reading increased and
reached almost 30 ppm.
by Honeywell 877-723-2878 raesystems.com
Acetone eluate from Sep-Tube
35000
30000
25000
20000
15000
10000
5000
Response, ppb
0
0 10 20 30
Time, min
ppb
Elution in Benzene mode with exposure to 400 ppm of
acetone.
Acetone didn’t convert in the RAE-Sep Tube within a short period of time (slow chemical reaction) and further eluted with the
air stream.
Important: For the correct measurement an d to avoid a false positive
response, RAE-Sep Tubes should be used just one time.
Humidity Effect
Humidity has no effect on the response to benzene. However,
high humidity affects the capacitance of the tubes to remove interfering hydrocarbons, especially when they are in high concentrations.
The figure below shows the response of the instrument to the
mix of benzene (2 ppm) and octane (180 ppm). HPS-2 is the
case when the tube was opened and the instrument run with a
high pump speed (HPS) for about 5 minutes in ambient air with
relative humidity (RH) of 75 to 80% before a benzene measurement in Benzene mode was done. HPS-1 i s the case when benzene measurements were done right after opening the tube.
Benzene+Octane, response vs. numbers
of measurements
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
Reading, ppm
0.5
0
0 2 4 6 8
Numbers of measurements
HPS-1
HPS-2
Response of Benzene and Octane with different times of
measurement after opening the tubes, HPS-1 and HPS-2.
Each line represents a single tube, and each triangle represents a single measurement with that tube.
2
Honeywell Internal
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Technical Note TN-204 04/17/vk
RAE Systems
Gas
Gas concentration,
Capacitance,
Toluene
100
≥10
i-Butylene
100
≥10
i-Butylene
1000
5
Methane
25000
No response
n-Hexane
2400
10 sec
n-Octane
500
1*
n-Pentane
3500
7 sec
n-Propane
11000
No response
Gas Cross-
Gas concentration,
Benzene
Pentane
1700
0.1
Propane
5500
0
i-Butane
4500
0.5
i-Butylene
100
0.6
i-Butylene
1000
0.8
Methane
12500
0
Octane
250
0.3
Hexane
1200
0.6
Hexane
100
0
Butadiene 1,3
2.5
0.5
Toluene
50
1
Acetone
200
0.1
Tube capacitance can be extended significantly while using the
instrument’s low pump speed (LPS) instead of its high pump
speed as default setting. Test conditions are the same as above.
Benzene+Octane, response vs. numbers
of measurements
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
Reading, ppm
0.5
0
0 2 4 6 8
Numbers of measurements
HPS-1
LPS-1
HPS-2
LPS-2
Note: Previous results reinforce our strong recommendation to
only open RAE-Sep Tubes right before performing a benzenespecific measurement. Other approaches could lead to false
positive results.
Temperature Effects
Temperature variation affects RAE-Sep Tube performance. Decreasing te mper ature lea ds to the highe r tube ab sorpt ion, but sl ows
down chemical transformation. As a result, the tube may not show a
color change, but the tube fully or partially loses its capacitance. To
avoid confusion, follow the recommendation of “One tube, one
measurement.” Note: Calibration should be performed at the same
temperature as the measurement because time necessary for sampling changes wit h tempe ratur e.
Tube Capacitance
Tube capacitance in this case is defined as: MultiRAE Benzene
with a RAE-Sep Tube exposed to the gases in the table for a
limited time until the reading reached 0.5 ppm.
Concentration vs. Exposure Time
Potential Cross-Sensitivity
sensitivity
ppm
Response, ppm
Benzene Absorption by RAE-Sep Tubes
There is a small effect of the benzene absorbtion by the RAESep Tube that potentially could slightly decrease a benzene
reading, but it doesn’t exceed 50 to 60 ppb, which is below the
instrument’s resolution of 0.1 ppm (100ppb).
Effect of tube on Benzene absorption
300
250
200
150
100
50
Reading, ppb
0
110 149 225 328
Benzene concentration, ppb
ppm
* Reading 1 ppm after 1 minute exposure
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minutes
Without tube With tube
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Technical Note TN-204 04/17/vk
RAE Systems
Examples of RAE-Sep Tubes’ appearance after exposure to
different VOCs and environment
Unused RAE-Sep tube. Note the uniform orange color of the
fresh absorbant.
The following examples show various degrees of capacitance.
Do not use opened tubes that look like these.
1. Freshly opened tube exposed to a mixture of benzene and
octane. The exposure was over the tube’s capacitance.
2. Open tube with instrument run for 5 minutes at 75 to 80%
relative humidity and then exposed to a mixture of benzene
and octane. The tube lost capacitance. The front part didn’t
absorb VOC.
3. Open tube with instrument run for 5 minutes at 75 to 80%
relative humidity and then exposed to benzene and propane. The tube lost capacitance. The front part didn’t absorb VOC, and the color is mostly brownish instead of
green.
REFERENCES
1 California Code of Regulations, Section 5218:
https://www.dir.ca.gov/title8/5218.html
2 American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygien-
ists (ACGIH) Threshold Limit Value: https://www.osha.gov/
dts/chemicalsampling/data/CH_220100.html
3 MultiRAE User’s Guide:
http://www.raesystems.com/sites/default/files/content/
resources/
4 MultiRAE Benzene Tube Cartridge Instructions:
http://www.raesystems.com/sites/default/files/content/
resources/MultiRAE%20Benzene%20Tube%20Cartridge%20QSG%20-%20A5_Page%20RevA2.pdf
5 MultiRAE Benzene Datasheet:
http://www.raesystems.com/sites/default/files/content/
resources/Datasheet_MultiRAE-%20Benzene_DS-1098-
01.pdf
4. Freshly opened tube exposed to acetone. The tube’s color
almost didn’t change, though tube capacitance suffered.
by Honeywell 877-723-2878 raesystems.com
4
Honeywell Internal
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