Mitsubishi Electric FX2N, FX1S, FX1N, MELSEC FX, FX2NC Beginners Manual

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MELSEC FX Family

MITSUBISHI ELECTRIC

Programmable Logic Controllers

Beginner´s Manual

Art. no.: 166388 15082013 Version E

FX1S,FX1N,

3G,FX3GC,FX3GE,

2N,FX2NC,

3S,

3U,FX3UC

INDUSTRIAL AUTOMATION

The texts, illustration, diagrams and examples in this manual are provided

for information purposes only. They are intended as aids to help explain the

installation, operation, programming and use of the

programmable logic controllers of the

MELSEC FX

1S,FX1N,FX2N,FX2NC,FX3G,FX3GC,FX3GE,

FX3S,FX3U and FX3UC series.

If you have any questions about the installation and operation of any of the

products described in this manual please contact your local sales office or distributor (see back cover).

You can find the latest information and answers to frequently asked questions on our website at

www.mitsubishi-automation.com

MITSUBISHI ELECTRIC EUROPE BV reserves the right to make changes

to this manual or the technical specifications of its products at any time without notice.

Beginner’s Manual for the programmable logic controllers of the

MELSEC FX family FX

1S,FX1N,FX2N,FX2NC,FX3G,FX3GC,FX3GE,FX3S,FX3U und FX3UC

Art. no.: 166388

Version Revisions / Additions / Corrections

A 01/2006 pdp-tr First edition

B 01/2007 pdp-dk Addition of chapter 7

Considering of the extended product range for the base units of the FX and 2.4.

C 07/2009 pdp-dk Consideration of the controllers of the FX

New adapter modules FX

D — — Version skipped for internal reasons

E 08/2013 pdp-dk Consideration of the FX

New adapter module FX

New intelligent function module FX

Consideration of the programming software GX Works2 FX

3U-4AD-PNK-ADP and FX3U-4AD-PTW-ADP

3GC, FX3GE and the FX3S series controllers

3U-3A-ADP

3U-4LC

3U series in chapters 2.3

3G and the FX3UC series

Safety Guidelines

For use by qualified staff only

This manual is only intended for use by properly trained and qualified electrical technicians who are fully acquainted with the relevant automation technology safety standards. All work with the hardware described, including system design, installation, configuration, mainten ance, service andtesting of the equipment,may only be performed by trained electrical techni cians with approved qualifications who are fully acquainted with all the applicable automation technology safety standards and regulations.Any operations or modifications to the hardware and/or software of our products not specifically described in this manual may only be performed by authorised Mitsubishi Electric staff.

Proper use of the products

The programmable logic controllers of the FX FX

3S,FX3U and FX3UC series are only intended for the specific applications explicitly

described in this manual. All parameters and settings specified in this manual must be observed. The products described have all been designed, manufactured, tested and docu mented in strict compliance with the relevant safety standards. Unqualified modification of the hardware or software or failure to observe the warnings on the products and in this manual may result in serious personal injury and/or damage to property. Only peripherals and expan sion equipment specifically recommended and approved by Mitsubishi Electric may be used with the programmable logic controllers of the FX FX

3GE,FX3S,FX3U and FX3UC series.

All and any other uses or application of the products shall be deemed to be improper.

Relevant safety regulations

All safety and accident prevention regulations relevant to your specific application must be observed in the system design, installation, configuration, maintenance, servicing and testing of these products. The regulations listed below are particularly important in this regard. This list does not claim to be complete, however; you are responsible for being familiar with and conforming to the regulations applicable to you in your location.

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VDE Standards

–

VDE 0100 Regulations for the erection of power installations with rated voltages below 1000 V

–

VDE 0105 Operation of power installations

–

VDE 0113 Electrical installations with electronic equipment

–

VDE 0160 Electronic equipment for use in power installations

–

VDE 0550/0551 Regulations for transformers

–

VDE 0700 Safety of electrical appliances for household use and similar applications

–

VDE 0860 Safety regulations for mains-powered electronic appliances and their accessories for household use and similar applications.

1S,FX1N,FX2N,FX2NC,FX3G,FX3GC,FX3GE,

1S,FX1N,FX2N,FX2NC,FX3G,FX3GC,

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Fire safety regulations

FX Beginners Manual I

Safety Guidelines

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Safety warnings in this manual

In this manual warnings that are relevant for safety are identified as follows:

DANGER:

Failure to observe the safety warnings identified with this symbol can result in health

and injury hazards for the user.

WARNING:

Failure to observe the safety warnings identified with this symbol can result in damage to the equipment or other property.

Accident prevention regulations

VBG Nr.4

–

Electrical systems and equipment

II MITSUBISHI ELECTRIC

Safety Guidelines

General safety information and precautions

The following safety precautions are intended as a general guideline for using PLC systems together with other equipment. These precautions must always be observed in the design, installation and operation of all control systems.

DANGER:

Observe all safety and accident prevention regulations applicable to your spe

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cific application. Always disconnect all power supplies before performing installation and wiring work or opening any of the assemblies, components and devices.

Assemblies, components and devices must always be installed in a shockproof

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housing fitted with a proper cover and fuses or circuit breakers.

Devices with a permanent connection to the mains power supply must be inte

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grated in the building installations with an all-pole disconnection switch and a suitable fuse.

Check power cables and lines connected to the equipment regularly for breaks

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and insulation damage. If cable damage is found immediately disconnect the equipment and the cables from the power supply and replace the defective cabling.

Before using the equipment for the first time check that the power supply rating

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matches that of the local mains power.

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Take appropriate steps to ensure that cable damage or core breaks in the signal lines cannot cause undefined states in the equipment.

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You are responsible for taking the necessary precautions to ensure that programs interrupted by brownouts and power failures can be restarted properly and safely. In particular, you must ensure that dangerous conditions cannot occur under any circumstances, even for brief periods.

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EMERGENCY OFF facilities conforming to EN 60204/IEC 204 and VDE 0113 must remain fully operative at all times and in all PLC operating modes. The EMERGENCY OFF facility reset function must be designed so that it cannot ever cause an uncontrolled or undefined restart.

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You must implement both hardware and software safety precautions to prevent the possibility of undefined control system statescaused by signal line cable or core breaks.

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When using modules always ensure that all electrical and mechanical specifi cations and requirements are observed exactly.

FX Beginners Manual III

Safety Guidelines

IV MITSUBISHI ELECTRIC

1 Introduction

1.1 About this Manual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-1

1.2 More Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-1

2 Programmable Logic Controllers

2.1 What is a PLC? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-1

2.2 How PLCs Process Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-2

2.3 The MELSEC FX Family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-4

2.4 Selecting the Right Controller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-5

Contents

2.5 Controller Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-7

2.5.1 Input and output circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-7

2.5.2 Layout of the MELSEC FX

2.5.3 Layout of the MELSEC FX

2.5.4 Layout of the MELSEC FX

2.5.5 Layout of the MELSEC FX

2.5.6 Layout of the MELSEC FX

2.5.7 Layout of the MELSEC FX

2.5.8 Layout of the MELSEC FX

2.5.9 Layout of the MELSEC FX

2.5.10Layout of the MELSEC FX

2.5.11Layout of the MELSEC FX

1S base units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-7

1N base units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-8

2N base units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-8

2NC base units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-9

3G base units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-9

3GC base units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-10

3GE base units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-10

3S base units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-11

3U base units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-12

3UC base units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-12

2.5.12PLC components glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-13

FX Beginners Manual V

Contents

3 An Introduction to Programming

3.1 Structure of a Program Instruction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-1

3.2 Bits, Bytes and Words . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-2

3.3 Number Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-2

3.4 The Basic Instruction Set. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-5

3.4.1 Starting logic operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-6

3.4.2 Outputting the result of a logic operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-6

3.4.3 Using switches and sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-8

3.4.4 AND operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-9

3.4.5 OR operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-11

3.4.6 Instructions for connecting operation blocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-12

3.4.7 Pulse-triggered execution of operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-14

3.4.8 Setting and resetting devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-15

3.4.9 Storing, reading and deleting operation results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-17

3.4.10Generating pulses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-18

3.4.11Master control function (MC and MCR instructions). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-19

3.4.12Inverting the result of an operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-20

3.5 Safety First! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-21

3.6 Programming PLC Applications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-23

3.6.1 An alarm system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-23

3.6.2 A rolling shutter gate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-28

4 Devices in Detail

4.1 Inputs and Outputs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-1

4.2 Relays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-4

4.2.1 Special relays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-5

4.3 Timers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-6

4.4 Counters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-9

4.5 Registers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-12

4.5.1 Data registers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-12

4.5.2 Special registers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-13

4.5.3 File registers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-14

VI MITSUBISHI ELECTRIC

4.6 Programming Tips for Timers and Counters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-15

4.6.1 Specifying timer and counter setpoints indirectly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-15

4.6.2 Switch-off delay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-18

4.6.3 ON- and OFF-Delay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-19

4.6.4 Clock signal generators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-20

5 More Advanced Programming

5.1 Applied Instructions Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-1

5.1.1 Entering applied instructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-7

5.2 Instructions for Moving Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-8

5.2.1 Moving individual values with the MOV instruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-8

5.2.2 Moving groups of bit devices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-10

5.2.3 Moving blocks of data with the BMOV instruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-11

Contents

5.2.4 Copying source devices to multiple destinations (FMOV). . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-12

5.2.5 Exchanging data with special function modules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-13

5.3 Compare Instructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-16

5.3.1 The CMP instruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-16

5.3.2 Comparisons within logic operations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-18

5.4 Math Instructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-21

5.4.1 Addition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-22

5.4.2 Subtraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-23

5.4.3 Multiplication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-24

5.4.4 Division . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-25

5.4.5 Combining math instructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-26

6 Expansion Options

6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-1

6.2 Available Modules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-1

6.2.1 Modules for adding more digital inputs and outputs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-1

6.2.2 Analog I/O modules. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-1

6.2.3 Communications modules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-2

6.2.4 Positioning modules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-2

6.2.5 HMI control and display panels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-2

FX Beginners Manual VII

Contents

7 Processing Analog Values

7.1 Analog Modules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7-1

7.1.1 Criteria for selecting analog modules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7-3

7.1.2 Adapter boards, special adapters and special function modules . . . . . . . . 7-4

7.2 List of Analog Modules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7-5

Index

VIII MITSUBISHI ELECTRIC

Introduction About this Manual

1 Introduction

1.1 About this Manual

This manual will help you to familiarise yourself with the use of the MELSEC FX family of pro grammable logic controllers. It is designed for users who do not yet have any experience with programming programmable logic controllers (PLCs).

Programmers who already have experience with PLCs from other manufacturers can also use this manual as a guide for making the transition to the MELSEC FX family.

The symbol "쏔" is used as a placeholder to identify different controllers in the same range.For example, the designation "FX begins with FX FX

1S-10 MT-ESS/UL.

1S-10, i.e. FX1S-10MR-DS, FX1S-10 MR-ES/UL, FX1S-10 MT-DSS and

1.2 More Information

You can find more detailed information on the individual products in the series in the operating and installation manuals of the individual modules.

See the MELSEC FX Family Catalogue, art. no. 167840, for a general overview of all the controllers in the MELSEC FX family. This catalogue also contains information on expansion options and the available accessories.

For an introduction to using the programming software package see the various beginner’s or training manuals for the software in use.

You can find detailed documentation of all programming instructions in the Programming Manual for the MELSEC FX family, art. no. 132738.

1S-10쏔-쏔쏔" is used to refer to all controllers whose name

The communications capabilities and options of the MELSEC FX controllers are documented in detail in the Communications Manual, art. no. 070143.

All Mitsubishi manuals and catalogues can be downloaded free of charge from the Mitsubishi website at

www.mitsubishi-automation.com

FX Beginners Manual 1–1

More Information Introduction

1–2 MITSUBISHI ELECTRIC

Programmable Logic Controllers What is a PLC?

2 Programmable Logic Controllers

2.1 What is a PLC?

In contrast to conventional controllers with functions determined by their physical wiring the functions of programmable logic controllers orPLCs are defined by a program. PLCs also have to be connected to the outside world withcables,but the contents of their program memory can be changed at any time to adapt their programs to different control tasks.

Programmable logic controllers input data, process it and then output the results. This process is performed in three stages:

an input stage,

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a processing stage

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and

an output stage

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Programmable Logic Controller

Input

Switch

Input Stage

The input stage

The input stage passes control signals from switches, buttons or sensors on to the processing stage.

The signals from these components aregenerated as part of the control process and are fed to the inputs as logical states. The input stage passes them on to the processing stage in a pre-processed format.

The processing stage

Processing Stage

Output

Contactors

Output Stage

In the processing stage the pre-processed signals from the input stage are processed and combined with the help of logical operations and other functions. The program memory of the processing stage is fullyprogrammable. The processing sequence canbe changed at any time by modifying or replacing the stored program.

The output stage

The results of the processing of the input signals by the program are fed to the output stage where they control connected switchable elements such as contactors, signal lamps, solenoid valves and so on.

FX Beginners Manual 2–1

How PLCs Process Programs Programmable Logic Controllers

....

2.2 How PLCs Process Programs

A PLC performs its tasks by executing a program that is usually developed outside the control ler and then transferred to the controller’s program memory. Before you start programming it is useful to have a basic understanding of how PLCs process these programs.

A PLC program consists of a sequence of instructions that control the functions of the control ler.The PLC executes these control instructions sequentially, i.e. one after another.The entire program sequence is cyclical, which means that it is repeated in a continuous loop. The time required for one program repetition is referred to as the program cycle time or period.

Process image processing

The program in the PLC is not executed directly on the inputs and outputs, but on a “process image” of the inputs and outputs:

Switch on PLC

Delete output memory

Input signals

Input terminals

Poll inputs and signal states

and save them in the process

image of the inputs

PLC program

Process image

of inputs

Process image

of outputs

Output terminals

Output signals

Instruction 1 Instruction 2 Instruction 3

Instruction n

Transfer process image

to outputs

Input process image

At the beginning of each program cycle the system polls the signal states of the inputs and stores them in a buffer, creating a “process image” of the inputs.

2–2 MITSUBISHI ELECTRIC

Programmable Logic Controllers How PLCs Process Programs

M1 M8013

X000 X001

Y000

Y001

Program execution

After this the program is executed, during which the PLC accesses the stored states of the inputs in the process image.This means that any subsequent changes in the input states will not be registered until the next program cycle!

The program is executed from top to bottom, in the order in which the instructions were pro grammed.Results of individual programming steps are stored and can be used during the cur rent program cycle.

Program execution

Store result

Control output

Process stored result

Output process image

Results of logical operations that arerelevant for the outputsare stored in an output buffer – the output process image. The output process image is stored in the output buffer until the buffer is rewritten. After the values have been written to the outputs the program cycle is repeated.

Differences between signal processing in the PLC and in hard-wired controllers

In hard-wired controllers the program is defined by the functional elements and their connec tions (the wiring). All control operations are performed simultaneously (parallel execution). Every change in an input signal state causes an instantaneous change in the corresponding output signal state.

In a PLC it is not possible to respond to changes in input signal states until the next program cycle after the change.Nowadays this disadvantage is largely compensated by very short pro gram cycle periods. The duration of the program cycle period depends on the number and type of instructions executed.

FX Beginners Manual 2–3

The MELSEC FX Family Programmable Logic Controllers

2.3 The MELSEC FX Family

The compact micro-controllers of the MELSEC FX series provide the foundation for building economical solutions for small to medium-sized control and positioning tasks requiring 10 to 256 integrated inputs and outputs in applications in industry and building services.

With the exception of the FX pace with the changes in the application and the user’s growing requirements.

Network connections are also supported. This makes it possible for the controllers of the FX family to communicate with other PLCs and controller systems and HMIs (Human-Machine Interfaces and control panels). The PLC systems can be integrated both in MITSUBISHI net works as local stations and as master or slave stations in open networks like PROFIBUS DP.

In addition to this you can also build multi-drop and peer-to-peer networks with the controllers of the MELSEC FX family.

The FX ities, making them the right choice for complex applications and tasks requiring special func tions like analog-digital and digital-analog conversion and network capabilities.

All the controllers in the series are part of the larger MELSEC FX family and are fully compati ble with one another.

Specifications

Max integrated I/O points

Expansion capability (max. possible I/Os)

Program memory (steps)

Cycle time per log. instruction (ms)

No. of instructions (standard / step ladder / special function)

Max. special function modules connectable

1S all the controllers of the FX series can be expanded to keep

1N,FX2N,FX3G,FX3GC,FX3GE,FX3S,FX3U or FX3UC have modular expansion capabil

1S FX1N FX2N FX2NC FX3G FX3GC FX3GE FX3S FX3U FX3UC

30 60 128 96 60 32 40 30 128 96

34 132 256 256 256 256 256 —* 384 384

2000 8000 16000 16000 32000 32000 32000 4000 64000 64000

0.55 –

0.7

27 / 2 /8527 / 2 /8927 / 2 /

—284

0.55 –

0.7

0.08 0.08 0.21/0.42 0.21/0.42 0.21/0.42 0.21 0.065 0.065

107

27 / 2 /

107

29 / 2 /

124

8 right

4 left

29 / 2 /

122

8 right

4 left

29 / 2 /

122

8 right

2 left

29 / 2 /

116

2 left

27 / 2 /

218

8 right

10 left

29 / 2 /

218

8 right

6 left

Not expandable

2–4 MITSUBISHI ELECTRIC

Programmable Logic Controllers Selecting the Right Controller

2.4 Selecting the Right Controller

The base units of the MELSECFX family are available in a number of different versions with dif ferent power supply options and output technologies. You can choose between units designed for power supplies of100–240 V AC, 24 V DC or 12–24 VDC, and between relay and transistor outputs.

Series I/Os Type

2NC

3GC 32

FX3GE

3UC

128

24 FX3GE-24MR/ES 16 8

40 FX

128

No. of inputs

1S-10 M쏔-쏔쏔

1S-14 M쏔-쏔쏔

1S-20 M쏔-쏔쏔

1S-30 M쏔-쏔쏔

1N-14 M쏔-쏔쏔

1N-24 M쏔-쏔쏔

1N-40 M쏔-쏔쏔

1N-60 M쏔-쏔쏔

2N-16 M쏔-쏔쏔

2N-32 M쏔-쏔쏔

2N-48 M쏔-쏔쏔

2N-64 M쏔-쏔쏔

2N-80 M쏔-쏔쏔

2N-128 M쏔-쏔쏔

2NC-16 M쏔-쏔쏔

2NC-32 M쏔-쏔쏔

2NC-64 M쏔-쏔쏔

2NC-96 M쏔-쏔쏔

3G-14 M쏔/쏔쏔쏔

3G-24 M쏔/쏔쏔쏔

3G-40 M쏔/쏔쏔쏔

3G-60 M쏔/쏔쏔쏔

3GC-32MT/D쏔쏔

3GE-40MR/ES 16 14

3S-10 M쏔/ES쏔

3S-14 M쏔/ES쏔

3S-20 M쏔/ES쏔

3S-30 M쏔/ES쏔

3U-16 M쏔-쏔쏔

3U-32 M쏔-쏔쏔

3U-48 M쏔-쏔쏔

3U-64 M쏔-쏔쏔

3U-80 M쏔-쏔쏔

3U-128 M쏔-쏔쏔

3UC-16 M쏔/쏔쏔쏔

3UC-32 M쏔/쏔쏔쏔

3UC-64 M쏔/쏔쏔쏔

3UC-96 M쏔/쏔쏔쏔

12 8

16 14

14 10

24 16

36 24

16 16

24 24

32 32

40 40

64 64

16 16

32 32

48 48

14 10

24 16

36 24

16 16 24 V DC Transistor

12 8

16 14

16 16

24 24

32 32

40 40

64 64 100 – 240 V AC

16 16

32 32

48 48

No. of outputs

Power supply Output type

24 V DC or 100 – 240 V AC

12 – 24 V DC or 100 – 240 V AC

24 V DC or 100 – 240 V AC

24 V DC

Transistor or relay

Optional

100 – 240 V AC

Transistor or relay

100 – 240 V AC Relay

Optional

100 – 240 V AC

Transistor or relay

24 V DC or 100 – 240 V AC

Transistor or relay

24 V DC Transistor

FX Beginners Manual 2–5

Selecting the Right Controller Programmable Logic Controllers

To choose the right controller for your application you need to answer the following questions:

How many signals (external switch contacts, buttons and sensors)do you need to input?

쎲

What types of functions do you need to switch, and how many of them are there?

쎲

What power supply options are available?

쎲

How high are the loads that the outputs need to switch? Choose relay outputs for switching high loads and transistor outputs for switching fast, trigger-free switching operations.

2–6 MITSUBISHI ELECTRIC

Programmable Logic Controllers Controller Design

0123 4567

0123 45

OUT

POWER

FX -14MR

RUN ERROR

S/S

100-240

VAC

14MR

-ES/UL

COM0

COM1

COM2

24V

MITSUBISHI

2.5 Controller Design

All the controllers in the series have the same basic design. The main functional elements and assemblies are described in the glossary in section 2.5.7.

2.5.1 Input and output circuits

The input circuits use floating inputs. They are electrically isolated from the other circuits of the PLC with optical couplers. The output circuits use either relay or transistor output techno logy.The transistor outputs are also electrically isolated from the other PLC circuits withoptical couplers.

The switching voltage at all the digital inputs must have a certain value (e.g.24 V DC). This volt age can be taken from the PLC’s integrated power supply unit. If the switching voltage at the inputs is less than the rated value (e.g. <24 V DC) then the input will not be processed.

The maximum output currents are 2 A on 250 V three-phase AC and non-reactive loads with relay outputs and 0.5 A on 24 V DC and non-reactive loads.

2.5.2 Layout of the MELSEC FX1S base units

Mounting hole

Power supply

connection

Interface for expansion

adapter boards

Cutout for adapters or

control panel

2 analog potentiometers

Connection for

programming units

Connection for the

service power supply

Terminals for

digital outputs

Protective cover

Terminal cover

Terminals for digital inputs

LEDs for indicating the input status

RUN/STOP switch

LEDs for indicating the operating status

LEDs for indicating the output status

Protective cover

FX Beginners Manual 2–7

Controller Design Programmable Logic Controllers

0123 4567 8 9 10 11

1213 14 15

0123 4567 1011

OUT

POWER

FX -24MR

RUN ERROR

100-240

VAC

X11

X13

X15

S/S

X10

X12

X14

24MR

-ES/UL

Y10

COM3

COM4

Y11

COM2

COM1

COM0

24+

MITSUBISHI

2.5.3 Layout of the MELSEC FX1N base units

Protective cover

Terminals for

Terminal cover

Mounting hole

digital inputs

Connection of the power supply

RUN/STOP switch

Slot for memory cassettes,

adapters and displays

2 analog

potentiometers

Connection for

programming units

Connection for the

service power supply

Terminals for

digital outputs

Terminal cover

Protective cover

2.5.4 Layout of the MELSEC FX

Connection for the

service power supply

Extension bus

LEDs for indicating the input status

LEDs for indicating the operating status

LEDs for indicating the output status

Housing cover

Lid

2N base units

Terminal cover

Mounting hole

Connection for

expansion adapter boards

Memory battery

Connection for

programming units

RUN/STOP switch

Removable terminal

strip for digital outputs

Housing cover

Slot for memory cassettes

Terminals for digital inputs

LEDs for indicating the input status

LEDs for indicating the operating status

Connection for extensions

Protective cover des Erweiterungsbusses

LEDs for indicating the output status

Protective cover

2–8 MITSUBISHI ELECTRIC

Programmable Logic Controllers Controller Design

POWER

RUN BATT

ERROR

RUN

STOP

MITSUBISHI

FX -16MR-T-DS

MELSEC

COM

•

COM

•

COM1

2.5.5 Layout of the MELSEC FX2NC base units

Protective cover

Memory battery

Battery compartment

RUN/STOP switch

Operating status LEDs

2nd interface

for CNV adapter

Cover

Memory cassette

(optional)

Memory cassette slot

Terminals for

digital inputs

Terminals for

digital outputs

2.5.6 Layout of the MELSEC FX

Extension bus (on side)

Protective cover for expansion bus

LEDs for indicating the output status

LEDs for indicating the input status

Connector for terminal strips

3G base units

Protective cover

Slots for memory

cassette, display and

expansion adapter

2 analog setpoint

potentiometers

RUN/STOP switch

Mount for

optional battery

Connection for program

ming unit (RS422)

Connection for program

ming unit (USB)

Cover for programming

unit connections, poten

tiometer and

RUN/STOP switch

Cover of the left

expansion slot

Shock protection

Terminal strip for digital inputs

LEDs for indicating input status

LEDs for indicating operating mode

Cover for expansion

bus LEDs for indicating

output status

Output terminals

Shock protection

Protective cover

Cover of the right expansion slot and the optional battery

FX Beginners Manual 2–9

Controller Design Programmable Logic Controllers

2.5.7 Layout of the MELSEC FX3GC base units

LEDs for indicating

the operating status

Protective cover for

Peripheral device connector

(USB)

LEDs for indicating

the input status

Special adapter connector

cover

Special adapter

connector

Terminals for digital inputs

expansion bus

RUN/STOP-Schalter

Peripheral device connector (RS-422)

LEDs for indicating the output status

Terminals for digital outputs

Battery connector

Battery

2.5.8 Layout of the MELSEC FX

Slot for memory

cassette, display and

expansion adapter

Terminals for analog inputs

2 analog potentiometers

RUN/STOP switch

Special adapter connector

RS-422 Interface

USB Interface

RJ45 connector

(10BASE-T/100BASE-TX)

Terminals for analog

output

Battery cover

3GE base units

Protective cover

Shock protection

Terminals for digital inputs

LEDs for indicating input status

Battery holder

LEDs for indicating operating mode Cover for expansion bus

LEDs for output status

Terminals for digital outputs

Shock protection

Protective cover

Cover for interfaces,

potentiometer and

RUN/STOP switch

Cover of the expansion slot and the optional battery

2–10 MITSUBISHI ELECTRIC

Programmable Logic Controllers Controller Design

2.5.9 Layout of the MELSEC FX3S base units

Protective cover

Shock protection

Power supply terminals

Slot for memory cassette and

expansion adapter

LEDs for input status

LEDs for indicating

operating mode

LEDs for indicating

output status

Terminals for digital outputs

Terminals for digital inputs

2 analog potentiometers RUN/STOP switch

USB Interface RS-422 Interface

Cover for interfaces, potentiometer and RUN/STOP switch

Cover of the expansion slot

Shock protection

Protective cover

FX Beginners Manual 2–11

Controller Design Programmable Logic Controllers

2.5.10 Layout of the MELSEC FX3U base units

Battery cover

Memory battery

Installation place for the

FX3U-7DM display

Blind cover for

expansion board

RUN/STOP switch

Connection for

programming unit

To p c o ve r

(used if FX3U-7DM

is not installed)

Protective cover

Terminal cover

Terminals for digital inputs

LEDs for indicating the input status

LEDs for indicating the operating status

Protective cover for expansion bus

LEDs for indicating the output status

Output terminals

Terminal cover

Protective cover

2.5.11 Layout of the MELSEC FX

RUN/STOP switch

LEDs for indicating

operating mode

Slot for memory

cassettes

Memory cassette

(optional)

Cover of the adapter

board terminal

3UC base units

LEDs for indicating input status

LEDs for indicating output status

Protective cover for expansion bus

Expansion bus (to the side)

Connection for programming unit

Buffer battery

Cover for battery

compartment

Te rmi n al s f o r digital outputs

Te rmi n al s f o r digital inputs

2–12 MITSUBISHI ELECTRIC

Programmable Logic Controllers Controller Design

2.5.12 PLC components glossary

The following table describes the meaning and functionality of the single components und parts of a Mitsubishi PLC.

Component Description

Connection for expansion adapter boards

Connection for pro gramming units

EEPROM

Memory cassette slot

Extension bus

Analog potentiometers

Service power supply

Digital inputs

Digital outputs

LEDs for indicating the input status

LEDs for indicating the output status

LEDs for indicating the operating status

Memory battery

RUN/STOP switch

Optional expansion adapter boards can be connected to this interface. A variety of differ ent adapters are available for all FX lines (except the FX adapters extend the capabilities of the controllers with additional functions or communica tions interfaces. The adapter boards are plugged directly into the slot.

This connection can be used for connecting the FX-20P-E hand-held programming unit or an external PC or notebook with a programming software package (e.g. GX Works2 FX).

Read/write memory in which the PLC program can be stored and read with the program ming software. This solid-state memory retains its contents without power, even in the event of a power failure, and does not need a battery.

Slot for optional memory cassettes. Inserting a memory cassette disables the controller’s internal memory – the controller will then only execute the program stored in the cassette.

Both additional I/O expansion modules and special function modules that add additional capabilities to the PLC system can be connected here. See chapter 6 for an overview of the available modules.

The analog potentiometers are used for setting analog setpoint values. The setting can be polled by the PLC program and used for timers, pulse outputs and other functions (see Section 4.6.1).

The service power supply (not for FX DC power supply source for the input signals and the sensors. The capacity of this power supply depends on the controller model (e.g. FX 400 mA; FX

2N-64M쏔-쏔쏔: 460 mA)

The digital inputs are used for inputting control signals from the connected switches, buttons or sensors. These inputs can read the values ON (power signal on) and OFF (no power signal).

You can connect a variety of different actuators and other devices to these outputs, depending on the nature of your application and the output type.

These LEDs show which inputs are currently connected to a power signal, i.e. a defined voltage. When a signal is applied to an input the corresponding LED lights up, indicating that the state of the input is ON.

These LEDs show the current ON/OFF states of the digital outputs. These outputs can switch a variety of different voltages and currents depending on the model and output type.

The LEDs RUN, POWER and ERROR show the current status of the controller. POWER shows that the power is switched on, RUN lights up when the PLC program is being exe cuted and ERROR lights up when an error or malfunction is registered.

The battery protects the contents of the MELSELC PLC’s volatile RAM memory in the event of a power failure (FX latched ranges for timers, counters and relays. In addition to this it also provides power for the integrated real-time clock when the PLC’s power supply is switched off.

MELSEC PLCs have two operating modes, RUN and STOP. The RUN/STOP switch allows you to switch between these two modes manually.

In RUN mode the PLC executes the program stored in its memory.

In STOP mode program execution is stopped.

2N-16M쏔-쏔쏔 through FX2N-32M쏔-쏔쏔: 250 mA, FX2N-48M쏔-쏔쏔 through

2N, FX2NC, FX3GC, FX3U and FX3Uc only). It protects the

2NC, FX3GC and FX3UC) provides a regulated 24V

2NC and the FX3GC). These

1S, FX1N, FX3G, FX3GE and FX3S:

FX Beginners Manual 2–13

Controller Design Programmable Logic Controllers

2–14 MITSUBISHI ELECTRIC

An Introduction to Programming Structure of a Program Instruction

3 An Introduction to Programming

A program consists of a sequence of program instructions. These instructions determine the functionality of the PLC and they are processed sequentially, in the order in which they were entered by the programmer. To create a PLC program you thus need to analyse the process to be controlled and break it up into steps that can be represented by instructions. A program instruction, represented by a line or “rung” in ladder diagram format, is the smallest unit of a PLC application program.

3.1 Structure of a Program Instruction

A program instruction consists of the instruction itself (sometimes referred to as a command) and one or more (in the case of applied instructions) operands, which in a PLC are references to devices. Some instructions are entered on their own without specifying any operands – these are the instructions that control program execution in the PLC.

Every instruction you enter is automatically assigned a step number that uniquely identifies its position in theprogram.This is important because it is quite possible to enter the same instruc tion referring to the same device in several places in the program.

The illustrations below show how program instructions are represented in the Ladder Diagram (LD, left) and Instruction List (IL, right) programming language formats:

Device

AND X0

Instruction

The instruction describes what is to be done, i.e. the function you want the controller to per form. The operand or device is what you want to perform the function on. Its designation con sists of two parts, the device name and the device address:

Device addressDevice name

Examples of devices:

Device name Type Function

Input Input terminal on the PLC (e.g. connected to a switch)

Output Output terminal on the PLC (e.g. for a contactor or lamp)

Relay A buffer memory in the PLC that can have two states, ON or OFF

Timer A “time relay” that can be used to program timed functions

Counter A counter

Data register

Data storage in the PLC in which you can store things like measured values and the results of calculations.

See Chapter 4 for a detailed description of the available devices.

The specific device is identified by its address.For example, since every controller has multiple inputs you need to specify both the device name and the address in order to read a specific input.

FX Beginners Manual 3–1

Bits, Bytes and Words An Introduction to Programming

0000000000 000000

3.2 Bits, Bytes and Words

As in all digital technology, the smallest unit of information in a PLC is a “bit”. A bit can only have two states: “0” (OFF or FALSE) and “1” (ON or TRUE). PLCs have a number of so-called bit devices that can only have two states, including inputs, outputs and relays.

The next larger information units are the “byte”, which consists of 8 bits, and the “word”, which consists of two bytes. In the PLCs of the MELSEC FX families the data registers are “word devices”, which means that they can store 16-bit values.

Bit 15 Bit 0

1 Byte 1 Byte

1 Word

Since a data register is 16 bits wide it can store signed values between -32,768 and +32,767 (see Chapter 3.3). When larger values need to be stored two words are combined to form a 32-bit long word, which can store signedvalues between -2,147,483,648 and +2,147,483,647. Counters make use of this capability, for example.

3.3 Number Systems

The PLCs of the MELSEC FX family use several different number systems for inputting and displaying values and for specifying device addresses.

Decimal numbers

The decimal number system is the system we use most commonly in everyday life.It is a “positional base 10” system, in which each digit (position) in a numeral is ten times the value of the digit to its right. After the count reaches 9 in each position the count in the current position is returned to 0 and the next position is incremented by 1 to indicate the next decade (9 à 10, 99 à 100, 199 à 1,000 etc).

–

Base: 10

–

Digits:0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9

In the MELSEC FX family of PLCs decimal numbers are used for entering constants and the setpoint values for timers and counters. Device addresses are also entered in decimal format, with the exception of the addresses of inputs and outputs.

Binary numbers

Like all computers aPLC can only really distinguish between two states, ON/OFF or 0/1.These “binary states” are stored in individual bits. When numbers need to be entered or displayed in other formats the programming software automatically converts the binary numbers into the other number systems.

–

Base: 2

–

Digits: 0 and 1

3–2 MITSUBISHI ELECTRIC

An Introduction to Programming Number Systems

0000000000 000000

When binary numbers are stored in a word (see above) the value of each digit (position) in the word is one power of 2 higher than that of the digit to its right. The principle is exactly the same as in decimal representation, but with increments of 2 instead of 10 (see graphic):

Base 2 Notation Decimal Value Base 2 Notation Decimal Valuet

128256

229512

42101024

82112048

16 2

32 2

64 2

128 2

4096

8192

16384

32768*

In binary values bit 15 is used to represent the sign (bit 15=0: positive value, bit 15=1: negative value)

To convert a binary value to a decimal value you just have to multiply eachdigit with a value of 1 by its corresponding power of 2 and calculate the sum of the results.

Example 쑴 00000010 00011001 (binary)

00000010 00011001 (binary) = 1 x 2 00000010 00011001 (binary) = 512 + 16 + 8 + 1 00000010 00011001 (binary) = 537 (decimal)

Hexadecimal numbers

Hexadecimal numbers are easier to handle than binary and it is very easy to convert binary numbers to hexadecimal. This is why hexadecimal numbers are used so often in digital tech nology and programmable logic controllers. In the controllers of the MELSEC FX family hexa decimal numbers are used for the representation of constants. In the programming manual and other manuals hexadecimal numbers are always identified with an H after the number to avoid confusion with decimal numbers (e.g. 12345

–

Base: 16

–

Digits:0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F(thelettersA,B,C,D,EandFrepresentthe decimal values 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 and 15)

The hexadecimal system works in the same way as the decimal system – you just count to F (15) instead of to 9 before resetting to 0 and incrementing the next digit (FH à 10H,1FH à 20H, 2F

H à 30H,FFH à 100H etc). The value of digit is a power of 16, rather than a power of 10:

+1x24+1x23+1x2

H).

1A7FH

160= 1 (in this example: 15 x 1 = 15) 161= 16 (in this example: 7 x 16 = 112) 162= 256 (in this example: 10 x 256 = 2560)

= 4096 (in this example: 1 x 4096 = 4096)

6783 (decimal)

FX Beginners Manual 3–3

Number Systems An Introduction to Programming

1111 0110 10 1 10011

5119

5B9

The following example illustrates why it is so easy to convert binary values hexadecimal values:

Binary

Decimal*

Hexadecimal

Converting the 4-bit blocks to decimal values does not directly produce a value that corresponds to the complete

16-bit binary value! In contrast, the binary value can be converted directly to hexadecimal notation with exactly the same value as the binary value.

Octal numbers

Inputs X8 and X9 and outputs Y8 and Y9 do not exist on thebase units of the MELSEC FX fam ily. This is because the inputs and outputs of MELSEC PLCs are numbered using the octal number system, in which the digits 8 and 9 don’t exist. Here, the current digit is reset to 0 and the digit in the next position is incremented after the count reaches 7 (0 – 7, 10 – 17, 70 – 77, 100 – 107 etc).

– Base: 8

– Digits: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7

Summary

The following table provides an overview of the four different number systems:

Decimal notation Octal notation Hexadecimal notation Binary notation

0 0 0 0000 0000 0000 0000

1 1 1 0000 0000 0000 0001

2 2 2 0000 0000 0000 0010

3 3 3 0000 0000 0000 0011

4 4 4 0000 0000 0000 0100

5 5 5 0000 0000 0000 0101

6 6 6 0000 0000 0000 0110

7 7 7 0000 0000 0000 0111

8 10 8 0000 0000 0000 1000

9 11 9 0000 0000 0000 1001

10 12 A 0000 0000 0000 1010

11 13 B 0000 0000 0000 1011

12 14 C 0000 0000 0000 1100

13 15 D 0000 0000 0000 1101

14 16 E 0000 0000 0000 1110

15 17 F 0000 0000 0000 1111

16 20 10 0000 0000 0001 0000

::::

99 143 63 0000 0000 0110 0011

::::

3–4 MITSUBISHI ELECTRIC

An Introduction to Programming The Basic Instruction Set

3.4 The Basic Instruction Set

The instructions of the PLCs of the MELSEC FX family can be divided into two basic catego ries, basic instructions and applied instructions, which are sometimes referred to as “applica tion instructions”.

The functions performed by the basicinstructions are comparable to the functionsachievedby the physical wiring of a hard-wired controller. All controllers of the MELSEC FX family support the instructions in the basic instruction set, but the applied instructions supported vary from model to model (see Chapter 5).

Basic instruction set quick reference

Instruction Function Description Reference

LDI

OUT

AND

ANI

ORI

ANB

ORB

LDP

LDF

ANDP

ANDF

ORP

ORF

SET

RST

MPS

MRD

MPP

PLS

PLF

MCR

INV

Load Initial logic operation, polls for signal state “1” (normally open)

Load invers Initial logic operation, polls for signal state “0” (normally closed)

Output instruction Assigns the result of a logic operation to a device

Logical AND Logical AND operation, polls for signal state “1”

AND NOT Logical AND NOT operation, polls for signal state “0”

Logical OR Logical OR operation, polls for signal state “1”

OR NOT Logical OR NOT operation, polls for signal state “0"

AND Block

OR Block Connects a serial block of circuits to the preceding serial block, in parallel.

Pulse signal instructions

Set device

Reset device

Store, read and delete intermediate operation results

Pulse instructions

Master Control

Master Control Reset

Invert Inverts the result of an operation

Connects a parallel branch circuit block to the preceding parallel block, in series.

Load Pulse, load on detection of rising edge of device signal pulse

Load Falling Pulse, load on falling device signal pulse

AND Pulse, logical AND on rising device signal pulse

AND Falling Pulse, logical AND on falling device signal pulse

OR Pulse, logical OR on rising device signal pulse

OR Falling Pulse, logical OR on falling device signal pulse

Assigns a signal state that is retained even if after input condition is no longer true

Memory Point Store, store an operation result in the stack

Memory Read, read a stored operation result from the stack

Memory POP, read a stored operation result and delete it from the stack

Pulse, sets a device for one operation cycle on the rising pulse of the input condition (input turns ON)

Pulse Falling, sets a device* for one operation cycle on the falling pulse of the input condition (input turns OFF)

Instructions for activating or deactivating the execution of defined parts of the program

Chapter 3.4.1

Chapter 3.4.2

Chapter 3.4.4

Chapter 3.4.5

Chapter 3.4.6

Chapter 3.4.7

Chapter 3.4.8

Chapter 3.4.9

Chapter

3.4.10

Chapter

3.4.11

Chapter

3.4.12

FX Beginners Manual 3–5

The Basic Instruction Set An Introduction to Programming

X000

Y000

OFF

(0)

(1)

(0)

(1)

3.4.1 Starting logic operations

Instruction Function Symbol GX Works2 FX

Load instruction, starts a logic operation

LDI

and polls the specified device for signal state “1”

Load instruction, starts a logic operation and polls the specified device for signal state “0”

A circuit in a program always begins with an LD- or LDI instruction. These instructions can be performed on inputs, relays, timers and counters.

For examples of using these instructions see the description of the OUT instruction in the next section.

3.4.2 Outputting the result of a logic operation

Instruction Function Symbol GX Works2 FX

OUT

Output instruction, assigns the result of an operation to a device

The OUT instruction can be used to terminate a circuit.You can also program circuits that use multiple OUT instructions as their result. This is not necessarily the end of the program, however. The device set with the result of the operation using OUT can then be used as an input signal state in subsequent steps of the program.

Example (LD and OUT instructions)

Ladder Diagram

Instruction List

0 LD X000 1 OUT Y000

These two instructions result in the following signal sequence:

The condition of the LD instruction (poll for signal state “1”) is true so the result of the operation is also true (“1”) and the output is set.

3–6 MITSUBISHI ELECTRIC

An Introduction to Programming The Basic Instruction Set

X005

X003

M10

X004

X001

X000

Y000

(0)

(1)

(0)

(1)

OFF

X005

X003

M10

X004

X001

Example (LDI and OUT instructions)

Ladder Diagram

Instruction List

0 LDI X000 1 OUT Y000

The condition of the LDI instruction (poll for signal state “0”) is no longer true so the output is reset.

Double assignment of relays or outputs

Never assign the result of an operation to the same device in more than one place in the program!

The program is executed sequentially from top to bottom, so in this example the second assignment of M10 would simply overwrite the result of the first assignment.

You can solve this problem with modification shown on the right. This takes all the required input conditions into account and sets the result correctly.

FX Beginners Manual 3–7

The Basic Instruction Set An Introduction to Programming

Y000

X000

24 V

OFF

Y000

X000

24 V

OFF

LD X000

OUT Y000

LDI X000

Switch operated

3.4.3 Using switches and sensors

Before we continue with the description of the rest of the instructions we should first describe how signals from switches, sensors and so on can be used in your programs.

PLC programs need to be able respond to signals from switches, buttons and sensors to per form the correct functions. It is important to understand that program instructions can only poll the binary signal state

of the specified input – irrespective of the type of input and how it is

controlled.

As you can imagine, this means that when

Make contact

When a make contact is ope rated the input is set (ON, sig nal state “1”)

you are writing your program you need to be

aware whether the element connected to the

input of your PLC is a make or abreak device. An input connected toa make device must be treated differently to an input connected to a break device. The following example illustra

tes this.

Break contact

When a break contact is ope rated the input is reset (OFF, signal state “0”)

Usually, switches with make contacts are used. Sometimes, however, break contacts are used for safety reasons – for example for switching off drives (see section 3.5).

The illustration below shows two program sequences in which the result is exactly the same, even though different switch types are used: When the switch is operated the output is set (switched on).

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An Introduction to Programming The Basic Instruction Set

X0000X001

Y000

OFF

(0)

(1)

(0)

(1)

(0)

(1)

OFF

3.4.4 AND operations

Instruction Function Symbol GX Works2 FX

AND

ANI

Logical AND (AND operation with poll for signal state “1” or ON)

Logical AND NOT (AND operation with poll for signal state “0” or OFF)

An AND operation is logically the same as a serial connection of two or more switches in an electrical circuit. Current will only flow if all the switches are closed.If one or more of the switches are open no current flows – the AND condition is false.

Note that the programming software uses the same icons and function keys for the AND and ANI instructions as for the LD and LDI instructions. When you program in Ladder Diagram for mat the software automatically assigns the correct instructions on the basis of the insertion position.

When you program in Instruction List format remember that you can’t use the AND and ANI instructions at the beginning of circuit (a program line in ladder diagram format)! Circuits must begin with an LD or LDI instruction (see Chapter 3.4.1).

Example of an AND instruction

Ladder Diagram

Instruction List

AND instruction

0 LD X000 1 AND X001 2 OUT Y000

In the example output Y0 is only switched on when inputs X0 and X1 are both on:

FX Beginners Manual 3–9

The Basic Instruction Set An Introduction to Programming

(0)

(1)

(0)

(1)

(0)

(1)

OFF

X0000X001

Y000

Example of an ANI instruction

Ladder Diagram

Instruction List

ANI instruction

0 LD X000 1 ANI X001 2 OUT Y000

In the example output Y0 is only switched on when input X0 is on and input X1 is off:

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An Introduction to Programming The Basic Instruction Set

X000

X001

Y000

(0)

(1)

(0)

(1)

(0)

(1)

OFF

3.4.5 OR operations

Instruction Function Symbol GX Works2 FX

ORI

Logical OR (OR operation with poll for signal state “1” or ON)

Logical OR NOT (OR operation with poll for signal state “0” or OFF)

An OR operation is logically the same as the parallel connection of multiple switches in an electrical circuit. As soon as any of the switches is closed current will flow.Current will only stop flowing when all the switches are open.

Example of an OR instruction

Ladder Diagram

OR instruction

Instruction List

0 LD X000 1 OR X001 2 OUT Y000

In the example output Y0 is switched on when either input X0 or input X1 is on:

FX Beginners Manual 3–11

The Basic Instruction Set An Introduction to Programming

(0)

(1)

(0)

(1)

(0)

(1)

OFF

X000

X001

Y000

Example of an ORI instruction

Ladder Diagram

Instruction List

0 LD X000 1 ORI X001 2 OUT Y000

ORI instruction

In the example output Y0 is switched on when either input X0 is on or input X1 is off:

3.4.6 Instructions for connecting operation blocks

Instruction Function Symbol GX Works2 FX

AND Block (serial connection of blocks of parallel operations/circuits)

OR Block (parallel connection of blocks of serial operations/circuits)

ANB

ORB

Although ANB- and ORB arePLC instructions they are only displayed and entered asconnect ing lines in the Ladder Diagram display. They are only shown as instructions in Instruction List format, where you must enter them with their acronyms ANB and ORB.

Both instructions are entered without devices and can be used as often as you like in a pro gram.However, the maximum number of LD and LDI instructions is restricted to 8, whicheffec tively also limits the number of ORB or ANB instructions you can use before an output instruc tion to 8 as well.

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An Introduction to Programming The Basic Instruction Set

Y007

X000

X001

M10

Y007

X000

X001

M10

Example of an ANB instruction

Ladder Diagram

ANB instruction

Instruction List

0 LD X000 1ORI M2 2 LDI X001 3OR M10 4ANB

parallel connection (OR operation)

ANB instruction connecting both OR operations

5 OUT Y007

In this example output Y07 is switched on ifinput X00 is “1”, orif relay M2 is “0” and input X01 is “0”, or if relay M10 is “1”.

Example of an ORB instruction

Ladder Diagram

ORB instruction

Instruction List

0 LD X000 1 ANI X001 2LDI M2 3AND M10 4ORB

serial connection (AND operation)

ORB instruction connecting both AND operations

5 OUT Y007

In this example output Y07 is switched on ifinput X00 is “1” and inputX01 is “0”, or ifrelay M2 is “0” and relay M10 is “1”.

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The Basic Instruction Set An Introduction to Programming

X001

OFF

(0)

(1)

3.4.7 Pulse-triggered execution of operations

Instruction Function Symbol GX Works2 FX

LDP

LDF

ANDP

ANDF

ORP

ORF

Load Pulse, loads on the rising edge of the device’s signal

Load Falling Pulse, loads on the falling edge of the device’s signal

AND Pulse, logical AND operation on the rising edge of the device’s signal

AND Falling Pulse, logical AND operation on the falling edge of the device’s signal

OR Pulse, logical OR operation on the rising edge of the device’s signal

OR Falling Pulse, logical OR operation on the falling edge of the device’s signal

In PLC programs you will often need to detect and respond to the rising or falling edge of a bit device’s switching signal. A rising edge indicates a switch of the device value from “0” to “1”, a falling edge indicates a switch from “1” to “0”.

During program execution operations that respond to rising and falling pulses only deliver a value of “1” when the signal state of the referenced device changes.

When do you need to use this? For example, suppose you have a conveyor belt with a sensor switch that activates to increment a counter every time a package passes it on the belt. If you don’t use a pulse-triggered function you will get incorrect results because the counter will increment by 1 in every program cycle in which the switch registers as set. If you only register the rising pulse of the switch signal the counter will be incremented correctly, increasing by 1 for each package.

Note Mostapplied instructions can also be executed by pulse signals. For details see chapter .5).

Evaluating a rising signal pulse

Ladder Diagram

Instruction List

0 LDP X001 1OUT M0

Relay M0 is only switched on for the duration of a single program cycle

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An Introduction to Programming The Basic Instruction Set

M374

M235 X010

M374

M235

X10

OFFON(0)

(1)

Evaluating a falling signal pulse

Ladder Diagram

Instruction List

0 LD M235 1 ANDF X010 2 OUT M374

If X10 is off (0) and M235 is on (1) relay M374 is switched on for the duration of a single program cycle.

With the exception of the pulse trigger characteristic the functions of the LDP, LDF, ANDP, ANDF, ORP and ORF instructions are identical to those of the LD, AND and OR instructions. This means that you can use pulse-trigger operations in your programs in exactly the same way as the conventional versions.

3.4.8 Setting and resetting devices

Instruction Function Symbol GX Works2 FX





SET

RST

햲

The SET instruction can be used to set outputs (Y), relays (M) and state relays (S).

햳

The RST instruction can be used to reset outputs (Y), relays (M), state relays (S), timers (T), counters (C) and re gisters (D, V, Z).

Set a device (assign signal state “1”)

Reset a device (assign signal state “0”)

The signal state of an OUT instruction will normally only remain “1” as long as the result of the operation connected to the OUT instruction evaluates to “1”. For example, if you connect a pushbutton to an input and a lamp to the corresponding output and connect them with an LD and an OUT instruction the lamp will only remain on while the button remains pressed.

The SET instruction can be used to use a brief switching pulse to switch an output or relay on (set) and leave them on. The device will then remain on until you switch it off (reset) with a RST instruction. This enables you to implement latched functions or switch drives on and off with pushbuttons. (Outputs are generally also switched off when the PLC is stopped or the power supply is turned off. However, some relays also retain their last signal state under these condi tions – for example a set relay would then remain set.)

To enter a SET or RST instruction in Ladder Diagram format just click on the icon shown in the table above in GX Works2, or press the F8 key. Then enter the instruction and the name of the device you want to set or reset, for example

SET Y1

SET 첸

RST 첸

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The Basic Instruction Set An Introduction to Programming

X001

X003

X002

RST Y000

SET Y000

X001

X002

SET M0

RST M0

Ladder Diagram

Instruction List

0 LD X001 1 SET M0 2 LD X002 3RST M0

If the set and reset instructions for the same device both evaluate to “1” the last operation performed has priority. In this example that is the RST instruction, and so M0 remains off.

This example is a program for controlling a pump to fill a container. The pump is controlled manually with two pushbuttons, ON and OFF.For safety reasons a break contact is used for the OFF function. When the container is full a level sensor automatically switches the pump off.

Ladder Diagram

Pump

OFF

Pump

Instruction List

0 LD X001 1 SET Y000 2 LDI X002 3 OR X003 4 RST Y000

Level

sensor

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An Introduction to Programming The Basic Instruction Set

X000

X001

X003

X002

Y000

Y002

Y001

X000 X001

X000

X003

X000

X002

Y000

Y001

Y002

3.4.9 Storing, reading and deleting operation results

Instruction Function Symbol GX Works2 FX

MPS

MRD

MPP

Memory Point Store, stores the result of an operation

Memory Read, reads a stored operation result

Memory POP, reads a stored operation result and deletes it

—

The MPS, MRD and MPP instructions are used to store the results of operations and interme diate values in a memory called the “stack”, and to read and delete the stored results. These instructions make it possible to program multi-level operations, which makes programs easier to read and manage.

When you enter programs in Ladder Diagram format these instructions are inserted automati cally by the programming software. The MPS, MRD and MPP instructions are only actually shown when you display your program in Instruction List format, and they must also be entered manually when you program in this format.

Ladder Diagram

Instruction List

0 LD X000 1MPS 2 AND X001

MPS

3 OUT Y000 4MRD 5 AND X002

MRD

6 OUT Y001 7MPP 8 AND X003

MPP

9 OUT Y002

To make the advantage of these instructions clearer the example below shows the same program sequence programmed without MPS, MRD and MPP:

Ladder Diagram

Instruction List

0 LD X000 1 AND X001 2 OUT Y000 3 LD X000 4 AND X002 5 OUT Y001 6 LD X000 7 AND X003 8 OUT Y002

When you use this approach you must program the devices (X0 in this example) repeatedly. This results in more programming work, which can make quite a difference in longer programs and complex circuit constructions.

In the last output instructionyou must use MPP instead of MRD to delete the stack.You can use multiple MPS instructions to create operations with up to 11 levels. For more examples of how to use the MPS, MRD and MPP instructions see theProgrammingManual for the FX Family.

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The Basic Instruction Set An Introduction to Programming

X000

X001

PLS M0

PLF M1

SET Y000

RST Y000

3.4.10 Generating pulses

Instruction Function Symbol GX Works2 FX

Pulse, sets an device* for the duration of

PLS

PLF

PLC and PLF instructions can be used to set outputs (Y) and relays (M).

These instructions effectively convert a static signal into a brief pulse, the duration of which depends on the length of the program cycle. If you use PLS instead of an OUT instruction the signal state of the specified device will only be set to “1” for a single program cycle, specifically during the cycle in which the signal state of the device before the PLS instruction in the circuit switches from “0” to “1” (rising edge pulse).

The PLF instruction responds to a falling edge pulse and sets the specified device to “1” for a single program cycle, during the cycle in which the signal state of the device before the PLF instruction in the circuit switches from “1” to “0” (falling edge pulse).

a single program cycle on the rising edge of the switching pulse of the input condi tion / device

Pulse Falling, sets a device* for the dura tion of a single program cycle on the fal ling edge of the switching pulse of the input condition / device

PLS 첸

PLF 첸

To enter a PLS or PLF instruction in Ladder Diagram format click in the GX Works2 toolbar on the tool icon shown above or press

. Then enter the instruction and the corresponding

device to be set in the dialog, e.g. PLS Y2.

Ladder Diagram

Instruction List

0 LD X000 1PLS M0 2LD M0 3 SET Y000 4 LD X001 5PLF M1 6LD M1 7 RST Y000

The rising edge of the device X0 signal triggers the function.

In the case of device X1 the falling edge of the signal is the trigger.

Relays M0 and M1 are only switched on for the duration of a single program cycle.

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An Introduction to Programming The Basic Instruction Set

X002

X001

X003

MC N0 M10

MCR N0

Y003

Y004

M10

X002

M155

X004

3.4.11 Master control function (MC and MCR instructions)

Instruction Function Symbol GX Works2 FX

Master Control, sets a master control

MCR

햲

The MC instruction can be used on outputs (Y) and relays (M). n: N0 through N7

햳

n: N0 through N7

The Master Control Set (MC) and Reset (MCR) instructions can be used to set conditions on the basis of which individual program blocks can be activated or deactivated. In Ladder Dia gram format a Master Control instruction functions like a switch in the left-hand bus bar that must be closed for the following program block to be executed.

Ladder Diagram

condition, marking the beginning of a program block

Master Control Reset, resets a master control condition, marking the end of a program block





MC n 첸

MCR n

The “switch” does not have to be programmed manually and it is only actually displayed during program execution in Monitor mode.

Instruction List

0 LD X001 1MC N0 M10 4 LD X002 5 OUT Y003 6 LD X003 7 OUT Y004 8 MCR N0 10 LD X002 11 AND X004 12 OUT M155

In the example above the program lines between the MC and MCR instructions are only exe cuted when input X001 is on.

The section of the program to be executed can be specified with the nesting address N0 through N7, which allows you to enter multiple MC instructions before the closingMCR instruc tion. (See the FX Programming Manual for an example of nesting.) Addressing a Y or M device specifies a make contact.This contact activates the program section when the input condition for the MC instruction evaluates true.

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The Basic Instruction Set An Introduction to Programming

Y000

X001 X002

Y000

X001

X002

If the input condition of the MC instructionevaluates false the states of the devices between the MC and MCR instructions change as follows:

Latched timers and counters and devices that are controlled with SET an RST instructions

–

retain their current state.

Unlatched timers and devices that are controlled with OUT instructions are reset.

–

(See chapter 4 for details on these timers and counters.)

3.4.12 Inverting the result of an operation

Instruction Function Symbol GX Works2 FX

INV

Invert, reverses the result of an operation

The INV instruction is used on its own without any operands. It inverts the result of the opera tion that comes directly before it:

If the operation result was “1” it is inverted to “0”

–

If the operation result was “0” it is inverted to “1”.

–

Ladder Diagram

Instruction List

0 LD X001 1 AND X002

INV instruction

2INV 3 OUT Y000

The above example produces the following signal sequence:

Operation result before the INV instruction

Operation result after the INV instruction

The INV instruction can be used when you need to invert the result of a complex operation.It can be used in the same position as the AND and ANI instructions.

The INV instruction cannot be used at the beginning of an operation (circuit) like an LD, LDI, LDP or LDF instruction.

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An Introduction to Programming Safety First!

X000 X001

COM Y000

X002

Y001

X001

X002

RST Y000

SET Y000

3.5 Safety First!

PLCs have many advantages over hard-wired controllers. However, when it comes to safety it is important to understand that you cannot trust a PLC blindly.

Emergency STOP devices

It is essential to ensure that errors in the control system or program cannot cause hazards for staff or machines.Emergency STOP devices must remain fully functional even when the PLC is not workingproperly – for example to switch off the power to the PLC outputs if necessary.

Never implement an Emergency STOP switch solely as an input that is processed by the PLC, with the PLC program activating the shutdown. This would be much too risky.

Safety precautions for cable breaks

You must also take steps to ensure safety in the event that the transmission of signals from the switches to the PLC are interrupted by cable breaks. When switching equipment on and off via the PLC always use switches or pushbuttons with make contacts for switching on and with break contacts for switching off.

+24 V

In this example the contactor for a drive sys tem can also be switched off manually with

ON OFF

EMERG. OFF

an Emergency OFF switch.

In the program for this installation the make contact of the ON switch is polled with an LD

Motor ON

instruction, the break contact of the OFF switch with an LDI instruction. The output, and thus also the drive, is switched off when the input X002 has a signal state of “0”. This is the case when the OFF switch is operated or when the connection between the switch

Motor OFF

Motor ON

and input X002 is interrupted.

This ensures that if there is a cable break the drive is switched off automatically and it is not possible to activate the drive. In addition to this, switching off has priority because it is pro cessed by the program after

the switch on instruction.

Interlock contacts

If you have two outputs that should never both be switched on at the same time – for example outputs for selecting forward or reverse operation for a motor – the interlock for the outputs must also be implemented with physical contacts in the contactors controlled by the PLC.This is necessary because only an internal interlock is possible in the program and an error in the PLC could cause both outputs to be activated at the same time.

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Safety First! An Introduction to Programming

X000 X001

COM Y000

X002

Y001

X000 X001

COM Y000

X002

Y001

The example on the right shows such an inter lock with contactor contacts. Here it is physi

cally impossible for contactors K1 and K2 to be switched on at the same time.

K1 K2

Automatic shutdown

When a PLC is used to control motion sequences in which hazards can arise when compo nents move past certain pointsadditional limit switches must be installed to interrupt the move ment automatically. These switches must function directly and independently of the PLC. See Chapter 3.6.2 for an example of such an automatic shutdown facility.

Output signal feedback

Generally, the outputs of PLCs are not monitored. When an output is activated the program assumes that the correct response has taken place outside the PLC. In most cases no addi tional facilities are required. However, in critical applications you should also monitor the out put signals with the PLC – for example when errors in the output circuit (wire breaks, seized contacts) could have serious consequences for safety or system functioning.

In the example on the right a make contact in contactor K1 switches input X002 on when output Y000 is switched on. This allows the program to monitor whether the output and the connected contactor are functioning properly. Note that this simple solution does not

check whether the switched equipment is functioning properly (for example if a motor is really turning). Additional functions would be necessary to check this, for example a speed sensor or a voltage load monitor.

+24 V

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An Introduction to Programming Programming PLC Applications

3.6 Programming PLC Applications

Programmable logic controllers provide an almost unlimited number of ways to link inputs with outputs. Your task is to choose the right instructions from the many supported by the control lers of the MELSEC FX family to program a suitable solution for your application.

This chapter provides two simple examples that demonstrate the development of a PLC appli cation from the definition of the task to the finished program.

3.6.1 An alarm system

The first step is to have a clear concept of what you want to do. This means that you need to take a “bottom-up” approach and write aclear description of what it is you want the PLC to do.

Task description

The objective is to create an alarm system with several alarm circuits and a delay function for arming and disarming the system.

The system will be armed with a key switch, with a 20-second delay between turning the

–

switch and activation. This provides enough time for the user to leave the house without tripping the alarm. During this delay period a display will show whether the alarm circuits are closed.

– An alarm will be triggered when one of the circuits is interrupted (closed-circuit system,

also triggers an alarm when a circuit is sabotaged). In addition to this we want to show which circuit triggered the alarm.

– When an alarm is triggered a siren and a blinking alarm lamp are activated after a delay of

10 seconds. (The acoustic and visual alarms are activated after a delay to make it possible to disarm the system after entering the house. This is also why we want to use a special lamp to show that the system is armed.)

– The siren will only be sounded for 30 seconds, but the alarm lamp will remain activated

until the system is disarmed.

–

A key-operated switch will also be used to deactivate the alarm system.

Assignment of the input and output signals

The next step is to define the input and output signals we need to process. On the basis of the specifications we know that we are going to need 1 key-operated switch and 4 alarm lamps. In addition to this we need atleast 3 inputs for the alarmcircuits and 2 outputs for the siren and the blinking alarm lamp. This makes a total of 4 inputs and 6 outputs. Then we assign these signals to the inputs and outputs of the PLC:

Function Name Adress Remarks

S1 X1

S11, S12 X2

S21, S22 X3

S31, S32 X4

H0 Y0

E1 Y1

H1 Y2

H2 Y3

H3 Y4

H4 Y5

Make contact (key-operated switch)

Break contacts (an alarm is triggered when the input has the signal state “0”)

The outputs functions are activated when the corresponding outputs are switched on (set). For example, if Y1 is set the acoustic alarm will sound.

Input

Output

Arm system

Alarm circuit 1

Alarm circuit 2

Alarm circuit 3

Display “system armed”

Acoustic alarm (siren)

Optical alarm (rotating beacon)

Alarm circuit 1 display

Alarm circuit 2 display

Alarm circuit 3 display

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Programming PLC Applications An Introduction to Programming

Y000

K200

X001

X002

X003

X004

Y000

Y003

Y004

SET

Y005

Programming

Now we can start writing the program. Whether relay devices are going to be needed and if so how many usually only becomes clear once you actually start programming. What is certain in this project is that we are going to need three timers for important functions.If we were using a hard-wired controller we would use timer relays for this.In a PLC you have programmable elec tronic timers (see section4.3).Thesetimers can also be defined before we start programming:

Function Adress Remarks

Time: 20 seconds

Time: 10 seconds

Time: 30 seconds

Timer

Arming delay

Alarm triggering delay

Siren activation duration

Next we can program the individual control tasks:

Delayed arming of the alarm system

쎲

Ladder Diagram

Instruction List

0 LD X001 1 OUT T0 K200 4LD T0 5 OUT Y000

When the key-operated switch is turned to ON the delay implemented with timer T0 starts to run. After 20 seconds (K200 = 200 x 0.1s = 20s) the indicator lamp connected to output Y000 lights up, indicating that the system is armed.

쎲 Monitor alarm circuits and trigger alarm signal

Ladder Diagram

Instruction List

6 LDI X002 7 AND Y000 8 SET M1 9 SET Y003 10 LDI X003 11 AND Y000 12 SET M1 13 SET Y004 14 LDI X004 15 AND Y000 16 SET M1 17 SET Y005

Output Y000 is polled in this routine to check whether the alarm system is armed. You could also use a relay here that would then be set and reset together with Y000. An interruption of an alarm circuit willonly set relay M1 (indicating that an alarm has been triggered) if the alarmsys tem is actually armed. In addition to this outputs Y003 through Y005 are used to indicate which alarm circuit triggered the alarm. Relay M1 and the corresponding alarm circuit output will

remain set even when the alarm circuit is closed again.

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An Introduction to Programming Programming PLC Applications

Y001

Y002

10 s

OFF

30 s

OFF

K100

K300

Alarm activation delay

쎲

Ladder Diagram

Instruction List

18 LD M1 19 OUT T1 K100 22 LD T1 23 OUT T2 K300

When an alarm is triggered (M1 switches to “1”) the 10s delay timer starts. After the 10 seconds T1 then starts timer T2, which is set to 30 seconds, and the siren activation time begins.

Alarm display (switch on siren and rotating beacon)

쎲

Ladder Diagram

Instruction List

26 LD T1 27 ANI T2 28 OUT Y001 29 LD T1 30 OUT Y002

The siren is activated after the 10s activation delay (T1) and remains on while timer T2 is running. After the end of the 30s activation period (T2) the siren deactivates. The rotating beacon is also switched on after the 10s delay. The following illustration shows the signal sequence generated by this section of the program:

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Programming PLC Applications An Introduction to Programming

X001

Y000

Y001

Y002

Y003

Y004

Y005

RST

Resetting all outputs and the relay

쎲

Ladder Diagram

Instruction List

31 LDI X001 32 RST Y000 33 RST Y001 34 RST Y002 35 RST Y003 36 RST Y004 37 RST Y005 38 RST M1

When the alarm system is switched off with the key-operated switch all the outputs used by the program and the relay M1 are all reset. If an alarm was triggered the interrupted alarm circuit which was released until the system was switched off is displayed.

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An Introduction to Programming Programming PLC Applications

S/S

S21

S11

S31

S32

S22

S12

MITSUBISHI

POWER RUN ERROR

FX -14MR1S

0123 4567

0123 45

100-240

VAC

14MR

-ES/UL

S/SX0X1X2X3X4X5X6X7

OUT

24V COM0

Y00V

COM1Y1COM2Y2Y3Y4Y5

Connection of the PLC

The sketch below shows how easy it is to implement this alarm system with a PLC of the FX family. The example shows a FX

1N-14MR.

FX Beginners Manual 3–27

Programming PLC Applications An Introduction to Programming

STOP

3.6.2 A rolling shutter gate

Task description

We want to implement a control system for a warehouse’s rolling shutter gate that will enable easy operation from both outside and inside. Safety facilities must also be integrated in the system.

WarninglampH1

S0 S2 S4

쎲 Operation

– It must be possible to open the gate fromoutside with the key-operated switch S1 and to

close it with pushbutton S5. Inside the hall it should be possible to open the gate with pushbutton S2 and to close it with S4.

– An additional time switch must close the gate automatically if it is open for longer than

20 s.

–

The states “gate in motion”and “gate in undefined position” must be indicated by a blin king warning lamp.

쎲

Safety facilities

–

A stop button (S0) must be installed that can halt the motion of the gate immediately at any time, stopping the gate in its current position. This Stop switch is not an Emergency OFF function, however! The switch signal is only processed by the PLC and does not switch any external power connections.

–

A photoelectric barrier (S7) must be installed to identify obstacles in the gateway.Ifit regis ters an obstacle while the gate is closing the gate must open automatically.

–

Two limit switches must be installed to stop the gate motor when the gate reaches the fully open (S3) and fully closed (S6) positions.

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PLS

SET

PLS

M100

M200

X001

M100

M200

X004

X002

X005

Assignment of the input and output signals

The task description clearly defines the number of inputs and outputs needed. The gate drive motor is controlled with two outputs. The signals required are assigned to the PLC inputs and outputs as follows:

Function Name Adress Remarks

STOP button

OPEN key-operated switch (outside)

OPEN button (inside)

Inputs

Outputs

Timer Delay for automatic close

Upper limit switch (gate open)

CLOSE button (inside)

CLOSE button (outside)

Lower limit switch (gate closed)

Photoelectric barrier

Warning lamp

Motor contactor (motor reverse)

Motor contactor (motor forward)

S0 X0

S1 X1

S2 X2

S3 X3

S4 X4

S5 X5

S6 X6

S7 X7

H1 Y0

K1 Y1

K2 Y2

—T0

Break contact (when the switch is opera ted X0 = “0” and the gate stops)

Make contacts

Break contact (X2 =”0” when the gate is up and S3 is activated)

Make contacts

Break contact (X6 = “0” when the gate is down and S6 is activated)

X7 is set to “1” when an obstacle is registered

—

Reverse = OPEN gate

Forward = CLOSE gate

Time: 20 seconds

The program components

쎲 Operation of the rolling shutter gate with the pushbuttons

The program must convert the input signals for the operation of the gate into two commands for the drive motor: “Open Gate” and “Close Gate”. Since these are signals from pushbuttons that are only available briefly at the inputs they need to be stored. To do this we use two relays to represent the inputs in the program and set and reset them as required:

– M1: open gate

–

M2: close gate

Ladder Diagram

Instruction List

0 LD X001 1 OR X002 2 PLS M100 4 LD M100 5ANI M2 6 SET M1 7 LD X004 8 OR X005 9 PLS M200 11 LD M200 12 ANI M1 13 SET M2

The signals for opening the gate are processed first: When key-operated switch S1 or button S2 are operated a signal is generated and M001 is set to a signal state of “1” for just one pro

FX Beginners Manual 3–29

Programming PLC Applications An Introduction to Programming

SET M2

K200

X003

RST

RSTM1M2

X000

RST

SETM2M1

X007 M2

gram cycle. This ensures that the gate cannot be blocked if the button sticks or of the operator does not release it.

It must be ensured that the drive can only be switched on when it is not already turning in the opposite direction. This is implemented by programming the PLC so that M1 can only be set when M2 is not set.

NOTE The motor direction interlock must also be complemented by an additional interlock with

physical contactors outside the PLC (see wiring diagram).

A similar approach is used to process the signals from buttons S4 and S5 for closing the gate. Here, M1 is polled for a signal state of “0” to ensure that M1 and M2 cannot both be set at the same time.

Close gate automatically after 20 seconds

쎲

Ladder Diagram

Instruction List

14 LDI X003 15 OUT T0 K200 18 LD T0 19 SET M2

When the gate isopen limit switch S3 activates and input X3 is switched off.(For safety reasons S3 is a break contact.) When this happens timer T0 starts the 20s delay (K200 = 200 x 0.1s = 20s). When the timer reaches 20s relay M2 is set and the gate is closed.

쎲 Stop gate with STOP switch

Ladder Diagram

Instruction List

20 LDI X000 21 RST M1 22 RST M2

Pressing the STOP button (S0) resets relays M1 and M2, stopping the gate motor.

3–30 MITSUBISHI ELECTRIC

쎲

Identifying obstacles with the photoelectric barrier

Ladder Diagram

Instruction List

23 LD X007 24 AND M2 25 RST M2 26 SET M1

If an obstacle is registered by the photoelectric barrier while the gate is closing relay M2 is reset and the close operation is halted. After this relay M1 is set, opening the gate again.

An Introduction to Programming Programming PLC Applications

RST

RSTM1M2

X003

X006

Y001

Y002

Y000

X003 X006 M8013

Switching the motor off with the limit switches

쎲

Ladder Diagram

Instruction List

27 LDI X003 28 RST M1 29 LDI X006 30 RST M2

When the gate is open limit switch S3 is activated and input X3 is switched off.This resets relay M1, turning off the motor. When the gate is fully closed S6 is activated, X6 is switched off and M2 is reset, turning off the motor. For safety reasons the limit switches are break contacts. This ensures that the motor is also switched off automatically (or cannot be switched on) if the con nection between the switch and the input is interrupted.

NOTE The limit switches must be wired so that they also switch off the motor automatically without

support from the PLC (see wiring diagram).

Controlling the motor

쎲

Ladder Diagram

Instruction List

31 LD M1 32 OUT Y001 33 LD M2 34 OUT Y002

At the end of theprogram the signal states of relays M1 and M2 are transferred to outputs Y001 and Y002.

쎲

Warning lamp: “Gate in Motion” and “Gate in Undefined Position”

Ladder Diagram

Instruction List

35 LD X003 36 AND X006 37 AND M8013 38 OUT Y000

If neither of the limit switches is activated this means that the gate is being opened or closed or has been stopped in an intermediate position. In all these situations the warning lamp blinks. The blink speed is controlled with special relay M8013, which is automatically set and reset at 1s intervals (see Chapter 4.2).

FX Beginners Manual 3–31

Programming PLC Applications An Introduction to Programming

MITSUBISHI

POWER RUN ERROR

FX -14MR1S

0123 4567

0123 45

100-240

VAC

14MR

-ES/UL

S/SX0X1X2X3X4X5X6X7

OUT

24V COM0

Y00V

COM1Y1COM2Y2Y3Y4Y5

S/S

24 V

S3 S4

S5 S6 S7

K1 K2H1

Connection of the PLC

The rolling shutter gate control system can be implemented with a controller like the FX

1N-14MR.

Lower limit switch

Photoelectric barrier

STOP

Open gate (outside)

Open gate (inside)

Upper limit switch

Close gate (inside)

Close gate (outside)

Interlock by contactor

Deactivation by limit switches

Open gate

Close gate

Warning lamp

3–32 MITSUBISHI ELECTRIC

Devices in Detail Inputs and Outputs

X000 X001

Y000 Y001

X002

Y002

4 Devices in Detail

The devices in PLCs are used directly in control program instructions. Their signal states can be both read and changed by the PLC program. A device reference has two parts:

the device name and

–

the device address.

–

Example of a device reference (e.g. input 0):

Device addressDevice name

4.1 Inputs and Outputs

The PLC’s inputs and outputs connect it to the process that it is controlling. When an input is polled by the PLC program the voltage on the input terminal of the controller is measured. Since these inputs are digital they can only have two signal states, ON or OFF. When the volt age at the input terminal reaches 24V the input is on (state “1”). If the voltage is lower than 24V the input evaluates as off (signal state “0”).

In MELSEC PLCs the identifier “X” is used for inputs. The same input can be polled as often as necessary in the same program.

NOTE The PLC cannotchange the state ofinputs.For example, it is not possible to executean OUT

instruction on an input device.

If an output instruction is executed on an output the result of the current operation (the signal state) is applied to the outputterminal of the PLC.Ifit is a relay output the relay closes (all relays have make contacts). If it is a transistor output the transistor makes the connection and activates the connected circuit.

The illustration on the left shows an example of how you can connect switches to the inputs and lamps and contactors to the out puts of a MELSEC PLC.

The identifier for output devices is “Y”. Outputs can be used in logic operation instructions as well as with output instructions. However, it is important toremember that you can never use an output instruction on the same output more than once (see also section 3.4.2).

FX Beginners Manual 4–1

Inputs and Outputs Devices in Detail

The following table provides a general overview of the inputs and outputs of the controllers of the MELSEC FX family.

Device Inputs Outputs

Device identifier X Y

Device type Bit device

Possible values 0 or 1

Device address format Octal

4 (Y00–Y03)

6 (Y00–Y05)

8 (Y00–Y07)

14 (Y00–Y07, Y10–Y15)

6 (Y00–Y05)

10 (Y00–Y07, Y10, Y11)

16 (Y00–Y07, Y10–Y17)

24 (Y00–Y07, Y10–Y17, Y20–Y27)

8 (Y00–Y07)

16 (Y00–Y07, Y10–Y17)

24 (Y00–Y07, Y10–Y17, Y20–Y27)

32 (Y00–Y07, Y10–Y17, Y20–Y27,

Y30–Y37)

40 (Y00–Y07, Y10–Y17, Y20–Y27,

Y30–Y37, Y40–Y47)

64 (Y00–Y07, Y10–Y17, Y20–Y27,

Y30–Y37, Y40–Y47, Y50–Y57, Y60–Y67, Y70–Y77)

8 (Y00–Y07)

16 (Y00–Y07, Y10–Y17)

32 (Y00–Y07, Y10–Y17, Y20–Y27, Y30–Y37)

48 (Y00–Y07, Y10–Y17, Y20–Y27,

Y30–Y37, Y40–Y47, Y50–Y57)

6 (Y00–Y05)

10 (Y00–Y07, Y10–Y11)

16 (Y00–Y07, Y10–Y17)

24 (Y00–Y07, Y10–Y17, Y20–Y27)

10 (Y00–Y07, Y10–Y11)

16 (Y00–Y07, Y10–Y17)

4 (Y00–Y03)

6 (Y00–Y05)

8 (Y00–Y07)

14 (Y00–Y07, Y10–Y15)

Number of devices and addresses (depends on controller base unit type)

6 (X00–X05)

8 (X00–X07)

12 (X00–X07, X10, X11, X12, X13)

16 (X00–X07, X10–X17)

8 (X00–X07)

14 (X00–X07, X10–X15)

햲

24 (X00–X07, X10–X17, X20–X27)

36 (X00–X07, X10–X17, X20–X27,

X30–X37, X40, X41, X42, X43)

8 (X00–X07)

16 (X00–X07, X10–X17)

24 (X00–X07, X10–X17, X20–X27)

32 (X00–X07, X10–X17, X20–X27,

X30–X37)

40 (X00–X07, X10–X17, X20–X27,

X30–X37, X40–X47)

64 (X00–X07, X10–X17, X20–X27,

X30–X37, X40–X47, X50–X57, X60–X67, X70–X77)

8 (X00–X07)

16 (X00–X07, X10–X17)

32 (X00–X07, X10–X17, X20–X27,

2NC

X30–X37)

48 (X00–X07, X10–X17, X20–X27,

X30–X37, X40–X47, X50–X57)

8 (X00–X07)

14 (X00–X07, X10–X15)

햳

24 (X00–X07, X10–X17, X20–X27)

36 (X00–X07, X10–X17, X20–X27,

X30–X37, X40–X43)

햳

3GC

16 (X00–X07, X10–X17) 16 (Y00–Y07, Y10–Y17)

14 (X00–X07, X10–X15)

햳

3GE

24 (X00–X07, X10–X17, X20–X27)

6 (X00–X05)

8 (X00–X07)

햳

12 (X00–X07, X10, X11, X12, X13)

16 (X00–X07, X10–X17)

햲

With expansion modules, the total number of inputs can be increased to max. 84 (X123) and the total number of outputs can be increased to max. 64 (X77). However, the sum of all inputs and outputs cannot exceed 128.

햳

With expansion modules, the total number of inputs can be increased to max. 128 (X177) and the total number of outputs can be increased to max. 128 (Y177). However, the sum of all inputs and outputs cannot exceed 128.

4–2 MITSUBISHI ELECTRIC

Devices in Detail Inputs and Outputs

Device Inputs Outputs

8 (X00–X07)

16 (X00–X07, X10–X17)

24 (X00–X07, X10–X17, X20–X27)

32 (X00–X07, X10–X17, X20–X27,

햴

X30–X37)

40 (X00–X07, X10–X17, X20–X27,

X30–X37, X40–X47)

64 (X00–X07, X10–X17, X20–X27,

X30–X37, X40–X47, X50–X57, X60–X67, X70–X77)

8 (X00–X07)

Number of devices and addresses (depends on con troller base unit type)

16 (X00–X07, X10–X17)

햴

32 (X00–X07, X10–X17, X20–X27,

3UC

X30–X37)

48 (X00–X07, X10–X17, X20–X27,

X30–X37, X40–X47, X50–X57)

햴

With expansion modules, the total number of inputs can be increased to max. 248 (X367) and the total number of outputs can be increased to max. 248 (Y367). However, the sum of all inputs and outputs cannot exceed 256.

8 (Y00–Y07)

16 (Y00–Y07, Y10–Y17)

24 (Y00–Y07, Y10–Y17, Y20–Y27)

32 (Y00–Y07, Y10–Y17, Y20–Y27,

Y30–Y37)

40 (Y00–Y07, Y10–Y17, Y20–Y27,

Y30–Y37, Y40–Y47)

64 (Y00–Y07, Y10–Y17, Y20–Y27,

Y30–Y37, Y40–Y47, Y50–Y57, Y60–Y67, Y70–Y77)

8 (Y00–Y07)

16 (Y00–Y07, Y10–Y17)

32 (Y00–Y07, Y10–Y17, Y20–Y27,

Y30–Y37)

48 (Y00–Y07, Y10–Y17, Y20–Y27,

Y30–Y37, Y40–Y47, Y50–Y57)

FX Beginners Manual 4–3

Relays Devices in Detail

4.2 Relays

In your PLC programs you will often need to store intermediate binary results (a signal state of “0” or “1”) temporarily for future reference. The PLC has special memory cells available for this purpose known as “auxiliary relays”, or “relays” for short (device identifier: "M").

You can store the binary result of an operation in a relay, for example with an OUT instruction, and then use the result in future operations. Relays help to make programs easier to read and also reduce the number of program steps:You can store the results of operations that need to be used more thanonce in a relay and then poll it is oftenas you like in the restof the program.

Poll for signal state “1” (relay set)

Poll for signal state “0” (has the relay been reset?)

In addition to normal relays the FX controllers also have retentive or “latched” relays. The normal unlatched relays are all reset to a signal state of“0”when the PLC power supplyis switched off, and this is also their standard state when the controller is switched on. In contrast to this, latched relays retain their current states when the power is switched off and on again.



Relay types

524 (M500–M1023)

2048 (M1024–M3071)

1152 (M384–M1535)

128 (M384–M511)

524 (M500–M1023)

6656 (M1024–M7679)



Device

Device identifier M

Device type Bit device

Possible values für a device 0 or 1

Device address format Decimal

1S 384 (M0–M383) 128 (M384–M511)

1N 384 (M0–M383) 1152 (M384–M1535)

FX2NC

Number of devices and addresses

FX3GC

FX3GE

FX3UC

Unlatched relays Latched relays

500 (M0–M499)

384 (M0–M383)

6144 (M1536–M7679)

384 (M0–M383)

1024 (M512–M1535)

500 (M0–M499)



햲

You can also configure these relays as latched relays with the PLC parameters.

햳

You can also configure these relays as unlatched relays with the PLC parameters.

햴

If the optional battery is installed, the function of latched registers can be assigned to these registers in the PLC parameters. They are then buffered by the battery.

4–4 MITSUBISHI ELECTRIC

Devices in Detail Relays

4.2.1 Special relays

In addition to the relays that you can switch on and off with the PLC program there is also another class of relays known as special or diagnostic relays. These relays use the address range startingwith M8000.Some contain information on system status and others can beused to influence program execution.The following table shows a few examples of the many special relays available.

Special relay

M8000 When the PLC is in RUN mode this relay is always set to “1”.

M8001 When the PLC is in Run mode this relay is always set to “0”.

M8002

M8004 PLC error

M8005 Low battery voltage

M8013 Clock signal pulse: 1 second

M8031

M8034

Function

Initialisation pulse (following activation of RUN mode this relay is set to “1” for the duration of one program cycle.

Clear all devices (except data registers D) that are not registered as battery-latched.

Disable outputs – the PLC outputs remain off but program execution continues.

Program processing options

Poll signal state

Set signal state.

FX Beginners Manual 4–5

Timers Devices in Detail

T200

1,23 s

T200

K123

4.3 Timers

When you are controlling processes you will often want to program a specific delay before starting and stopping certain operations. In hard-wired controllers this is achieved with timer relays. In PLCs this is achieved with programmable internal timers.

Timers are really just counters that count the PLCs internal clock signals (e.g. 0.1s pulses). When the counter value reaches the setpoint value the timer’s output is switched on.

All timers function as make delay switches and are activated with a “1” signal. To start andreset timers you program them in the same way as outputs. You can poll the outputs of timers as often as you like in your program.

Ladder Diagram

In the above example timer T200 is started when input X0 is switched on. The setpoint value is 123 x 10ms = 1.23 s, so T200 switches on output Y0 after a delay of 1.23 s. The signal sequence generated by the following program example is as follows:

The timer continues to count the internal 10ms pulses as long as X0 remains on. When the setpoint value is reached the output of T200 is switched on.

If input X0 or the power supply of the PLC are switched off the timer is reset and its output is also switched off.

Instruction List

0LD X0 1 OUT T200 K123 4 LD T200 5OUT Y0

You can also specify the timer setpoint value indirectly with a decimal value stored in a data register. See section 4.6.1 for details.

4–6 MITSUBISHI ELECTRIC

Devices in Detail Timers

T250

t1 t2

t1 + t2 = 34,5 s

T250

K345

T250RST

Retentive timers

In addition to the normal timers described above, all controllers covered in this manual except the FX

1S series also have retentive timers that retain their current time counter value even if

the device controlling them is switched off.

The current timer counter value is stored in a memory that is retained even in the event of a power failure.

Example of a program using a retentive timer:

Ladder Diagram

Timer T250 is started when input X0 is switched on. The setpoint value is 345 x 0.1 s = 34.5s. When the setpoint value is reached T250 switches output Y1 on. Input X2 resets the timer and switches its output off.

When X1 is on the timer counts the internal 100ms pulses. When X1 is switched off the current time counter value is retained. The timer’s output is switched on when the current value reaches the setpoint value of the timer.

Instruction List

0LD X0 1 OUT T250 K345 4 LD T250 5OUT Y1 6LD X2 7 RST T250

A separate instruction must be programmed to reset the timer since it is not reset by swit ching off input X1 or the PLC’s power. Input X2 resets timer T250 and switches off its output.

FX Beginners Manual 4–7

Timers Devices in Detail

Timers in the base units of the MELSEC FX family

Device

Normal Timers Retentive Timers

Device identifier T

Device type (for setting and polling) Bit device

Possible values (timer output) 0 or 1

Device address format Decimal

As a decimal integer constant. The setpoint can

Timer setpoint value entry

be set either directly in the instruction or indi rectly in a data register.

Number of devices and addresses

FX2NC

FX3GC

FX3GE

100 ms (Range 0.1 to 3276.7 s)

10 ms (Range 0.01 to 327.67 s)

1 ms (Bereich 0.001 to 32.767 s)

100 ms (Range 0.1 to 3276.7 s)

10 ms (Range 0.01 to 327.67 s)

1 ms (Range 0.001 to 32.767 s)

100 ms (Range 0.1 to 3276.7 s)

10 ms (Range 0.01 to 327.67 s)

1 ms (Range 0.001 to 32.767 s)

100 ms (Range 0.1 to 3276.7 s)

10 ms (Range 0.01 to 327.67 s)

1 ms (Range 0.001 to 32.767 s)

100 ms (Range 0.1 to 3276.7 s)

63 (T0–T62) —

31 (T32–T62)

1 (T63) —

200 (T0–T199) 6 (T250–T255)

46 (T200–T245) —

4 (T246–T249) —

200 (T0–T199) 6 (T250–T255)

46 (T200–T245) —

— 4 (T246–T249)

200 (T0–T199) 6 (T250–T255)

46 (T200–T245) —

64 (T256–T319) 4 (T246–T249)

32 (T0–T31) 6 (T131–T137)

100 ms/10 ms

(Range 0.1 to 3276.7 s/

31 (T32–T62) —

0.01 to 327.67 s)

FX3UC

1 ms (Range 0.001 to 32.767 s)

100 ms (Range 0.1 to 3276.7 s)

10 ms (Range 0.01 to 327.67 s)

1 ms (Range 0.001 to 32.767 s)

65 (T63–T127) 4 (T128–T131)

200 (T0–T199) 6 (T250–T255)

46 (T200–T245) —

256 (T256–T511) 4 (T246–T249)

Timer types

햲

—

햲

These timers are only available when special relay M8028 is set ("1"). The total number of 100 ms timers is then reduced to 32 (T0–T31).

햳

When special relay M8028 is set ("1"), the timers T32 to T62 operate as 10 ms timers.

4–8 MITSUBISHI ELECTRIC

Devices in Detail Counters

K10

C0RST

4.4 Counters

The programmers of the FX family also have internal counters that you can use for program ming counting operations.

Counters count signal pulses that are applied to their inputs by the program.The counter out put is switched on when the current counter value reaches the setpoint value defined by the program.Like timers, counter outputs can also be polled as often as you like in the program.

Example of a program using a counter:

Ladder Diagram

Instruction List

0LD X0 1RST C0 3LD X1 4 OUT C0 K10 7LD C0 8OUT Y0

Whenever input X1 is switched on the value of counter C0 is incremented by 1. Output Y0 is set when X1 has been switched on and off ten times (the counter setpoint is K10).

The signal sequence generated by this program is as follows:

First the counter is reset with input X0 and a RST instruction. This resets the counter value to 0 and switches off the counter output.

Once the counter value has reached the set

point value any additional pulses on input X1 no longer have any effect on the counter.

There are two kinds of counters, 16-bit counters and 32-bit counters. As their names indicate, they can count up to either 16-bit or 32-bit values and they use 16 bits and 32 bits, respectively, to store their setpoint values. The following table shows the key features of these counters.

FX Beginners Manual 4–9

Counters Devices in Detail

Feature 16 Bit Counters 32 Bit Counters

Count direction Incrementing

Setpoint value range

Setpoint value entry

Counter overflow behaviour

Counter output

Resetting An RST instruction is used to delete the current value of the counter and turn off its output.

1 to 32767 -2 147 483 648 to 2 147 483 647

Directly as a decimal constant (K) in the instruction, or indirectly in a data register

Counts to a maximum of 32,767, after which the counter value no longer changes.

Once the setpoint value has been reached the output remains on.

Incrementing and decrementing (the direc tion is specified by switching a special relay on or off)

Directly as a decimal constant (K) in the instruction or indirectly in a pair of data registers

Ring counter: After reaching 2,147,483,647 the next incrementing value is

-2,147483,648. (When counting backwards the jump is from -2,147483,648 to 2,147,483,647)

When incrementing the output remains on once the setpoint value has been reached. When decrementing the output is reset (switched off) once the value drops below the setpoint value.

In addition to normal counters the controllers of the MELSEC FX family also have high-speed counters. These are 32-bit counters that can process high-speed external counter signals read on inputs X0 to X7. In combination with some special instructions it is very easy to use these counters to automate positioning tasks and other functions.

High-speed counters use an interrupt principle: The PLC program is interrupted and responds immediately to the counter signal. For a detailed description of high-speed counters please refer to the Programming Manual for the MELSEC FX family.

4–10 MITSUBISHI ELECTRIC

Devices in Detail Counters

Counter overview

Device

Normal counters Retentive counters

Device identifier C

Device type (for setting and polling) Bit device

Possible device values (counter output) 0 or 1

Device address format Decimal

As a decimal integer constant. The setpoint can

Counter setpoint value entry

be set either directly in the instruction or indi rectly in a data register (two data registers for 32-bit counters).

16 bit counter 16 (C0–C15) 16 (C16–C31)

32 bit counter — —

32 bit high-speed counter — 21 (C235–C255)

16 bit counter 16 (C0–C15) 184 (C16–C199)

32 bit counter 20 (C200–C219) 15 (C220–C234)

32 bit high-speed counter — 21 (C235–C255)

16 bit counter 100 (C0–C99)

Number of devices and addresses

FX2NC

FX3G

FX3GC

FX3GE

32 bit counter 20 (C200–C219)

32 bit high-speed counter 21 (C235–C255)

16 bit counter 16 (C0–C15) 184 (C16–C199)

32 bit counter 20 (C200–C219) 15 (C220–C234)

32 bit high-speed counter — 21 (C235–C255)

16 bit counter 16 (C0–C15) 16 (C16–C31)

32 bit counter 35 (C200–C234) —

32 bit high-speed counter — 21 (C235–C255)

16 bit counter 100 (C0–C99)

FX3UC

32 bit counter 20 (C200–C219)

32 bit high-speed counter 21 (C235–C255)

Counter types



100 (C100–C199)

15 (C220–C234)

100 (C100–C199)

15 (C220–C234)



햲

The current counter values of retentive counters are retained when the power supply is switched off.

햳

You can set the PLC parameters to configure whether the current values of these counters should be retained when the power supply is switched off.

FX Beginners Manual 4–11

Registers Devices in Detail

4.5 Registers

The PLC’s relays are used to store the results of operations temporarily. However, relays can only store values of On/Off or 1/0, which means that they are not suitable for storing measure ments or the results of calculations. Values like this can be stored in the “registers” of the con trollers of the FX family.

Registers are 16 bits or one word wide (see section 3.2). You can create “double word” regis ters capable of storing 32-bit values by combining two consecutive data registers.

16 bit

Double word register:

32 bit

1 sign bit

14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

22222222 22222 22

0: = positive value

1: = negative value

30 29 28

222

...

15 data bits

31 data bits

...

210

222

A normal register can store values from 0000 isters can store values from 00000000

The controllers of the FX family have a large number of instructions for using and manipulating registers. You can write and read values to and from registers, copy the contents of registers, compare them and perform math functions on their contents (see chapter 5).

4.5.1 Data registers

Data registers can be used as memory in your PLC programs. A value that the program writes to a data register remains stored there until the program overwrites it with another value.

When you use instructions for manipulating 32-bit data you only need to specify the address of a 16-bit register.The more significant part of the 32-bit data is automatically written to the next consecutive register. For example, if you specify register D0 to store a 32-bit value D0 will con tain bits 0 through 15 and D1 will contain bits 16 through 31.

0: = positive value

1: = negative value

H – FFFFFFFFH (-2,147,483,648 – 2,147,483,647).

H – FFFFH (-32,768 – 32,767). Double-word reg

4–12 MITSUBISHI ELECTRIC

Devices in Detail Registers

What happens when the PLC is switched off or stopped

In addition to the normal registers whose contents are lost when the PLC is stopped or the power supply is turned off, the FX PLCs also have latched registers, whose contents are retained in these situations.

NOTE When special relay M8033 is set the contents of the unlatched data registers are also not

cleared when the PLC is stopped.

Data register overview

Device

Device identifier D

Device type (for setting and polling)

Possible device values

Device address format Decimal

1S 128 (D0–D127) 128 (D128–D255)

1N 128 (D0–D127) 7872 (D128–D7999)

FX2NC

Number of devices and addresses

햲

You can also configure these registers as latched registers with the PLC parameters.

햳

You can also configure these registers as unlatched registers with the PLC parameters.

햴

If the optional battery is installed, the function of latched registers can be assigned to these registers in the PLC parameters. They are then buffered by the battery.

FX3GC

FX3GE

FX3UC

Normal registers Latched registers

Word device (two registers can be combined to store double-word values)

16 bit registers: 0000

32 bit register: 00000000

200 (D0–D199)

128 (D0–D127)

6900 (D1100–D7999)

128 (D0–D127)

2744 (D256–D2999)

200 (D0–D199)

Data register types

H to FFFFH (-32768 to 32767)

2 147 483 647)



H to FFFFFFFFH (-2 147 483 648 to

312 (D200–D511)

7488 (D512–D7999)



972 (D128–D1099)

128 (D128–D255)

312 (D200–D511)

7488 (D512–D7999)



4.5.2 Special registers

Just like the special relays (Chapter 4.2.1) starting at address M8000 the FX controllers also have special or diagnostic registers, whose addresses start at D8000. Often there is also a direct connection between the special relays and special registers. For example, special relay M8005 shows that the voltage of the PLC’s battery is too low, and the corresponding voltage value is stored in special register D8005. The following table shows a small selection of the available special registers as examples.

Special register

D8004 Error relay address (shows which error relays are set)

D8010 Current program cycle time

D8013–D8019 Time and date of the integrated real-time clock

D8030 Value read from potentiometer VR1 (0 – 255) Read register contents (FX

D8031 Value read from potentiometer VR2 (0 – 255)

Function

FX Beginners Manual 4–13

Program processing options

Read register contentsD8005 Battery voltage (e.g. the value “36” means 3.6V)

Read register contents

Change register contents

1N, FX3G, FX3GE and

3S only)

1S,

Registers Devices in Detail

Registers with externally modifiable contents

The controllers of the FX ometers with which you can adjust the contents of special registers D8030 and D8031 in the range from 0 to 255 (see section 4.6.1). These potentiometers can be used for a variety of pur poses – for example to adjust setpoint values for timers andcounters without having to connect a programming unit to the controller.

4.5.3 File registers

The contents of file registers are also not lost when the power supply is switched off.File regis ters can thus be used for storing values that you need to transfer to data registers when the PLC is switched on, so that they can be used by the program for calculations, comparisons or as setpoints for timers.

File registers have the same structure as data registers. In fact, they are data registers – they consist of blocks of 500 addresses each in the range from D1000 to D7999.

Device File registers

Device identifier D

Device type (for setting and polling)

Possible device values

Device address format Decimal

Number of devices and addresses

1S,FX1N,FX3G,FX3GE and FX3S series have two integrated potenti

Word device (two registers can be combined to store double-word values)

16 bit register: 0000H to FFFFH (-32768 to 32767)

FX2NC

FX3G

FX3GC

FX3GE

FX3S

FX3UC

32 bit register: 00000000

2 147 483 647)

1500 (D1000–D2499)

A maximum of 3 blocks of 500 file registers each can be defined in the PLC parameters.

7000 (D1000–D7999)

A maximum of 14 blocks of 500 file registers each can be defined in the PLC parameters.

2000 (D1000–D2999)

A maximum of 4 blocks of 500 file registers each can be defined in the PLC parameters.

7000 (D1000–D7999)

A maximum of 14 blocks of 500 file registers each can be defined in the PLC parameters.

H to FFFFFFFFH (-2 147 483 648 to

For a detailed description of the file registers see the Programming Manual for the MELSEC FX family.

4–14 MITSUBISHI ELECTRIC

Devices in Detail Programming Tips for Timers and Counters

X17

T31

K500

M50

K34

X17

T31

D131

M8002

MOV D100 D131

M15

M50

MOV K34 D5

4.6 Programming Tips for Timers and Counters

4.6.1 Specifying timer and counter setpoints indirectly

The usual way to specify timer and counter setpoint values is directly, in an output instruction:

Ladder Diagram

In the example above T31 is a 100ms timer. The constant K500 sets the delay to 500 x 0.1s = 50s. The setpoint for counter C0 is also set directly, to a value of 34 with the constant K34.

The advantage of specifying setpoints like this is that you don’t have to concern yourself with the setpoint value once you have set it. The values you use in the program are always valid, even after power failures and directly after switching the controller on. However, there is also a disadvantage: If you want to change the setpoint you need to edit the program. This applies particularly for timer setpoint values, which are often adjusted during controller configuration and program tests.

You can also store setpoint values for timers and counters in data registers and have the program read them from the registers. It is then possible to change the values quickly with a programming unit if necessary, or to specify setpoint values with switches on a control console or a HMI control panel.

The following listing shows an example of how to specify setpoint values indirectly:

Instruction List

0LD X17 1 OUT T31 K500 4LD M50 5 OUT C0 K34

Ladder Diagram

–

When relay M15 is one the contents of dataregister D100 are copied to D131.This register contains the setpoint value for T131. You could use a programming or control unit to adjust the contents of D100.

–

The special relay M8002 is only set for a single program cycle directly after the PLC is swit ched on. This is used to copy the constant value of 34 to data register D5, which is then used as the setpoint value for counter C0.

You don’t have to write program instructions to copy the setpoint values to the data registers. You could alsouse a programming unit to set them before the program is started, for example.

Instruction List

0LD M15 1 MOV D100 D131 6LD X17 7 OUT T31 D131 10 LD M8002 11 MOV K34 D5 16 LD M50 17 OUT C0 D5

FX Beginners Manual 4–15

Programming Tips for Timers and Counters Devices in Detail

0123 4567 8 9 10 11

12 13 14 15

0123 4567

10 11

OUT

POWER

FX -24MR

RUN ERROR

100-240

VAC

X11

X13

X15

S/S

X10

X12

X14

24MR

-ES/UL

Y10

COM3

COM4

Y11

COM2

COM1

COM0

24+

MITSUBISHI

Y000

X001

D8030

D8031

WARNING:

If you use normal registers the setpoint values will be lost when the power supply is

switched off and when the RUN/STOP switch is set to the STOP position. If this happens hazardous conditions may be created next time the power is switched on and/or when the PLC is started again, because all the setpoints will have a value of “0”.

If you don’t configure your program to copy the values automatically you should always use latched data registers for storing the setpoint values for timers and counters. Also, remember that even the contents of these registers will also be lost when the PLC is switched off if the backup battery is empty.

Setting setpoints with the integrated potentiometers

The controllers of the FX

1S,FX1N,FX3G,FX3GE and FX3S series have two integrated analog

potentiometers with which you can adjust setpoint values for timers and otherfunctions quickly and easily.

The image on the left shows a basic unit of the

1N series. The layout of the potentiometers is

FX similar in the FX

1S,FX3G,FX3GE and FX3S series.

The value of the upper potentiometer (VR1) can be read from special data register D8031, the value of the lower potentiometer (VR2) from register D8031. To use one of the potentiometers as the setpoint value source for a timer you just specify the corresponding register in your program instead of a constant.

The value in the register can be adjusted between

Potentiometer

Ladder Diagram

0 and 255 by turning the potentiometer.

Instruction List

0 LD X001 1 OUT T1 D8030 4LD T1 5 OUT T2 D8031 8LD T1 8ANI T2 10 OUT Y000

In the program example above Y0 is switched on after the delay specified for timer T1, for the time specified for timer T2 (delayed pulse generation).

4–16 MITSUBISHI ELECTRIC

Devices in Detail Programming Tips for Timers and Counters

[D8030]

OFF

[D8031]

Signal sequence

FX Beginners Manual 4–17

Programming Tips for Timers and Counters Devices in Detail

Y000

X001

Y000

K300

30 s

X001

RST Y000

X001

SET Y000

K300

4.6.2 Switch-off delay

By default, all the timers in MELSEC PLCs are delayed make timers, i.e. the output is switched ON after the defined delay period. However, you will often also want to program a delayed break operation (switch OFF after a delay). A typical example of this is a ventilation fan in a bathroom that needs tocontinue running for several minutes after the lights are switched off.

Program version 1 (latching)

Ladder Diagram

As long as input X1 (e.g. a light switch) is on output Y0 (fan) is also on. However, the latching function ensures that Y0 also remains on after X1 has been switched off, because timer T0 is still running.T0 is started when X1 is switched off. At the end of the delay period (300 x 0.1s = 30s in the example) T0 interrupts the Y0 latch and switches the output off.

Signal sequence

Instruction List

0 LD X001 1 LD Y000 2ANI T0 3ORB 4 OUT Y000 5 LDI X001 6 OUT T0 K300

Program version 2 (set/reset)

Ladder Diagram

When X1 is switched on output Y0 is set (switched on). When X1 is switched off timer T0 is started. After the delay period T0 then resets output Y0. The resulting signal sequence is iden tical with that produced by program version 1.

Instruction List

0 LD X001 1 SET Y000 2 LDI X001 3 OUT T0 K300 6LD T0 7 RST Y000

4–18 MITSUBISHI ELECTRIC

Devices in Detail Programming Tips for Timers and Counters

X000

Y000

X000

Y000

K25

K50

OFF

4.6.3 ON- and OFF-Delay

Sometimes you will want to switch an output on after a delay and then switch it off again after another delay. This is very easy to implement with the controller’s basic logical instructions.

Ladder Diagram

Signal sequence

Instruction List

0 LD X000 1OUT T1 K25 4 LDI X000 5OUT T2 K50 8LD T1 9 OR Y000 10 ANI T2 11 OUT Y000

Output Y000 is latched with the help of T1, keeping the output switched on until the end of the break delay period.

FX Beginners Manual 4–19

Programming Tips for Timers and Counters Devices in Detail

Y000

X001

K10

K20

OFF

4.6.4 Clock signal generators

The controllers have special relays that make it very easy to program tasks requiring a regular clock signal (for example for controlling a blinking error indicator light). Relay M8013 switches on and off at 1-second intervals, for example. For full details on all special relays see the Pro gramming Manual for the FX family.

If you need a different clock frequency or different on and off times you can program your own clock signal generator with two timers, like this:

Ladder Diagram

Instruction List

0 LD X001 1ANI T2 2OUT T1 K10 5LD T1 6OUT T2 K20 9 OUT Y000

Input X1 starts the clock generator. If you want, you can omit this input – then the clock genera tor is always on. In the program you could use the output of T1 to control a blinking warning light. The on period is determined by T2, the off period by T1.

The output of timer T2 is only switched on for a single program cycle.This time is shown much longer than it really is in the signal sequence illustration below.T2 switches T1 off and immediately after this T2 itself is also switched off. In effect this means that the duration of the on period is increased by the time that it takes to execute a program cycle. However, since the cycle is only a few milliseconds long it can usually be ignored.

Signal sequence

4–20 MITSUBISHI ELECTRIC

More Advanced Programming Applied Instructions Reference

5 More Advanced Programming

The basic logic instructions listed in Chapter 3 can be used to emulate the functions of a hard-wired contactor controller with a programmable logic controller. However, this only scratches the surface of the capabilities of modern PLCs. Since every PLC is built around a microprocessor they can also easily perform operations like mathematical calculations, com paring numbers, converting from one number system to anotheror processing analog values.

Functions like these thatgo beyond the capabilities oflogic operations are performed with spe cial instructions, which are referred to as

appliedorapplication instructions

5.1 Applied Instructions Reference

Applied instructions have short names that are based on the English names of their functions. For example, the instruction for comparing two 16-bit or 32-bit numbers is called CMP, which is short for

When you program an applied instruction you enter the instruction name followed by the device name. The following table shows all the applied instructions currently supported by the MELSEC FX family of controllers. This listmay look alittle overwhelming at first, but don’t worry – you don’t have to memorise them all! When you are programming you can use the powerful Help functions of GX Works2 to find the instructions you need.

In this chapter we will only cover the more frequently-used instructions, which are shown with a grey shaded background in the reference table. For full documentation of all the instructions with examples please refer to the Programming Manual for the FX family.

Category

Program flow functions

compare

Instruc-

tion

CALL

SRET

IRET

FEND

WDT

FOR

Function

Conditional Jump to a program position

Calls (executes) a subroutine

Subroutine Return, marks the end of a subroutine

Interrupt Return, marks the end of an interrupt routine

Enable Interrupt, enables processing of interrupt routines

Disable Interrupt, disables processing of interrupt routines

First End, marks end of main program block

WatchDog Timer refresh

Marks beginning of a program loop

Marks end of a program loop

Controller

FX3G

FX1S FX1N

쏹쏹쏹쏹쏹쏹

FX2N

FX2NC

FX3GC FX3GE

FX3S

FX3U

FX3UC

FX Beginners Manual 5–1

Applied Instructions Reference More Advanced Programming

Controller

Category

Move and com pare functions

Math and logic instructions

Rotate and shift functions

Data operation functions

Instruc-

tion

CMP

ZCP

MOV

SMOV

CML

BMOV

FMOV

XCH

BCD

BIN

ADD

SUB

MUL

DIV

INC

DEC

WAND

WOR

WXOR

NEG

ROR

ROL

RCR

RCL

SFTR

SFTL

WSFR

WSFL

SFWR

SFRD

ZRST

DECO

ENCO

SUM

BON

MEAN

ANS

ANR

SQR

FLT

Function

Compare numerical values

Zone Compare, compares numerical ranges

Move data from one storage area to another

Shift Move

Compliment, copies and inverts

Block Move

Fill Move, copy to a range of devices

Exchange data in specified devices

BCD conversion

Binary conversion

Add numerical values

Subtract numerical values

Multiply numerical values

Divide numerical values

Increment

Decrement

Logical AND

Logical OR

Logical exclusive OR

Negation, logical inversion of device contents

Rotate right

Rotate left

Rotation right with carry

Rotation left with carry

Shift right, bitwise shift to the right

Shift left, bitwise shift to the left

Word shift right, shift word values to the right

Word shift left, shift word values to the left

Shift register write, writes to a FIFO stack

Shift register read, reads from a FIFO stack

Zone Reset, resets ranges of like devices

Decode data

Encode data

Sum (number) of active bits

Bit on, checks status of a bit

Calculates mean values

Timed annunciator set, starts a timer interval

Annunciator reset

Square root

Floating point, converts data

FX1S FX1N

쏹쏹쏹쏹쏹쏹

FX3G

FX2N

FX3GC

FX2NC

FX3GE

쏹쏹쏹쏹

쏹쏹

쏹쏹쏹쏹

쏹쏹

쏹쏹쏹쏹

쏹쏹 쏹

쏹쏹

쏹쏹쏹쏹

FX3S

FX3U

FX3UC

5–2 MITSUBISHI ELECTRIC

More Advanced Programming Applied Instructions Reference

Controller

Category

High-speed instructions

Application instructions

Instructions for external I/O devices

Instructions for external serial devices

Store/restore index registers

Instruc-

tion

REF

REFF

MTR

DHSCS

DHSCR

DHSZ

SPD

PLSY

PWM

PLSR

IST

SER

ABSD

INCD

TTMR

STMR

ALT

RAMP

ROTC

SORT

TKY

HKY

DSW

SEGD

SEGL

ARWS

ASC

FROM

PRUN

ASCI

HEX

CCD

VRRD

VRSC

RS2

PID

ZPUSH

ZPOP

Function

Refresh inputs and outputs

Refresh inputs and filter adjust

Input matrix, read a matrix (MTR)

High-speed counter set

High-speed counter reset

High speed zone compare

Speed detection

Pulse Y output (frequency)

Pulse output with pulse width modulation

Pulse ramp (accelleration/deceleration setup)

Initial state, set up multi-mode STL system

Search data stack

Absolute counter comparison

Incremental counter comparison

Teaching timer

Special timer

Alternate state, flip-flop function

Ramp function

Rotary table control

Sort table data on selected fields

Ten key input

Hexadecimal key input

Digital switch

7-segment display decoder

7-segment display with latch

Arrow switch

ASCII conversion

Print, data output via the outputs

Read data from a special function module

Write data to a special function module

RS serial communications

Parallel run (octal mode)

Convert to an ASCII character

Convert to a hexadecimal character

Check Code, sum and parity check

Read setpoint values from FX첸첸-8AV-BD

Read switch settings from FX첸첸-8AV-BD

RS serial communications (2)

PID control loop

Zone push, store contents of index registers

Zone pop, restore contents of index registers

FX1S FX1N

쏹쏹쏹쏹쏹쏹

쏹쏹쏹 쏹

쏹쏹쏹쏹쏹쏹

FX3G

FX2N

FX3GC

FX2NC

FX3GE

쏹쏹

쏹쏹쏹쏹

쏹쏹

쏹쏹쏹

FX3S

FX3U

FX3UC

쏹

FX Beginners Manual 5–3

Applied Instructions Reference More Advanced Programming

Controller

Category

Floating point operations

Tr i go n o m et r y instructions for floating point numbers

Data operations

Posit ionin g instructions

Instruc-

tion

DECMP

DEZCP

DEMOV

DESTR

DEVAL

DEBCD

DEBIN

DEADD

DESUB

DEMUL

DEDIV

DEXP

DLOGE

DLOG10

DESQR

DENEG

INT

SIN

COS

TAN

ASIN

ACOS

ATAN

RAD

DEG

WSUM

WTOB

BTOW

UNI

DIS

SWAP

SORT

DSZR

DVIT

TBL

DABS

ZRN

PLSV

DRVI

DRVA

Function

Compare floating point values

Compare floating point values (range)

Move floating point values

Convert floating point value to a string

Convert string to floating point value

Convert floating point value to scientific notation

Convert scientific notation to floating point

Add floating point numbers

Subtract floating point numbers

Multiply floating point numbers

Divide floating point numbers

Floating point exponent

Calculate natural logarithm

Calculate decadic logarithm

Square root of floating point numbers

Reverse sign of floating point numbers

Convert floating-point numbers to integers

Calculate the sine

Calculate the cosine

Calculate the tangent

Calculate the arc sine

Calculate the arc cosine

Calculate the arc tangent

Convert degrees to radians

Convert radians to degrees

Sum of the contents of word devices

Word to byte, divide words into bytes

Byte To Word, form words from indi

vidual bytes

Combine groups of 4 bits to form words

Divide words into groups of 4 bits

Swap least and most significant bits

Sort the data in a table

Return to zero home point (with prox imity switch)

Positionin g wit h int err upt

Posit ionin g wit h dat a table

Read absolute current position

Return to zero home point

Output pulses with variable frequency

Position t o an incre menta l val ue

Posit ion t o an absol ute value

FX1S FX1N

쏹쏹쏹쏹 쏹

쏹 쏹쏹쏹

쏹쏹 쏹쏹쏹

FX3G

FX2N

FX3GC

FX2NC

FX3GE

쏹쏹쏹쏹

쏹쏹

쏹쏹쏹

쏹쏹

쏹쏹쏹쏹

쏹쏹

쏹쏹쏹

쏹쏹

FX3S

쏹

FX3U

FX3UC

쏹

5–4 MITSUBISHI ELECTRIC

More Advanced Programming Applied Instructions Reference

Controller

Category

Operations with the PLC’s inte

grated clock

Gray code conversion

Data exchange with analog modules

Instructions in external memory

Miscellaneous instructions

Instructions for data stored in consecutive devices (data blocks)

String operations

Data table operations

Instruc-

tion

TCMP

TZCP

TADD

TSUB

HTOS

STOH

TRD

TWR

HOUR

GRY

GBIN

RD3A

WR3A

EXTR

COMRD

RND

DUTY

CRC

HCMOV

BK+

BK-

BKCMP=

BKCMP>

BKCMP<

BKCMP<>

BKCMP<=

BKCMP>=

STR

VAL

LEN

RIGHT

LEFT

MIDR

MIDW

INSTR

$MOV

FDEL

FINS

POP

SFR

SFL

Function

Compare clock data

Compare clock data with a zone (range)

Add clock data

Subtract clock data

Convert hours / minutes / seconds time value to seconds

Convert seconds time value to hours / minutes / seconds

Read clock time and date

Write time and date to PLC clock

Operating hours counter

Convert Gray code to decimal

Convert decimal number to Gray code

Read analog input values

Write analog output values

Execute command stored in an exter nal ROM

Read device comment

Generate a random number

Generate a pulse with a defined length

Check data (CRC check)

Move the current value of a high-speed counter

Add data in a data block

Subtract data in a data block

Compare data in data blocks

Convert binary data to a string

Convert a string to binary data

Link character strings

Returns the length of a string

Extract substring from right

Extract substring from left

Select a character string

Replace a character strings

Search for a character string

Move a character string

Delete data from a table

Insert data in a table

Read last data inserted in a table

Shift a 16-bit data word right

Shift a 16-bit data word left

FX1S FX1N

쏹쏹쏹쏹쏹쏹

쏹쏹쏹쏹쏹

FX3G

FX2N

FX3GC

FX2NC

FX3GE

쏹쏹쏹쏹

쏹

FX3S

FX3U

FX3UC

쏹

FX Beginners Manual 5–5

Applied Instructions Reference More Advanced Programming

Controller

Category

Comparison operations

Data control instructions

Instructions for communication with frequency inverters

MODBUS communication

Data exchange with special func tion modules

High-speed coun ter instruction

Instructions for extension file registers

Instruc-

tion

LD=

LD>

LD<

LD<>

LD<=

LD>=

AND=

AND>

AND<

AND>=

OR=

OR>

OR<

OR<>

OR<=

OR>=

LIMIT

BAND

ZONE

SCL

DABIN

BINDA

SCL2

IVCK

IVDR

IVRD

IVWR

IVBWR

IVMC

ADPRW

RBFM

WBFM

HSCT

LOADR

SAVER

INITR

LOGR

RWER

INITER

Function

Compare data within operations

Limits the output range of values

Define input offset

Define output offset

Scale values

Convert an ASCII number to a binary value

Convert a binary value to ASCII code

Scale values (different value table structure to SCL)

Check status of frequency inverter

Control frequency inverter

Read frequency inverter parameter

Write parameter to frequency inverter

Write parameters to frequency inverter in blocks

Writes operation command and set frequency to the inverter and reads the inverter status and the output fre

quency (speed) from the inverter

Communication of the MODBUS mas ter with slaves (read/write data)

Read from module buffer memory

Write to module buffer memory

Compare current value of a high-speed counter with data in data tables

Read data from extension file registers

Write data to extension file registers

Initialise extension registers and extension file registers

Read values from devices in extension registers and extension file registers

Write data from extension registers to extension file registers

Initialise extension file registers

FX1S FX1N

쏹쏹쏹쏹쏹쏹

FX2N

FX2NC

FX3G FX3GC FX3GE

쏹쏹쏹

쏹쏹

FX3S

FX3U

FX3UC

쏹

5–6 MITSUBISHI ELECTRIC

More Advanced Programming Applied Instructions Reference

MOV K5 D12

M457

Controller

Category

Insructions for a CF memory card mounted in a special adapter FX

3U-CF-ADP

Instruc-

tion

FLCRT

FLDEL

FLWR

FLRD

FLCMD

FLSTRD

Function

Create/check file

Delete file/CF card format

Write data to CF card

Read data from CF card

FX3U-CF-ADP command

FX3U-CF-ADP status read

FX1S FX1N

FX2N

FX2NC

FX3G FX3GC FX3GE

FX3S

FX3U

FX3UC

쏹

5.1.1 Entering applied instructions

Programming applied instructions in GX Works2 FX is simple. Just position the cursor in the place in the program line where you want to insert the instruction and type the abbreviations for the instruction and its operand(s). GX Work2 will automatically register that you are entering an instruction and will open the input dialog (see below).Alternatively, you can also position the cursor and then click on the insert instruction tool in the toolbar .

Yo u c a n a l s o s e l e c t t h e i n s t r u c t io n f r o m t h e drop-down list, which you can display by clicking on the "쑽" icon.

Then enter the abbreviations for the instruction and its operand(s) in the input field, separating them by spaces.

All numbers must be preceded by a letter character, which either identifies the device type or – in the case of constants – specifies the number format. The letter “K” identifies decimal con stants and “H” identifies hexadecimal constants.

In the example on the left a MOV instruction is used to write the value 5 to data register D12.

The Help button opens a dialog in which you can search for a suitable instruction for the func tion you want to perform.The help also contains information on how the functions work and the type and number of devices that they take as operands.

Then you just click on

to insert the

applied instruction into the program.

If you are programming in Instruction List format enter the instruction and its operand(s) in a single line, separated by spaces.

FX Beginners Manual 5–7

Instructions for Moving Data More Advanced Programming

MOV D10 D200

D10

D200

X001

5384

2271

963

125

5.2 Instructions for Moving Data

The PLC uses data registers for storing measurements, output values, intermediate results of operations and table values.The controller’s math instructions can read their operands directly from the data registers and can also write their results back to the registers if you want. How ever, these instructions are also supported by additional “move" instructions, with which you can copy data from one register to another and write constant values to data registers.

5.2.1 Moving individual values with the MOV instruction

The MOV instruction “moves” data from the specified source to the specified destination.

NOTE Note that despite its name this is actually a copy process – it does not delete the data from

the source location.

Ladder Diagram



쐃

Data source (this can also be a constant)

쐇

Data destination

In the example the value in data register D10 will be copied to register D200 when input X1 is on. This results in the following signal sequence:

Instruction List

0 MOV D10 D200



The contents of the data source will be copied to the data destination as long as the input condition evaluates true. The copy ope

5–8 MITSUBISHI ELECTRIC

ration does not change the contents of the data source.

Pulse-triggered execution of the MOV instruction

In some applications it is better if the value is written to the destination in one program cycle only. For example, you will want to do this if other instructions in the program also write to the same destination or if the move operation must be performed at a defined time.

Ifyouadda“P”totheMOVinstruction(MOVP)itwillonlybeexecutedonce, on the rising edge of the signal pulse generated by the input condition.

When the input condition is no lon ger true the instruction will no lon ger change the contents of the data destination.

More Advanced Programming Instructions for Moving Data

MOVP D20 D387

M110

D20

D387

M110

4700

6800

3300

DMOV C200 D40

X010

DMOVP D10 D610

M10

In the example below the contents of D20 are written to data register D387 when the state of M110 changes from “0" to ”1".

Ladder Diagram

After this single operation has been performed copying to register D387 stops, even if the M110 remains set. The signal sequence illustrates this:

The contents of the data source are only copied to the destination on the rising pulse of the input condition.

Instruction List

0 LD M110 1 MOVP D20 D387

Moving 32-bit data

To move 32-bit data just prefix a D to the MOV instruction (DMOV):

Ladder Diagram

When input X010 is on the current value of 32-bit counter C200 is written to data registers D40 and D41. D40 contains the least significant bits.

As you might expect, there is also a pulse-triggered version of the 32-bit DMOV instruction:

Ladder Diagram

When relay M10 is set the contents of registers D10 and D11 are written to registers D610 and D611.

Instruction List

0 LD X010 1 DMOV C200 D40

Instruction List

0LD M10 1 DMOVP D10 D610

FX Beginners Manual 5–9

Instructions for Moving Data More Advanced Programming

Y010

Y011

Y012

Y013

MOV K1M0 K1Y010

M8000

M15 M8 M7 M0

0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1

0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1

M6 M5M12 M11 M10 M9 M4 M3 M2 M1

M14 M13

5.2.2 Moving groups of bit devices

The previous section showed how you can use the MOV instruction to write constants or the contents of data registers to other data registers. Consecutive sequences of relays and other bit devices can also be used to store numerical values, and you can copy them as groups with applied instructions. To do this you prefixing a “K” factor to the address of the first bit device, specifying the number of devices you want to copy with the operation.

Bit devices are counted in groups of 4, so the K factor specifies the number of these groups of

4. K1 = 4 devices, K2 = 8 devices, K3 = 12 devices and so on.

For example, K2M0 specifies the 8 relays from M0 through M7. The supported range is K1 (4 devices) to K8 (32 devices).

Examples for addressing groups of bit devices:

K1X0: 4 inputs, start at X0 (X0 to X3)

–

K2X4: 8 inputs, start at X4 (X4 to X13, octal notation)

–

K4M16: 16 relays, start at 16 (M16 to M31)

–

K3Y0: 12 outputs, start at Y0 (Y0 to Y13, octal notation)

–

K8M0: 32 relays, start at M0 (M0 to M31)

–

Addressing multiple bit devices with a single instruction makes programming quicker and pro duces more compact programs. The following two examples both transfer the signal states of relays M0 – M3 to outputs Y10 – Y13:

If the destination range is smaller than the source range the excess bits are simply ignored (see the following illustration, top example). If the destination is larger than the source “0” is written to the excess devices. Note that when this happens the result is always positive because bit 15 is interpreted as the sign bit (lower example in the following illustration).

Bit 15

Sign bit (0: positive, 1: negative)

MOVD0K2M0

These relays will not be changed

Bit 0

MOVK2M0D1

Sign bit (0: positive, 1: negative)

5–10 MITSUBISHI ELECTRIC

Bit 15

Bit 0

More Advanced Programming Instructions for Moving Data

BMOV D10 D200 K5

D 10 D 11 D 12 D 13

D 200 D 201 D 202 D 203

D 14

D 204

1234 5678

-156 8765 4321

1234 5678

-156 8765 4321

BMOV D10 D200 K5

M0 M1 M2 M3

Y000 Y001 Y002 Y003

0 1 1 0

BMOV K1M0 K1Y0 K2

M4 M5 M6 M7

Y004 Y005 Y006 Y007

1 0 1 0

5.2.3 Moving blocks of data with the BMOV instruction

The MOV instruction described in section 5.2.1 can only write single 16 or 32 bit values to a destination. If you want, you can program multiple sequences of MOV instructions to move contiguous blocks of data. However, it is more efficient to use the BMOV (Block MOVe) instruc tion, which is provided specifically for this purpose.

Ladder Diagram



쐃

Data source (16-bit device, first device in source range)

쐇

Data destination (16-bit device, first device in destination range)

쐋

Number of elements to be moved (max. 512)

The example above works as follows:

BMOV also has a pulse-triggered version, BMOVP (see section 5.1.2 for details on pulse-triggered execution).

Instruction List

0 BMOV D10 D200 K5



5 data registers

7 data words

Blocks of bit devices: When you move blocks of bit devices with BMOV the K factors of the data source and the data destination must always be identical.

Example

This copies 2 blocks with 4 bit devices each.

FX Beginners Manual 5–11

Instructions for Moving Data More Advanced Programming

FMOV D4 D250 K20

D 10 D 11 D 12 D 13 D 14

FMOV K0 D10 K7

D 15 D 16

5.2.4 Copying source devices to multiple destinations (FMOV)

The FMOV (Fill MOVe) instruction copies the contents of a word or double word device or a constant to multiple consecutive word or double word devices. It is generally used to delete data tables and to set data registered to a predefined starting value.

Ladder Diagram



쐃

Data to be written to the target devices (constants can also be used here)

쐇

Data destination (first device of the destination range)

쐋

Number of elements to be written in the destination range (max. 512)

The following example writes the value “0” to 7 elements:

Instruction List

0 FMOV D4 D250 K20



Here too, FMOV has a pulse-triggered version, FMOVP (see section 5.1.2 for details on pulse-triggered execution).

You can alsotransfer 32-bit data by prefixing theinstruction with “D” (DFMOV and DFMOVP).

5–12 MITSUBISHI ELECTRIC

More Advanced Programming Instructions for Moving Data

5.2.5 Exchanging data with special function modules

You can add expansion modules to increase the number of inputs and outputs available to all base units of the MELSEC FX series except the FX you can also supplement the controller’s functions by adding so-called “special function mod ules” – for example for reading analog signals for currents and voltages, for controlling temper atures and for communicating with external equipment.

The digital I/O expansion modules do not require specialinstructions; the additionalinputs and outputs are handled in exactly the same way as those in the base unit. Communication between the base unit and special function modules is performed with two special applied instructions: the FROM and TO instructions.

Each special function module has a memory range assigned as a buffer for temporary storage of data, such as analog measurement values or received data. The base unit can access this buffer and both read the stored values from it and write new values to it, which the module can then process (settings for the module’s functions, data for transmission etc).

1S and the FX3S models. In addition to this

Base unit

Device memory

FROM

The buffer memory can have up to 32,767 indi vidual addressable memory cells, each of which can store 16 bits of data.The functions of the buffer memory cells depends on the indi vidual special function module – see the mod ule’s documentation for details.

Special function module

Buffer memory

Buffer memory address 0

Buffer memory address 1

Buffer memory address 2

Buffer memory address n-1

The following information is required when you use the FROM and TO instructions:

–

The special function module to be read from or written to

–

The address of the first buffer memory cell to be read from or written to

–

The number of buffer memory cells to be read from or written to

–

The location in the base unit where the data from the module is to be stored or containing the data to be written to the module

FX Beginners Manual 5–13

Instructions for Moving Data More Advanced Programming

24-

24+

SLD

L-

SLD

L-

L+

FX2N-4AD-TC

FX -4AD-PT

24-

24+

FX2N-4DA

V+

I+

V+

I+

VI-

FX -4DA

24-

V+

I+

V+

I+

24+

VI-

Special function module address

Since you can attach multiple special function modules to a single controller each module needs to have a unique identifier so that you can address it to transfer data to and from it. Each module is automatically assigned a numerical ID in the range from 0 to 7 (you can connect a maximum of 8 special function modules). The numbers are assigned consecutively, in the order in which the modules are connected to the PLC.

Special function

module 0

Module 1

Module 2

Starting address in the buffer memory

Every single one of the 32,767 buffer addresses can be addressed directly in decimal notation in the range from 0 to 32,767 (FX

1N: 0 to 31). When you access 32-bit data you need to know

that the memory cell with the lower address stores the less significant 16 bits and the cell with the higher address stores the more significant bits.

Buffer address n+1 Buffer address n

More significant 16 bits

Less significant 16 bits

32-bit data

This means that the starting address for 32-bit data is always the address containing the less significant 16 bits of the double word.

Number of data units to be transferred

The quantity ofdata is defined by the number ofdata unitsto be transferred. When youexecute a FROM or TO instruction as a 16-bit instruction this parameter is the number of words to be transferred. In the case of the 32-bit versions DFROM and DTO the parameter specifies the number of double words to be transferred.

16-bit instruction Units of data: 5

D100

D101

D102

D103

D104

5–14 MITSUBISHI ELECTRIC

Adr. 5

Adr. 6

Adr. 7

Adr. 8

Adr. 9

32-bit instruction Units of data: 2

D100

D101

D102

D103

D104

Adr. 5

Adr. 6

Adr. 7

Adr. 8

Adr. 9

More Advanced Programming Instructions for Moving Data

FROM K0 K9 D0 K1

DFROM K2 K8 D8 K4

FROMP K0 K0 D10 K4

The value you can enter for the number of data units depends on the PLC model you are using and whether you are using the 16-bit or 32-bit version of the FROM instruction:

PLC Model

2NC

3G, FX3GC, FX3GE, FX3U, FX3UC

16-Bit Instruction (FROM, TO) 32-Bit Instruction (DFROM, DTO)

Valid range for no. of data units to be transferred

1 to 32 1 to 16

1 to 32767 1 to 16383

Data destination or source in the base unit

In most cases you will read data from registers and write it to a special function module, or copy data from the module’s buffer to data registers in the base unit. However, you can also use out puts, relays and the current values of timers and counters as data sources and destinations.

Pulse-triggered execution of the instructions

If you add a P suffix to the instructions the data transfer is initiated by pulse trigger (for details see the description of the MOV instruction in section 5.2.1).

How to use the FROM instruction

The FROM instruction is used to transfer data from the buffer of a special function module to the controller base unit. Note that this is a copy operation – the contents of the data in the mod ule buffer are not changed.

Ladder Diagram

Instruction List

0FROMK0K9D0K1



쐃

Special function module address (0 to 7)

쐇

Starting address in buffer (FX

1N: 0 to 31, FX2NC,FX3G,FX3GC,FX3GE,FX3U und FX3UC:0



to 32,766). You can use a constant or a data register containing the value.

쐋

Data destination in the controller base unit

쐏

Number of data units to be transferred

The example above uses FROM to transfer data from an FX

2N-4AD analog/digital converter

module with the address 0. The instruction reads the current value of channel 1 from buffer address 9 and writes it to data register D0.

The next example shows how the 32-bit version of the instruction is used to read data from address 2 in the special function module. The instruction reads 4 double words starting at buffer address 8 and writes them to data registers D8 to D15.

The next example illustrates the use of the pulse triggered version, FROMP.Here the contents of the four buffer addresses 0–3areonlytransferredtodataregistersD10–D13whenthesig nal state of the input condition changes from “0” to “1”.

FX Beginners Manual 5–15

Compare Instructions More Advanced Programming

TO K0 K1 D0 K1

CMP D0 K100 M0

How to use the TO instruction

The TO instruction transfers data from the controller base unitto thebuffer of a special function module.Note that this is a copy operation, it does not changethe data inthe source location.

Ladder Diagram



쐃

Special function module address (0 to 7)

쐇

Starting address in buffer (FX FX

3UC: 0 to 32,766). You can use a constant or a data register containing the value.

쐋

Data source in the controller base unit

쐏

Number of data units to be transferred

1N: 0 to 31, FX2N,FX2NC,FX3G,FX3GC,FX3GE,FX3U and

In the example above the contents of data register D0 is copied to the buffer address 1 of spe cial function module number 0.

5.3 Compare Instructions

Checking the status of bit devices like inputs and relays can be achieved with basic logic instructions because these devices can only have two states, “0” and “1”. However, you will also often want to check the contents of word devices before doing something – for example switching on a cooling fan when a specified setpoint temperature is exceeded. The controllers of the MELSEC FX family provide a number of different ways to compare data.

Instruction List

0TO K0K1D0K1



5.3.1 The CMP instruction

CMP compares two numerical values, which can be constants or the contents of data registers. You can also compare the current values of timers and counters.Depending on the result of the comparison (greater than, less than or equal) one of three bit devices is set.

Ladder Diagram



쐃

Input condition

쐇

First value to be compared

쐋

Second value to be compared

쐏

First of three consecutive relays or outputs, which are set (signal status “1”) depending on the result of the comparison:

1. Device 1: ON if Value 1 > Value 2

2. Device 2: ON if Value 1 = Value 2

3. Device 3: ON if Value 1 < Value 2



Instruction List

0 LD ....



1 CMP D0 K100 M0



5–16 MITSUBISHI ELECTRIC

More Advanced Programming Compare Instructions

DCMP D0 D2 M0

CMP D20 K22 M20

M8000

RST Y000

M22

M20

SET Y000

In this example the CMP instruction controls relays M0, M1and M2.M0 is “1” if the contents of D0 is greater than 100; M1 is “1” if the contents of D0 isprecisely 100 and M2is “1” if D0 is less than 100.The state of the three bit devices is maintained even after the input condition has been switched off because their last state is stored.

To compare 32-bit data you just use DCMP instead of CMP:

Ladder Diagram

In the example above the contents of D0 and D1 are compared with the contents of D2 and D3. The handling of the three bit devices indicating theresult of the comparison is exactly the same as for the 16-bit version of the instruction.

Application example

It is easy to create a two-point control loop with the CMP instruction:

Ladder Diagram

Instruction List

0 LD ....

1DCMPD0D2M0

Instruction List

0 LD M8000 1 CMP D20 K22 M20 8LD M20 9 RST Y000 10 LD M22 11 SET Y0001

In this example the CMP instruction isexecuted cyclically.M8000 is always “1” when the PLC is executing the program. Register D20 contains the value for the current room temperature. Constant K22 contains the setpoint value of 22°C. Relays M20 and M22 show when the temperature goes higher or lower than the setpoint. If the room is too warm output Y0 is switched off.If the temperature is too low M22 switches output Y0 on again. This output could be used to control a pump for adding hot water, for example.

FX Beginners Manual 5–17

Compare Instructions More Advanced Programming

>= D40 D50

D> D10 D250

5.3.2 Comparisons within logic operations

In the CMP instruction described in the last section the result of the comparison is stored in three bit devices. Often, however, you only want to execute an output instruction ora logic oper ation on the basis of the result of a comparison, and you generally won’t want to have to use three bit devices for this.You can achieve this with the “load compare” instructions and the AND and OR bitwise logic comparisons.

Comparison at the beginning of a logic operation

Ladder Diagram

Instruction List

0 LD>= D40 D50





쐃

Compare condition

쐇

First compare value

쐋

Second compare value

 

If the condition evaluates true the signal state after the comparison is set to “1”.A signal state of “0” shows that the comparison evaluated as false. The following comparisons are possible:

– Compare for "equals": = (value1=value2)

The output of the instruction is only set to "1" if the values of both devices are identical.

– Compare for "greater than": > (value1>value2)

The output of theinstruction is only set to "1" if thefirst value is greater than the second value.

– Compare for "less than": < (value1<value2)

The output of theinstruction is only set to "1" if thefirst value is smaller thanthe second value.

– Compare for "not equal": <> (value 1 <> value 2)

The output of the instruction is only set to "1" if the two values are not equal.

–

Compare for "less than or equal to": <= (value 1 울 value 2)

The output of the instruction is only set to "1" if the first value is less than or equal to the se cond value.

–

Compare for "greater than or equal to": >= (value 1 욷 value 2)

The output of the instruction is only set to "1" if the first value is greater than or equal to the second value.

To compare 32-bit data prefix a D (for double word) to the compare condition:

Ladder Diagram

Instruction List

0 LDD> D10 D250

This "D" specifies 32-bit data

5–18 MITSUBISHI ELECTRIC

Mitsubishi Electric FX2N, FX1S, FX1N, MELSEC FX, FX2NC Beginners Manual

Specifications and Main Features

Frequently Asked Questions

User Manual

Safety Guidelines

Contents

1 Introduction

1.1 About this Manual

1.2 More Information

2 Programmable Logic Controllers

2.1 What is a PLC?

2.2 How PLCs Process Programs

2.3 The MELSEC FX Family

2.4 Selecting the Right Controller

2.5 Controller Design

2.5.1 Input and output circuits

2.5.2 Layout of the MELSEC FX1S base units

2.5.3 Layout of the MELSEC FX1N base units

2.5.5 Layout of the MELSEC FX2NC base units

2.5.7 Layout of the MELSEC FX3GC base units

2.5.9 Layout of the MELSEC FX3S base units

2.5.10 Layout of the MELSEC FX3U base units

2.5.12 PLC components glossary

3 An Introduction to Programming

3.1 Structure of a Program Instruction

3.2 Bits, Bytes and Words

3.3 Number Systems

3.4 The Basic Instruction Set

3.4.1 Starting logic operations

3.4.2 Outputting the result of a logic operation

3.4.3 Using switches and sensors

3.4.4 AND operations

3.4.5 OR operations

3.4.6 Instructions for connecting operation blocks

3.4.7 Pulse-triggered execution of operations

3.4.8 Setting and resetting devices

3.4.9 Storing, reading and deleting operation results

3.4.10 Generating pulses

3.4.11 Master control function (MC and MCR instructions)

3.4.12 Inverting the result of an operation

3.5 Safety First!

3.6 Programming PLC Applications

3.6.1 An alarm system

3.6.2 A rolling shutter gate

4 Devices in Detail

4.1 Inputs and Outputs

4.2 Relays

4.2.1 Special relays

4.3 Timers

4.4 Counters

4.5 Registers

4.5.1 Data registers

4.5.2 Special registers

4.5.3 File registers

4.6 Programming Tips for Timers and Counters

4.6.1 Specifying timer and counter setpoints indirectly

4.6.2 Switch-off delay

4.6.3 ON- and OFF-Delay

4.6.4 Clock signal generators

5 More Advanced Programming

5.1 Applied Instructions Reference

5.1.1 Entering applied instructions

5.2 Instructions for Moving Data

5.2.1 Moving individual values with the MOV instruction

5.2.2 Moving groups of bit devices

5.2.3 Moving blocks of data with the BMOV instruction

5.2.4 Copying source devices to multiple destinations (FMOV)

5.2.5 Exchanging data with special function modules

5.3 Compare Instructions

5.3.1 The CMP instruction

5.3.2 Comparisons within logic operations