S CRIPT
TM
user’s manual
c l s e l e c t r o s t a t i c
M ARTIN L OGAN
2 Contents
CONTENTS
Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
Installation in Brief . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4
Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5
AC Power Connection
Signal Connection
Break-In
Mounting the Script . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6
The Wall Mount Bracket
Preparing for Installation
Mounting the Script On A Wall
Room Acoustics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10
Your Room
Terminology
Rules of Thumb
Dipolar Speakers and Your Room
Dispersion Interactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12
Controlled Horizontal Dispersion
Controlled Vertical Dispersion
Three Major Types of Dispersion
Home Theater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14
Electrostatic Advantages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15
Full Range Operation
MartinLogan Exclusives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17
Curvilinear Line Source
Vapor Deposited Film
Transducer Integrity
Electrostatic Loudspeaker History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18
Frequently Asked Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20
Troubleshooting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22
General Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23
Specifications
Warranty and Registration
Service
Glossary of Audio Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24
Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26
3Installation in Brief 3
INSTALLATION IN BRIEF
We know you are eager to hear your Script loudspeakers,
so this section is provided to allow fast and easy set up.
Once you have them operational, please take the time to
read, in depth, the rest of the information in this manual.
It will give you perspective on how to attain the greatest
possible performance from this most exacting transducer.
If you should experience any difficulties in the setup or
operation of your Scripts, please refer to the Installation or
Operation sections of this manual.
Should you encounter a persistent problem that cannot be
resolved, please contact your authorized MartinLogan
dealer. They will provide you with the appropriate technical
analysis to alleviate the situation.
WARNING!
•Hazardous voltages exist inside—do not
remove cover
•Refer servicing to a qualified technician
•To prevent fire or shock hazard, do not
expose this module to moisture
•Turn amplifier off and unplug speaker
should any abnormal conditions occur
•Do not operate if there is any visual
damage to the electrostatic panel element
•Do not over drive speaker beyond its rated power
Step 1: Unpacking
Remove your new Script speakers from their packing.
Step 2: Mounting
Mount each Script at its desired location on your front, side,
or back wall(s). Please see the Mounting the Script section
(pages 6–9) of this manual for details on installation and
determining the proper mounting height.
Step 3: Power Connection (AC) (see warning)
MartinLogan speakers require AC power to energize their
electrostatic cells. Using the AC power cords provided,
plug them in
first to the AC power receptacle on the rear
panel of the speaker
, making sure that you have made a
firm
connection, and then to the wall outlet. Please see the
Operations section (pages 5) of this manual for more details.
Step 4: Signal Connection
Use the best speaker cables you can. Higher quality cables,
available from your specialty dealer, are recommended
and will give you superior performance. Spade connectors
are suggested for optimum contact and ease of installation.
Attach your speaker cables to the Signal Input section on
the rear panel. Be consistent when connecting speaker
leads to the terminals on the back of the Script: take great
care to assign the same color to the (+) terminal on both
the left and right channels. If bass is nonexistent and you
cannot discern a tight, coherent image, you may need
to reverse the (+) and (-) leads on one side to bring the
system into proper polarity.
Please see the Operations section (pages 5) of this manual
for more details.
Step 5: Listen and Enjoy
Now, you may turn on your system and enjoy!
The lightning bolt flash with arrowhead symbol, within
an equilateral triangle, is intended to alert the user to
the presence of uninsulated “dangerous voltage” within the
product’s enclosure that may be of sufficient magnitude
to constitute a risk of electric shock.
The exclamation point within an equilateral triangle is
intended to alert the user to the presence of important
operating and maintenance (servicing) instructions in
the literature accompanying the appliance.
4 Introduction
INTRODUCTION
Congratulations! You have invested in one of the world’s
premier loudspeaker systems.
The MartinLogan Script represents the culmination of an
intensive, dedicated group research program directed
toward establishing a world class reference monitor
utilizing leading-edge technology, without compromising
durability, reliability, craftsmanship or aesthetic design.
The result of cumulative technology gleaned from previous
research and development projects, the Script represents
the latest developments in electrostatic and hybrid loudspeaker technology.
Combining our proprietary curvilinear electrostatic transducer with a compact, but powerful woofer, we have
designed a product, in one package, that reproduces music
with uncomprimised electrostatic clarity.
The materials in your new Script speakers are of the highest
quality and will provide years of enduring enjoyment and
deepening respect. The cabinetry is constructed from the
highest quality composite material for acoustical integrity and
is finished with our attractive custom matte finish.
Through rigorous testing, the curvilinear electrostatic panel
has proven itself to be one of the most durable and reliable
transducers available today. Fabricated from a custom tool
punched high-grade steel, the patented panel is then coated
with a special polymer that is applied via a proprietary
electrostatic deposition process. This panel assembly houses
a membrane just 0.0005 of an inch thick. Ruggedly constructed and insulated, as much as 150 watts of continuous
power has driven the Script’s energized diaphragm into
massive excursions with no deleterious effects.
The other sections of your User’s Manual will explain in
detail the operation of your Scripts and the philosophy
applied to their design. A clear understanding of your
speakers will insure that you obtain maximum performance and pleasure from this most exacting transducer. It
has been designed and constructed to give you years of
trouble-free listening enjoyment.
OPERATION
Operation 5
Because your Scripts use an internal power supply to energize their electrostatic cells with high-voltage DC, they must
be connected to an AC power source. For this reason they
are provided with the proper IEC standard power cords.
These cords should be firmly inserted into the AC power
receptacles on the rear connection panel of the speakers,
then to any convenient AC wall outlet. The Stript’s integrate
a signal sensing power supply which will switch off after a
few minutes of no music signal, and requires less than two
seconds to recharge the panels when a music signal is present.
Your Scripts are wired for the power service supplied in
the country of original consumer sale. The AC power rating applicable to a particular unit is specified both on the
packing carton and on the serial number plate attached to
the speaker.
If you remove your Scripts from the country of original
sale, be certain that AC power supplied in any subsequent
location is suitable before connecting and operating the
speakers. Substantially impaired performance or severe
damage may occur to an Script speaker if operation is
attempted from an incorrect AC power source.
WARNING! The power cord should not be installed,
removed, or left detached from the speaker while
the other end is connected to an AC power source.
Signal Connection
Use the best speaker cables you can. The length and type of
speaker cable used in your system will have an audible
effect. Under no circumstance should a wire of gauge higher
(thinner) than #16 be used. In general, the longer the length
used, the greater the necessity of a lower gauge, and the
lower the gauge, the better the sound, with diminishing
returns setting in around #8 to #12.
A variety of speaker cables are now available whose
manufacturers claim better performance over standard heavy
gauge wire. We have verified this in many cases, and the
improvements available are often more noticeable than the
differences between wires of different gauge. The effects of
cables may be masked if the equipment is not the highest quality.
We also recommend, if possible, that short runs of speaker
cable connect the power amplifier(s) and speakers and that
high quality long interconnect cables be used to connect
the preamplifier and power amplifier. This results in the
power amplifiers being close to the speakers, which may
be practically or cosmetically difficult, but if the length of
the speaker cables can be reduced to a few meters, sonic
advantages may be obtained.
Connections are done at the Signal Input section on the
rear electronics panel of the Script. Use spade connectors
for optimum contact and ease of installation. Make certain
that all of your connections are tight. Be consistent when
connecting the speaker cables to the Signal Input terminals.
Take care to assign the same color cable lead to the (+) terminal on both the left and right channel speakers. If bass is
nonexistent and you cannot discern a tight, coherent image,
you may need to reverse the (+) and (-) leads on one speaker
to bring the system into proper polarity. (See figure 1)
WARNING! Turn your amplifier off before making
or breaking any signal connections!
Break-In
When you first begin to play your Script speakers, they will
sound a bit bass shy. This is due to the high-quality, long-life
components used in our woofer. Our custom made, butyl
surround woofer requires 30 hours of break-in at 90 dB
(moderate listening levels) before any critical listening. The
break-in requirements of the crossover components (and, to
a lesser degree, the stator) are equivalent.
AC Power Connection
Figure 1. Single-Wire Connection. One Channel shown.
S CRIPT
TM
Loud Speaker
Amplifier
speaker output
Signal
Input
Unpack the Script speakers with brackets attached and
the accessory kit. You should find:
2 ea. - Script speaker with bracket
4 ea. - wall anchors
4 ea. - #8 x 1 inch Phillips head screw
4 ea. - #12 black flat washers
4 ea. - 5/8 inch fiber washers
2 ea. - knob
2 ea. - knob with 1/4 inch - 1 inch stud
2 ea. - power cord (AC)
4 ea. - 1-1/2 inch diameter spacer
WARNING! Installing the Script on a wall
requires only 1 person, but an assistant can
be helpful.
NOTE: To assure that your Scripts are safely wall mounted,
these instructions must be carefully followed. Study them
thoroughly before beginning to install your Scripts.
NOTE: The following instructions assume the mounting
surface is of standard wood frame and standard sheet rock
construction. If you wish to mount the Script to another
type of material, you should consult a bonded contractor.
The functional Script wall bracket is designed to mount the
Script securely to your wall and allows the Script to pivot
on a nearly 180 degree axis for maximum versatility.
Before you begin to install your Scripts on a wall, prepare a
work area—either on a carpeted floor or on a sturdy tabletop
covered by a soft blanket or other cloth to prevent damaging
the speaker cabinet.
The Wall Mount Bracket
The functional Script wall bracket is designed to hold the
Script securely to your wall and allows the Script to swing
on a nearly 180 degree vertical axis for maximum versatility.
1 The Script is shipped with the wall bracket mounted on
and positioned to the side of the speaker cabinet, protected by micro-foam packing material. Set the Script on
its side with the bracket facing up. Loosen the knob on
the bottom and the knob on the top. Swing the bracket
down until the bracket is nearly parallel to the back of
the Script (see figure 2, step A).
2 Loosen and remove the knob on the bottom of the
speaker—notice that the 5/8 inch fiber washer and 1-
1
/2
inch diameter rubber spacer are shipped installed. The
fiber washer will come free when you remove the wing
nut—set the washer aside. Loosen and remove the knob
on top of the bracket while holding the bracket with
your free hand—set the fiber washer and 1-1/2 inch rubber spacer aside (see figure 2, step B).
3 Carefully pivot the top of the wall bracket away from
the Script until the wall bracket clears the top of the
speaker cabinet (see figure 2, step C). Next, move the
bracket down to free it from the threaded stud projecting
from the bottom of the speaker cabinet. Make sure that
the 1-1/2 inch spacer remains on the projecting threaded
stud (see figure 2, step D). Finally, remove the micro-foam
packing material.
Preparing for Installation
Figure 2.
6 Mounting the Script
MOUNTING THE SCRIPT
Mounting the Script 7
1 Mark a center point on the wall where you want to mount
the Script, 38 inches above the floor. This point is the
height recommended by MartinLogan to mount the Script
wall bracket and will be the location into which the
wall brackets upper mounting wall anchor and screw
are driven. You may choose to mount the Script higher or
lower—your seated ear level should be approximately
4 inches higher than the point that you just marked.
Make sure that the wall is clear of obstructions 6 inches to
the left and to the right of the center point, and from the
floor to 26 inches above the center point (see figure 3).
2 Use a hammer to tap a nylon wall anchor through the
center point and then drive the anchor all the way into
the wall by using a #2 Phillips bit and an electric drill
(see figure 3).
3 Mount the wall bracket to the wall by placing a #12 metal
washer on a screws and driving it through the hole at
the top-back of the wall bracket (the hole immediately
above the MartinLogan zig cutout) and into the center
point-mounting anchor. Do not tighten (see figure 3).
4 Allow the wall bracket to hang freely, and use a level to
assure the wall bracket is perfectly vertical (see figure 5).
Mark your second wall anchor location at the center of
the slot on the bottom-back of the wall bracket (the slot
immediately below the MartinLogan zig cutout). Pivot the
wall bracket to one side so that you can sink the wall
anchor into the location that you just marked. Use a
hammer to tap a nylon wall anchor through the center
point and then drive the anchor all the way into the wall
by using a #2 Phillips bit and an electric drill (see figure 4).
Mounting the Script On A Wall
Figure 3. Figure 4.
8 Mounting the Script
5 Move the wall bracket back into position over the wall
anchor and place #12 metal washer on one of the screws
and drive it through the slot at the bottom-back of the
bracket into the mounting anchor. Do not tighten (see
figure 5).
6 Use a level to assure that the wall bracket is perfectly
vertical, then securely tighten the screw at the bottom
of the wall anchor. Next, securely tighten the screw at
the top of the wall bracket (see figure 5).
WARNING! When pivoting the Script into place
in step 7, be careful so as not to damage the top
of the Script cabinet.
7 Check to make sure that a 1-
1
/2 inch rubber spacer is on
the threaded stud on the bottom of the speaker. Pick up
the speaker and carefully angle the bottom of the Script
into the bracket by inserting the projecting threaded stud
on the bottom of the speaker cabinet through the slot
in the bottom support of the wall bracket (see figure 6).
Figure 5. Figure 6.
Mounting the Script 9
8 Position a black rubber spacer over the threaded hole in
the top of the speaker cabinet and carefully pivot the top
of the Script into the wall bracket. Carefully move the
speaker cabinet so that the center of the rubber spacer,
the top-support hole, and the threaded hole on top of
the Script cabinet are aligned. You may find it helpful to
secure the rubber spacer over top of the wall brackets
top support hole with loosely applied masking tape that
you can easily remove once the knob is in place. Insert the
male threaded knob through a fiber washer, the wall
bracket and rubber spacer, and into the speaker cabinets
threaded hole (see figure 7).
9 Install the female knob on the bottom of the Script by
threading a fiber washer onto the threaded stud projecting
for the bottom of the speaker cabinet, then screwing the
female knob onto the threaded stud (see figure 7).
10 Your Script is no mounted on the wall (see figure 8). To
direct the speaker at the listening position, loosen the
top and bottom knobs slightly and pivot the speaker to
the optimum angle. Re-tighten the knobs.
Figure 7. Figure 8.
10 Room Acoustics
This is one of those areas that requires both a little background to understand and some time and experimentation
to attain the best performance from your system.
Your room is actually a component and an important part
of your system. This component is a very large variable
and can dramatically add to, or subtract from, a great
musical experience.
All sound is composed of waves. Each note has its own
wave size, with the lower bass notes literally encompassing
from 10’ feet to as much as 40’ feet. Your room participates
in this wave experience like a three dimensional pool with
waves reflecting and becoming enhanced depending on
the size of the room and the types of surfaces in the room.
Remember, your audio system can literally generate all of
the information required to recreate a musical event in
time, space, and tonal balance. The purpose of your room,
ideally, is to not contribute to that information. However,
every room does contribute to the sound, and the better
speaker manufacturers have designed their systems to
accommodate this phenomenon.
Let’s talk about a few important terms before we begin.
Standing Waves
The parallel walls in your room will reinforce certain notes to
the point that they will sound louder than the rest of the audio
spectrum and cause “one note bass”, “boomy bass” or
“tubby bass”. For instance, 100Hz represents a 10’ feet
wavelength. Your room will reinforce that specific frequency
if one of the dominant dimensions is 10’ feet. Large objects
in the room such as cabinetry or furniture can help to minimize
this potential problem. Some serious “audiophiles” will literally
build a special room with no parallel walls just to help
eliminate this phenomenon.
Reflective Surfaces (near-field reflections)
The hard surfaces of your room, particularly if close to your
speaker system, will reflect some waves back into the room
over and over again, confusing the clarity and imaging of
your system. The smaller sound waves are mostly affected
here, and occur in the mid and high frequencies. This is
where voice and frequencies as high as the cymbals occur.
Resonant Surfaces and Objects
All of the surfaces and objects in your room are subject to
the frequencies generated by your system. Much like an
instrument, they will vibrate and “carry on” in syncopation
with the music, and contribute in a negative way to the
music. Ringing, boominess, and even brightness can occur
simply because they are “singing along” with your music.
Resonant Cavities
Small alcoves or closet type areas in your room can be
chambers that create their own “standing waves” and can
drum their own “one note” sounds.
Clap your hands. Can you hear an instant echo respond back?
You have near-field reflections. Stomp your foot on the floor.
Can you hear a “boom”? You have standing waves or large
panel resonances such as a poorly supported wall. Put your
head in a small cavity area and talk loudly. Can you hear a
booming? You’ve just experienced a cavity resonance.
ROOM ACOUSTICS
Your Room Terminology
Room Acoustics 11
Hard vs. Soft Surfaces
If the front or back wall of your listening room is soft, it
might benefit you to have a hard or reflective wall in
opposition. The ceiling and floor should follow the same
basic guideline as well. However, the side walls should be
roughly the same in order to deliver a focused image.
This rule suggests that a little reflection is good. As a matter
of fact, some rooms can be so “over damped” with carpeting,
drapes and sound absorbers that the music system can
sound dull and lifeless. On the other hand, rooms can be
so hard that the system can sound like a gymnasium with
too much reflection and brightness. The point is that balance
is the optimum environment.
Breakup Objects
Objects with complex shapes, such as bookshelves, cabinetry
and multiple shaped walls can help break up those sonic
gremlins and diffuse any dominant frequencies.
MartinLogan electrostatic loudspeakers are known as dipolar
radiators. This means that they produce sound from
both their fronts and their backs. Consequently, musical
information is reflected by the wall behind them and may
arrive, either in or out of step, with the information produced
by the front of the speaker. The Script was designed to
minimize these rear wall reflection interactions when
it is mounted on a wall.
Now that you know about reflective surfaces and resonant
objects, you can see how the midrange and high frequencies
can be affected. The timing of the initial wave as it radiates
to your ears, and then the reflected information as it arrives
at your ears later in time, can result in confusion of the
precious timing information that carries the clues to imaging.
Consequently the result is blurred imaging and excessive
brightness. Soft walls, curtains, wall hangings, or sound
dampeners (your dealer can give you good information here)
can be effective if these negative conditions occur.
Rules of Thumb Dipolar Speakers and Your Room
12 Dispersion Interactions
Your Scripts launch a 30 degree dispersion pattern when
viewed from above. This horizontal dispersion field gives a
choice of good seats for the performance while minimizing
interactions with side walls (See Figure 9). Make sure both
speakers stand exactly at the same vertical angle, otherwise
the image can be skewed or poorly defined. The wave
launch of both speakers is extremely accurate in both the
time and spectral domain. Consequently, small refined
adjustments can result in noticeable sonic improvements.
Controlled Vertical Dispersion
As you can see from the illustrations, your Script speakers
project a controlled dispersion pattern. Each Script is a
23” inch line source (See Figure 10). This vertical dispersion profile minimizes interactions with the floor and the
ceiling.
In the field of loudspeaker design, it is a known fact that as
the sound wave becomes progressively smaller than the
transducer producing it, the dispersion of that wave
becomes more and more narrow, or directional. This fact
occurs as long as the transducer is a flat surface. Large flat
panel speakers exhibit venetian blind effects due to this
phenomenon. This is why most manufacturers opt for
small drivers (i.e. tweeters and midrange) to approximate
what is known as a point source wave launch.
Historically, most attempts to achieve smooth dispersion
from large flat panel transducers resulted in trade-offs.
After exhaustive testing of these different solution attempts,
we found an elegantly simple, yet very difficult to execute
solution. By curving the radiating surface, we create the
effect of a horizontal arc. This allows the engineers at
MartinLogan to control the high frequency dispersion
pattern of our transducers. That is why you see the gentle
curve on our products.
DISPERSION INTERACTIONS
Controlled Horizontal Dispersion Three Major Types of Dispersion
Figure 9. MartinLogan Scripts deliver a 30 degree wave launch dispersion
pattern distributed horizontally.
Figure 10. Your Script speaker is a 23” inch line source when viewed vertically.
Dispersion Interactions 13
Figure 11–12. As can be seen here, point source
concepts invite a great deal of room interaction.
While delivering good frequency response to a
large listening audience, imaging is consequently
confused and blurred.
Figure 13–14. Even though they suffer from
“venetian blind” effect, angled multiple panel
speakers can deliver good imaging, but only
to specific spots in the listening area.
Figure 15–16. A controlled 30-degree cylindrical
wave-front, which is a MartinLogan exclusive,
offers optimal sound distribution with minimal
room interaction. The result is solid imaging with
a wide listening area.
It had long been the practice of stereo buffs to connect their
television to the stereo system. The advantage was the use
of the larger speakers and more powerful amplifier of the
stereo system. Even though the sound was greatly improved, it
was still mono and limited by the broadcast signal.
In the late 1970’s and early ‘80’s two new home movie
formats became widely available to the public: VCR and
laser disc.
By 1985, both formats had developed into very high quality
audio/video sources. In fact, the sonic performance of some
video formats exceeded audio-only formats. Now, with
theater quality sound available at home, the only element
missing was the "surround sound" presentation found in
movie houses.
Fortunately, "Dolby” and “DTS" encoded movies (which
include almost all movies) have the same surround sound
information encoded on home releases as the theater films.
All that is required to retrieve this information is a decoder
and additional speakers and amps to reproduce it.
Home theater is a complex purchase and we recommend
that you consult your local MartinLogan dealer as they are
well versed in this subject
Each piece of a surround system can be purchased
separately. Take your time and buy quality. No one has
ever complained that the movie was too real. The following
list and descriptions will only give you a brief outline of the
responsibilities and demands placed on each speaker.
Front Left and Front Right
If these speakers will also be the same two used for your
stereo playback then they should be of very high quality
and able to play loud (over 102 dB) and reproduce bass
below 80 Hz.
Center Channel.
This is the most important speaker in a video system, as
almost all of the dialogue and a large portion of the front
speaker information is reproduced by the center channel.
It is important that the center speaker be designed by
the same manufacturer as the front speakers, and that it is
recommended for use as a center speaker. This is not the
place to cut corners.
Surround Speakers.
We recommend that the surround speakers play down
to 80 Hz or below. The surround speakers contain the
information that makes it appear that planes are flying over
your head. Some may suggest that this is the place to save
money and purchase a small inexpensive speaker. If you
choose to do so, be prepared to upgrade in the future as
discrete six channel digital encoding becomes available
and the demands on the surround speakers increase.
Subwoofer.
With any good surround system you will need a high quality
subwoofer (the .1, in a 5.1 channel surround system). Most movie
soundtracks contain large amounts of bass information as
part of the special effects. Good subwoofers will provide a
foundation for the rest of the system.
14 Home Theater
HOME THEATER
Figure 17. Script speakers as front channels, MartinLogan Cinema as the
center channel, MartinLogan Scripts as side surround (effects) channels.
How can sound be reproduced by something that you are
able to see through? Electrostatic energy makes this possible.
Where the world of traditional loudspeaker technology
deals with cones, domes, diaphragms and ribbons that
are moved with magnetism, the world of electrostatic
loudspeakers deals with charged electrons attracting and
repelling each other.
To fully understand the electrostatic concept, some background
information will be helpful. Remember when you learned
in a science or physics class that like charges repel each
other and opposite charges attract each other? Well, this
principle is the foundation of the electrostatic concept.
An electrostatic transducer consists of three pieces: the stators,
the diaphragm and the spacers (See Figure 18). The diaphragm
is what actually moves to excite the air and create music.
The stator’s job is to remain stationary, hence the word stator,
and to provide a reference point for the moving diaphragm.
The spacers provide the diaphragm with a fixed distance in
which to move between the stators.
As your amplifier sends music signals to an electrostatic
speaker, these signals are changed into two high-voltage
signals that are equal in strength but opposite in polarity.
These high voltage signals are then applied to the stators.
The resulting electrostatic field, created by the opposing
high voltage on the stators, works simultaneously with
and against the diaphragm, consequently moving it back
and forth, producing music. This technique is known as
push-pull operation and is a major contributor to the sonic
purity of the electrostatic concept due to its exceptional
linearity and low distortion.
Since the diaphragm of an electrostatic speaker is uniformly
driven over its entire area, it can be extremely light and
flexible. This allows it to be very responsive to transients,
thus perfectly tracing the music signal. As a result, great
delicacy, nuance and clarity is possible. When you look at
the problems of traditional electromagnetic drivers, you
can easily see why this is so beneficial. The cones and
domes which are used in traditional electromagnetic
drivers cannot be driven uniformly because of their design.
Cones are driven only at the apex. Domes are driven at
their perimeter. As a result, the rest of the cone or dome
is just “along for the ride”. The very concept of these
drivers requires that the cone or dome be perfectly rigid,
damped and massless. Unfortunately, these conditions are
not available in our world today.
To make these cones and domes move, all electromagnetic
drivers must use voice coils wound on formers, spider
assemblies, and surrounds to keep the cone or dome in
position (See Figure 19). These pieces, when combined
with the high mass of the cone or dome materials used,
make it an extremely complex unit with many weaknesses
and potential for failure. These faults contribute to the
high distortion products found in these drivers and is a
tremendous disadvantage when you are trying to change
motion as quickly and as accurately as a loudspeaker
must (40,000 times per second!).
ELECTROSTATIC ADVANTAGES
Electrostatic Advantages 15
Figure 18. Cut away view of an electrostatic transducer.
Notice the simplicity due to minimal parts usage.
Figure 19. Cut away view of a typical moving coil driver.
Notice the complexity due to the high number of parts.
ESL
Panel
Critical Zone: 500Hz–20kHz
The most significant advantage of MartinLogan’s exclusive
transducer technology reveals itself when you look at
examples of other loudspeaker products on the market today.
The Script uses no crossover networks above 500 Hz because
they are not needed. The Script consists of a single, seamless
electrostatic membrane reproducing all frequencies above
500 Hz simultaneously. How is this possible?
First we must understand that music is not composed of
separate high, mid and low frequency pieces. In fact,
music is comprised of a single complex waveform with all
frequencies interacting simultaneously.
The electrostatic transducer of the Script essentially acts as
an exact opposite of the microphones used to record the
original event. A microphone, which is a single working
element, transforms acoustic energy into an electrical signal
that can be amplified or preserved by some type of storage
media. The Script’s electrostatic transducer transforms electrical energy from your amplifier into acoustical energy.
Due to the limitations of electromagnetic drivers, no
single unit can reproduce the full range of frequencies.
Instead, these drivers must be designed to operate within
narrow, fixed bandwidth of the frequency range, and then
combined electrically so that the sum of the parts equals
the total signal. While nice in theory, we must deal with
real-world conditions.
In order to use multiple drivers, a crossover network is
enlisted to attempt a division of the complex musical signal
into the separate pieces (usually highs, mids, and lows) that
each specific driver was designed to handle. Unfortunately,
due to the phase relationships that occur within all crossover
networks and during the acoustical recombination process,
nonlinearities and severe degradation of the music signal
take place in the ear’s most critical zone (See Figure 20).
The Script’s electrostatic transducer can single-handedly
reproduce all frequencies above 500 Hz simultaneously.
You have in one transducer the ability to handle in elegant
simplicity the critical frequencies above 500 Hz.
The crossover phase aberrations that are associated with
traditional tweeter, midrange, and woofer systems are
eliminated. The result is a dramatic improvement in imaging
and staging performance, due to the minutely accurate
phase relationship of the full-range panel wave launch.
Tweeter
Midrange
Woofer
Conventional Loudspeaker MartinLogan Script
Figure 20. This diagram illustrates how a conventional
speaker system must use multiple crossover networks
that have negative effects on the musical performance.
Full Range Operation
crossover point (2–5kHz)
crossover point (500Hz)
crossover point (100–500Hz)
Woofer
16 Electrostatic Advantages
Since the beginning of audio, achieving smooth dispersion
has been a problem for all loudspeaker designers. Large panel
transducers present even more of a challenge because the
larger the panel, the more directional the dispersion
pattern becomes.
Full range electrostats have long been one of the most
problematic transducers because they attain their full
range capabilities via a large surface area. It looked as if
they were in direct conflict to smooth dispersion and
almost every attempt to correct this resulted in either poor
dispersion or a serious compromise in sound quality.
After extensive research, MartinLogan engineers discovered
an elegantly simple solution to achieve a smooth pattern
of dispersion without degrading sound quality. By curving
the horizontal plane of the electrostatic transducer, a
controlled horizontal dispersion pattern could be achieved,
yet the purity of the almost massless electrostatic diaphragm
remained uncompromised. After creating this technology,
MartinLogan developed the production capability to bring it
out of the laboratory and into the market place.
You will find this proprietary MartinLogan technology used
in all of our products. It is one of the many reasons behind
our reputation for high quality sound with practical usability.
This is also why you see the unique “see through” cylindrical
shape of all MartinLogan products.
The diaphragm material used in all MartinLogan speakers
employs an extremely sophisticated conductive surface
that has been vapor deposited on the polymer surface at
an atomic level. A proprietary compound is vaporized then
electrostatically driven into the surface of the polymer film
in a vacuum chamber. This process allows an optically
transparent surface adding no mass to the diaphragm that
is extremely uniform in its surface resistivity characteristics.
This uniform surface resistivity controls the electrostatic
charge on the diaphragm surface and regulates its migration.
As a result, no discharging or “arcing” can occur.
Transducer Integrity
All MartinLogan transducers begin with two pieces of
high-grade, cold rolled steel. These steel pieces are then
custom perforated and insulated with a unique composite
coating. This proprietary coating insulates the stator to
three times its actual needed working voltage and gives
the Script a wide margin of safe operation. In addition to
the electrical insulation properties, this coating also provides
the Script with a durable, attractive finish that dampens the
steel to prevent ringing. These pieces are then sandwiched
with our exclusive vapor deposited diaphragm and spacers
into a curved geometry, and bonded together with aerospace adhesives whose strength exceeds that of welding.
The result of these advanced technologies is a transducer
that is attractive, durable, highly rigid, well dampened,
and neutral.
Curvilinear Line Source (CLSTM) Vapor Deposited Film
MartinLogan Exclusives 17
MARTINLOGAN EXCLUSIVES
18 Electrostatic Loudspeaker History
In the late 1800s, any loudspeaker was considered exotic.
Today, most of us take the wonders of sound reproduction
for granted.
It was 1880 before Thomas Edison had invented the first
phonograph. This was a horn-loaded diaphragm that was
excited by a playback stylus. In 1898, Sir Oliver Lodge
invented a cone loudspeaker, which he referred to
as a “bellowing telephone”, that was very similar to the
conventional cone loudspeaker drivers that we know
today. However, Lodge had no intention for his device to
reproduce music because in 1898 there was no way to
amplify an electrical signal! As a result, his speaker had
nothing to offer over the acoustical gramophones of the
period. It was not until 1906 that Dr. Lee DeForrest
invented the triode vacuum tube. Before this, an electrical
signal could not be amplified. The loudspeaker, as we know
it today, should have ensued then, but it did not. Amazingly,
it was almost twenty years before this would occur.
In 1921, the electrically cut phonograph record became a
reality. This method of recording was far superior to the
mechanically cut record and possessed almost 30 dB of
dynamic range. The acoustical gramophone couldn’t begin to reproduce all
of the information on this new disc. As
a result, further developments in loudspeakers were needed to cope with
this amazing new recording medium.
By 1923, Bell Telephone Laboratories made the decision
to develop a complete musical playback system consisting
of an electronic phonograph and a loudspeaker to take
advantage of the new recording medium. Bell Labs
assigned the project to two young engineers, C.W. Rice
and E.W. Kellogg.
Rice and Kellogg had a well equipped laboratory at their
disposal. This lab possessed a vacuum tube amplifier with
an unheard of 200 watts, a large selection of the new
electrically cut phonograph, records and a variety of
loudspeaker prototypes that Bell Labs had been collecting
over
the past decade. Among these were Lodge’s cone, a
speaker
that used compressed air, a corona discharge (plasma)
speaker, and an electrostatic speaker.
After a short time, Rice and Kellogg had narrowed the field
of “contestants” down to the cone and the electrostat.
The outcome would dictate the way that future generations
would refer to loudspeakers as being either “conventional”,
or “exotic”.
Bell Laboratory’s electrostat was something to behold.
This enormous bipolar speaker was as big as a door.
The diaphragm, which was beginning to rot, was made of
a pig intestine that was covered with fine gold leaf to conduct
the audio signal.
When Rice and Kellogg began playing the new electrically
cut records through the electrostat, they were shocked
and impressed. The electrostat performed splendidly.
They had never heard instrumental timbres reproduced
with such realism. This system sounded like real music
rather than the honking, squawking rendition of the
acoustic gramophone. Immediately, they knew they were
on to something big. The acoustic gramophone was destined
to become obsolete.
Due to Rice and Kellogg’s enthusiasm, they devoted a
considerable amount of time researching the electrostatic
design. However, they soon encountered the same difficulties
that even present designers face; planar
speakers require a very large surface
area to reproduce the lower frequencies
of the audio spectrum. Because the
management at Bell Labs considered
large speakers
unacceptable, Rice and
Kellogg’s
work on electrostatics would
never be put to use for a commercial product. Reluctantly, they
advised the Bell
management to go with the cone. For the
next thirty years,
the electrostatic design lay dormant.
During the Great Depression of the 1930s, consumer audio
almost died. The new electrically amplified loudspeaker
never gained acceptance, as most people continued to
use their old Victrola-style acoustic gramophones. Prior to
the end of World War II, consumer audio saw little,
if any, progress. However, during the late 1940s, audio
experienced a great rebirth. Suddenly there was tremendous
interest in audio products, and with that, a great demand
for improved audio components. No sooner had the cone
become established than it was challenged by products
developed during this new rebirth.
ELECTROSTATIC LOUDSPEAKER HISTORY
Rice and Kellogg had
narrowed the field of
“contestants” down to the
cone and the electrostat.
Electrostatic Loudspeaker History 19
In 1947, Arthur Janszen, a young Naval engineer, took part
in a research project for the Navy. The Navy was interested
in developing a better instrument for testing microphone
arrays. The test instrument needed an extremely accurate
speaker, but Janszen found that the cone speakers of the
period were too nonlinear in phase and amplitude response
to meet his criteria. Janszen believed that electrostats
were inherently more linear than cones, so he built a
model
using a thin plastic diaphragm treated with a conductive
coating. This model confirmed Janszen’s
beliefs, for it exhibited remarkable phase
and amplitude linearity.
Janszen was so excited with the results
that he continued research on the
electrostatic speaker on his own time.
He soon thought of insulating the stators to
prevent the destructive effects of arcing. By 1952, he had
an electrostatic tweeter element ready for commercial
production. This new tweeter soon created a sensation
among American audio hobbyists. Since Janszen’s tweeter
element was limited to high frequency reproduction, it
often found itself used in conjunction with woofers, most
notably, woofers from Acoustic Research. These systems
were highly regarded by all audio enthusiasts.
As good as these systems were, they would soon be
surpassed by another electrostatic speaker.
In 1955, Peter Walker published three articles on electrostatic
loudspeaker design in Wireless World, a British electronics
magazine. In these articles, Walker demonstrated the benefits
of the electrostatic loudspeaker. He explained that electrostatics
permit the use of diaphragms that are low in mass, large in
area, and uniformly driven over their surfaces by electrostatic
forces. Due to these characteristics, electrostats have the
inherent ability to produce a wide bandwidth, flat frequency
response with distortion products being no greater than the
electronics driving them.
By 1956, Walker backed up his articles by introducing a
consumer product, the now famous Quad ESL. This speaker
immediately set a standard of performance for the audio
industry due to its incredible accuracy. However, in actual
use, the Quad had a few problems. It could not be played
very loud, it had poor bass performance, it presented a
difficult load that some amplifiers did not like, its dispersion
was very directional, and its power handling was limited
to around 70 watts. As a result, many people continued
to use box speakers with cones.
In the early 1960s Arthur Janszen joined forces with the
KLH loudspeaker company, and together they introduced
the KLH 9. Due to the large size of the KLH 9, it did not
have as many limitations as the Quad. The KLH 9 could
play markedly louder and lower in frequency than the
Quad ESL. Thus a rivalry was born.
Janszen continued to develop electrostatic designs. He was instrumental
in the design of the Koss Model One,
the Acoustech, and the Dennesen
speakers. Roger West, the chief
designer of the JansZen Corporation
became the president of Sound Lab.
When JansZen Corporation was
sold, the RTR loudspeaker
company bought half of the production tooling. This tooling
was used to make the
electrostatic panels for the Servostatic, a
hybrid electrostatic
system that was Infinity’s first speaker
product. Other companies soon followed; each with their
own unique applications of the technology. These include
Acoustat, Audiostatic, Beverage, Dayton Wright, Sound
Lab, and Stax, to name a few.
Electrostatic speakers have progressed and prospered
because they actually do what Peter Walker claimed they
would. The limitations and problems experienced in the
past were not inherent to the electrostatic concept. They
were related to the applications of these concepts.
Today, these limitations have been addressed. Advancements
in materials due to the U.S. space program give designers
the ability to harness the superiority of the electrostatic
principle. Today’s electrostats use advanced insulation
techniques or provide protection circuitry. The poor dispersion
properties of early models have been addressed by using
delay lines, acoustical lenses, multiple panel arrays or, as in
our own products, by curving the diaphragm. Power handling
and sensitivity have also been increased.
These developments allow the consumer the opportunity to
own the highest performance loudspeaker products ever
built. It’s too bad Rice and Kellogg were never able
to see just how far the technology would be taken.
These developments allow
the consumer to own the
highest performance loud-
speaker products ever built.
20 Frequently Asked Questions
FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS
How do I clean my speakers?
Just use a dust free cloth or a soft brush to remove the
dust from your speakers. We recommend a specialty cloth
(available through the XStatic shop at www.martinlogan.com)
that cleans your speakers better than anything else we
have ever tried. Do not spray any kind of cleaning
agent on or in close proximity to the electrostatic
element.
What is the advantage of ESL?
Since the polyester film diaphragm is uniformly driven
over its entire surface—unlike a tweeter that is only driven
at its edges—it is the only technology that can be made
large enough to play bass, yet is still light enough for
high frequencies. This unique property allows for the
elimination of high frequency crossover points and
their associated distortions.
What size of an amplifier should I use?
We recommend an amplifier with 100 to 200 watts per
channel for most applications. Probably less would be
adequate for our smaller hybrids or when used in home
theater where a subwoofer is employed. Our hybrid
designs will perform well with either a tube or transistorized
amplifier, and will reveal the sonic character of either
type. However, it is important that the amplifier be stable
operating into varying impedance loads: a stable amplifier
will be able to deliver twice its rated wattage into 4 Ohms
and should again double into 2 Ohms.
Could you suggest a list of suitable electronics and
cables that would be ideal for MartinLogan speakers?
The area of electronics and cable choice is probably
the most common type of question that we receive. It is
also the most subjective. We have repeatedly found
that brands that work well in one setup will drive someone
else nuts in another. We use many brands with great
success. Again, we have no favorites; we use electronics
and cables quite interchangeably. We would suggest
listening to a number of brands—and above all else,
trust your ears. Dealers are always the best source for
information when purchasing additional audio equipment.
Is there likely to be any interaction between my speakers
and the television in my Audio/Video system?
Actually, there is less interaction between a television
and an electrostatic speaker than between a television
and a conventional system. However, we do recommend
that you keep your speakers at least one foot away from
the television because of the dynamic woofer they
employ. In the case of our center channel speakers, however,
they are fully shielded and can go anywhere.
Will my electric bill go ‘sky high’ by leaving my speakers plugged in all the time?
No. A pair of MartinLogans will draw about 5 watts
maximum. There is some circuitry to turn off the static
charge when not in use; however, the actual consumption
will remain close to the same. The primary purpose of
the sensing circuitry is to prevent dust collection on the
electrostatic element.
If the diaphragm is punctured with a pencil, stick, or
similar item, how extensive would the damage to the
speaker be?
Our research department has literally punctured hundreds
of holes in a diaphragm, neither affecting the quality of
the sound nor causing the diaphragm to rip. However,
you will be able to see the actual puncture and it can
be a physical nuisance. If this is the case, replacing the
electrostatic transducer will be the only solution.
Will exposure to sunlight affect the life or performance
of my speakers?
We recommend that you not place any loudspeaker in
direct sunlight, as the ultraviolet (UV) rays from the sun
can cause deterioration of grill cloth, speaker cones,
etc. Small exposures to UV will not cause a problem.
In general, the filtering of UV rays through glass will
greatly reduce the negative effects on the electrostatic
membrane itself.
Frequently Asked Questions 21
Will excessive smoke or dust cause any problems with
my electrostatic speakers?
Exposure to excessive contaminants such as smoke
or dust may potentially affect the performance of the
electrostatic membrane, and may cause discoloration
of the diaphragm membrane. When not in use for
extended periods, you should unplug the speakers and
cover them with the plastic bags in which the speakers
were originally packed.
It is a good idea to vacuum the electrostatic portion of
each speaker once or twice a year. This will be most
effective if the speaker has been unplugged for six
hours or overnight. You need not worry about the vacuum
pressure damaging the "delicate" membrane. It is
extraordinarily durable.
A problem has recently developed with my MartinLogan
speakers. The right speaker seems to be hissing even
when the amplifier and such are not connected. I was
wondering if this sounds like any problem you have
encountered previously and have a simple solution for
or might it be something which will need to be looked
into more carefully.
Your speakers are dusty. The electrostatic charge on
the element has attracted some airborne dust or pollen.
First unplug the speakers for six hours or overnight.
This will allow the charge to dissipate. Now vacuum
the front of the panel with a very strong vacuum.
Don’t worry about damaging the membrane. You won’t.
This should take care of your problem
By the way, since 1993, all of our speakers have been
built with a charging circuit board that only charges the
electrostatic element when music plays. At other times
they are not charged, and cannot collect dust. You can get
the same benefit by simply unplugging them whenever
they are not in use. An easy way to do that is with a
power strip that has a switch.
Could my children, pets, or myself be shocked by the
high-voltage present in the electrostatic panel?
No. High voltage with low current is not dangerous. As a
matter of fact, the voltage in our speakers is 10 times
less than the static electricity that builds up on the surface
of your television screen.
How do MartinLogan speakers hold up over a long term
in the humidity of tropical climates?
We should tell you that MartinLogan indeed has a very
substantial number of customers in tropical regions of
the world. Our speakers have been serving them nicely for
many years. This concern may have come from our earlier
design of speakers, which were charged continuously.
Since 1993, all of our speakers have been designed so that
they only charge the panel while music is being played.
This improvement has made a tremendous difference
in the consistent performance of our product. There may
be a little more maintenance involved in humid regions
when not in an air conditioned environment. Simply
enough, the concern is to keep the electrostatic panels
dust free. Humidity will combine with any dust on the
panel to make it slightly conductive. This will result in a
slight pathway for the charge to leave the membrane of
the speaker. The solution is simple. They only require
occasional vacuuming with a strong vacuum hose. You
will have best results when the speakers have been
unplugged for six hours or overnight. We are confident
that they will serve you very well.
Should I unplug my speakers during a thunderstorm?
Yes, or before. It’s a good idea to disconnect all of your
audio/video components during stormy weather.
22 Troubleshooting
TROUBLESHOOTING
No Output
•Check that all your system components are turned on.
•Check your speaker wires and connections.
•Check all interconnecting cables.
Weak Output, Loss of Highs
•Check that the power cord is properly connected.
Exaggerated Highs, Brightness
•Check the toe-in of the speakers.
Lack of Bass
•Check your speaker wires. Is the polarity correct?
Poor Imaging
•Check placement. Do both speakers the same amount of
toe-in? Try moving the speakers.
•Check your speaker wires. Is the polarity correct?
Popping and Ticking Sounds, Funny Noises
•These occasional noises are harmless and will not hurt your
audio system or your speakers. All electrostatic speakers
are guilty of making odd noises at one time or another.
•These noises may be caused by dirt and dust particles
collecting on the speaker, by high humidity, or by AC
line fluctuations that may occur in your area.
•Dirt and dust may be vacuumed off with a brush attachment
connected to your vacuum cleaner, or you may blow
them off with compressed air.
23
The Script hybrid speaker system consists of a broad-range
single element electrostatic transducer integrated with a
quick-response woofer. This approach takes advantage of
the benefits that both technologies have to offer. Dispersion
is a controlled 30 degrees. This was achieved by curving
the electrostatic transducer element itself, an elegantly
simple solution.
System Frequency Response
70–20,000 Hz ± 3 dB
Dispersion
Horizontal: 30 Degrees
Vertical: 23’ (58.4 cm) Line Source
Sensitivity
88 dB/2.83 volts/meter
Impedance
6 ohms, 3 ohms @ 20 kHz
Crossover Frequency
500 Hz
Components
Minimal straight path design, air core coils
Woofer Type
6.5" (16.5 cm) mineral filled poly-cone with high damping
rubber surround; non-resonant chamber format
Power Handling
150 watts per channel
Recommended Amplifier Power
80–150 watts per channel
Weight
27 lbs. each (12.2 kg)
Size (with wall mount)
10” inches W × 9” inches D × 43” inches H
(25 cm W × 23 cm D × 109 cm H)
Your Script speakers are provided with an automatic Limited
90 Day Warranty coverage.
You have the option, at no additional charge, to receive a
Limited 5 Year Warranty coverage. To obtain the Limited
5 Year Warranty coverage you need to complete and return
the Certificate of Registration, included with your speakers,
and provide a copy of your dealer receipt, to MartinLogan
within 30 days of purchase.
MartinLogan may not honor warranty service claims unless
we have a completed Warranty Registration card on file!
If you did not receive a Certificate of Registration with
your new Script speakers you cannot be assured of having
received new units. If this is the case, please contact your
authorized MartinLogan dealer.
Service
Should you be using your MartinLogan product in a country
other than the one in which it was originally purchased,
we ask that you note the following:
1. The appointed MartinLogan distributor for any given
country is responsible for warranty servicing only on
units distributed by or through it in that country in
accordance with its applicable warranty.
2. Should a MartinLogan product require servicing in a
country other than the one in which it was originally
purchased, the end user may seek to have repairs performed
by the nearest MartinLogan distributor, subject to that
distributor’s local servicing policies, but all cost of
repairs (parts, labor, transportation) must be born by
the owner of the MartinLogan product.
3. If, after owning your speakers for six months, you
relocate to a country other than the one in which
you purchased your speakers, your warranty may be
transferable. Contact MartinLogan for details.
General Information 23
GENERAL INFORMATION
Warranty and RegistrationSpecifications
AC. Abbreviation for alternating current.
Active crossover. Uses active devices (transistors, ICs, tubes)
and some form of power supply to operate.
Amplitude. The extreme range of a signal. Usually measured
from the average to the extreme.
Arc. The visible sparks generated by an electrical discharge.
Bass. The lowest frequencies of sound.
Bi-Amplification. Uses an electronic crossover, or line-level
passive crossover, and separate power amplifiers for the
high and low frequency loudspeaker drivers.
Capacitance. That property of a capacitor which determines
how much charge can be stored in it for a given potential
difference between its terminals, measured in farads, by
the ratio of the charge stored to the potential difference.
Capacitor. A device consisting of two or more conducting
plates separated from one another by an insulating material
and used for storing an electrical charge. Sometimes called
a condenser.
Clipping. Distortion of a signal by its being chopped off.
An overload problem caused by pushing an amplifier beyond
its capabilities. The flat-topped signal has high levels of
harmonic distortion which creates heat in a loudspeaker
and is the major cause of loudspeaker component failure.
Crossover. An electrical circuit that divides a full bandwidth
signal into the desired frequency bands for the loudspeaker
components.
dB (decibel). A numerical expression of the relative loudness
of a sound. The difference in decibels between two
sounds is ten times the Base 10 logarithm of the ratio of
their power levels.
DC. Abbreviation for direct current.
Diffraction. The breaking up of a sound wave caused by
some type of mechanical interference such as a cabinet
edge, grill frame or other similar object.
Diaphragm. A thin flexible membrane or cone that vibrates
in response to electrical signals to produce sound waves.
Distortion. Usually referred to in terms of total harmonic
distortion (THD) which is the percentage of unwanted
harmonics of the drive signal present with the wanted signal.
Generally used to mean any unwanted change introduced
by the device under question.
Driver. See transducer.
Dynamic Range. The range between the quietest and the
loudest sounds a device can handle (often quoted in dB).
Efficiency. The acoustic power delivered for a given electrical
input. Often expressed as decibels/watt/meter (dB/w/m).
ESL. Abbreviation for electrostatic loudspeaker.
Headroom. The difference, in decibels, between the peak
and RMS levels in program material.
Hybrid. A product created by the marriage of two different
technologies. Meant here as the combination of a dynamic
woofer with an electrostatic transducer.
Hz (Hertz). Unit of frequency equivalent to the number of
cycles per second.
Imaging. To make a representation or imitation of the original
sonic event.
Impedance. The total opposition offered by an electric circuit
to the flow of an alternating current of a single frequency.
It is a combination of resistance and reactance and is
measured in ohms. Remember that a speaker’s impedance
changes with frequency, it is not a constant value.
24 Glossary of Audio Terms
GLOSSARY OF AUDIO TERMS
25
Inductance. The property of an electrical circuit by which
a varying current in it produces a varying magnetic field
that introduces voltages in the same circuit or in a nearby
circuit. It is measured in henrys.
Inductor. A device designed primarily to introduce inductance
into an electrical circuit. Sometimes called a choke or coil.
Linearity. The extent to which any signal handling process
is accomplished without amplitude distortion.
Midrange. The middle frequencies where the ear is the
most sensitive.
Passive crossover. Uses no active components (transistors,
ICs, tubes) and needs no power supply (AC, DC, battery)
to operate. The crossover in a typical loudspeaker is of the
passive variety. Passive crossovers consist of capacitors,
inductors and resistors.
Phase. The amount by which one sine wave leads or lags a
second wave of the same frequency. The difference is
described by the term phase angle. Sine waves in phase
reinforce each other; those out of phase cancel.
Pink noise. A random noise used in measurements, as it has
the same amount of energy in each octave.
Polarity. The condition of being positive or negative with
respect to some reference point or object.
RMS. Abbreviation for root mean square. The effective
value of a given waveform is its RMS value. Acoustic
power is proportional to the square of the RMS sound
pressure.
Resistance. That property of a conductor by which it opposes
the flow of electric current, resulting in the generation of
heat in the conducting material, usually expressed in ohms.
Resistor. A device that is used in a circuit primarily to
provide resistance.
Resonance. The effect produced when the natural vibration
frequency of a body is greatly amplified by reinforcing
vibrations at the same or nearly the same frequency from
another body.
Sensitivity. The volume of sound delivered for a given
electrical input.
Stator. The fixed part forming the reference for the moving
diaphragm in a planar speaker.
THD. The abbreviation for total harmonic distortion.
(See Distortion.)
TIM. The abbreviation for transient intermodulation distortion.
(See Distortion.)
Transducer. Any of various devices that transmit energy
from one system to another, sometimes one that converts
the energy in form. Loudspeaker transducers convert electrical
energy into mechanical motion.
Transient. Applies to that which lasts or stays but a short
time. A change from one steady-state condition to another.
Tweeter. A small drive unit designed to produce only
high frequencies.
Wavelength. The distance measured in the direction of
progression of a wave, from any given point characterized
by the same phase.
White noise. A random noise used in measurements, as it
has the same amount of energy at each frequency.
Woofer. A drive unit operating in the bass frequencies only.
Drive units in two-way systems are not true woofers but
are more accurately described as being mid/bass drivers.
Glossary of Audio Terms 25
26 Notes
NOTES
27Notes 27
2101 Delaware Street, Lawrence, Kansas 66046, USA tel 785.749.0133 fax 785.749.5320 www.martinlogan.com
c l s e l e c t r o s t a t i c
M
ARTIN L OGAN
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