The CS51021A/2A/3A/4A Fixed Frequency PWM Current Mode
Controller family provides all necessary features required for AC–DC
or DC–DC primary side control. Several features are included
eliminating the additional components needed to implement them
externally. In addition to low start–up current (75 µA) and high
frequency operation capability, the CS51021A/2A/3A/4A family
includes overvoltage and undervoltage monitoring, externally
programmable dual threshold overcurrent protection, current sense
leading edge blanking, current slope compensation, accurate duty cycle
control and an externally available 5.0 V reference. The CS51021A
and CS51023A feature bidirectional synchronization capability, while
the CS51022A and CS51024A offer a sleep mode with 100 µA
maximum IC current consumption. The CS51021A/2A/3A/4A family
is available in a 16 lead narrow body SO package.
DeviceSleep/SynchVCC Start/Stop
CS51021ASynch8.25 V/7.7 V
CS51022ASleep8.25 V/7.7 V
CS51023ASynch13 V/7.7 V
CS51024ASleep13 V/7.7 V
Features
• 75 µA Max. Startup Current
• Fixed Frequency Current Mode Control
• 1.0 MHz Switching Frequency
• Undervoltage Protection Monitor
• Overvoltage Protection Monitor with Programmable Hysteresis
• Programmable Dual Threshold Overcurrent Protection with
OFFSET VoltageNote 40.090.100.11V
Blanking Time––55160ns
Blanking Disable VoltageAdjust V
FB
1.82.02.2V
Second Current Threshold Gain–1.211.331.45V/V
I
Input Resistance––5.0–kΩ
SENSE
Minimum On TimeGATE High to Low3070110ns
GainNote 40.780.800.82V/V
OV & UV Voltage Monitors
OV Monitor Threshold
–2.42.52.6V
OV Hysteresis Current––10–12.5–15µA
UV Monitor Threshold–1.381.451.52V
UV Monitor Hysteresis–2575100mV
SOFT START (SS)
Charge Current
SS = 2.0 V–70–55–40µA
Discharge CurrentSS = 2.0 V2501000–µA
Charge Voltage, V
SS
Discharge Voltage, V
SS
–4.44.75.0V
–0.250.270.30V
4. Guaranteed by design, not 100% tested in production.
PACKAGE PIN DESCRIPTION
PACKAGE PIN #PIN SYMBOLFUNCTION
16 Lead SO Narrow
1
2I
3SYNC (CS51021A/3A)Bi–directional synchronization. Locks to the highest frequency.
3SLEEP (CS51022A/4A)Active high chip disable. In sleep mode, V
4SLOPEAdditional slope to the current sense signal. Internal current source
10COMPError amplifier output. Frequency compensation network is usually
11SS
12LGNDLogic ground.
GATEExternal power switch driver with 1.0 A peak capability.
SENSE
Current sense amplifier input.
charges the external capacitor.
T
SET
FB
Timing resistor RT and capacitor CT determine oscillator frequency and
maximum duty cycle, D
MAX.
Voltage at this pin sets pulse–by–pulse overcurrent threshold, and second threshold (1.33 times higher) with Soft Start retrigger (hiccup mode).
Feedback voltage input. Connected to the error amplifier inverting input.
connected between COMP and V
Charging external capacitor restricts error amplifier output voltage dur-
ing the start or fault conditions (hiccup).
FB
pins.
and GATE are turned off.
REF
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5
CS51021A, CS51022A, CS51023A, CS51024A
PACKAGE PIN DESCRIPTION (continued)
PACKAGE PIN #FUNCTIONPIN SYMBOL
16 Lead SO Narrow
V
CC
LGND
LEEP
SYNC
RTC
COMP
V
SLOPE
I
SENSE
I
SET
OV
13
14V
15PGNDOutput power stage ground connection.
16V
+
Start
Stop
+–
–
4.3 V
T
+
SS
Clamp
–
+
2.5 V
–
FB
V
REF
53 µA
Q
2
+
E/A
–
+
2.0 V
–
0.1
0.8
V
REF
12.5 µA
+
–
_OK
V
CC
–
V
FB
Monitor
+
Σ
2.5 V
V
200 ns
0.1 V
REF
V
CC
C
REF
D
+–
= 5.0 V
2
D
G
4
OSC
–
I
SET
Clamp
+
1
1.33
+
OV
Monitor
–
5.0 V reference voltage output.
Logic supply voltage.
Output power stage supply voltage.
–
V
+
+
4.75 V
–
D
10 k
3
–
PWM
Comp
+
V
ISENSE
+
2nd
Threshold
20 k
DISABLE
55 ns
Blank
–
REF
_OK
G
1
SS
Monitor
V
REF
V
C
1
Monitor
G
4.7 V
Discharge
Latch
–
UV
+
1.45 V
ZD
13.5 V
GATE
1
PGND
SS
UV
2
D
4
V
REF
55 µA
+
–
SRQ
F
–
+
+
–
G
3
FAULT
Figure 2. Block Diagram
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6
CS51021A, CS51022A, CS51023A, CS51024A
CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION
200 ns
4.3 V
SYNC
R
TCT
TCHT
0 V
0 V
0 V
0 V
0 V
V
0 V
V
SLOPE
IN
DIS
IS + 0.1 SLOPE
IS
55 ns
Blanking
SLOP
E
IS
V
COMP
PWM COMP
GATE
V
DS
Figure 3. Typical Waveforms
THEORY OF OPERATION
Powering the IC
The IC has two supply and two ground pins. VC and
PGND pins provide high speed power drive for the external
power switch. VCC and LGND pins power the control
portion of the IC. The internal logic monitors the supply
voltage, V
. During abnormal operating conditions, the
CC
output is held low. The CS51021A/2A/3A/4A requires only
75 µA of startup current.
Voltage Feedback
The output voltage is monitored via the VFB pin and is
compared with the internal 2.5 V reference. The error
amplifier output minus one diode drop is divided by 3 and
connected to the negative input of the PWM comparator.
The positive input of the PWM comparator is connected to
the modified current sense signal. The oscillator turns the
external power switch on at the beginning of each cycle.
When current sense ramp voltage exceeds the reference side
of PWM comparator, the output stage latches off. It is turned
on again at the beginning of the next oscillator cycle.
Current Sense and Protection
The current is monitored at the I
SENSE
pin. The
CS51021A/2A/3A/4A has leading edge blanking circuitry
that ignores the first 55 ns of each switching period.
Blanking is disabled when VFB is less than 2.0 V so that the
minimum on–time of the controller does not have an
additional 55 ns of delay time during fault conditions. For
the remaining portion of the switching period, the current
sense signal, combined with a fraction of the slope
compensation voltage, is applied to the positive input of the
PWM comparator where it is compared with the divided by
three error amplifier output voltage. The pulse–by–pulse
overcurrent protection threshold is set by the voltage at the
I
pin. This voltage is passed through the I
SET
Clamp and
SET
appears at the non–inverting input of the PWM comparator,
limiting its dynamic range according to the following
formula:
Overcurrent Threshold
0.8 V
I(SENSE)
0.1 V 0.1 V
SLOPE
where
V
I(SENSE)
is voltage at the I
SENSE
pin.
and
V
SLOPE
is voltage at the SLOPE pin.
During extreme overcurrent or short circuit conditions,
the slope of the current sense signal will become much
steeper than during normal operation. Due to loop
propagation delay, the sensed signal will overshoot the
pulse–by–pulse threshold eventually reaching the second
overcurrent protection threshold which is 1.33 times higher
than the first threshold and is described by the following
equation:
2nd Threshold 1.33 V
I(SET)
Exceeding the second threshold will reset the Soft Start
capacitor CSS and reinitiate the Soft Start sequence,
repeating for as long as the fault condition persists.
Soft Start
During power up, when the output filter capacitor is
discharged and the output voltage is low, the voltage across
the Soft Start capacitor (VSS) controls the duty cycle. An
internal current source of 55 µA char ges CSS. The maximum
error amplifier output voltage is clamped by the SS Clamp.
When the Soft Start capacitor voltage exceeds the error
amplifier output voltage, the feedback loop takes over the
duty cycle control. The Soft Start time can be estimated with
the following formula:
tSS 9 104 C
SS
The Soft Start voltage, VSS, charges and discharges
between 0.25 V and 4.7 V.
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7
CS51021A, CS51022A, CS51023A, CS51024A
Slope Compensation
DC–DC converters with current mode control require a
current sense signal with slope compensation to avoid
instability at duty cycles greater than 50%. Slope capacitor
C
is charged by an internal 53 µA current source and is
S
discharged during the oscillator discharge time. The slope
compensation voltage is divided by 10 and is added to the
current sense voltage, V
I(SENSE)
. The signal applied to the
input of the PWM comparator is a combination of these two
voltages. The slope compensation, dV
SLOPE
/dt
,
calculated using the following formula:
dV
SLOPE
0.1
dt
53 A
C
S
It should be noted that internal capacitance of the IC will
cause an error when determining slope compensation
capacitance CS. This error is typically small for large values
of CS, but increases as CS becomes small and comparable to
the internal capacitance. The effect is apparent as a reduction
in charging current due to the need to charge the internal
capacitance in parallel with C
.Figure 4 shows a typical
S
curve indicating this decrease in available charging current.
60
55
50
45
40
35
30
Charging Current (µA)
25
20
101001000
Compensation Cap (pF)
Figure 4. The Slope Compensation Pin Charge
Current Reduces When a Small Capacitor Is Used.
Undervoltage (UV) and Overvoltage (OV) Monitor
Two independent comparators monitor OV and UV
conditions. A string of three resistors is connected in series
between the monitored voltage (usually the input voltage)
and ground (see Figure 5). When voltage at the OV pin
exceeds 2.5 V, an overvoltage condition is detected and
GATE shuts down. An internal 12.5 µA current source turns
on and feeds current into the external resistor, R
, creating
3
a hysteresis determined by the value of this resistor (the
higher the value, the greater the hysteresis). The hysteresis
voltage of the OV monitor is determined by the following
formula:
V
OV(HYST)
12.5 A R
3
where R3 is a resistor connected from the OV pin to ground.
When the monitored voltage is low and the UV pin is less
than 1.45 V, GATE shuts down. The UV pin has fixed 75 mV
hysteresis.
Both OV and UV conditions are latched until the Soft Start
capacitor is discharged. This way, every time a fault
condition is detected the controller goes through the power
up sequence.
is
V
Figure 5. UV/OV Monitor Divider
R
1
IN
R
2
V
UV
R
3
V
OV
To calculate the OV?UV resistor divider :
1. Solve for R3, based on OV hysteresis requirements.
V
R
where V
OV(HYST)
3
V
OV(HYST)
MAX
is the desired amount of
overvoltage hysteresis, and V
2.5 V
12.5 A
MAX
is the input voltage
at which the supply will shut down.
2. Find the total impedance of the divider.
R
R1 R2 R
TOT
MAX
3
3
2.5
V
R
3. Determine the value of R2 from the UV threshold
conditions.
where V
1.45 R
R
2
is the UV voltage at which the supply
MIN
V
MIN
TOT
R
3
will shut down.
4. Calculate R1.
R1 R
TOT
R2 R
3
5. The undervoltage hysteresis is given by :
V
0.075
MIN
1.45
V
REF
Monitor
V
UV(HYST)
The 5.0 V reference voltage is internally monitored to
ensure that it remains within specifications. The monitor,
which outputs a fault, can be tripped by two methods:
• If the reference voltage drops below 4.75 V
• If VCC falls below the STOP threshold
As indicated in the block diagram, any fault causes the
output to stop switching and begins the discharge of the Soft
Start capacitor C
SS
.
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8
CS51021A, CS51022A, CS51023A, CS51024A
Synchronization
A bi–directional synchronization is provided to
synchronize several controllers. When SYNC pins are
connected together, the converters will lock to the highest
switching frequency. The fastest controller becomes the
master, producing a 4.3 V, 200 ns pulse train. Only one, the
highest frequency SYNC signal, will appear on the SYNC
line.
Sleep
The sleep input is an active high input. The CS51022A/4A
is placed in sleep mode when SLEEP is driven high. In sleep
mode, the controller and MOSFET are turned off. Connect
to GND for normal operation. The sleep mode operates at
VCC ≤ 15 V.
2500
1. CT = 47 pF
2. C
= 100 pF
2000
1500
1000
Frequency (kHz)
500
1
2
3
4
5
6
8
0
7
101520253035404550510152025303540455055
5
R
(kΩ)
T
Figure 6. Frequency vs. RT for Discrete
Capacitor Values
3. C
4. C
5. C
6. C
7. C
8. C
T
= 150 pF
T
= 220 pF
T
= 390 pF
T
= 470 pF
T
= 560 pF
T
= 680 pF
T
Oscillator and Duty Cycle Limit
The switching frequency is set by RT and CT connected to
the R
pin. CT charges and discharges between 3.0 V and
TCT
1.5 V.
The maximum duty cycle is set by the ratio of the on time,
tON, and the whole period, T = tON + t
. Because the
OFF
timing capacitor’s discharge current is trimmed, the
maximum duty cycle is well defined. It is determined by the
ratio between the timing resistor R
and the timing capacitor
T
CT. Refer to figures 6 and 7 to select appropriate values for
RT and CT.
1
1
;TSW tCH t
T
SW
6
2
Capacitor Values
7
3
RT (kΩ)
8
4
DIS
1. CT = 47 pF
2. C
= 100 pF
T
= 150 pF
3. C
T
4. C
= 220 pF
T
5. C
= 390 pF
T
6. C
= 470 pF
T
7. C
= 560 pF
T
8. C
= 680 pF
T
100
90
5
80
70
60
Duty Cycle (%)
50
40
Figure 7. Duty Cycle vs. RT for Discrete
f
SW
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CS51021A, CS51022A, CS51023A, CS51024A
PACKAGE DIMENSIONS
SO–16
D SUFFIX
CASE 751B–05
ISSUE J
–T–
–A–
169
–B–
18
G
K
C
SEATING
PLANE
D
16 PL
0.25 (0.010)A
M
S
B
T
S
PACKAGE THERMAL DATA
Parameter
R
Θ
JC
R
Θ
JA
8 PLP
M
0.25 (0.010)B
M
S
X 45
R
F
J
SO–16Unit
Typical28°C/W
Typical115°C/W
NOTES:
1. DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING PER ANSI
Y14.5M, 1982.
2. CONTROLLING DIMENSION: MILLIMETER.
3. DIMENSIONS A AND B DO NOT INCLUDE
MOLD PROTRUSION.
4. MAXIMUM MOLD PROTRUSION 0.15 (0.006)
PER SIDE.
5. DIMENSION D DOES NOT INCLUDE DAMBAR
PROTRUSION. ALLOWABLE DAMBAR
PROTRUSION SHALL BE 0.127 (0.005) TOTAL
IN EXCESS OF THE D DIMENSION AT
MAXIMUM MATERIAL CONDITION.
ON Semiconductor and are trademarks of Semiconductor Components Industries, LLC (SCILLC). SCILLC reserves the right to make changes
without further notice to any products herein. SCILLC makes no warranty, representation or guarantee regarding the suitability of its products for any particular
purpose, nor does SCILLC assume any liability arising out of the application or use of any product or circuit, and specifically disclaims any and all liability,
including without limitation special, consequential or incidental damages. “Typical” parameters which may be provided in SCILLC data sheets and/or
specifications can and do vary in different applications and actual performance may vary over time. All operating parameters, including “Typicals” must be
validated for each customer application by customer’s technical experts. SCILLC does not convey any license under its patent rights nor the rights of others.
SCILLC products are not designed, intended, or authorized for use as components in systems intended for surgical implant into the body, or other applications
intended to support or sustain life, or for any other application in which the failure of the SCILLC product could create a situation where personal injury or
death may occur. Should Buyer purchase or use SCILLC products for any such unintended or unauthorized application, Buyer shall indemnify and hold
SCILLC and its officers, employees, subsidiaries, affiliates, and distributors harmless against all claims, costs, damages, and expenses, and reasonable
attorney fees arising out of, directly or indirectly, any claim of personal injury or death associated with such unintended or unauthorized use, even if such claim
alleges that SCILLC was negligent regarding the design or manufacture of the part. SCILLC is an Equal Opportunity/Affirmative Action Employer.
PUBLICATION ORDERING INFORMATION
Literature Fulfillment:
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Phone: 303–675–2175 or 800–344–3860 Toll Free USA/Canada
Fax: 303–675–2176 or 800–344–3867Toll Free USA/Canada
Email: ONlit@hibbertco.com
N. American Technical Support: 800–282–9855 Toll Free USA/Canada
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JAPAN: ON Semiconductor, Japan Customer Focus Center
4–32–1 Nishi–Gotanda, Shinagawa–ku, Tokyo, Japan 141–0031
Phone: 81–3–5740–2700
Email: r14525@onsemi.com
ON Semiconductor Website: http://onsemi.com
For additional information, please contact your local
Sales Representative.
CS51021A/D
12
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