Maxon MA-2010 User Manual

Smartmax Manual 8.0
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Smartmax Manual 8.0
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 CONTACT INFORMATION ............................................................................................. 1-- 6 -
2 RF EXPOSURE AND ELECTRICAL SAFETY COMPLIANCE ............................................. 2-- 7 -
3 REVISION HISTORY ......................................................................................................3-- 10 -
4 SMARTMAX USER MANUAL ........................................................................................4-- 11 -
5 INTRODUCTION ...........................................................................................................5-- 12 -
6 HARDWARE ..................................................................................................................6-- 16 -
6.2.1 RS-485 ............................................................................................................ 6-- 17 -
6.2.2 RS-232 ............................................................................................................ 6-- 18 -
6.2.3 mini USB (for debugging) ........................................................................... 6-- 19 -
6.2.4 I/O Interface – PIN Description ................................................................. 6-- 19 -
6.2.5 Power – Molex Connector (7 to 34 VDC) ............................................... 6-- 20 -
6.3.1 Reset .............................................................................................................. 6-- 21 -
6.3.2 LAN ................................................................................................................. 6-- 22 -
6.3.3 SIM Card ....................................................................................................... 6-- 22 -
6.3.4 3G FME Male Antenna Connector .......................................................... 6-- 22 -
7 SPECIFICATIONS .........................................................................................................7-- 23 -
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8 PROTOCOLS & ENCRYPTIONS ....................................................................................8-- 29 -
9 WEB INTERFACE ...........................................................................................................9-- 37 -
9.1.1 Status ............................................................................................................. 9-- 38 -
9.1.2 LAN ................................................................................................................. 9-- 40 -
9.1.3 WAN ............................................................................................................... 9-- 41 -
9.1.4 Password ....................................................................................................... 9-- 50 -
9.1.5 Log Out ......................................................................................................... 9-- 51 -
9.1.6 Save & Reboot ............................................................................................ 9-- 51 -
9.2.1 Dynamic DNS ............................................................................................... 9-- 52 -
9.2.2 DMZ ................................................................................................................ 9-- 53 -
9.2.3 IP Filtering ...................................................................................................... 9-- 54 -
9.2.4 MAC Filtering ................................................................................................ 9-- 56 -
9.2.5 Port forwarding ............................................................................................ 9-- 58 -
9.2.6 VPN ................................................................................................................ 9-- 59 -
9.2.7 Ping Tool ........................................................................................................ 9-- 61 -
9.2.8 SNMP .............................................................................................................. 9-- 62 -
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9.2.9 Setting SNMP Agent .................................................................................... 9-- 64 -
9.2.10 SNMP Custom MIB .................................................................................. 9-- 66 -
9.2.11 IP Stack ..................................................................................................... 9-- 68 -
9.3.1 AT .................................................................................................................... 9-- 70 -
9.3.2 Backup (Save/Reload) .............................................................................. 9-- 72 -
9.3.3 System Logs .................................................................................................. 9-- 74 -
9.3.4 Time Zone...................................................................................................... 9-- 75 -
9.3.5 System ........................................................................................................... 9-- 77 -
9.3.6 Upgrade Firmware ...................................................................................... 9-- 79 -
9.4.1 Status ............................................................................................................. 9-- 81 -
9.4.2 I/O Automation ........................................................................................... 9-- 82 -
9.4.3 Digital I/O Scheduler .................................................................................. 9-- 84 -
9.4.4 Digital I/O Web Automation ..................................................................... 9-- 84 -
9.4.5 Output Pulse ................................................................................................. 9-- 86 -
9.4.6 SMS Output ................................................................................................... 9-- 88 -
9.4.7 SMS Input ...................................................................................................... 9-- 89 -
9.4.8 SMS Analog .................................................................................................. 9-- 90 -
9.4.9 SMS Pulse ...................................................................................................... 9-- 94 -
9.5.1 Analogue Input Points ................................................................................ 9-- 95 -
9.5.2 Binary Input Points ....................................................................................... 9-- 98 -
9.5.3 Binary Output Points ................................................................................. 9-- 101 -
9.5.4 Counter Points ........................................................................................... 9-- 103 -
9.5.5 Internal Points ............................................................................................. 9-- 106 -
9.7.1 Binary Event Variation .............................................................................. 9-- 113 -
9.7.2 Integer Event Variation ............................................................................ 9-- 113 -
9.7.3 Float Event Variation ................................................................................ 9-- 114 -
9.7.4 Counter Event Variation .......................................................................... 9-- 114 -
9.7.5 Frozen Counter Event Variation ............................................................. 9-- 115 -
9.7.6 Class Max. Events ...................................................................................... 9-- 115 -
9.7.7 Class Max. Delays ..................................................................................... 9-- 115 -
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9.8.1 Network Type ............................................................................................. 9-- 116 -
9.8.2 IP Address of DNP3 Master ...................................................................... 9-- 117 -
9.8.3 Validate UDP Source Address ................................................................ 9-- 117 -
9.8.4 TCP Listen Port Number ............................................................................ 9-- 117 -
9.8.5 Local UDP Port Number ........................................................................... 9-- 117 -
9.8.6 Initial UDP Unsolicited Port Number ....................................................... 9-- 118 -
10 Additional Information .................................................................................. 10-- 119 -
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1 CONTACT INFORMATION
In keeping with Maxon's dedicated customer support policy, we encourage you to
contact us.
TECHNICAL:
Hours of Operation: Monday to Friday 8.30am to 5.30pm*
Telephone: +61 2 8707 3000
Facsimile: +61 2 8707 3001
Email: support@maxon.com.au * Public holidays excluded
SALES:
Hours of Operation: Monday to Friday 8.30am to 5.30pm*
Telephone: +61 2 8707 3000
Facsimile: +61 2 8707 3001
Email: sales@maxon.com.au * Public holidays excluded
WEBSITE: www.maxon.com.au
Maxon has also added for the benefit of developers and integrators, a forum on our
website that can be accessed to discuss this product and/or technical matters in
relation to your applications. All questions raised within this portal will be answered.
FORUM: www.maxon.com.au/forum
ADDRESS:
Maxon Australia Pty Ltd
36a Gibson Avenue, Padstow
Sydney, NSW, Australia 2211
POSTAL ADDRESS:
Maxon Australia Pty Ltd
Po Box 1, Revesby North,
Sydney, NSW Australia 2212
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2 RF EXPOSURE AND ELECTRICAL SAFETY
COMPLIANCE
The use of this device in any other type of host configuration may not comply with the
RF exposure requirements and should be avoided. During operation, a 20 cm
separation distance should be maintained between the antenna, whether extended or
retracted, and the user’s/bystander’s body (excluding hands, wrists, feet, and ankles) to
ensure RF exposure compliance. The modem is not designed for, nor intended to be,
used in applications within 20 cm (8 inches) of the body of the user. Continued
compliance of the equipment relies upon it being used with an AS/NZS 60950.1
approved SELV power supply.
2.1 Caution
Change or modification without the express consent of Maxon Australia Pty. Ltd. voids
the user’s authority to use the equipment. These limits are designed to provide
reasonable protection against harmful interference in an appropriate installation. The
modem is a transmitting device with similar output power to a mobile phone. This
equipment generates, uses, and can radiate radio frequency energy and, if not used in
accordance with instructions, can cause harmful radiation to radio communication.
Use only the supplied or an approved antenna. Unauthorized antennas, modifications,
or attachments could impair call quality, damage the device, or result in violation of RF
exposure regulations.
However, there is no guarantee that interference will not occur in a particular
installation. If the equipment does cause harmful interference in radio and television
reception, which can be determined by turning the equipment on and off, the user is
encouraged to try to correct the interference by one or more of the following
measures:
Re-orient or relocate the receiving radio or TV antenna Increase the separation distance between the equipment and the receiver Contact Maxon Australia Technical Support for assistance.
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2.2 General Safety
RF Interference Issues: Avoid possible radio frequency (RF) interference by carefully
following safety guidelines below:
Switch OFF the Modem when in an aircraft. The use of cellular telephones in
aircraft is illegal. It may endanger the operation of the aircraft and/or disrupt the
cellular network. Failure to observe this instruction may lead to suspension or
denial of cellular services to the offender, legal action, or both.
Switch OFF the Modem in the vicinity of gasoline or diesel fuel pumps or before
filling a vehicle with fuel.
Switch OFF the Modem in hospitals and any other place where medical
equipment may be in use.
Respect restrictions on the use of radio equipment in fuel depots, chemical
plants, or in areas of blasting operations.
There may be a hazard associated with the operation of your Modem in the
vicinity of inadequately protected personal medical devices such as hearing
aids and pacemakers. Please consult the manufacturers of the medical device
to determine if it is adequately protected.
Operation of the Modem in the vicinity of other electronic equipment may
cause interference if the equipment is inadequately protected. Observe any
warning signs and manufacturers’ recommendations.
The modem contains sensitive electronic circuitry. Do not expose the modem to
any liquids, high temperatures or shock. The modem is not waterproof. Please
keep it dry and store it in a cool, dry place.
Only use original accessories or accessories that are authorized by the
manufacturer. Using unauthorized accessories may affect your modem’s
performance, damage your modem and violate related national regulations.
Always handle the modem with care. There are no user serviceable parts inside
the modem. Unauthorised dismantling or repair of the modem will void the
warranty.
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2.3 Vehicle Safety
Do not use the Modem while driving. Respect national regulations on the use of cellular telephones in vehicles. Road
safety always comes first.
If incorrectly installed in a vehicle, the operation of the Modem could interfere
with the correct functioning of vehicle electronics. To avoid such problems, be
sure that the installation has been performed by qualified personnel.
Verification of the protection of vehicle electronics should be part of the
installation.
Note: The user is cautioned that changes or modifications not expressly approved by
Maxon Australia could void the warrantee.
2.4 Potentially Unsafe Areas
Posted Facilities: Turn off this device in any facility or area when posted notices require
you to do so.
Blasting Areas: Turn off your device where blasting is in progress. Observe restrictions
and follow any regulations or rules.
Potentially Explosive Atmospheres: Turn off your device when you are in any area with a
potentially explosive atmosphere. Obey all signs and instructions. Sparks in such areas
could cause an explosion or fire, resulting in bodily injury or death.
Areas with a potentially explosive atmosphere are often but not always clearly marked.
They include:
fuelling areas such as gas or petrol stations below deck on boats transfer or storage facilities for fuel or chemicals vehicles using liquefied petroleum gas, such as propane or butane areas when the air contains chemicals or particles such as grain, dust or metal
powders
avoid using the modem in areas that emit electromagnetic waves or enclosed
metallic structures e.g. lifts.
any other area where you would normally be advised to turn off your engine
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3 REVISION HISTORY
Product
Smartmax M2M HSPA Smart Modem Solution
Model
MA-2010
Document Type
FDS
Current Version Number
8.0
Status of the Document
Public Release
Revision Date
July 2013
Total Number of Pages
100
- Revision History
Level
Date
History
1.0
Sep 2010
Internal/Public Release Version
2.0
Feb 2011
Public Release Version
3.0
April 2012
SIM PIN enable/Disable- Under WAN page
Available Network Search – Under WAN page
Advanced Port forwarding – Under Advanced
Output pulse - Under Expansion Board
Multiple output change via one sms
6.0
December 2012
Updated SMS Analog page
7.0
April 2013
Updated screenshots and cleaned up
8.0
July 2013
Major clean up and addition of new screenshots for improvements to Output SMS, Input SMS 6 numbers, IO Automation url and turn on by SMS
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4 SMARTMAX USER MANUAL
All data and information contained in or disclosed by this document are confidential
and proprietary information of Maxon Australia, and all rights therein are expressly
reserved. By accepting this material, the recipient agrees that this material and the
information contained therein are held in confidence and in trust and will not be used,
copied, reproduced in whole or in part, nor its contents revealed in any manner to
others without the express written permission of Maxon Australia. This information
provided in this document is provided on an “as is” basis.
In no event will Maxon Australia be liable for any damages arising directly or indirectly
from any use of information contained in this document. Information in this document is
preliminary and subjected to change without any notice.
4.1 Disclaimers
Life support – This product is not designed for use in life support appliances or systems
where malfunction of these products can reasonably be expected to result in personal
injury.
Maxon Australia customers using or selling these products for use in such applications
do so at their own risk and agree to fully indemnify Maxon Australia for any damages
resulting from such application.
Right to make change - Maxon Australia reserves the right to make changes, without
notice, in the products, including circuits and software, described or contained herein
in order to improve design and/or performance.
This document is the sole and exclusive property of Maxon Australia. Not to be distributed or divulged without prior written agreement.
36A Gibson Ave
Padstow NSW 2211
Australia
URL: www.maxon.com.au
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5 INTRODUCTION
5.1 Overview
Breaking the industry benchmark, the top-of-the range Smartmax is a unique and
intelligent fusion of 3G capabilities with advanced functionality of a modem/router,
complete with built-in DNP3; all encased in a durable & robust metal casing.
The Smartmax has an array of industrial connectivity options, including RS232, RS485 &
USB ports. DNP3 protocol and HSPA wireless connectivity to ensure local, national and
international remote access via VPN, DDNS & FTP features.
Complete with SCADA functionality capabilities, the Smartmax can power up simple to
advanced M2M applications, enabling secure and two-way communications for
remote monitoring, control, management and reporting. Designed for reliable field
performance and functionalities, the Smartmax allow solutions to deliver rapid, cost-
effective deployment for any telemetry environments.
With the additional I/O Board, the Smartmax transforms into a standalone RTU (Remote
Terminal Unit), being an all-in-one solution to streamline your data telemetry to the next
generation.
This document is the sole and exclusive property of Maxon Australia. Not to be distributed or divulged without prior written agreement.
36A Gibson Ave
Padstow NSW 2211
Australia
URL: www.maxon.com.au
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5.2 Smartmax Features
General Features
HSPA Wireless Module Em-770w PCI (7.2Mbps downlink, 2Mbps uplink) Supports Packet and Circuit Switched Data Built in Web Interface USB, RS232 and RS485 connection 2 Way SMS Remote SMS diagnostics & reset Embedded TCP/IP, UDP/IP STACK In-built periodic reset External DC Powered Support VPN Server and Client Mode Dynamic DNS Supports DNP3 (Outstation) using extension I/O board. Rugged Metal Casing for industrial use Programmable periodic reset Programmable scheduler to control WAN connection Telnet support Save and restore modem configuration from a file FOTA - Firmware upgrade over the air External antenna connectivity to maximise HSPA coverage External LED to show Network and Connection status
Frequency Bands
WCDMA/HSPA 850MHz, 1900MHz, 2100MHz GSM/GPRS/EDGE 850MHz, 900MHz, 1800MHz and 1900MHz
Data Speeds
WCDMA PS: UL 384 Kbps / DL 384 Kbps WCDMA CS: UL 64 Kbps / DL 64 Kbps GPRS/EDGE: UL 236 Kbps / DL 236 Kbps GSM CS: UL 9.6 Kbps / DL 9.6 Kbps
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Environmental Specifications
Normal Operation Temperature -20 to 60° C Extreme Operation Temperature -25 to 75° C
Dimensions
93mm x 150mm x 25mm (without side brackets and antenna)
Connections
RS232 Connection RS485 Connection USB Connection SIM Card Holder I/O Port External Power Connection (Molex) Diagnostics Antenna connector: FME male
Mounting
Side mounting brackets
LED Lights
Power Data RX TX
Module Approvals
GCF PTCRB CE FCC ACA
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Carrier Approvals* - (Please contact Maxon Australia for more information)
Compliance
RoHS Compliant
Power Source
DC Input Voltage Range: 7 to 34 VDC Idle Current @ 12V: 30mA Maximum Current @ 12V: 200mA
Operating Systems
Microsoft Windows, Mac OS, Linux, Win CE
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6 HARDWARE
6.1 Front Panel
LED
DISPLAY
DESCRIPTION
Power
ON
Indicates main power is ON
OFF
Indicates main power is OFF
Data
Solid ON
Indicates signal is good (RSSI ≥ -90 dBm)
1200ms ON and 1200ms OFF
Indicates signal is marginal (-91dBm ≥ RSSI
-105 dBm)
2500ms OFF and 100ms ON
Indicates signal is poor (RSSI -105dBm)
2500ms ON and 100ms OFF
Indicates Packet Data connection mode
100ms ON and 100ms OFF
Indicates Circuit Switched connection mode with data communication
[Table 1: LED Display]
* Please note that in Modem Router Mode the Data LED will always be off.
LEDs
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6.2 Side Panel (Left)
6.2.1 RS-485
[Table: RS-485]
ITEM
DESCRIPTION
TX-
Inverting RS-485/422 Driver Output
TX+
Non-inverting RS-485/422 Driver Output
RX-
Inverting RS-485/422 Receiver Input
RX+
Non-inverting RS-485/422 Receiver Input
Input voltage range
-7V~+12V
Input resistance
96KΩ
Minimum driver output range
+-1.5V
Maximum driver output range
+-5V
Output short-circuit current
+-250mA
1 2 3 4 5
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6.2.2 RS-232
[Table: RS-232]
PIN
ITEM
DESCRIPTION
1
DCD
The On condition on this signal line, as sent by the MT2, informs TE2 that it is receiving a carrier signal from the remote TE2 that meets its criteria.
2
RXD
Receiving serial data signal to TE2
3
TXD
Sending serial data signal from TE2
4
GND
Ground
5
VCC
Power supply for the modem (7 ~ 34) VDC power output
6
DSR
This signal, in conjunction with DTR, indicates equipment readiness. DSR is turned ON by the MT2 to indicate to the TE2 it is ready to receive or transmit data.
7
RTS
The signal is turned ON by the TE2 to indicate now it is ready to receive data. (In the case of Hardware flow control)
8
CTS
The signal is turned ON by the MT2 to indicate now it is ready to transmit data. (In the case of Hardware flow control)
9
RESET
This input will reboot the Smartmax. Active Low
10
RI
The ring indicator is turned on by the MT2. Module informs TE2 of incoming voice or data calls.
11
Console_TXD
Console/diagnostics - Sending serial data
12
Console_RXD
Console/diagnostics - Receiving serial data
13
DTR
This is a signal turned ON by the TE2 to indicate to the MT2 that it is connected to the line
14
GND
Ground
15
Cable detect
Indicate assembling a cable
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6.2.3 mini USB (for debugging)
6.2.4 I/O Interface – PIN Description
Pin
Name
Direction
Electrical spec
1
VDD33
Output
3.3VDC / Max. 100mA
2
VDD33
Output
3.3VDC / Max. 100mA
3
ANALOG2
Input
0~12V
4
GND
Ground
- 5 ANALOG1
Input
0~20mA/0~5V/0~10V
6
GND
Ground
- 7 ANALOG0
Input
0~20mA/0~5V/0~10V
8
GND
Ground
- 9 INPUT5
Input
High:2.5~4V Low: 0~0.9V
10
INPUT6
Input
High:2.5~4V Low: 0~0.9V
11
INPUT4
Input
High:2.5~4V Low: 0~0.9V
12
OUTPUT0
Output
High:3.3V Low: 0V
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[Table: I/O Interface]
6.2.5 Power – Molex Connector (7 to 34 VDC)
DC Input Voltage
+ 7 ~ +34 [VDC]
Internal Voltage
+1.8, +2.5, +3.3, +5 [VDC]
Maximum Current
450 [mA] @ 12[VDC]
Operating Current Standby
PKT Data Connection
45 [mA] @ 12 [VDC]
150 [mA] @ 12 [VDC]
[Table: Power]
13
INPUT3
Input
High:2.5~4V Low: 0~0.9V
14
OUTPUT1
Output
High:3.3V Low: 0V
15
INPUT2
Input
High:2.5~4V Low: 0~0.9V
16
OUTPUT2
Output
High:3.3V Low: 0V
17
INPUT1
Input
High:2.5~4V Low: 0~0.9V
18
OUTPUT3
Output
High:3.3V Low: 0V
19
INPUT0
Input
High:2.5~4V Low: 0~0.9V
20
OUTPUT4
Output
High:3.3V Low: 0V
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6.3 Side Panel (Right)
6.3.1 Reset
Press the factory reset switch and hold in for 20 seconds.
1 2 3
4
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6.3.2 LAN
6.3.3 SIM Card
6.3.4 3G FME Male Antenna Connector
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7 SPECIFICATIONS
7.1 Hardware
ITEM
DESCRIPTION
Product
SMARTMAX Industrial HSUPA Ethernet Router
User MCU
32-bit RISC Processor
System Clock
200 MHz
Program Memory
32 MB (SDRAM)
Data Memory
64 MB (Nand - Flash)
Wireless Interface
HSPA WCDMA Module
HSPA Mini PCI Express Module EM-770W PCI
Communication
1 RS 232 Port
1 RS 485 Port
Digital I/O Port
6 Digital Inputs, 4 Digital Outputs, 3 Analog Inputs
Diagnostic
1 mini USB Connector
LAN
1 Port 10/100Mbps Ethernet
Antenna Connector
FME Male
Display
4 Status LED’s
Ext Power Connector
Molex
R-UIM
Support
[Table: Hardware Specifications]
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7.2 Mechanical
Dimension
98 x 151 x 25.5 [mm](with side bracket)
Weight
236g Approx
Housing Material
Aluminum
[Table: Mechanical Specifications]
7.3 Environmental
Operating Temp
- 10 ~ + 70 [°C]
Extreme Operating Temp
- 25 ~ + 75 [°C] Storage Temp
- 30 ~ + 80 [°C]
Humidity
5% ~ 95% non-condensing
[Table: Environmental Specifications]
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7.4 Electrical
DC Input Voltage
+ 7 ~ +34 [VDC]
Internal Voltage
+1.8, +2.5, +3.3, +5 [VDC]
Maximum Current
450 [mA] @ 12[VDC]
Operating Current Standby
PKT Data Connection
45 [mA] @ 12 [VDC]
150 [mA] @ 12 [VDC]
[Table: Electrical Specifications]
The current draw for the Unimax with the I/O Board is as follows:
Idle
45 [mA] @ 12 [VDC]
50 [mA] @ 12 [VDC] with outputs ON
Active
60 [mA] @ 12 [VDC]
90 [mA] @ 12 [VDC] with outputs ON
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7.5 Block Diagram
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7.6 Mechanical Diagrams
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8 PROTOCOLS & ENCRYPTIONS
8.1 PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol)
PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol) is a protocol for communication between two computers
using a serial interface, typically a personal computer connected by phone line to a
server. For example, your Internet service provider may provide you with a PPP
connection so that the provider's server can respond to your requests, pass them on to
the Internet, and forward the requested Internet responses back to you. PPP uses the
Internet protocol (IP) and is designed to handle others. It is sometimes considered a
member of the TCP/IP suite of protocols. Relative to the Open Systems Interconnection
(OSI) reference model, PPP provides layer 2 (data-link layer) services. Essentially, it
packages your computer's TCP/IP packets and forwards them to the server where they
can actually be put on the Internet.
PPP is a full-duplex protocol that can be used on various physical media, including
twisted pair or fiber optic lines or satellite transmission. It uses a variation of High Speed
Data Link Control (HDLC) for packet encapsulation.
8.2 PPPoE (Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet)
PPPoE (Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet) is a specification for connecting multiple
computer users on an Ethernet local area network to a remote site via a modem. PPPoE
can be used to have an office or building-full of users share a common Digital
Subscriber Line (DSL), cable modem, or wireless connection to the Internet. PPPoE
combines the Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP), commonly used in dialup connections, with
the Ethernet protocol, which supports multiple users in a local area network. The PPP
protocol information is encapsulated within an Ethernet frame.
PPPoE has the advantage that neither the telephone company nor the Internet service
provider (ISP) needs to provide any special support. Unlike dialup connections, DSL and
cable modem connections are "always on." Since a number of different users are
sharing the same physical connection to the remote service provider, a way is needed
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to keep track of which user traffic should go to and which user should be billed. PPPoE
provides for each user-remote site session to learn each other's network addresses
(during an initial exchange called "discovery"). Once a session is established between
an individual user and the remote site (for example, an Internet service provider), the
session can be monitored for billing purposes.
8.3 DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)
DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) is a communication protocol that lets
network administrators centrally manage and automate the assignment of Internet
Protocol (IP) addresses in an organization's network. Using the Internet Protocol, each
machine that connects to the Internet needs a unique IP address, which is assigned
when an Internet connection is created for a specific computer. Without DHCP, the IP
address must be entered manually at each computer in an organization and a new IP
address must be entered each time a computer moves to a new location on the
network. DHCP lets a network administrator supervise and distribute IP addresses from a
central point and automatically sends a new IP address when a computer is plugged
into a different place in the network.
DHCP uses the concept of a "lease" or amount of time that a given IP address will be
valid for a computer. The lease time can vary depending on how long a user requires
the Internet connection at a particular location. It's especially useful in education and
other environments where users change frequently. Using very short leases, DHCP can
dynamically reconfigure networks in which there are more computers than there are
available IP addresses. The protocol also supports static addresses for computers that
need a permanent IP address, such as Web servers.
8.4 NAT (Network Address Translation or Translator)
NAT (Network Address Translation or Network Address Translator) is the translation of an
Internet Protocol address (IP address) used within one network to a different IP address
known within another network. One network is designated as the inside network and
the other as the outside. Typically, a company maps its local inside network addresses
to one or more global outside IP addresses and un-maps the global IP addresses on
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