Powerplus POW63753 User Manual

Download

1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................. 3

2 SAFETY MESSAGES ..................................................................... 3

3 SAFETY INFORMATION ................................................................ 3

4 COMPONENT & CONTROL LOCATION ....................................... 3

5 PRE OPERATION CHECKS ........................................................... 4

6 OPERATION.................................................................................... 4

6.1 Safe operating precautions ..................................................................................... 4

6.2 Starting the engine .................................................................................................. 4

6.3 Stopping the engine ................................................................................................ 6

7 SPECIFICATIONS ........................................................................... 6

8 TUNE-UP SPECIFICATIONS.......................................................... 6

9 SERVICING YOUR ENGINE ........................................................... 6

9.1 The importance of maintenance ............................................................................. 6

9.2 Maintenance safety ................................................................................................. 7

9.3 Safety precautions .................................................................................................. 7

9.4 Maintenance schedule ............................................................................................ 7

9.5 Refuelling ................................................................................................................. 8

9.5.1 Adding Fuel ............................................................................................................... 8

9.6 Engine oil ................................................................................................................. 9

9.6.1 Recommended Oil .................................................................................................... 9

9.6.2 Oil Level Check ......................................................................................................... 9

9.6.3 Oil Change .............................................................................................................. 10

9.7 Air cleaner ............................................................................................................. 10

9.7.1 Inspection ............................................................................................................... 11

9.7.2 Cleaning.................................................................................................................. 11

9.8 Spark plug ............................................................................................................. 11

9.9 Flywheel brake inspection (a types only) ............................................................. 12

10 ENGINE ADJUSTMENTS ............................................................. 13

11 HELPFUL TIPS & SUGGESTIONS .............................................. 13

11.1 Storing your engine ............................................................................................... 13

11.1.1 Storage Preparation ........................................................................................... 13

11.1.2 Cleaning ............................................................................................................. 13

11.1.3 Fuel .................................................................................................................... 14

11.1.4 Adding a gasoline stabilizer to extend fuel storage life ........................................ 14

11.1.5 Draining the fuel tank and carburettor ................................................................. 14

11.1.6 Engine Oil .......................................................................................................... 15

11.1.7 Clean fuel strainer .............................................................................................. 15

11.1.8 Storage precautions ........................................................................................... 15

11.2 Removal from storage ........................................................................................... 16

11.3 Transporting .......................................................................................................... 16

12 TROUBLE SHOOTING CHART.................................................... 16

13 TECHNICAL & CONSUMER INFORMATION .............................. 17

13.1 Serial Number Location ........................................................................................ 17

13.2 Carburettor Modifications for High Al titude Operation ........................................ 17

ENGINE DYM 1 P60FA, DYM 1 P64FA, DG 600

1 INTRODUCTION

§ Thank you for purchasing our engine. We want to help you to get the best results from your new engine and operate it safely. This manual contains information on how to do that; please read it carefully before operating the engine.

§ This manual should be considered as a permanent part of the engine and should remain with the engine if resold.

§ Review the instructions provided with the equipment powered by this engine for any additional information regarding engine start-up, shutdown, operation, adjustments or any special maintenance instructions.

2 SAFETY MESSAGES

§ Your safety and the safety of others are very important. We have provided important safety messages in this manual and on the engine. Please read these messages carefully.

§ A safety message alerts you to potential hazards that could hurt you or others. Each safety message is preceded by a safety alert symbol and one of three words, DANGER, WARNING, or CAUTION.

DANGER WARNING

CAUTION

Each message tells you what the hazard is, what can happen, and what you can do to avoid or reduce injury.

3 SAFETY INFORMATION

§ Understand the operation of all controls and learn how to stop the engine quickly in case of emergency. Make sure the operator receives adequate instruction before operating the equipment.

§ Your engine's exhaust contains poisonous carbon monoxide. Do not run the engine without adequate ventilation, and never run the engine indoors.

§ The engine and exhaust become very hot during operation. Keep the engine at least 3 feet (1 meter) away from buildings and other equipment during operation. Keep flammable materials away, and do not place anything on the engine while it is running.

You WILL be KILLED or SERIOUSLY HURT if you don't follow instructions. You CAN be KILLED or SERIOUSLY HURT if you don't follow instructions

You CAN be HURT if you don't follow instructions.

4 COMPO NENT & CONTROL LOCATION

1. starter grip

2. Fuel cap

3. air filter

4. carburettor

5. spark plug

6. Muffler

7. Oil filler cap /dipstick

8. Fuel tank

5 PRE OP ERATION CHECKS

For your safety, and to maximize the service life of your equipment, it is very important to take a few moments to check the engine condition before operating Be sure to take care of any problem you find, or hav e your servicing dealer to c orrect it, before you operate the engine.

WARNING

Improper maintenance to this engine, or failure to correct a problem before operation, can cause a malfunction in which you can be seriously hurt or killed. Always perform a preoperation inspection before each operation, and correct any problem.

Always check the following items before you start the engine:

1. Fuel level.

2. Oil level.

3. Air cleaner.

4. General inspection: Check for fluid leaks and loose or damaged parts.

5. Check the equipment powered by this engine

Review the instructions provided with the equipment powered by this engine for any precautions and pro ced ures that should be followed before engine start-up.

6 OPERATION

6.1 Safe operating precautions

Before operating the engine for the first time, please review the SAFETY INFORMATION section and the PRE OPERATION CHECKS above.

WARNING

Carbon monoxide gas is toxic. Breathing it can cause unconsciousness and even kill you. Avoid any areas or actions that expose you to carbon monoxide

Review the instructions provided with the equipment powered by this engine for any safety precautions that should be observed. With engine start-up, shutdown, or operation

6.2 Starting the engine

§ Turn the fuel valve switch to the ON position

A1. FOR STARTING A COLD ENGINE:

§ Move the throttle control to the choke position.

§ close safety brake control handle

§ Grasp rope handle and pull slowly until resistance is felt

§ pull cord rapidly to overcome compression (prevent kickback),

§ repeat if necessary

§ After engine starts, move handle to RUN position.

A : Fuel valve lever

A : cable hole

A2. FOR RESTARTING A WARM ENGINE:

§ Do not use the choke when the engine is warm.

§ Move the throttle control slightly past the RUN position.

B1. FLYWHEEL BRAKE MOD ELS:

§ Move the starter control handle (located on equipment) to release the flywheel brake.

NOTICE

Engine will stop if you release the starter control handle.

Do not allow the starter grip to snap back against the engine. Return it gently to prevent damage to the starter

1. starter grip handle

B2. FLYWHEEL BRAKE MOD ELS:

§ Continue to hold the starter control handle. The engine will stop if you release the starter control handle

Type DYM1P60FA

DYM1P64FA

DG600

6.3 Stopping the engine

1. Turn the fuel valve to the OFF position

2. FLYWHEEL BRAKE MODELS :

3. Release the starter control handle (located on equipment) to stop the engine.

4. Turn the control lever to the STOP position(located on equipment

1. brake cable

7 SPECIFICATIONS

Dry weight(kg) 12 12 14.5 Engine type 4-stro ke, ove rhe ad valv e, sin gle cy lind er Displacement[Bore x

Stroke] Max. torque 6.5 Nm at 2600 rpm 7 Nm at 2600 rpm 9.5Nm at 2800rpm Cooling system Forced air PTO shaft rotation Counter clockwise

118cm³ - 60X42 135cm³ - 64x42mm 173cm³ - 70x45mm

8 TUNE-UP SPECIFICATIONS

ITEM SPECIFICATION MAINTENANCE Spark plug gap 0.028-0.031 inch

(0.7-0.8 mm)

Valve clearance (cold) IN:0.06+0.02mm

EX:0.08+0.02mm

Other specifications No other adjustments needed

Refer to 8.8

See your authorized dealer

9 SERVICING YOUR ENGINE

9.1 The importance of maintenance

Good mainten ance is essential for safe, economical and trouble -free operation. It will also help reduce pollution.

WARNING

Improper maintenance, or failure to correct a problem before operation, can cause a malfunction in which you can be seriously hurt or killed.

Always follow the inspection and maintenance recommendations and schedules in this owner's manual.

To help you properly care for your engine, the following pages include a maintenance schedule, routine inspection proced ures, and simple maintenance procedures using basic hand tool s .

X(2)

Air cleaner

Other service tasks that are more difficult, or require special tools, are best handled by professionals and are normally performed by our technician or other qualified mechanics. The maintenance schedule applies to normal opera t ing conditions. If you operate your engine under severe conditions, such as sustained high-load or high-temperature operation, or use in unusual wet or dusty con ditions, consult your servi c ing dealer for recommendations applicable to your individual needs and use.

9.2 Maintenance safety

Some of the most important safety precautions follow. However, we cannot warn you of every conceivable hazard that can arise in performing maintenance. Only you can decide whether or not you should perform a given task.

WARNING

Failure to properly follow maintenance instructions and precautions can cause you to be seriously hurt or killed. Always follow the procedures and precautions in this owner's manual.

9.3 Safety precautions

§ Make sure the engine is off before you begin any maintenance or repairs. This will eliminate several potential hazards:

- Carbon monoxide poisoning from engine exhaust.

§ Be sure there is adequate ventilation whenever you operate the engine.

- Burns from hot parts.

§ Let the engine and exhaust system cool before touching.

- Injury from moving parts.

§ Do not run the engine unless instructed to do so

§ Read the instructions before you begin, and make sure you have the tools and skills

required.

§ To reduce the possibility of fire or explosion, be careful when working around gasoline. Use only a non-flammable solvent, not gasoline, to clean parts. Keep cigarettes, sparks and flames away from all fuel related parts.

§ Remember that an authorized our servicing dealer knows your engine best and is fully equipped to maintain and repair it.

§ To ensure the best quality and reliability, use only new genuine our parts or their equivalents for repair and replacement.

9.4 Maintenance schedule

REGULAR SERVICE PERIOD(4) ITEM

Perform at every indicated month Or operating hour interval. Which ever comes first.

Engine oil Check

First Month or 5 Hrs

Every3 Months or25 Hrs

Before Each Use

Every6 Months or50 Hrs

Every Year or100 Hrs

Every Two Years or 250Hrs

Replace

Check Clean Spark plug Check/adjust Replace

(1)

X(3)

After every 200 hours (3)

Flywheel brake pad Check Replace

Spark arrester Clean Fuel tank and filter Clean

Fuel tube Check Every 2 years(Replace if necessa ry (3)

Valve clearance Check/ adjust

Combustion chamber Clean

(1) Service more frequently when used in dusty areas. (2) Change engine oil every 25 hours when used under heavy load or in high ambient temperatures. (3) These items should be serviced by an authorized our servicing dealer, unless you have the proper tools and are mechanically proficient. Refer t o the shop manual for service pro cedures. (4) For commercial use, log hours of operation to determine proper maintenance intervals.

9.5 Refuelling

Use unleaded gasoline wi th a pump octane rating of 86 or higher. This engine is certified to operate on unleaded gasoline. Unleaded gasolin e produces fewer engine and s park plug deposits and extends exhaust system life.

WARNING

Gasoline is highly flammable and explosive, and you can be burned or seriously injured when refueling.

§ Stop engine and keep heat, sparks, and flame away.

§ Refuel only outdoors.

§ Wipe up spills immediately.

NOTICE

9.5.1 Adding Fuel

1. Remove the fuel tank cap.

2. Add fuel to the bottom of the fuel level limit in the neck of the fuel tank. Do not overfill.

Wipe up spilled fuel before starting the engine.

Fuel can damage paint and some types of plastic. Be careful not to spill fuel when filling your fuel tank. Damage caused by spilled fuel is not covered under the Warranty.

Never use stale or contaminated gasoline or oil/gasoline mixture.

Avoid getting dirt or water in the fuel tank.

Fuel tank capacity: 1.5L (0.47 US gallon)

2. Fuel cap

9.6 Engine oil

9.6.1 Recommended Oil Use 4-stroke motor oil that meets or exceeds the requirements for API service classification SH,

SJ, or equivalent. Always check the API service label on the oil container to be sure it includes the letters SH, SJ, or equivalent.

SAE 10W-30 is recommended for general use. Other viscosities shown in the chart may be used when the average t emperature in your area is within the indicated rang e.

9.6.2 Oil Level Check

1. Check the oil with the engine stopped and level.

7. Oil filler cap /dipstick Max : upper limit Min : lower limit

2. Remove the oil filler cap/dipstick and wipe it clean.

3. Insert the oil filler cap/dipstick into the oil filler neck as shown, but do not screw it in, then

remove it to check the oil level.

4. If the oil level is near or below the lower limit mark on the dipstick, remove the oil filler

cap/dipstick, and fill with the recommended oil to the upper limit mark (bottom edge of .the oil fill hole). Do not overfill. 5. Reinstall the oil filler cap/dipstick.

NOTICE

This engine is delivered without oil, be sure to put oil in the engine before the starting. Use a clean, detergent and high quality oil SAE30 and API.SG. SH OR SJ classification

9.6.3 Oil Change We suggest you take used oil in a sealed container to your local recycling centre or service

station for reclamation. Do not throw it in the trash; pour it on the ground, or down a drain.

7.Oil filler cap /dipstick A : sealing washer B : drain bolt

1. Turn the fuel valve to the OFF position to reduce the possibility of fuel leakage.

2. .Place a suitable container next to the engine to catch the used oil.

3. .Remove the drain bolt and drain the oil into the container by slightly tipping the engine

toward the oil filler cap/dipstick. Please dispose of used motor oil in a manner that is compatible with the environment. We suggest you take used oil in a sealed container to your local recycling centre or service station for reclamation. Do not throw it in the trash or pour it on the ground or down a drain.

4. With the engine in a level position, fill to the upper limit mark on the dipstick with the

recommended oil (see below). Engine Oil Capacity: 0.60L (0.63 US quarts)

NOTICE

Running the engine with a low oil level can caus e engine damage.

- Reinstall the oil filler cap/dipstick securely.

9.7 Air cleaner

A dirty air cleaner will restrict air flow to the carburettor and cause poor engine performance. Inspect the air cleaner each time the engine is operated. You will need to clean the air cleaner more frequently if you operate the engine in very dusty areas.

NOTICE

Operating the engine without an air cleaner, or with a damaged air cleaner, will allow dirt to enter the engine, causing rapid engine wear. This type of damage is not covered under the warranty

9.7.1 Inspection

A : Air cleaner case B : sealing washer C : air cleaner cover D : foam element

1. Remove the air cleaner cover. Be careful to prevent dirt and debris from falling into the air

cleaner base.

2. .Remove the air cleaner from the air cleaner base.

3. .Inspect the air cleaner elements. Replace any damaged elements. Clean or replace dirty

elements.

9.7.2 Cleaning

1. Remove the air cleaner cover and foam element, as described in. the INSPECTION

procedure.

2. Remove the paper element from the air cleaner base

3. Paper element: Tap the element several times on a hard surface to remove excess dirt,

or blow compressed air not exceeding 30 psi (207 kPa)] through the filter from the wire

screen side. Never try to brush off dirt; brushing will force dirt into the fibres. Replace the

paper element if it is excessively dirty.

4. Wipe dirt from the air cleaner base and cover using a moist rag. Be careful to prevent dirt

from entering the air duct that leads to the carburettor.

5. Reinstall the air cleaner element, and make sure both elements are properly positioned.

Install the air cleaner cover and tighten the two wing bolts securely.

9.8 Spark plug

Recommended Spark Plug: BPR5 ES (NGK) W16EPR-U (DENSO) The recommended spark plug is the correct heat range for normal engine operating temperatures.

NOTICE

Incorrect spark plugs can cause engine damage.

For good performance, the spark plug must be properly gapped and free of deposits.

1. Disconnect the cap from the spark plug, and remove any dirt from the spark plug area.

2. Use the proper size spark plug wrench to remove the spark plug.

3. Inspect the spark plug. Replace it if damaged, badly fouled, if the sealing washer is in

poor condition, or if the electrode is worn.

4. Measure the electrode gap with a suitable gauge. The correct gap is 0.028 - 0.031 in

(0.70 0.80 mm). If adjustment is needed, correct the gap by carefully bending the side

electrode.

A. spark plug cap B spark plug wrench

5. Install the spark plug carefully, by hand, to avoid cross-threading.

6. After the spark plug is seated, tighten with the proper size spark plug wrench to compress

the washer.

7. When installing a new spark plug, tighten 1/2 turn after the spark plug seats to compress

the washer.

8. When reinstalling the original spark plug, tighten 1/8 1/4 turn after the spark plug seats to

compress the washer.

NOTICE

C : Sealing washer D : Electrode distance:

0.028~0.031 inch (0.70~0.80 mm

A loose spark plug can become very hot and can damage the engine. Over tightening the spark plug can damage the threads in the cylinder head.

9. Attach the spark plug cap to the spark plug.

9.9 Flywheel brake inspection (a types only)

1. Check to see if the inspection screw is contacting the brake bracket.

2. If the inspection screw is contacting the brake bracket, take the engine to an authorized

engine servicing dealer for flywheel brake pad inspection.

3. Release the starter control handle (located on equipment) and verify that there is a strong

resistance when pulling on the recoil starter. Also verify that the governor arm is moved to

the idle (slow), position and there is free play in the cable. The cable should 10 15 mm

from the centreline as shown when the cable is new.

4. Move the starter control handle(located on equipment) to release the flywheel brake, and

verify that there is clearance between the governor arm and the throttle return rod when

the throttle return rod when the throttle is in the fast (or high) position. Also verify that

there is at least 2 mm clearance between the stopper and the brake cable bracket.

10 ENGINE ADJUSTMENTS

NOTICE

Do not change in any way the rated speed of the engine (carburator side or regulator side)

Your engine was adjusted in the factory and the non-respect of the homologation speed engine could be dangerous for your safety and others safety. If the rated speed is changed in any way, the factory warranty will be cancelled.

A : Fuel tank B : Flywheel C : Brake system

11 HELPFUL TIPS & SUGGESTIONS

11.1 Storing your engine

11.1.1 Storage Preparation Proper storage preparation is essential for keeping your engine trouble free and looking good.

The following steps will help to keep rust and corrosion from impairing your engine's function and appearance, and will make the engine easier to start when you use it again.

11.1.2 Cleaning If the engine has been running, allow it to cool for at least half an hour before cleaning. Clean all

exterior surfaces, touch up any damaged paint, and coat other areas that may rust with a light film of oil.

NOTICE

Using a garden hose or pressure washing equipment can force water into the air cleaner or muffler opening. Water in the air cleaner will soak the air filter, and water that passes through the air filter or muffler can enter the cylinder, causing damage.

11.1.3 Fuel Gasoline will oxidize and deteriorate in storage. Deteriorated gasoline will cause hard starting,

and it leaves gum deposits that clog the fuel system. If the gasoline in your engine deteriorates during storage, you may need to have the carbure ttor, and other fuel system components, serviced or replaced. The length of time that gasoline can be left in your fuel tank and carburettor without causing functional problems will vary with such factors as gasoline blen d, your storage temperatures, and whether the fuel ta nk is partially or complete ly filled. The air in a partially filled fuel tank promotes fuel deterioration. Very warm storage temperatures accelerate fuel deterioration. Fuel problems may occur within a few months, or even less if the gasoline was not Fresh when you filled the fuel tank. Fuel system damage or engine performance problems resulting from neglected storage preparation are not covered under Warran ty.

11.1.4 Adding a gasoline stabilizer to extend fuel storage life When adding a gasoline stabilizer, fill the fuel tank with fresh gasoline. If only partially filled, air

in the tank will promote fuel deterioration during storage. If you keep a container of gasoline for refuelling, be sure that it contains only fresh gasoline.

1. Add gasoline stabilizer following the manufacturer's instructions.

2. After adding a gasoline stabilizer, run the engine outdoors for 10 minutes to be sure that

treated gasoline has replaced the untreated gasoline in the carburettor.

11.1.5 Draining the fuel tank and carburettor

WARNING

Gasoline is highly flammable and explosive, and you can be burned or seriously injured when handling fuel.

§ Stop engine and keep heat, sparks, and flame away.

§ Refuel only outdoors.

§ Wipe up spills immediately.

1. Place an approved gasoline container below the carburettor, and use a funnel to avoid

spilling fuel.

2. Remove the drain bolt, then move the fuel valve lever to the ON position.

3. After all the fuel has drained into the container, reinstall the drain bolt and washer.

Tighten the drain bolt securely.

C : carburettor D : washer E : bolt

11.1.6 Engine Oil

1. Change the engine oil.

2. Remove the spark plug

3. Pour a tablespoon (5 - 10 cc) of clean engine oil into the cylinder.

4. Pull the recoil starter several times to distribute the oil.

5. Reinstall the spark plug.

11.1.7 Clean fuel strainer

11.1.8 Storage precautions If your engine will be stored with gasoline in the fuel tank and carburettor, it is important to

reduce the hazard of gasoline vapour ignition. Select a well-ventilated storage area away from any appliance that operates with a flame, such a s a fu rnace, water heater, or clothes dryer. Also avoid any area with a spark producing electric motor, or where power tools are operated. If possible, avoid storage areas with high humidity, because that promotes rust and corrosion. If there is gasoline in the fuel tank, leave the fuel valve in OFF position.

“OIL” : OIL B : Spark plug hole

A : Fuel strainer

Keep the engine level in storage. Tilting can cause fuel or oil leakage.

. Refuel With fresh

With the engine and exhaust system cool, cover the engine to keep out dust. A hot engine and exhaust system can ign ite or melt some material s . Do n ot use sheet plastic as a dust cover. A nonporous cover will trap moisture around the engine, promotin g rust and corrosion.

11.2 Removal from storage

Check your engine as described in the BEFORE OPERATION CHECKS section of this manual. If the fuel was drained during storage preparation, fill the tank with fresh gasoline. If you keep a container of gasoline for refuelling, be sure it contains only fresh gasoline. Gasoline oxidizes and deteriorates over time, causing hard starting. If the cylinder was coated with oil during storage preparation, the engine will smoke briefly at start-up. This is normal.

11.3 Transporting

Keep the engine level when transporting to reduce the possibility of fuel leakage. Turn the fuel valve to the OFF position

12 TROUBLE SHOOTING CHART

Engine does not start Possible Cause Correction

Out of fuel. Refuel

1. Check fuel

2. Remove and inspect Spark plug.

3.Check choke Choke is opened Shut off choke well

4. Take engine to an authorized our Servicing dealer, or refer to shop manual

ENGINE LACKS POWER Possible Cause Correction

1. Check air cleaner

Bad fuel; engine stored without eating or draining gasoline, of refuelled with bad gasoline.

Spark plug faulty, fouled, or Improperly gapped. Spark plug wet with fuel (flooded engine).

Fuel filter clogged, carburettor malfunction, ignition malfunction, valves stuck, etc

Air cleaner elements clogged

Drain the fuel tank and Carburettor gasoline.

Replace the spark plug. Dry and reinstall spark plug.

Replace or repair faulty components as necessary.

Clean or replace air Cleaner elements.

2. Check fuel

3. Take engine to an authorized our Servicing dealer, or refer to shop manual

Bad fuel; engine stored without treating or draining gasoline, of refuelled with bad gasoline

Fuel filter clogged, carburettor malfunction, ignition malfunction, valves stuck, etc

Drain the fuel tan k and carburettor. Refuel with fresh gasoline

Replace or repair faulty components as necessary.

13 TECHNICAL & CONSUMER INFORMATION

13.1 Serial Number Location

SERIAL NUMBER LOCATION

Record the engine serial number in the space below. You will need this information when ordering parts and when making technical or warranty inquiries.

Engine serial number: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13.2 Carburettor Modifications for High Altitude Operation

At high altitude, the standard carburettor air-fuel mixture will be too rich. Performance will decrease, and fuel consumption will increase. A very rich mixture will also foul the spark plug and cause hard starting. Operation at an altitude that differs from tha t, at which this engine was certified, for extended periods of time, may increase emissions. High altitude performance can be i mpr oved by specific modifications to the carburettor. If you always operate your engine at altitudes above 5,000 feet (1,500 meters), have authorized servicing dealer perform this carburettor modification. This engine, when operated at high altitude with the carburettor modifications for high altitude use, will meet each emission standard throughout its useful life. Even with carburettor modification, engine horsepower will decrease about 3.5% for each 1,000 feet (300 meters) increase in altitude. The effect of altitude on horsepower will be greater than this if no carburettor modification is made

NOTICE

When the carburettor has been modified for high altitude operation, the air-fuel mixture will be too lean for low altitude use. Operation at altitudes below 5,000 feet (1,500 meters) with a modified carburettor may cause the engine to overheat and result in serious engine damage. For use at low altitudes, have an authorized servicing dealer return the carburettor to original factory specifications

Powerplus POW63753 User Manual

Specifications and Main Features

Frequently Asked Questions

User Manual