Note: IMPORTANT! Provide serial numbers for both valves when ordering parts!!
INSTALLATION
8
0
0
6
20
1
30
0
0
0
10
4
R
LEONARD
40
0
50
-10
2
0
0
2
1
60
°C
°F
0
0
4
8
0
0
6
80
0
10
6
20
0
1
30
0
0
0
6
10
4
8
4
LEONARD
40
0
1
2
4
0
0
10
2
50
-10
2
2
0
0
0
11
2
2
kg/cm
0
4
1
psi
1
60
°C
0
6
1
°F
0
0
4
1
1
Bulletin M-5070Z
March 2012
LEONARD VALVE CO.
CRANSTON RI USA
TYP TM
US. Patents 2.970, 3,061,195 3.152,760
ASSE
1017
8
0
0
6
20
1
30
0
0
0
10
4
R
LEONARD
40
0
50
-10
2
0
0
2
1
60
°C
°F
0
0
4
1
1. Type TM Parallel Systems are factory pre-assembled and
tested and include large and small thermostatic water
mixing valves which function as a system to meet both
high and low demand for tempered water.
2. System should be installed at a location where it can
easily be cleaned, adjusted or repaired.
3. System supplies must be connected as shown (Hot-left,
Cold-right). Exercise caution when soldering.
Maximum Operating Pressure 125PSI (860 KPA) for Hot and Cold Water.
LEONARD VALVE CO.
CRANSTON RI USA
TYP TM
US. Patents 2.970, 3,061,195 3.152,760
ASSE
1017
8
0
0
6
20
1
30
0
0
0
10
4
R
LEONARD
40
0
50
-10
2
0
0
2
1
60
°C
°F
0
0
4
1
8
0
0
6
20
1
30
0
0
0
10
4
R
LEONARD
40
0
50
-10
2
0
0
2
1
60
°C
°F
0
0
4
1
4. Flush pipes thoroughly after system has been
connected.
5. Assemblies installed on a recirculated hot water system
MUSTbe piped according to LEONARD’S
REQUIRED PIPING METHOD #5 (see page 4).
6. Refer to page 3 of this bulletin for correct Setup
Instructions.
CAUTION
All thermostatic water-mixing valves have limitations. They will not provide the desired
accuracy outside of their flow capacity range. Consult the capacity chart on page 8. Minimum
flow must be no less than as shown.
1360 Elmwood Avenue, Cranston, RI 02910 USA
Phone: 401.461.1200 Fax: 401.941.5310
Email: info@leonardvalve.com
Web Site: http://www.leonardvalve.com
TM-1520A-2P ADJUSTMENT AND SERVICE ONLY
Leonard Type TM Thermostatic Water Mixing
Valves are simple in design and may be easily
cleaned, adjusted and repaired. If the installation
is accessible, servicing may be completed without
disconnecting the valves.
NOTE: Parallel Systems include Thermostatic
Water Mixing Valves, which must be regularly
maintained to provide best performance.
Frequency of cleaning depends on quality of local
water conditions and usage. See Maintenance
Guide and Record MGR-1000
WARNING
These mixing valves are equipped with an adjustable high temperature limit stop factory set at approximately
120°F (49°C) with an incoming hot water supply temperature of 150°F (65.5°C). If the hot water supply
temperature of the job is greater than 15 0°F (65.5°C), the valves when turned to full HOT will deliver water in
excess of 120°F (49°C) and the limit stop MUST BE RESET BY THE INSTALLER!
TO RESET ADJUSTABLE HIGH TEMPERATURE LIMIT STOP:
TM-1520A SMALL MIXING VALVETM-1520A LARGE MIXING VALVE
3. Temporarily place POINTER on the spline rod, turn RIGHT
for warmer temperature, turn LEFT for cooler temperature.
When valve is delivering warmest temperature desired, remove
the pointer.
4. Replace POINTER on the spline rod so that its RIGHT edge is
resting against the STOP SCREW located on the RIGHT SIDE
OF THE COVER.
5. The new maximum temperature has now been set. Test this
temperature by holding a thermometer under the flow of water
to be certain it is as desired.
* LIMIT STOP MUST BE RESET AND RECHECKED
EACH TIME HANDLE IS REMOVED.
ASSE
1017
1. Loosen LTR SET SCREW, remove POINTER SCREW.
2. Adjust POINTER to maximum desired temperature.
3. Remove POINTER, replace POINTER on spline rod with
STOP (which is cast into the underside on the pointer),
resting against the BOTTOM side of the WEB on the FINE
ADJUSTMENT SCREW.
4. If fine adjustment is needed, adjust FINE ADJUSTMENT
SCREW on the cover, loosen for hotter or tighten for cooler
temperature.
5. Replace POINTER and check temperature, if set to desired
temperature replace POINTER SCREW, and tighten LTR
SET SCREW.
6. The new maximum temperature has now been set. Test this
temperature by holding a thermometer under the flow of
water to be certain it is as desired.
* LIMIT STOP MUST BE RESET AND
RECHECKED EACH TIME HANDLE IS REMOVED.
ADJUSTMENT
SCREW
WEB
REST AGAINST SCREW
IMPORTANT! ALL MIXING VALVES MUST BE SET AT THE SAME
OPERATING TEMPERATURE.
SEE PAGES: 6 & 7 FOR COMPLETE PARTS BREAKDOWN
Check for significant variations in outlet flow. Thermostatic valves will NOT provide the desired accuracy
outside of their flow capacity range. Minimum flows must be no less than shown (see Flow Capacities, page 8).
If installed on a recirculated hot water system, make certain the valve is piped according to Leonard’s Required
Piping Methods (see page 4).
REMEMBER! THIS IS A CONTROL DEVICE WHICH MUST BE CLEANED AND MAINTAINED
ON A REGULAR BASIS. (SEE MAINTENANCE GUIDE AND RECORD, MGR-1000).
2
SETUP INSTRUCTIONS
TM-1520A-2P
THERMOMETER
V1L
V2L
LVL
LEONARD VALVE CO.
CRANSTON RI USA
US. Patents 2.970, 3,061,195 3.152,760
SVL
HOT
INLET
8
0
0
6
20
1
30
0
0
0
10
4
R
LEONARD
40
0
50
-10
2
0
0
2
1
60
°C
°F
0
0
4
1
V2R
V1R
LVR
LEONARD VALVE CO.
TYP TM
CRANSTON RI USA
TYP TM
US. Patents 2.970, 3,061,1 95 3 . 15 2,760
SVR
COLD
INLET
1. The Parallel Unit MUST be piped according to a Leonard
Required Piping Method 5 (see page 4).
2. Make sure full hot and cold supplies to this assembly are
operating. The temperature of the hot water source must be
properly set and maintained.
3. The circulator (if used) must be turned OFF before setup.
4. Turn on enough fixtures for a flow of at least 30
GPM (114
l/min.) downstream from this system. Make sure each fixture
is set to deliver full "HOT" water.
5. Close outlet ball valves V1R,V2R, V1L.
6. Make sure ball valve V2L is in the full open position.
7. Set outlet temperature of the mixing valve LVL to the required
level.
8.Open ball valve V2R and shut ball valve V2L at the mixing
valve.
9.Set outlet temperature of the mixing valve LVR to the same
temperature as step 7.
10. Turn off enough fixtures for a flow of at least 2 GPM (7.6
l/min) downstream from this system. Make sure each fixture
is set to deliver full "HOT" water.
11. Open V1L, shut off ball valve V2R
12. Set outlet temperature of mixing valve SVL to the same
temperature as Step 7.
13. Open V1R and shut V1L, set outlet temperature of SVR
mixing valve to the same temperature as STEP 7.
14. Open all outlets. System is operational. To balance
circulation system temperature, see page 4 .
3
REQUIRED PIPING METHOD #5
HIGH TEMPERATURE FIXTURES
SYSTEM FIXTURES
ISOLATION
BALL VALVE FOR
SETUP
VALVE
WATER
SOURCE
COLD
SUPPLY
HOT
8
0
0
6
20
1
30
0
0
0
10
4
LEONARD
40
0
50
2
-10
0
0
2
1
60
°C
°F
0
0
4
8
0
0
6
1
30
0
0
0
10
4
40
0
2
0
0
2
1
°C
°F
0
0
4
1
8
0
0
6
20
1
30
0
0
0
10
4
LEONARD
40
0
50
2
-10
0
0
2
1
60
°C
°F
0
0
4
1
BALANCING
1
LEONARD VALVE CO.
CRANSTON RI USA
TYP TM
LEONARD VALVE CO.
CRANSTON RI USA
TYP TM
VALVE #2
HEAT
TRAP
HIGH TEMPERATURE RETURN
8
0
0
6
CHECK
20
1
30
0
0
0
10
4
LEONARD
40
0
50
2
-10
0
0
2
1
60
°C
°F
0
0
4
1
VALVE
TEMPERED
RETURN
AQUASTAT
CIRCULATOR
8
0
0
6
20
1
30
0
0
0
10
4
LEONARD
40
0
50
-10
2
0
0
2
1
60
°C
°F
0
0
4
1
BALANCING
VALVE #1
C
CIRCULATOR
PROCEDURE TO BALANCE CIRCULATION SYSTEM
1. MAKE SURE NO WATER IS BEING DRAWN IN THE BUILDING. OPEN BALANCING VALVE #1
APPROXIMATELY HALF WAY AND START CIRCULATOR. KEEP BALANCE VALVE #2 CLOSED AT THIS TIME
2. OBSERVE TEMPERATURE UNTIL IT STABILIZES.
3. CLOSE BALANCING VALVE #1 SLIGHTLY IF TEMPERATURE IS TOO HOT, OR OPEN IT SLIGHTLY IF
TEMPERATURE IS TOO COLD. ALLOW TEMPERATURE TO STABILIZE, REPEAT UNTIL DESIRED
CIRCULATION TEMPERATURE IS SET.
4. IF UNABLE TO REACH DESIRED TEMPERATURE WITH VALVE #1 IN THE FULL OPEN POSITION, OPEN
BALANCE VALVE #2 IN SMALL INCREMENTS (i.e. 1/8, ¼, 3/8, ETC) UNTIL DESIRED TEMPERATURE IS
ACHIEVED.
REMEMBER! THIS IS A CONTROL DEVICE WHICH MUST BE CLEANED AND
MAINTAINED ON A REGULAR BASIS (SEE MAINTENANCE GUIDE AND RECORD, MGR-
1000).
4
TM-1520A INSTRUCTIONS
INSTRUCTIONS FOR SERVICING
LARGER TM1520A VALVE
DRIVING
POINTER
BALL
THERMOSTAT
GROUP
1. Loosen LTR set screw.
2. Remove screw, snap cap, and pointer .
3. Turn off hot and cold supplies at screwdriver checkstops. Remove
cover screws to release cover and thermostat group.
PORT
SLEEVE
4. To clean, port sleeve assembly (the thimble must slide freely on
the port sleeve): unscrew the check nut as far as it will go, then
screw the port sleeve nut into
may then be lifted out.
5. To clean thermostat coil, remove coil sleeve stud and take off
thermostat group.
6. Clean with a non-corrosive cleaning solution. DO NOT USE
ABRASIVES!
7. When reassembling, make sure driving ball of thermostat group
engages the ball socket of the port sleeve assembly.
BALL
SOCKET
FLANGE
PACKING
THIMBLE
CHECK
NUT
PORT
SLEEVE
NUT
base. The port sleeve and thimble
INSTRUCTIONS FOR SERVICING
SMALLER TM1520A VALVE
LTR SET SCREW
POINTER SCREW
POINTER
TEMPERATURE
ADJUSTING SCREW
1. Remove screw and pointer.
2. Loosen LTR set screw.
3. Turn off hot and cold supplies at screwdriver checkstops. Remove
M20-2C(CP) cover screws to release cover and thermostatic
control assembly.
4. To remove bridge assembly, M20-1-8B, remove pointer rod nut
(MU-10B) and pull bridge assembly off control rod.
BRIDGE ASSY
MU-10B
POINTER ROD NUT
5. To clean, submerge bridge in clean water or non-corrosive
cleaning solution. DO NOT USE ABRASIVES! Be certain
thimble moves freely on the port sleeve. Note! Driving stud
(M20-14B) must engage slot in thimble when reassembling.
6. To clean thermostat coil, remove retaining ring and stop, loosen
gland nut. Push rod through cover. Be careful not to pull coil out
of shape.
7. Clean with a non-corrosive cleaning solution. DO NOT USE
ABRASIVES!
CONTROL ASSEMBLY
M20-1-8B
M20-14B
DRIVING
STUD
TM20-1-12B
THERMOSTATIC
PORT SLEEVE
THIMBLE
M20-5B
P.S. HOLDER NUT
M20-3C
COVER
GASKET
M20-2C
COVER
SCREWS
PACKING & GASKETS
PORT SLEEVE/BRIDGE
ASSEMBLY
THERMOSTAT GROUP
CHECKSTOPS
TROUBLESHOOTING INSTRUCTIIONS
Note: Provide valve serial number when ordering parts for each valve!
Large Valve
1. Leak at stem
2. Leak between valve cover and base.
3. Valve delivers either all hot or all cold
water, or will not mix consistently.
4. Aft e r cleaning or replacing port
sleeve/bridge assembly, valve performance
is not consistent.
5. Hot water by-pass into cold line (or cold into
hot).
6. Supplies cannot be shut off completely.
Supplies leak at checkstop bonnets.
Repair Kit 1/125Y
Repair Kit R/125
Repair Kit R/125 or TGM125
Repair Kit 2/50Y
See pages 6 & 7 for parts Breakdowns
5
Small Valve
Repair Kit 1/M20
(Packings & Gaskets)
Repair Kit R/M20 TM-20
(Rebuilding Kit) or M201-8B Bridge Assembly
Repair Kit R/M20
(Rebuilding Kit) or M20G2 Thermostat Group
Repair Kit 4/M20
(Checkstop Kit)
TM1520A LARGE VALVE PARTS
TM-15B/125
57-L
SNAP CAP
TM-25C
POINTER
TM-29/29A
POINTER SCREW
W/WASHER
TM-16A/125
DIAL PLATE
FLANGE PACKING
CHECKSTOP PARTS
LOWER STEM & PACKING
03
1529
SPRING
YELLOW
SWIVEL
09/125
SWIVEL NUT
UPPER STEM
04/125
010
MU-5A
O'RING
013
SCREEN
LOCK-TYPE POINTER
COVER
TM-25D
STOP
30
FRICTION
SPRING
TM-16
COVER
SCREWS
TM21/125
BONNET PACKING
STRAINER CAP
05
TM-02
BONNET
014
CAP PACKING
06
TGM-2/125
THERMOSTAT GROUP
TM-8
COIL SLEEVE
STUD
MU-5A
O'RING (2)
TM-28A
POINTER ROD
TM-3/125
PORT SLEEVE NUT
ASSY
TGM-1/125
PORT SLEEVE ASSY
REPAIR KITS
REPAIR KIT 1/125Y PACKINGS & GASKETS
**=2 EA.
03**
LOWER STEM
& PACKING
REPAIR KIT R/125 TM-1520A REBUILDING KIT
MU-5A
O'RING (4)
1529
SPRING
YELLOW
TM-3/125
PORT SLEEVE
NUT ASSY.
**
C
TM21/125
FLANGE PKG
TM-28A
POINTER ROD
MU-5A
O'RING (2)
LEONARD
THERMOSTATIC
H
013**
SCREEN
CAP PACKING
05**
BONNET PKG.
014**
TM21/125
FLANGE PKG
POINTER SET SCREW
TM-36
REMEMBER! THIS IS A CONTROL DEVICE WHICH MU ST BE
CLEANED AND MAINTAINED ON A REGULAR BASIS. SEE
MAINTENANCE GUIDE AND RECORD MGR-1001.
NOTE: AFTER INSTALLING NEW PARTS IT WILL BE
NECESSARY TO RESET THE ADJUSTABLE HIGH
TEMPERATURE LIMIT STOP ON EACH VALVE (SEE PAGE 2).
6
THERMOSTAT GROUP
TGM-1/125
PORT SLEEVE ASSY
REPAIR KIT 2/50Y CHECKSTOP KIT
2 EA:
03
LOWER STEM
& PACKING
MU-5A
O'RING
SPRING
YELLOW
1529
TGM-2/125
COIL SLEEVE
STUD
013
SCREEN
014
CAP PACKING
TM-8
BONNET PKG.
05
TM1520A SMALL VALVE PARTS
MU-10B
M20-2C
COVER
SCREWS
7520
POINTER SCREW
6910
LTR SET SCREW
7628
POINTER
M-20-1-8B
BRIDGE ASSEMBLY
57-D(RF)
GLAND NUT
MU-4C
GLAND PACKING
(2 REQ'D)
HOLDER NUT O'RING
M20 -1C(R F )(CP)
COVER
M20-5B
P.S. HOLDER NUT
(2 REQ'D)
M20-6B
(2 REQ'D)
M20-1B
BRIDGE
M20-3C
COVER
GASKET
M20-G2
THERMOSTAT GRO UP
DURA-trol
M20-4B
P.S. HOLDER
(2 REQ'D)
PORT SLEEVE
ASSEMBLY
M20-3B
P.S. PACKING
(2 REQ'D)
R
POINTER ROD NUT
M20-G1
M20-14B
DRIVING
STUD
CHECKSTOP PARTSREPAIR KITS
REPAIR KIT 1/M20 PACKINGS & GASKETS
MU-4C
GLAND PKG.
(2 EACH)
M20-3A
BONNET PKG.
(2 EACH)
M20-9A
SPRING
(2 EACH)
M20-3C
COVER
GASKET
M20-6A
LOWER STEM
& PKG. (2 EACH)
O'RING (2 EACH)
REPAIR KIT R/M20 REBUILDING KIT
CHECKSTOPS
M20-3A BONNET
PACKING
M20-6A LOWER
STEM & PACKING
AND PACKING
M20-9A
CHECK SPRING
MU-5A UPPER
MU-4A
UPPER STEM
M20-2A RF/CP
CHECK BONNET
STEM PKG.
M20-6B
HOLDER NUT
MU-5A
O'RING
(2 EACH)
REMEMBER! THIS IS A CONTROL DEVICE WHICH MUST BE
CLEANED AND MAINTAINED ON A REGULAR BASIS (SEE
MAINTENANCE GUIDE AND RECORD, MGR-1000).
NOTE: AFTER INSTALLING NEW PARTS IT WILL BE
NECESSARY TO RESET THE ADJUSTABLE HIGH
TEMPERATURE LIMIT STOP ON EACH VALVE (SEE PAGE 2).
7
M20-3C
COVER
GASKET
THERMOSTATIC
CONTROL ASSEMBLY
REPAIR KIT 4/M20 REBUILDING KIT
2 EACH:
LOWER STEM
& PACKING
M20-6A
MU-5A UPPER
STEM O'RING
M20-9A
SPRING
BONNET PKG.
REPAIR KIT 2/M20 PORT SLEEVE KIT
M20-6B
M20-3B
P.S. PACKING
(2 EACH)
M20-G1
PORT
SLEEVE ASSY.
HOLDER NUT
0'RING (2 EACH)
M20-1-12B
M20-3A
TM1520A SMALL VALVE PARTS
7520
POINTER SCREW
CHECKSTOP PARTSREPAIR KITS
6910
LTR SET SCREW
7628
POINTER
M-20-1-8B
BRIDGE ASSEMBLY
03305
DIAL PLATE
57-D(RF)
GLAND NUT
MU-4C
GLAND PACKING
(2 REQ'D)
M20-14B
DRIVING
STUD
M20-1C(RF)(CP)
COVER
M20-5B
P.S. HOLDER NUT
(2 REQ'D)
M20-6B
HOLDER NUT O'RING
(2 REQ'D)
M20-1B
BRIDGE
M20-3C
COVER
GASKET
M20-G2
THERMOSTAT GROUP
DURA-trol
M20-4B
P.S. HOLDER
(2 REQ'D)
PORT SLEEVE
ASSEMBLY
M20-3B
P.S. PACKING
(2 REQ'D)
R
MU-10B
POINTER ROD NUT
M20-G1
M20-14B
DRIVING
STUD
MU-4A RF
UPPER STEM
M20-9A
AND PACKING
CHECK BONNET
MU-5A UPPER
STEM PKG.
M20-2A RF
CHECKSTOPS
M20-3A BONNET
PACKING
M20-6A LOWER
STEM & PACKING
CHECK SPRING
REMEMBER! THIS IS A CONTROL DEVICE
WHICH MUST BE CLEANED AND
MAINTAINED ON A REGULAR BASIS (SEE
MAINTENANCE GUIDE AND RECORD)
NOTE: AFTER INSTALLING NEW PARTS IT
WILL BE NECESSARY TO RESET THE
ADJUSTABLE HIGH TEMPERATURE LIMIT
STOP ON EACH VALVE (SEE PAGE 2).
REPAIR KIT 1/M20 PACKINGS & GASKETS
M20-6B
MU-4C
GLAND PKG.
(2 EACH)
M20-9A
CHECK SPRING
(2 EACH)
M20-3A
BONNET PKG.
(2 EACH)
M20-3C
COVER
GASKET
M20-6A
LOWER STEM
& PKG. (2 EACH)
HOLDER NUT
O'RING (2 EACH)
MU-5A
O'RING
(2 EACH)
REPAIR KIT R/M20 REBUILDING KIT
M20-3C
COVER
GASKET
M20-1-12B
THERMOSTATIC
CONTROL ASSEMBLY
REPAIR KIT 2/M20 PORT SLEEVE KIT
M20-3B
P.S. PACKING
(2 EACH)
M20-G1
PORT
SLEEVE ASSY.
M20-6B
HOLDER NUT
O'RING (2 EACH)
REPAIR KIT 4/M20 CHECKSTOP KIT
M20-3A
BONNET PKG.
(2 EACH)
MU-5A
O'RING
(2 EACH)
M20-9A
CHECK SPRING
(2 EACH)
M20-6A
LOWER STEM
& PKG. (2 EACH)
8
TEMPERED WATER
OPTIONAL OUTLET SETUP PIPING
(BY OTHERS)
MAIN OUTLET
BALL VALVE
TO BUILDING
The addition of this piping arrangement (extra
tee and ball valve) eliminates the need to turn
fixtures on and off throughout the building at
setup. The flows required in the setup
8
0
0
6
20
1
30
0
0
0
10
4
R
LEONARD
40
0
50
-10
2
0
0
2
1
60
°C
°F
0
0
4
1
instructions (page 3) are set by using Ball Valve
A. (make sure main outlet ball valve is closed).
BALL VALVE A
CAUTION! ALL THERMOSTATIC WATER MIXING VALVES AND SYSTEMS HAVE
LIMITATIONS! THEY WILL NOT PROVIDE THE DESIRED PERFORMANCE OUTSIDE
OF THEIR FLOW CAPACITY RANGE! CONSULT THE CAPACITY CHART BELOW
AND OBSERVE MINIMUM FLOWS SHOWN.
FLOW CAPACITIES
DOUBLE FLOWRATE WHEN BOTH VALVES ARE OPERATING
SINGLE VALVE ASSEMBLY FLOWRATES SHOWN
(MINIMUM FLOW RATE HAS BEEN DOUBLED TO 2GPM)
SYSTEM PRESSURE DROP (PSIG)
1.4.97
2530
168
636
2.11.7
180
681
10
.7
98
371
1520
120 143
541
454
3540
2.82.4
195
738
210
795
4550
3.13.4
237
248
897939
PSI
BAR
GPM
l/min
TM-1520A-2P
PARALLEL
MINIMUM
FLOW
(GPM)
(l/min)
2.0
8
5
.3
72
273
LIMITED WARRANTY
Leonard Valve Company (hereinafter, “Leonard”) warrants the original purchaser that products manufactured by Leonard will be free from defects in material or
workmanship under normal conditions of use, when properly installed and maintained in accordance with Leonard’s instructions, for a period of one year from the
date of shipment. During this period, Leonard will at its option repair or replace any product, or part thereof, which shall be returned, freight prepaid, to the Leonard
factory and determined by Leonard to be defective in materials or workmanship. Leonard provides no warranty, express or implied, which extends beyond the
description contained herein. LEONARD SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIMS ANY AND ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR OF
FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. Nonetheless, some jurisdictions may not allow the disclaimer of certain implied warranties, in w hich case Leonard
hereby limits such implied warranties to the duration of the limited warranty period contained herein. Some jurisdictions may not allow limitations on how long an
implied warranty lasts, so the foregoing durational limitation may not apply to you. In no event will Leonard be liable for labor or incidental or consequential
damages. Any alteration or improper installation or use of this product will void this limited warranty. If any provision of this limited warranty is prohibited by law
in the applicable jurisdiction, such provision shall be null and void, but the remainder of this limited warranty shall continue in full force and effect.