PassLabs XONO Owners manual

Pass Laboratories

Xono Owner's Manual

Rev. 2.0 - 03/12/2002

Introduction:

The Xono is a high performance phono preamplifier for use
with moving magnet and moving coil cartridges. It features
extremely low noise and distortion, very high adjustable gain,
very high output swing, variable cartridge loading, and
balanced output.

The Xono uses three stages of circuitry. An ultra-low noise
non-inverting pre-preamplifier circuit is used to boost the low
output of moving coil (MC) cartridges by a selectable 16, 20,
26 or 30 dB without equalization. This drives the primary non­inverting gain stage, which also amplifies the high output of
moving magnet (MM) cartridges, and provides RIAA
equalization. Gain for moving magnet cartridges is a fixed
40dB and may not be adjusted. Output of the primary gain
stage is also applied to an inverting unity gain stage to provide
the negative polarity for the balanced output.

The main gain stage uses low noise matched JFETs for the
input circuit and power MOSFETs elsewhere in the gain path.
Voltage gain devices are operated cascode mode, and the
single-ended circuitry is biased by constant current sources.

The main gain stage uses a combination of active and
passive equalization to achieve the RIAA characteristic. The
active equalization works in the mid-band of the audio range
and the passive equalization determines the characteristic
and the highest and lowest frequencies. This stage has a
fixed gain value of 40 dB at 1 KHz single-ended and 46 dB
balanced.

The pre-preamplifier circuit uses four matched ultra-low noise
JFETs operated in parallel to provide an input random noise
floor less than 500 picovolts (-186 dBV). The cascoded output
of these JFETs drives another JFET to deliver a selectable 16,
20, 26 or 30 dB of un-equalized non-inverting gain. There is
no feedback employed.

Cartridge loading of the Xono is very fexible. Moving Magnet
cartridges can be loaded with capacitance from 0 to 650 pF in
increments of about 100 pF. There is provision for two load
positions for any additional value that the user may choose to
insert. Moving Coil cartridge loading ranges from 5 to 1000
ohms to 47 Kohms using eight switches with binary weighting
and providing 256 different values. The moving magnet
loading default is 47K ohms.

The balanced and unbalanced output connections of the
preamplifier have an output impedance of 300 ohms, which
will drive a 1000 pF cable load flat to about 1 megahertz.

The Xono has a very accurate RIAA equalization
characteristic, varying plus or minus 1/10 of a decibel from 20
to 20 KHz. This accuracy does not vary with gain or loading.

The preamplifier has extremely low noise. The Moving
Magnet noise floor at more than -100 dB below a 10 millivolt
input, which gives it an unweighted total noise of -90 dB. The
Moving Coil noise floor is better than -90 dB referenced to 1
millivolt input, giving a -81 dB unweighted audio band noise
figure.

and reduce the length of connecting wires. Sonically critical
parts have been optimized and upgraded through continued
extensive listening tests.

The Xono like the ono design was based on listening and not
measurements. Considering this, it is perhaps remarkable that
the final product displays such spectacular objective qualities.
However, we view the specifications as a secondary source of
pride in this product.

The measurements only hint at the listening experience with
the Xono. The sound is lush and smooth, with a wide sound
stage, fine detail and spectacular layering, and a nice firm
bottom. The preamplifier will allow you to renew your
acquaintance with your vinyl collection and appreciate the
essential character of the finest analog recordings.

Wayne Colburn

The Xono is adjustable to very high gain, 76 dB @ 1 KHz,
which makes it capable of delivering .5 V line level output for
cartridges with 80 microvolts output. This appears to be the
best figure in the audio industry.

The preamplifier has very low distortion and very high output.
Maximum harmonic distortion is less than .05% (1 KHz) at
outputs of 20 volts RMS. or less. This figure holds for MM
operation and highest gain MC.

The power supply for the Xono is contained in a separate
chassis and consists of an oversized, shielded toroidal power
transformer delivering an unregulated 85 volts peak to peak
DC through separate rectifiers and capacitors for each
channel which is then passively RC filtered before being sent
to the main Xono chassis. A custom manufactured shielded
cable carries the DC power from the supply to the main Xono
chassis. The main chassis of the Xono has separate stages
of active regulation for each channel followed by passive
filtering and then feeding the constant current sources which
bias the various gain stages. There is a total of 120, 000 mfd
of filter capacitance and five stages of filtering and regulation.

Vice President, Design

The Xono is based on the design pioneered in the Aleph
Ono. The basic Ono design has not changed but been
extended and refined. The separate power supply combined
with the additional filtering and dual mono power supply
design contribute to the lower noise floor and sonic
improvements. The main circuit board layout has been
completely revised to reduce noise, shorten the signal path

Setup

The Xono consists of two chassis; powersupply and

preamplifier, linked by a power umbilical.

The preamplifier has two sets of input connections, and two
sets of output connections, and power conection through a
DB-25, D-Sub connector.

The output impedance of the single ended output connection
is 300 ohms. The output impedance of the balanced output
connection is 300/300 ohms. This value is low enough to
drive ten thousand picoFarads (10000 pF) of cable
capacitance flat to 100 KHz.

Selection of input, adjustments for gain and cartridge loading
are accomplished via switches on the interior of the Xono.

The powersupply chassis has an AC line power connection,
fuseholder and two Sub-D connectors. The amplifier's voltage
and current rating are indicated on the rear. It will be either
240 volts, 220 volts 120 volts, or 100 volts. A 0.5 amp 3AG
slow blow fuse is provided with 100-120 volt units, and a 0.25
amp slow blow fuse is provided with 220-240 volt units. The
frequency rating of the power supply is 50 to 60 Hz. The
preamplifier typically draws 20 watts during operation. The
powersupply has twin DB-25 connectors that povide power
and control functions to the preamplifier. This cable must be

installed before the unit is powered up.

The shielded DB-25 cable may be installed into either outlet,
but we suggest the outemost (right side, viewed from the rear)
as it was optimised specifically for the Xono. These cables
are designed to be a snug fit, but must never be forced.

We have provided a standard AC power cord which fits into
the IEC line receptacle at the rear of the powersupply. The
preamplifier is equipped for operation with an earth ground
provided by the AC outlet. Do not defeat this ground. The
chassis and circuit ground of the preamplifier is connected to
earth through a power thermistor, which gives a ground
connection but helps avoid ground loops.

The preamplifier has two sets of input connections on the
rear, which are pairs of RCA connectors with right and left
channels indicated. If your signal source is a low output
moving coil cartridge, you will use the moving coil input. If
your signal source is a high output moving magnet cartridge,
you will use the moving magnet input. A ground post is
provided for grounding the turntable.

The two sets of output connections on the rear are a pair of
RCA connectors with right and left channels indicated. These
connections provide a single ended output of the preamplifier.
A pair of XLR connectors provides a balanced output
connection. On these connectors, pin 1 is grounded, pin 2 is
the positive signal output, and pin 3 is the negative signal
output.

The output signal of the balanced connector is twice the level
of the unbalanced circuitry, by the virtue of having the same
amplitude signal plus its inverse.

To change these settings, it is necessary to take the top off

the preamp using a 5/32 hex wrench, which we supply.

It is very important that you always disconnect the AC

line power before opening the preamp.

If you do not feel capable of safely adjusting the settings

internally, please contact your dealer or the factory.

On the main board you will see a set of DIP switches which

are used to alter the input connections.

Two switches, S1 and S1A, are used to select moving coil
and moving magnet inputs. Positions 7 and 8 are labeled MC
and MM. Select one only by depressing the switch toward the
silk screened label, which is the ON position of the switch.

On these same switches, positions 1 through 3 are used to
select the capacitive loading of the moving magnet cartridge
input. You may select 100 pF, 220 pF, and 330 pF, or any
combination of these values, which are additive, for a
maximum of 650 pF, or no capacitance by simply leaving the
switches in the off position. Two additional blank positions
4/CX and 5/RX are available for you to solder your own
loading values onto the main board. Position 6 allows 1000
ohm loading of the moving magnet stage for use with some
cartridges.

Switches S2 and S2A are used to adjust the resistive loading
of the inputs for low output moving coil cartridges. Switch
positions 1 through 8 will load the input from 10 ohms up to
1000 ohms in roughly binary steps. The switches and
resistors are in parallel, so placing more than one switch in the
"on" position loads the cartridge with the two resistor values in
parallel. Placing all resistors "on" will give approximately 5
ohms loading.

The preamplifier is shipped with the moving coil stage
enabled, with the higher gain setting (69 dB single ended, 75
dB balanced) and a 100 ohm input load. To obtain 4 dB lower
gain, locate the jumper connectors for each channel next to
the two large capacitors. Please study the annotated
photograph before you attempt this. As an added reference,
they are midway between the two loading switches, but
several inches nearer the front. With the jumpers in place, the

moving coil gain is the lower value. There is a second set of
jumpers on the board for additional gain adjustment of the MC
stage. These are to the right of the first set of jumpers.
Installing these decreases the gain 10dB. Either or both sets
can be used together for -4, -10, or -14dB from max. The
board is marked on the silk screen. For clarification please
see the enclosed photograph, which will indicate the location
of the jumpers. Only one channel is shown the other however
is identical in layout.

I will try to give you a sense of how one might go about

optimizing the performance of a particular cartridge.

Please understand, the loading of a moving coil cartridge is
a very inexact science, specific recommendations should be
taken (and offered) very lightly. I encourage you to think
separately from the cartridge manufacture and choose your
loading resistive values accordingly. The cartridge
manufacture may have anticipated a transformer being used
for the initial stage of gain, the Xono with its active elements is
a very different proposition. As an added complexity some
tonearms use special high resistance wiring which must be
accounted for in this loading.

An improperly loaded cartridge will suffer every sonic
anomaly ranging from lack of definition and bass to a very
strident and screechy high end. Cartridge loading is a
compromise between what works best for the cartridge and
what sounds best for the listener. Specifically we are looking
for that compromise loading which sounds best across the
whole audio spectrum.

I suggest that you start with the following:

If the change resulted in a more pleasant presentation of the
musical selections, once again turn down the volume and the
amps off. Select the next lowest loading and listen to the
same selection again. If the sonics improve repeat the
selection to the next lowest value. Once you find the value
where the sound deteriorates, move back to the last value that
sounded excellent. Once this is done, you have reached the
correct loading.

If going below 100 ohms did not improve the sound, then
obviously the correct change would have been to go to the
highest level above 100 ohms and repeat the listening. I am
sure you get the idea, it's not complicated but it can be time
consuming.

Again, I would like to stress that you are listening for a
musical balance in the selections that you play. Some loading
selections will offer better bass, but poor high end resolution.
Some will offer better high end and definition. You are seeking
the one that has the best top to bottom balance in conjunction
with correct spatial information.

Please note that the Xono operates best with the top cover
on and screwed down. This helps keep the unit thermally
stable and the noise down.

Likewise the moving magnet settings are very much a set to
taste situation. When analyzing capacitive loading you must
assume that the cables from cartridge headshell to preamp
input have some level of capacitance. Some cables may have
but little, others a significant amount; those with significant
amounts will require that you reduce your chosen settings in
the Xono accordingly.

Always turn the volume on your preamp to a minimal setting
and your power amps off before making any adjustments to
the Xono. Changes made to the Xono can send loud pulses
through the signal chain and cause damage to your speakers.

Once the volume is reduced and the power amps turned off,
remove the top cover of the ono and set the loading to 100
ohms. Replace the cover and give the Ono two or three
minutes to settle electronically, and turn the power amps back
on. Listen to the system for a period of time (10 minutes to an
hour) using various musical selections.

Now, turn the volume down and the power amps off again.
Remove the cover and set the loading switches to the next
lowest resistive position. Replace the cover and once again
give the unit a few minutes to stabilize, then listen again to the
same musical selection. If the selections sound better with the
new loading you can be assured that the loading change was
in the right (lower in this example) direction.

When you are done adjusting the input gain and loading,
replace and tighten the cover before reconnecting the AC line
power.

Product Philosophy and Design

For a long time there has been faith in the technical
community that eventually some objective analysis would
reconcile critical listener's subjective experience with
laboratory measurement. Perhaps this will occur, but in the
meantime, audiophiles largely reject bench specifications as
an indicator of audio quality. This is appropriate. Appreciation
of audio is a completely subjective human experience. We
should not more let numbers define audio quality than we
would let chemical analysis be the arbiter of fine wines.
Measurements can provide a measure of insight, but are no
substitute for human judgment.

As in art, classic audio components are the results of

individual efforts and reflect a coherent underlying philosophy.
They make a subjective and an objective statement of quality
which is meant to be appreciated. It is essential that the
circuitry of an audio component reflects a philosophy which
addresses the subjective nature of its performance first and
foremost.

Lacking an ability to completely characterize performance in
an objective manner, we should take a step back from the
resulting waveform and take into account the process by
which it has been achieved. The history of what has been
done to the music is important and must be considered a part
of the result. Everything that has been done to the signal is
embedded in it, however subtly.

an amp or so, and then they decline at higher currents. In
general the use of bipolar in a single ended Class A circuit is
a poor fit.

Another performance advantage shared by Tubes and Fets
is the high performance they deliver in simple Class A circuits.
Bipolar designs on the market have between four and seven
gain stages associated with the signal path, but with tubes and
Mosfets good objective specifications are achievable with as
few as one gain device in the signal path.

Regardless of the type of gain device, in systems where the
utmost in natural reproduction is the goal, simple single ended
Class A circuits are the topologies of choice.

Experience correlating what sounds good to knowledge of
component design yields some general guidelines as to what
will sound good and what will not:

1) Simplicity and a minimum number of components is a key
element, and is well reflected in the quality of tube designs.
The fewer pieces in series with the signal path, the better.
This is often true even if adding just one more gain stage will
improve the measured specs.

2) The characteristic of gain devices and their specific use is
important. Individual variations in performance between like
devices is important, as are differences in topological usage.
All signal bearing devices contribute to the degradation, but
there are some different characteristics that are worth
attention. Low order nonlinearities are largely additive in
quality, bringing false warmth and coloration, while abrupt high
order nonlinearities add harshness.

3) Maximum intrinsic linearity is desired. This is the
performance of the gain stages before feedback is applied.
Experience suggests that feedback is a subtractive process; it
removes information from the signal. In many older designs,
poor intrinsic linearity has been corrected out by large
application of feedback, resulting in loss of warmth, space,
and detail.

A very important consideration in attempting to create an
amplifier with a natural characteristic is the selection of the
gain devices. A single ended Class A topology is appropriate,
and we want a characteristic where the positive amplitude is
very, very slightly greater than the negative. For a current gain
device, that would mean gain that smoothly increases with
current, and for a tube or field effect device a
transconductance that smoothly increases with current.

The gain devices in the Xono were all selected for top
performance in each part of the circuits. A quad of ultra low
noise matched JFETS form the input stage, followed by power
Mosfets for output devices.

Resistors are all precision RN55D or better. Film capacitors
are used for all values below 10 uF, and bypassed low
impedance/high bandwidth electrolytics are used for greater
values.

The external power supply for the Xono consists of an
oversized, shielded, toroidal power transformer delivering an
unregulated 85 volts peak to peak DC through separate
rectifiers and capacitors for each channel which is then
passively RC filtered before being sent to the main Xono
chassis. A custom manufactured shielded cable carries the
DC power from the supply to the main Xono chassis. The main
chassis of the Xono has separate stages of active regulation
for each channel followed by passive filtering and then feeding
the constant current sources which bias the various gain
stages. There is a total of 120,000 mfd of filter capacitance
and five stages of filtering and regulation. The power supply
noise reaching the circuit is on the order of a microvolt, and is
differentially rejected at the output in a balanced system.
There are a total of 22 high performance power electrolytics
with an aggregate capacitance in excess of 120,000 mfd used
to accomplished energy storage and passive filtering of the
power supply.

The chassis of the Xono is made entirely of machined
aluminum. The top cover is made from aluminum. The face
plate too is milled from thick aluminum stock.

The Xono was designed by Wayne Colburn.

Triodes, JFETs, and Mosfets share a useful characteristic:
their transconductance tends to increase with current. Bipolar
power devices have a slight gain increase until they hit about

Warranty

The Xono is warranted by Pass Laboratories to meet
performance specifications for 3 years from date of
manufacture. During that time, Pass Laboratories will provide
free labor and parts at the manufacturing site. The warranty
does not include damage due to misuse or abuse or modified
products and also does not include consequential damage.

XONO Specifications

Gain 40 dB @ 1 KHz (MM) fixed output

71 dB @ 1 KHz (MC) max, single ended
76 dB @ 1 KHz (MC)max, balanced

RIAA response plus/minus .1 dB 20-20 KHz

Distortion < .05 % THD @ 20 volts bal @ 1KHz

Maximum Output 20 volts rms.

Output Impedance 300/300 ohms

Input Impedance 47 K or 1K / 0-650 pF (MM)

5 ohm - 47 Kohm moving coil

Unweighted Noise -90 dB ref. 10 mV

input moving magnet

-81 dB ref. 1 mV input moving coil

Power consumption 20 watts

Dimensions main chassis 17 " W x 11.5 " D x 3.5 " H

Weight 46 lbs.

PASSPASS

Pass Laboratories

PO Box 219

24449 Foresthill Rd.

Foresthill CA 95631

tel: [phone]

fax: [phone]

www.passlabs.com

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10 ohm

22 ohm

47 ohm

100 ohm

249 ohm

475 ohm

825 ohm

1K ohm

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Ohm's

Ohm's

5.4ONONONONONONONON

5.4

5.43ONONONONONONONOFF

5.43

5.44ONONONONONON

OFFON5.44

5.47ONONONONONOFFONON

5.47

5.47ONONONONONON

OFF

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5.47

5.5ONONONONONOFFONOFF

5.5

5.5ONONONONONOFF

OFFON5.5

5.52ONONONON

OFFONONON5.52

5.53ONONONONONOFF

OFF

OFF

5.53

5.55ONONONON

OFFONON

OFF

5.55

5.56ONONONON

OFFONOFFON5.56

5.59ONONONON

OFF

OFFONON

5.59

5.59ONONONON

OFFONOFF

OFF

5.59

5.62ONONONON

OFF

OFFONOFF

5.62

5.63ONONONON

OFF

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OFFON5.63

5.66ONONONON

OFF

OFF

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5.66

5.71ONONONOFFONONONON

5.71

5.74ONONONOFFONONONOFF

5.74

5.75ONONONOFFONON

OFFON5.75

5.78ONONONOFFONOFFONON

5.78

5.79ONONONOFFONON

OFF

OFF

5.79

5.82ONONONOFFONOFFONOFF

5.82

5.82ONONONOFFONOFF

OFFON5.82

5.85ONONONOFF

OFFONONON5.85

5.86ONONONOFFONOFF

OFF

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5.86

5.88ONONONOFF

OFFONON

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5.88

5.89ONONONOFF

OFFONOFFON5.89

5.92ONONONOFF

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OFFONON

5.92

5.92ONONONOFF

OFFONOFF

OFF

5.92

5.95ONONONOFF

OFF

OFFONOFF

5.95

5.96ONONONOFF

OFF

OFF

OFFON5.966ONONON

OFF

OFF

OFF

OFF

OFF66.11ONON

OFFONONONONON6.11

6.14ONON

OFFONONONON

OFF

6.14

6.15ONON

OFFONONONOFFON6.15

6.18ONON

OFFONON

OFFONON

6.18

6.19ONON

OFFONONONOFF

OFF

6.19

6.22ONON

OFFONON

OFFONOFF

6.22

6.34ONON

OFFONOFF

OFFONON

6.34

6.35ONON

OFFONOFFONOFF

OFF

6.35

6.38ONON

OFFONOFF

OFFONOFF

6.38

6.39ONON

OFFONOFF

OFF

OFFON6.39

6.43ONON

OFFONOFF

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OFF

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6.43

6.5ONON

OFF

OFFONONONON

6.5

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pos 2

pos 3

pos 4

pos 5

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10 ohm

22 ohm

47 ohm

100 ohm

249 ohm

475 ohm

825 ohm

1K ohm

Cartridge

Cartridge

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Loading

Ohm's

Ohm's

6.55ONON

OFF

OFFONONONOFF

6.55

6.55ONON

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OFFON6.55

6.59ONON

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6.59

6.6ONON

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6.6

6.64ONON

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6.64

6.65ONON

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OFFON6.65

6.68ONON

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OFFONONON6.68

6.69ONON

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6.69

6.72ONON

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6.72

6.73ONON

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OFFONOFFON6.73

6.77ONON

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OFFONON

6.77

6.78ONON

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OFF

6.78

6.82ONON

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6.82

6.83ONON

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OFFON6.83

6.88ONON

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6.88

7.16ONOFFONONONONONON

7.16

7.21ONOFFONONONONONOFF

7.21

7.23ONOFFONONONON

OFFON7.23

7.27ONOFFONONONOFFONON

7.27

7.28ONOFFONONONON

OFF

OFF

7.28

7.33ONOFFONONONOFFONOFF

7.33

7.34ONOFFONONONOFF

OFFON7.34

7.37ONOFFONON

OFFONONON7.37

7.39ONOFFONONONOFF

OFF

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7.39

7.43ONOFFONON

OFFONON

OFF

7.43

7.44ONOFFONON

OFFONOFFON7.44

7.49ONOFFONON

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7.49

7.5ONOFFONON

OFFONOFF

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7.5

7.55ONOFFONON

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7.55

7.56ONOFFONON

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OFFON7.56

7.62ONOFFONON

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7.62

7.92ONOFFONOFFONOFF

OFFON7.92

7.96ONOFFONOFF

OFFONONON7.96

7.98ONOFFONOFFONOFF

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7.98

8.03ONOFFONOFF

OFFONON

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8.03

8.04ONOFFONOFF

OFFONOFFON8.04

8.1ONOFFONOFF

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8.1ONOFFONOFF

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8.1

8.16ONOFFONOFF

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8.18ONOFFONOFF

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OFFON8.18

8.25ONOFFONOFF

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8.25

8.45ONOFF

OFFONONONONON8.45

8.52ONOFF

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8.54ONOFF

OFFONONONOFFON8.54

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pos 2

pos 3

pos 4

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10 ohm

22 ohm

47 ohm

100 ohm

249 ohm

475 ohm

825 ohm

1K ohm

Cartridge

Cartridge

Loading

Loading

Ohm's

Ohm's

8.6ONOFF

OFFONON

OFFONON

8.6

8.61ONOFF

OFFONONONOFF

OFF

8.61

8.68ONOFF

OFFONON

OFFONOFF

8.68

8.69ONOFF

OFFONON

OFF

OFFON8.69

8.75ONOFF

OFFONOFFONONON8.75

8.77ONOFF

OFFONON

OFF

OFF

OFF

8.77

8.82ONOFF

OFFONOFFONON

OFF

8.82

8.84ONOFF

OFFONOFFONOFFON8.84

8.91ONOFF

OFFONOFF

OFFONON

8.91

8.92ONOFF

OFFONOFFONOFF

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8.92

8.99ONOFF

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9.09ONOFF

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9.23ONOFF

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9.23

9.32ONOFF

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9.34ONOFF

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9.41ONOFF

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9.41

9.42ONOFF

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9.5ONOFF

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9.5

9.52ONOFF

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OFFON9.52

9.59ONOFF

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OFFONONON9.59

9.61ONOFF

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OFFONOFF

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9.61

9.68ONOFF

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OFFONON

OFF

9.68

9.7ONOFF

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OFFONOFFON9.7

11.76

OFFONONONONONONON11.76

11.9

OFFONONONONONON

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11.93

OFFONONONONONOFFON11.93

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OFFONONONON

OFFONON

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12.07

OFFONONONONONOFF

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OFFONONONON

OFFONOFF

12.2

12.23

OFFONONONON

OFF

OFFON12.23

12.34

OFFONONONOFFONONON12.34

12.38

OFFONONONON

OFF

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12.38

12.49

OFFONONONOFFONON

OFF

12.49

12.53

OFFONONONOFFONOFFON12.53

12.67

OFFONONONOFF

OFFONON

12.67

12.68

OFFONONONOFFONOFF

OFF

12.68

12.83

OFFONONONOFF

OFFONOFF

12.83

12.86

OFFONONONOFF

OFF

OFFON12.86

13.03

OFFONONONOFF

OFF

OFF

OFF

13.03

13.32

OFFONON

OFFONONONON

13.32

13.5

OFFONON

OFFONONONOFF

13.5

13.54

OFFONON

OFFONON

OFFON13.54

13.71

OFFONON

OFFONOFFONON

13.71

switch

switch

switch

switch

switch

switch

switch

switch

pos 1

pos 2

pos 3

pos 4

pos 5

pos 6

pos 7

pos 8

10 ohm

22 ohm

47 ohm

100 ohm

249 ohm

475 ohm

825 ohm

1K ohm

Cartridge

Cartridge

Loading

Loading

Ohm's

Ohm's

13.73

OFFONON

OFFONON

OFF

OFF

13.73

13.9

OFFONON

OFFONOFFONOFF

13.9

13.94

OFFONON

OFFONOFF

OFFON13.94

14.07

OFFONON

OFF

OFFONONON14.07

14.13

OFFONON

OFFONOFF

OFF

OFF

14.13

14.28

OFFONON

OFF

OFFONON

OFF

14.28

14.32

OFFONON

OFF

OFFONOFFON14.32

14.5

OFFONON

OFF

OFF

OFFONON

14.5

14.53

OFFONON

OFF

OFFONOFF

OFF

14.53

14.72

OFFONON

OFF

OFF

OFFONOFF

14.72

14.76

OFFONON

OFF

OFF

OFF

OFFON14.76

14.99

OFFONON

OFF

OFF

OFF

OFF

OFF

14.99

15.68

OFFONOFFONONONONON15.68

15.93

OFFONOFFONONONON

OFF

15.93

15.98

OFFONOFFONONONOFFON15.98

16.21

OFFONOFFONON

OFFONON

16.21

16.24

OFFONOFFONONONOFF

OFF

16.24

17.08

OFFONOFFONOFFONOFFON17.08

17.34

OFFONOFFONOFF

OFFONON

17.34

17.37

OFFONOFFONOFFONOFF

OFF

17.37

17.65

OFFONOFFONOFF

OFFONOFF

17.65

17.71

OFFONOFFONOFF

OFF

OFFON17.71

18.03

OFFONOFFONOFF

OFF

OFF

OFF

18.03

18.59

OFFONOFF

OFFONONONON

18.59

18.94

OFFONOFF

OFFONONONOFF

18.94

19.02

OFFONOFF

OFFONON

OFFON19.02

19.35

OFFONOFF

OFFONOFFONON

19.35

19.39

OFFONOFF

OFFONON

OFF

OFF

19.39

19.73

OFFONOFF

OFFONOFFONOFF

19.73

19.81

OFFONOFF

OFFONOFF

OFFON19.81

20.09

OFFONOFF

OFF

OFFONONON20.09

20.21

OFFONOFF

OFFONOFF

OFF

OFF

20.21

20.5

OFFONOFF

OFF

OFFONON

OFF

20.5

20.59

OFFONOFF

OFF

OFFONOFFON20.59

20.98

OFFONOFF

OFF

OFF

OFFONON

20.98

21.03

OFFONOFF

OFF

OFFONOFF

OFF

21.03

21.43

OFFONOFF

OFF

OFF

OFFONOFF

21.43

21.53

OFFONOFF

OFF

OFF

OFF

OFFON21.53

22

OFFONOFF

OFF

OFF

OFF

OFF

OFF2225.25

OFF

OFFONONONONONON

25.25

25.9

OFF

OFFONONONONONOFF

25.9

26.04

OFF

OFFONONONON

OFFON26.04

26.66

OFF

OFFONONONOFFONON

26.66

26.74

OFF

OFFONONONON

OFF

OFF

26.74

switch

switch

switch

switch

switch

switch

switch

switch

pos 1

pos 2

pos 3

pos 4

pos 5

pos 6

pos 7

pos 8

10 ohm

22 ohm

47 ohm

100 ohm

249 ohm

475 ohm

825 ohm

1K ohm

Cartridge

Cartridge

Loading

Loading

Ohm's

Ohm's

27.39

OFF

OFFONONONOFFONOFF

27.39

27.55

OFF

OFFONONONOFF

OFFON27.55

28.09

OFF

OFFONON

OFFONONON28.09

28.33

OFF

OFFONONONOFF

OFF

OFF

28.33

28.91

OFF

OFFONON

OFFONON

OFF

28.91

29.09

OFF

OFFONON

OFFONOFFON29.09

29.86

OFF

OFFONON

OFF

OFFONON

29.86

29.96

OFF

OFFONON

OFFONOFF

OFF

29.96

30.78

OFF

OFFONON

OFF

OFFONOFF

30.78

30.98

OFF

OFFONON

OFF

OFF

OFFON30.98

36.5

OFF

OFFONOFFONON

OFF

OFF

36.5

37.73

OFF

OFFONOFFONOFFONOFF

37.73

38.03

OFF

OFFONOFFONOFF

OFFON38.03

39.07

OFF

OFFONOFF

OFFONONON39.07

39.54

OFF

OFFONOFFONOFF

OFF

OFF

39.54

40.66

OFF

OFFONOFF

OFFONON

OFF

40.66

41.01

OFF

OFFONOFF

OFFONOFFON41.01

42.57

OFF

OFFONOFF

OFF

OFFONON

42.57

42.77

OFF

OFFONOFF

OFFONOFF

OFF

42.77

44.47

OFF

OFFONOFF

OFF

OFFONOFF

44.47

44.89

OFF

OFFONOFF

OFF

OFF

OFFON44.89

47

OFF

OFFONOFF

OFF

OFF

OFF

OFF4754.55

OFF

OFF

OFFONONONONON54.55

57.69

OFF

OFF

OFFONONONON

OFF

57.69

58.41

OFF

OFF

OFFONONONOFFON58.41

61.62

OFF

OFF

OFFONON

OFFONON

61.62

62.03

OFF

OFF

OFFONONONOFF

OFF

62.03

65.67

OFF

OFF

OFFONON

OFFONOFF

65.67

66.6

OFF

OFF

OFFONON

OFF

OFFON66.6

69.85

OFF

OFF

OFFONOFFONONON69.85

71.35

OFF

OFF

OFFONON

OFF

OFF

OFF

71.35

75.09

OFF

OFF

OFFONOFFONON

OFF

75.09

76.31

OFF

OFF

OFFONOFFONOFFON76.31

81.89

OFF

OFF

OFFONOFF

OFFONON

81.89

82.61

OFF

OFF

OFFONOFFONOFF

OFF

82.61

89.19

OFF

OFF

OFFONOFF

OFFONOFF

89.19

90.91

OFF

OFF

OFFONOFF

OFF

OFFON90.91

100

OFF

OFF

OFFONOFF

OFF

OFF

OFF

100

120

OFF

OFF

OFF

OFFONONONON

120

136.36

OFF

OFF

OFF

OFFONONONOFF

136.36

140.42

OFF

OFF

OFF

OFFONON

OFFON140.42

160.56

OFF

OFF

OFF

OFFONOFFONON

160.56

163.36

OFF

OFF

OFF

OFFONON

OFF

OFF

163.36

191.27

OFF

OFF

OFF

OFFONOFFONOFF

191.27

switch

switch

switch

switch

switch

switch

switch

switch

pos 1

pos 2

pos 3

pos 4

pos 5

pos 6

pos 7

pos 8

10 ohm

22 ohm

47 ohm

100 ohm

249 ohm

475 ohm

825 ohm

1K ohm

Cartridge

Cartridge

Loading

Loading

Ohm's

Ohm's

199.36

OFF

OFF

OFF

OFFONOFF

OFFON199.36

231.62

OFF

OFF

OFF

OFF

OFFONONON231.62

249

OFF

OFF

OFF

OFFONOFF

OFF

OFF

249

301.44

OFF

OFF

OFF

OFF

OFFONON

OFF

301.44

322.03

OFF

OFF

OFF

OFF

OFFONOFFON322.03

452.06

OFF

OFF

OFF

OFF

OFF

OFFONON

452.06

475

OFF

OFF

OFF

OFF

OFFONOFF

OFF

475

825

OFF

OFF

OFF

OFF

OFF

OFFONOFF

825

1000

OFF

OFF

OFF

OFF

OFF

OFF

OFFON1000

47000

OFF

OFF

OFF

OFF

OFF

OFF

OFF

OFF

47000