RA-8
7 - RF Description and TroubleshootingNokia Customer Care
CMT RF
■ Top-level description
The RF module performs the necessary high frequency operations of theEGSM900/1800/1900
tripleband (EDGE) engine. Both the transmitter and receiver have been implemented by using
direct conversion architecture which means that the modulator and demodulator operate at the
channel frequency.
The core of the RF is an application-specific integrated circuit, Honi. Another co re component
is a power amplifier module which includes two amplifier chains, one fo r EGSM900 and the other for GSM1800/GSM1900.
Other key components include
•26 MHz VCTCXO for frequency reference
•3296-3980 MHz SHF VCO (super high frequency voltage controlled oscillator)
•Antenna switch module (ASM)
•Three SAW filters
•BAW-LNA module
The control information for the RF is coming from the baseband section of the engine through
a serial bus, referred later on as RFBus.
The whole RF circuitry is located on one side of the 8-layer PWB.
EMC leakage is prevented by using a metal shield with gasket. The RF circuits are separated
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7 - RF Description and TroubleshootingNokia Customer Care
■ RF implementation in RA-8
Frequency plan
The RF frequency plan is shown below. The VCO operates at the channel fre quency multiplied
by two or four depending on the frequency band of operation. This means that the baseband
modulated signals are directly converted up to the transmission frequency and the received RF
signals directly down to the baseband frequency.
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7 - RF Description and TroubleshootingNokia Customer Care
Antenna switch module (ASM)
Figure 4: ASM
DC characteristics
Regulators
The transceiver baseband section has a multi function analog ASIC, UEM, which contains
among other functions six pieces of 2.78 V linear regulators and a 4.8 V switch ing regulator. All
the regulators can be controlled individually by the 2.78 V logic directly or through a control register. Normally, direct control is needed because of switching speed requirement: the regulators are used to enable the RF-functions which means that the controls must be fast enough.
The use of the regulators can be seen in the power distribution diagram which is p resented in
Figure 6, “Power distribution diagram,” on page 15.
The seven regulators are named VR1 to VR7. VrefRF01 is used as a reference voltage for Honi.
The regulators (except for VR7) are connected to the Honi. Different modes of operation can
be selected inside the Honi according to the control information coming through the RFBus.
Nokia Customer Care7 - RF Description and Troubleshooting
DC supply currents
Figure 5: DC power supplies
Typical current consumption
The table shows the typical current consumption in different operation modes.
Operation mode
Power OFF < 10 uA Leakage current (triple band PA)
Rx, EGSM900 75 mA, peak
Rx, GSM1800/GSM1900 70 mA, peak
Tx, power level 5, EGSM900 1700 mA, peak
Tx, power level 0, GSM1800/
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7 - RF Description and TroubleshootingNokia Customer Care
RF Troubleshooting
All measurements should be done using a spectrum analyzer with a high-frequency high-impedance passive probe (LO-/reference frequencies and RF power levels) and an oscilloscope
with a 10:1 probe (DC-voltages and low frequency signals).
The RF section is build around one RF ASIC (Honi N7500). For easier troubleshooting, this RF
troubleshooting document is divided into sections.
Before changing Honi, please check that both supply voltages and serial communication coming from baseband to Honi are OK. Please note that the grounding of the PA module is directly
below the PA module, so it is difficult to check or change.
Most RF semiconductors are static discharge sensitive! Therefore ESD protection must be taken care of during repair (ground straps and ESD soldering irons). Honi and PA are moisture
sensitive and thus must be handled as described in the Special Component Handling Document.
Apart from key components described in this document there are a lot of discrete components
(resistors, inductors and capacitors) of which troubleshooting is done by checking if the sold ering of the component is done properly (for factory repairs checking if it is missing from the
PWB). You can check capacitors for shortening and resistors for value by means of an ohmmeter, but be aware in-circuit measurements should be evaluated carefully.
Please be aware that all measured voltages or RF levels in this document are rough figures.
Especially RF levels vary due to different measuring equipment or different grounding of the
probe used. When using an RF probe use a pair of metallic tweezers to connect the probe
ground to the PWB ground as close to the measurement point as possible.
■ Receiver description and troubleshooting
Each receiver path is a direct conversion linear receiver. From the antenna, the received RFsignal is fed to a front end module where a diplexer first divides the signal into two separate
paths according to the band of operation: either lower, EGSM900 or upper, GSM1800/
GSM1900 path.
Most of the receiver circuitry is included in Honi.
Rx front end
The front end features include:
•Antenna 50 ohm input
•RXs single outputs
•TXs single 50 ohm inputs
•3 control lines from Honi
Antenna
The RA-8EGSM900/GSM1800/GSM1900 transceiver features an internal antenna.
Typical AGC dynamic range83 dB
Accurate AGC control range60 dB
Typical AGC step in LNA30 dB GSM1800/GSM1900, 25 dB GSM900
Usable input dynamic range-102 ... -10 dBm
RSSI dynamic range-110 ... -48 dBm
Compensated gain variation in receiving
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7 - RF Description and TroubleshootingNokia Customer Care
General instructions for Rx troubleshooting
To start Rx troubleshooting:
1. Connect test jig to a computer with a DAU-9S cable or to a FPS-8 flash prommer with an XCS-4 modular cable.
Make sure that you have PKD-1 dongle connected to the computer’s parallel port.
2. Connect a DC power supply to the module test jig with an FLC-2 cable.
3. Set the DC supply voltage to 6 V.
4. Connect an RF cable to the RF connector of the module test jig (MJ-83) and to
RF signal generator.
5. Set the phone module to test jig and start Phoenix service software.
6. Initialize connection to the phone. (Use FBUS driver when using DAU-9S and
COMBOX driver when using FPS-8).
7. From the File menu, choose “Choose Product”.
8. From the list, select RA-8.
9. From the toolbar, set operating mode to "Local".
10.From the Testing menu, choose “RF Controls”.
11.In the “RF Controls” window:
- Select band “GSM 900", "GSM 1800" or “GSM1900” (Default = "GSM900")
- Set Active unit to "Rx" (Default = "Rx")
- Set Operation mode to "Burst" (Default = "Burst")
For continuous mode:
- Set Operation mode to "Continuous"
- Set AGC to "12: FEG_ON + DTOS_ON + BB_30=Vgain60” (maximum gain setting used in normal mode) (Default = "14: FEG_ON + DTOS_ON +
BB_42=Vgain72")
- Set Rx/Tx channel to 37 on GSM900 band, 700 on GSM1800 band or 661on
GSM1900 (Defaults)
12.Apply
942.46771 MHz (channel 37 + 67.710 kHz offset),
1842.86771 MHz (channel 700 + 67.710 kHz offset) or
1960.06771 MHz (channel 661 + 67.71 kHz) –90 dBm signal
to the RF connector (remember to compensate for cable attenuation).
When measuring with an oscilloscope on "RXI" or "RXQ", you should se e the fol-
lowing screens on a working GSM900, GSM1800 or GSM1900 receiver:
Nokia Customer Care7 - RF Description and Troubleshooting
Figure 8: GSM1900 Rx I or Q signal (trace2), burst mode.
Detailed view of GSM900 continuous mode Rx I and Q signals measured from test points RXI
and RXQ simultaneously.
Used channel 37, input signal 942.46771 MHz, level –90 dBm at antenna port, AGC settin g 12.
Phase difference should be 90 degrees between Rx I and Q signals at all bands.
Nokia Customer Care7 - RF Description and Troubleshooting
■ Transmitter description and troubleshooting
The transmitter consists of:
•two final frequency IQ-modulators
•two power amplifiers, for the lower and upper bands separately
•power control loop.
The IQ-modulators are integrated in Honi, as well as the operational amplifiers of the power
control loop. The two power amplifiers are located in a single module with a power detector. In
the GMSK mode, the power is controlled by adjusting the DC bias levels of the power amplifiers.
Power amplifier
The power amplifier features include:
•50 ohm input and output, EGSM900/GSM1800/GSM1900
•internal power detector
•EDGE mode
RF ASIC Honi
The RF ASIC features include
Figure 9: Power amplifier
EGSM900
EGSM
out
GSM1800
DCS/
1900
PCS
out
GSM1800
EGSM900
EGSM
Power
control
1900
DCS/PCS
Power
control
EGSM900
EGSM
in
M1800
DCS/
1900
PCS
in
Power
detector
Mode
•Package LFGBGA88
•Balanced I/Q demodulator and balanced I/Q modulator
•Power control operational amplifier, acts as an error amplifier
•The signal from VCO is balanced, frequencies 3296 to 3980 MHz
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7 - RF Description and TroubleshootingNokia Customer Care
•EGSM900 and GSM1800 low noise amplifier (LNA) are integrated.
•IPAD substrate, including integrated coils, resistors and capacitors
The Honi can be tested by test points only.
AFC function
AFC is used to lock the transceiver’s clock to the frequency of the base station.
Transmitter characteristics
ItemValues (EGSM900/1800/1900)
TypeDirect conversion, nonlinear, FDMA/TDMA
LO frequency range3520…3660 MHz / 3420…3570 MHz /
3700…3820 MHz
Output power GMSK33 / 30 / 30 dBm 2 W / 1W peak
Output power 8-PSK27 / 26 / 26 dBm 0.5 W / 0.4 W peak
Gain control rangemin. 30 dB
Maximum phase error (RMS/peak) GMSK
Maximum EVM (RMS/peak) 8-PSK
max 5 deg./20 deg. Peak
max 10% / 30%
General instructions for Tx troubleshooting
Please refer to section Service Concepts in Chapter 3, Service Software Instructions.
To start Tx troubleshooting:
1. Connect the test jig MJ-83 to a computer with a DAU-9S cable or to an FPS-8
flash prommer with an XCS-4 modular cable.
Make sure that you have a PKD-1 dongle connected to the computer’s parallel port.
2. Connect a DC power supply to the module test jig (MJ-83) with an FLC-2 cable.
Note: When repairing or tuning the transmitter use external DC supply with at least
3A current capability. Set the DC supply voltage to 3.9V and set the jumpe r connector on test jig to "bypass" position.
3. Connect an RF cable to the RF connector of the module test jig (MJ-83) and
measurement equipment; or at least a 10dB attenuator, otherwise the PA may be
damaged. Use a spectrum analyzer as measurement equipment.
Note: The maximum input power of a spectrum analyzer is +30dBm. It is recommended to use 10dB attenuator on the spectrum analyzer input to prevent any damage.
4. Set the phone module to test jig and start Phoenix service software.
5. Initialize connection to the phone. (Use FBUS driver when using DAU-9S and
COMBOX driver when using FPS-8).
Nokia Customer Care7 - RF Description and Troubleshooting
6. To choose a product in Phoenix:
From the File menu, choose “Choose Product” and select RA-8 from the list
or
from the File menu, choose “Scan Product”.
7. From the toolbar, set operating mode to "Local".
8. From the Testing menu, choose “RF Controls”.
9. In the “RF Controls” window:
- Select band "GSM900" or "GSM 1800" or "GSM1900" (Default = "GSM900").
- Set Active unit to "Tx" (Default = "Rx").
- Set Operation mode to "Burst" (Default = "Burst").
- Set Tx data type to "Random" (Default = "All1").
- Set Rx/Tx channel to 37 on GSM900 band or 700 on GSM1800 band or 661 on
GSM1900 (Defaults).
- Set Tx PA mode to "Free" (Default).
- Set power level to 5 (Default = 19) on GSM900 or to 0 (Default = 15) on GSM1800
or GSM1900.
Nokia Customer Care7 - RF Description and Troubleshooting
■ Additional information for EDGE troubleshooting
Note! EDGE mode troubleshooting differs slightly from basic GSM troubleshooting.
To start EDGE troubleshooting:
1. Initialize a connection to the phone (see GSM900/1800/1900 troubleshooting
instructions).
2. To select a product in Phoenix:
From the File menu, choose “Choose Product “and select RA-8 from the list
or
from the File menu, choose “Scan Product”.
3. From the toolbar, set operating mode to “Local”
4. From the Testing menu, choose “RF Controls”.
5. In the “RF Controls” window:
- Select Band “GSM900” or “GSM1800” or “GSM1900” (Default = "GSM900").
- Set Active unit to “Tx” (Default=”Rx”).
- Set Edge “On” (Default=”Off”).
- Set Operation mode to “Burst” (Default=”Burst”).
- Set Tx data type to “Alternate PN9” (Default=”All1”).
- Set Rx/Tx channel to 37 on GSM900 or 700 on GSM1800 or 661 on GSM1900
(Defaults).
- Set power level to 8 (Default = 19) on GSM900 or to 2 (Default = 0) on GSM1800
or GSM1900.
Note! For GSM900 Edge power levels 5, 6 and 7 are not in use and for
GSM1800&1900 Edge power levels 0 and 1 are not in use.
Nokia Customer Care7 - RF Description and Troubleshooting
■ Synthesizer description and troubleshooting
Frequency synthesizers
The VCO frequency is locked by a PLL (phase locked loop) in to a stable frequency so urce given by a VCTCXO which is running at 26 MHz. The frequency of the VCTCXO is in turn locked
into the frequency of the base station with the help of an AFC voltage which is generated in
UEM by an 11 bit D/A converter. The PLL is located in Honi and it is controlled through the RFBus.
The required frequency dividers for modulator and demodulator mixers are integrated in Honi.
Loop filter filters out the comparison pulses of the phase detector and generates a DC control
voltage to the VCO. The loop filter determines the step response of the PLL (settling time) and
contributes to the stability of the loop.
The frequency synthesizer is integrated in Honi except for the VCTCXO, VCO, and the loop
filter.
General instructions for synthesizer troubleshooting
To start synthesizer troubleshooting:
1. Connect the test jig (MJ-83) to a computer with a DAU-9S cable or to an FPS-8
flash prommer with an XCS-4 modular cable.
Make sure that you have a PKD-1 dongle connected to the computer’s parallel port.
2. Connect a DC power supply or FPS-8 to the module test jig with a PCS-1 cable.
3. Set the DC supply voltage to 3.6V and set the jumper connector on test jig to "bypass" position.
4. Set the phone module to test jig and start Phoenix service software
5. Initialize connection to the phone. (Use FBUS driver when using DAU-9S and
COMBOX driver when using FPS-8).
6. From the File menu, choose “Choose Product”.
7. From the list, select RA-8.
8. From the toolbar, set operating mode to "Local"
9. From the Testing menu, choose “RF Controls”.
10.In the “RF Controls” window:
- Select band "GSM900", "GSM 1800" or "GSM1900" (Default = "GSM900").
- Set Active unit to "Rx" (Default = "Rx").
- Set Operation mode to "Continuous" (Default = "Burst").
- Set Rx/Tx channel to 37 on GSM900 band, 700 on GSM1800 band, 661 on
GSM1900 band (Defaults).
Nokia Customer Care7 - RF Description and Troubleshooting
■ RF tunings after repairs
The following tunings have to be performed after repairs:
•Repairs in the Tx part require "Tx Power Level Tuning".
•When component replacements around the modulator area (RF path from
UEM via RF ASIC to RF PA) have been done, "Tx IQ Tuning" is additionally
required.
•In general Rx repairs, the front-end always requires "Rx Calibration" and “Rx
Band Filter Calibration” for all three bands.
•Repairs in the PLL circuit always require "Rx Calibration" of the low band.
•If the RF ASIC is replaced, all calibrations mentioned above have to be done.
Refer to Chapter 3, Service Software Instructions, for instructions on the above-mentioned tunings.