User Guide
Amicon® Ultra-2
Centrifugal Filter Devices
for volumes up to 2 mL
For research use only;
not for use in diagnostic procedures.
Introduction
Amicon® Ultra-2 centrifugal lter devices provide fast ultraltration, with the capability for high concentration factors and easy
concentrate recovery from dilute and complex sample matrices. The vertical design and available membrane surface area provide
fast sample processing, high sample recovery (typically greater than 90% of dilute starting solution), and the capability for
50-fold concentration. Typical processing time is 10 to 60 minutes depending on Molecular Weight Cut O (MWCO). Solute
polarization and subsequent fouling of the membrane are minimized by the vertical design, and a physical deadstop in the lter
device prevents spinning to dryness and potential sample loss. Ecient recovery of the concentrated sample (retained species) is
achieved by a convenient reverse spin step after collecting the ltrate. The device can be spun in a swinging bucket or xed angle
rotor. Amicon® Ultra-2 devices are supplied non-sterile and are for single use only.
The Amicon® Ultra-2 product line includes 5 dierent cutos (Molecular Weight Cut O, MWCO). These devices are for
research use only and not for use in diagnostic procedures.
• Amicon® Ultra 3K device — 3,000 MWCO
• Amicon® Ultra 10K device — 10,000 MWCO
• Amicon® Ultra 30K device — 30,000 MWCO
• Amicon® Ultra 50K device — 50,000 MWCO
• Amicon® Ultra 100K device — 100,000 MWCO
Applications
• Concentration of biological samples containing antigens, antibodies, enzymes, nucleic acids (DNA/RNA samples, either
single- or double-stranded), microorganisms, column eluates, and puried samples
• Purication of macromolecular components found in tissue culture extracts and cell lysates, removal of primer, linkers, or
molecular labels from a reaction mix, and protein removal prior to HPLC
• Desalting, buer exchange, or dialtration
Materials Supplied
Filter Device
10K
4
00
3
00
2
00
00
1
Filtrate
collection
tube
20
Concentrate
collection
tube
Amicon® Ultra-2 Centrifugal Filter Devices
The Amicon® Ultra-2 device is supplied with two tubes. During
operation, one tube is used to collect ltrate; the other to cap
the device during concentration and subsequently to recover the
concentrated sample.
1
Required Equipment
10K
4
3
00
00
Centrifuge with swinging bucket or xed angle rotor with wells/carriers that can accommodate 17 mm × 100 mm tubes (same
well/carrier size as for Amicon® Ultra-4 devices and the former Centricon® device).
CAUTION: To avoid damage to the device during centrifugation, make sure it is properly assembled and seated at the bottom of
the rotor. The rim of the concentrate collection tube should be inside the rotor well. Check clearance before spinning.
Suitability
Preliminary recovery and retention studies are suggested to ensure suitability for intended use. See the “How to Quantify
Recoveries” section.
Device Storage
Store at room temperature.
Prerinsing
The ultraltration membranes in Amicon® Ultra-2 devices contain trace amounts of glycerine. If this material interferes with
analysis, pre-rinse the device with buer or Milli-Q® water. If interference continues, rinse with 0.1 N NaOH followed by a second
spin of buer or Milli-Q® water.
CAUTION: Do not allow the membrane in Amicon® Ultra lter devices to dry out once wet. If you are not using the device
immediately after pre-rinsing, leave uid on the membrane until the device is used.
How to Use Amicon® Ultra-2 Centrifugal Filter Devices
1. Insert the Amicon® Ultra-2 device into the ltrate collection tube, making sure that the device is fully seated in the tube.
2. Add up to 2 mL of sample to the device and cover with concentrate collection tube. Push the tube rmly onto the device.
WARNING: Failure to fully seat the device in the ltrate collection tube and push the concentrate collection tube rmly onto
the device may result in the device breaking during centrifugation. See gure below.
10K
4
10K
4
00
3
00
2
00
00
1
20
Add sample
00
3
00
2
00
00
1
20
Make sure both tubes are fully seated onto device
3. Place lter device into the centrifuge rotor with one membrane panel facing the center of the rotor (one panel facing up and the
other panel facing down). Make sure the device is seated on the bottom of the rotor well and that the rim of the concentrate
collection tube is completely inside the well. See gures below. Counterbalance with a similar device.
Concentrate tube
should be inside
10K
4
00
White membrane
3
00
panel facing
center of rotor
Orient device correctly in rotor
Rim of tube
Seat device fully in well
Spin to
concentrate
10K
4
00
3
00
2
00
00
1
20
4. Spin for approximately 10–60 minutes depending on the MWCO of the device used:
4,000 × g maximum when using a swinging bucket rotor
7,500 × g maximum when using a xed angle rotor
NOTE: When spinning viscous solutions such as undiluted serum or plasma, do not exceed 5,400 x g.
Refer to Figures 1 and 2 and Tables 2 and 3 for typical spin times.
5. Remove the assembled device from the centrifuge and separate the Amicon® Ultra lter device from the ltrate collection tube.
6. To recover the concentrated solute, invert the Amicon® Ultra lter device and concentrate collection tube. Place in centrifuge
and counterbalance with a similar device. Spin for 2 minutes at 1,000 × g to transfer the concentrated sample from the device
to the tube.
NOTE: For optimal recovery, perform the reverse spin immediately.
Amicon® Ultra-2 Centrifugal Filter Devices
2
20
1
00
00
2
00
3
00
4
10K
Spin to
recover
10K
4
00
3
00
2
00
00
1
20
Separate device
from ltrate tube
10K
4
00
3
00
2
00
00
1
20
Invert device and
concentrate tube
Filtrate
Concentrate
Desalting or Dialtration
Desalting, buer exchange, or dialtration are important methods for removing salts or solvents in solutions containing
biomolecules. The removal of salts or the exchange of buers can be accomplished in the Amicon® Ultra-2 device by concentrating
the sample, discarding the ltrate, then reconstituting the concentrate to the original sample volume with any desired solvent. The
process of “washing out” can be repeated until the concentration of the contaminating microsolute has been suciently reduced.
See example below.
Add 1.95 mL of
10 mM NaCl or
Spin to
concentrate
exchange buer
Spin to
concentrate
2 mL of
1 mg/mL
10K
protein in
4
00
3
00
100 mM NaCl
2
00
00
1
20
50 µL of
40 mg/mL
10K
protein in
4
00
3
00
100 mM NaCl
2
00
00
1
20
100 mM NaCl
10K
4
00
3
00
2
00
12.3 mM NaCl
00
1
20
2 mL of
1 mg/mL
protein in
12.3 mM NaCl
50 µL of
10K
4
00
40 mg/mL
3
00
2
00
protein in
00
1
20
12.3 mM NaCl
Performance - DNA Concentration
The Amicon® Ultra-2 30K device provides the best balance between PCR recovery and PCR primer removal for double-stranded
DNA for base pairs ranging from 137 to 1159.
Table 1. Typical Recovery of Nucleotides from the Amicon® Ultra-2 30K Device
Swinging Bucket Rotor 35° Fixed Angle Rotor
4,000 × g for 40 min
PCR
Product
(base
pairs)
137
1159
PCR
Primer
(bases)
10
20
48
10
20
48
PCR
Recovery
(%)
83
87
86
96
97
97
PCR
Primer
Removal
(%)
92
80
61
98
93
82
Voume
100 µL PCR diluted to 2,000 µL starting volume, n=6
Final
(µL)
44
43
41
35
39
37
7,500 × g, for 15 min
PCR
Recovery
(%)
PCR
Primer
Removal
(%)
78
75
78
95
93
95
93
86
67
98
93
82
Final
Volume
(µL)
27
22
25
26
26
27
Amicon® Ultra-2 Centrifugal Filter Devices
3
Performance - Protein Concentration
2
Flow Rate
Factors aecting ow rate include sample concentration, starting vol ume, chemical nature of solute, relative centrifugal force,
centrifuge rotor angle, membrane type, and temperature. Figures 1 and 2 and Tables 2 and 3 can be used to estimate the time
required to achieve a given volume of ltrate or concentrate for a variety of protein markers. A typical spin time for a 2 mL sample
in a xed angle rotor is approximately 10 to 60 minutes (depending on device nominal molecular weight limit). While most of
the sample is ltered in the rst 10 to 20 minutes of centrifugation, the lowest concentrate volume (30–70 μL) is reached after
spinning for 10 to 60 minutes.
Figure 1. Typical Filtrate Volume vs. Spin Time for Amicon® Ultra-2 Device, Swinging Bucket Rotor
2
1.5
3K
1
0.5
0
Filtrate Volume (mL)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Spin time (min)
Spin conditions: Swinging bucket rotor, 4,000 × g, room temperature, 2 mL starting volume.
Protein markers used: Cytochrome c for 3K and 10K, BSA for 30K and 50K, and IgG for 100K, n=8.
10K
30K
50K
100K
Figure 2. Typical Filtrate Volume vs. Spin Time for Amicon® Ultra-2 Device, Fixed Angle Rotor
1.5
3K
1
0.5
Filtrate Volume (mL)
0
0 10 2 0 30 40 5 0 6 0
10K
30K
50K
100K
Spin time (min)
Spin conditions: 35° xed angle rotor, 7,500 × g, room temperature, 2 mL starting volume.
Protein markers used: Cytochrome c for 3K and 10K, BSA for 30K and 50K, and IgG for 100K, n=8.
Amicon® Ultra-2 Centrifugal Filter Devices
4
Table 2. Typical Concentrate Volume / Concentration Factor vs. Spin Time, Swinging Bucket Rotor
3K device 10K device 30K device 50K device 100K device
Conc.
Conc.
Conc.
Conc.
Conc.
Conc.
Conc.
Conc.
Conc.
Spin Time
(min)
Volume
(μL)
Factor
(x)
Volume
(μL)
Factor
(x)
Volume
(μL)
Factor
(x)
Volume
(μL)
Factor
(x)
Volume
(μL)
Conc.
Factor
(x)
5 281 7 91 22 1070 2
10 880 2 190 11 71 27 47 42 523 4
15 96 21 52 38 44 47 167 12
20 317 7 65 31 43 46 38 52 65 31
30 147 30 48 42 39 51 38 53 37 53
40 102 20 44 45
60 55 32
Spin conditions: Swinging bucket rotor, 4,000 × g, room temperature, 2 mL starting volume.
Protein markers used: Cytochrome c for 3K and 10K, BSA for 30K and 50K, and IgG for 100K, n=8.
Shaded volumes were used for the calculation of protein recovery in Table 5.
Table 3. Typical Concentrate Volume/Concentration Factor v. Spin Time, Fixed Angle Rotor
3K device 10K device 30K device 50K device 100K device
Spin
Time
(min)
Conc.
Volume
(μL)
Conc.
Factor
(x)
Conc.
Volume
(μL)
Conc.
Factor
(x)
Conc.
Volume
(μL)
Conc.
Factor
(x)
Conc.
Volume
(μL)
Conc.
Factor
(x)
Conc.
Volume
(μL)
Conc.
Factor
(x)
5 137 15 80 25 879 2
10 731 3 101 21 51 39 30 71 203 10
15 60 33 37 57 22 90 61 34
20 215 10 39 51 24 85 21 99 32 63
30 106 19 25 80 20 101 18 89 17 115
40 70 29 23 87
60 45 45
Spin conditions: 35° fixed angle rotor, 7,500 × g, room temperature, 2 mL starting volume.
Protein markers used: Cytochrome c for 3K and 10K, BSA for 30K and 50K, and IgG for 100K, n=8.
Shaded volumes were used for the calculation of protein recovery in Table 5.
Amicon® Ultra-2 Centrifugal Filter Devices
5
Protein Retention and Concentrate Recovery
The membranes used in Amicon® Ultra devices are characterized by a molecular weight cut o (MWCO); that is, their ability to
retain molecules above a specied molecular weight. Solutes with molecular weights close to the MWCO may be only partially
retained. Membrane retention depends on the solute’s molecular size and shape. For most applications, molecular weight is a
convenient parameter to use in assessing retention characteristics. We recommend using a membrane with a MWCO at least two
times smaller than the molecular weight of the protein solute that one intends to concentrate. Refer to Table 4.
Table 4. Typical Retention of Protein Markers
Marker/Concentration
Molecular
Weight
Device
MWCO
% Retention
Swinging Bucket
Spin
Time
(min)
% Retention
Fixed Angle
Spin
Time
(min)
α-Chymotrypsinogen (1 mg/mL) 25,000 3K 9 9 60 99 60
Cytochrome c (0.25 mg/mL) 12,400 100 100
Vitamin B-12 (0.2 mg/mL) 1,350 6 8
α-Chymotrypsinogen (1 mg/mL) 25,000 10K 99 30 99 20
Cytochrome c (0.25 mg/mL) 12,400 100 100
Vitamin B-12 (0.2 mg/mL) 1,350 10 9
BSA (1 mg/mL) 67,000 30K 100 20 100 15
Ovalbumin (1 mg/mL) 45,000 97 97
Cytochrome c (0.25 mg/mL) 12,400 16 15
BSA (1 mg/mL) 67,000 50K 97 15 100 10
Ovalbumin (1 mg/mL) 45,000 50 60
Cytochrome c (0.25 mg/mL) 12,400 9 17
Thyroglobulin (0.5 mg/mL) 677,000 100K 94 30 94 20
IgG (1 mg/mL) 156,000 95 95
Ovalbumin (1 mg/mL) 45,000 12 13
Spin Conditions: Swinging bucket rotor, 4,000 × g, or 35° xed angle rotor, 7,500 × g, 2 mL starting volume,
room temperature, n=12.
Factors that determine sample recovery include the nature of the protein solute relative to the device MWCO chosen, starting
concentration, and concentration factor. Table 5 provides typical recoveries for Amicon® Ultra-2 devices.
Table 5. Typical Concentrate Recovery
Marker/
Concentration
Cytochrome c
(0.25 mg/mL)
Cytochrome c
(0.25 mg/mL)
Spin Time
Device
MWCO
(min)
Swinging
Bucket
Fixed
Angle
3K 60 60 55 45 32 45 97 96
10K 30 20 48 39 42 51 98 98
Concentrate
Volume (µL)
Swinging
Bucket
Fixed
Angle
Concentration
Factor (x)
Swinging
Bucket
Fixed
Angle
Concentrate
Recovery (%)
Swinging
Bucket
Fixed
Angle
BSA (1 mg/mL) 30K 20 15 43 37 46 57 94 94
BSA (1 mg/mL) 50K 15 10 44 30 47 71 93 87
IgG (1 mg/mL) 100K 30 20 37 32 53 63 88 90
Spin Conditions: Swinging bucket rotor, 4,000 × g, or 35° xed angle rotor, 7,500 × g, 2 mL starting
volume, room temperature, n=8.
Maximizing Sample Recovery
Low sample recovery in the concentrate may be due to adsorptive losses, over-concentration, or passage of sample through
the membrane.
• Adsorptive losses depend upon solute concentration, its hydrophobic nature, temperature and time of contact with lter device
surfaces, sample composition, and pH. To minimize losses, remove concentrated samples immediately after centrifugal spin.
• If starting sample concentration is high, monitor the centrifugation process in order to avoid overconcentration of the sample.
Over-concentration can lead to precipitation and potential sample loss.
• If the sample appears to be passing through the membrane, choose a lower MWCO Amicon® Ultra-2 device.
Amicon® Ultra-2 Centrifugal Filter Devices
6
How to Quantify Recoveries
Calculate total recovery, percent concentrate recovery, and percent ltrate recovery using the method below. The procedure
provides a close approximation of recoveries for solutions having concentrations up to roughly 20 mg/mL.
NOTE: Appropriate assay techniques include absorption spectrophotometry, radioimmunoassay, refractive index, and
conductivity.
Direct Weighing Procedure
The density of most dilute proteins is nearly equal to the density of water (i.e., 1 g/mL). Using this property, the concentrate and
ltrate volumes can be quantied by weighing them and converting the units from grams to milliliters. This technique is valid only
for solutions with concentrations of approximately 20 mg/mL or less.
1. Separately weigh the empty lter device, ltrate collection tube, and concentrate collection tube before use.
2. Fill lter device with solution and reweigh.
3. Assemble device in ltrate collection tube and centrifuge per instructions.
4. Collect the concentrate by reverse spin into the pre-weighed concentrate collection tube.
5. Remove the device from the concentrate collection tube and weigh the ltrate and concentrate collection tubes.
6. Subtract weight of empty device/tubes to calculate weights of starting material, ltrate, and concentrate.
7. Assay the starting material, ltrate, and concentrate to determine solute concentration.
8. Calculate recoveries using the weight/volume data and the measured concentrations as follows:
% concentrate recovery = 100 × Wc x C
Wo x C
% ltrate recovery = 100 × Wf x C
Wo x C
c
o
f
o
% total recovery = % concentrate recovery + % ltrate recovery
Wc = total weight of concentrate before assay
Wo = weight of original starting material
Wf = weight of ltrate
Cc = concentrate concentration
Co = original starting material concentration
Cf = ltrate concentration
Amicon® Ultra-2 Centrifugal Filter Devices
7
Specications
Maximum initial sample volume 2.0 mL
Typical nal concentrate volume 30–70 µL depending on MWCO
Maximum relative centrifugal force
Swinging bucket rotor 4,000 × g for concentration spin,
Fixed angle rotor 7,500 × g for concentration spin,
1,000 × g for recovery spin
1,000 × g for recovery spin
NOTE: When spinning viscous solutions such as
undiluted serum or plasma, do not exceed 5,400 x g.
Active membrane area 1 cm
2
Hold-up volume < 5 μL
Dimensions
Filter device and tube
Length (concentration mode; device in ltrate tube): 119.7 mm (4.71 in.)
Length (recovery spin; device upside down in concentrate tube): 95.3 mm (3.75 in.)
Filter device Diameter: 15.9 mm (0.63 in.) Length: 70.7 mm (2.78 in.)
Filtrate tube Diameter: 13.8 mm (0.54 in.) Length: 52.9 mm (2.08 in.)
Concentrate tube Diameter: 13.7 mm (0.54 in.) Length: 34.5 mm (1.36 in.)
Materials of Construction
Filter device Copolymer styrene/butadiene
Membrane Ultracel® low-binding regenerated cellulose
Collection tubes Polypropylene
Amicon® Ultra-2 Centrifugal Filter Devices
8
Chemical Compatibility
Amicon® Ultra centrifugal devices are intended for use with biological uids and aqueous solutions. Before use, check the sample
for chemical compatibility with the device.
Table 6. Chemical Compatibility of Amicon® Ultra Filter Devices.
Acids Concentration Concentration
Acetic acid ≤ 50%* Phosphoric acid ≤ 30%
Formic acid ≤ 5%* Sulfamic acid ≤ 3%
Hydrochloric acid ≤ 1.0 M Sulfuric acid ≤ 3%
Lactic acid ≤ 50% Trichloroacetic acid (TCA) ≤ 10%*
Nitric acid ≤ 10% Triuoroacetic acid (TFA) ≤ 30%*
Alkalis
Ammonium hydroxide ≤ 10% Sodium hydroxide ≤ 0.5 M
Alcohols
n-Butanol ≤ 70% Isopropanol ≤ 70%
Ethanol ≤ 70% Methanol ≤ 60%
Detergents
Alconox® detergent ≤ 1%
CHAPS detergent ≤ 0.1% Tergazyme® detergent ≤ 1%
Lubrol® PX detergent ≤ 0.1% Triton® X-100 surfactant ≤ 0.1%
Nonidet™ P-40 surfactant ≤ 2% Tween® 20 surfactant ≤ 0.1%
Sodium deoxycholate ≤ 5%
Organic solvents
Acetone Not recommended Ethyl acetate Not recommended
Acetonitrile ≤ 20% Formaldehyde ≤ 5%
Benzene Not recommended Pyridine Not recommended
Carbon tetrachloride Not recommended Tetrahydrofuran Not recommended
Chloroform Not recommended Toluene Not recommended
Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) ≤ 5%*
Miscellaneous
Ammonium sulfate Saturated Phenol ≤ 1%
Diethyl pyrocarbonate ≤ 0.2% Phosphate buer (pH 8.2) ≤ 1 M
Dithiothreitol (DTT) ≤ 0.1 M Polyethylene glycol ≤ 10%
Glycerine ≤ 70% Sodium carbonate ≤ 20%
Guanidine HCl ≤ 6 M Tris buer (pH 8.2) ≤ 1 M
Imidazole ≤ 100 mM Urea ≤ 8 M
Mercaptoethanol ≤ 0.1 M
* Contact with this chemical may cause materials to leach out of the component parts. Solvent blanks are recommended
to determine whether leachables represent potential assay interferences.
Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) ≤ 0.1%
Amicon® Ultra-2 Centrifugal Filter Devices
9
Product Ordering Information
This section lists the catalogue numbers for Amicon® Ultra Ultraltration Devices. See the Technical Assistance section for contact
information. You can purchase these products on-line at www.sigmaaldrich.com/products.
MWCO
3K
10K
10K
IVD*
30K
50K
100K
* Amicon® Ultra-4 and -15 10K devices are for in vitro diagnostic (IVD) use. All other devices are for research use only.
Qty/
pk
8
24
96
500
8
24
96
500
8
24
96
8
24
96
500
8
24
96
500
8
24
96
500
Amicon®
Ultra-0.5
device
UFC500308
UFC500324
UFC500396
UFC5003BK
UFC501008
UFC501024
UFC501096
UFC5010BK
UFC503008
UFC503024
UFC503096
UFC5030BK
UFC505008
UFC505024
UFC505096
UFC5050BK
UFC510008
UFC510024
UFC510096
UFC5100BK
Amicon®
Ultra-2
device
UFC200324
UFC201024
UFC203024
UFC205024
UFC210024
Amicon®
Ultra-4
device
UFC800308
UFC800324
UFC800396
UFC801008
UFC801024
UFC801096
UFC801008D
UFC801024D
UFC801096D
UFC803008
UFC803024
UFC803096
UFC805008
UFC805024
UFC805096
UFC810008
UFC810024
UFC810096
Amicon®
Ultra-15
device
UFC900308
UFC900324
UFC900396
UFC901008
UFC901024
UFC901096
UFC901008D
UFC901024D
UFC901096D
UFC903008
UFC903024
UFC903096
UFC905008
UFC905024
UFC905096
UFC910008
UFC910024
UFC910096
Amicon® Ultra-2 Centrifugal Filter Devices
10
Notice
We provide information and advice to our customers on application technologies and regulatory matters to the best of our
knowledge and ability, but without obligation or liability. Existing laws and regulations are to be observed in all cases by our
customers. This also applies in respect to any rights of third parties. Our information and advice do not relieve our customers of
their own responsibility for checking the suitability of our products for the envisaged purpose.
Contact Information
For the location of the oce nearest you, go to www.sigmaaldrich.com/oces.
Technical Assistance
Visit the tech service page on our web site at www.sigmaaldrich.com/techservice.
Standard Warranty
The applicable warranty for the products listed in this publication may be found at www.sigmaaldrich.com/terms (“Conditions of
Sale”).
The vibrant M, Millipore, Amicon, Milli-Q, and Ultracel are trademarks of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany, or its aliates. All
other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. Detailed information on trademarks is available via publicly
accessible resources.
©2019 Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany and/or its aliates. All rights reserved.
PR05484, Rev. 02/19
The life science business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
operates as MilliporeSigma in the U.S. and Canada.
Amicon® Ultra-2 Centrifugal Filter Devices
11
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