Before using the device, be sure to carefully read the Safety Instructions. Keep this document with the device at
all times.
1. Read these instructions.
2. Keep these instructions
3. Heed all warnings.
4. Follow all instructions.
5. Do not use this apparatus near water.
6. Clean only with a dry cloth.
7. Do not block any ventilation openings. Install in accordance
with the manufacturer’s instructions.
8. Do not install near any heat sources such as radiators, heat
registers, stoves, or other apparatus (including ampliers)
that produce heat.
9. Do not defeat the safety purpose of the polarized or
grounding-type plug. A polarized plug has two blades with
one wider than the other. A grounding-type plug has two
blades and a third grounding prong. The wide blade or
the third prong is provided for your safety. If the provided
plug does not t into your outlet, consult an electrician for
replacement of the obsolete outlet.
10. Protect the power cord from being walked on or pinched,
particularly at plugs, convenience receptacles, and the point
where they exit from the apparatus.
11. Only use attachments/accessories specied by the
manufacturer.
12. Use only with a cart, stand, tripod, bracket, or table specied
by the manufacturer, or sold with the apparatus. When a
cart is used, use caution when moving the cart/apparatus
combination to avoid injury from tip-over.
13. Unplug this apparatus during lightning storms or when
unused for long periods of time.
14. Refer all servicing to qualied service personnel. Servicing
is required when the apparatus has been damaged in any
way, such as power-supply cord or plug is damaged, liquid
has been spilled or objects have fallen into the apparatus, the
apparatus has been exposed to rain or moisture, does not
operate normally, or has been dropped.
15. Use the mains plug to disconnect the appartus from the
mains.
16. WARNING: To reduce the risk of re or electric shock, do not
expose this apparatus to rain or moisture.
17. Do not expose this equipment to dripping or splashing and
ensure that no objects lled with liquids, such as vases, are
placed on the equipment.
18. Do not connect the unit’s output to any other voltage source
such as battery, mains source, or power supply, regardless
of whether the unit is turned on or off.
19. Do not remove the top (or bottom) cover. Removal of the
cover will expose hazardous voltages. There are no user
serviceable parts inside and removal may void the warranty.
20. An experienced user shall always supervise this professional
audio equipment, especially if inexperienced adults or
minors are using the equipment.
21. The US National Differences clause 16.3 requires that
network cables must be ame rated VW-1.
1.1. Approvals
This equipment conforms to the requirements
of the EMC Directive 2014/30/EC and the
requirements of the Low Voltage Directive
2014/35/EC.
Standards applied: EMC Emission
EN55103-1, E3
EMC Immunity EN55103-2, E3, with S/N
below 1% at normal operation level.
Electrical Safety EN60065, Class I
This equipment is tested and listed according to the
U.S. safety standard ANSI/ UL 60065 and
Canadian safety standard CSA C22.2
NO. 60065. Intertek made the tests and they
are a Nationally Recognized Testing Laboratory
(NRTL).
1.2. Warnings
1.2.1. Explanation of warning symbols
The lightning bolt triangle is used to
alert the user to the presence of
un-insulated “dangerous voltages”
within the unit’s chassis that may be
of sufcient magnitude to constitute a
risk of electric shock to humans.
The exclamation point triangle is used to
alert the user to presence of important
operating and service instructions in the
literature accompanying the product.
1.2.2. Warnings
To prevent electric shock do not remove top or bottom
covers. No user serviceable parts inside, refer servicing to
qualied service personnel.
Français: À prévenir le choc électrique n’enlevez pas les
couvercles. Il n’y a pas des parties serviceable à l’intérieur, tous
reparations doit etre faire par personnel qualié seulment.
C SERIES Operation Manual rev 3.0.0
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1. Important safety instructions
To completely disconnect this equipment from the AC
mains, disconnect the power supply cord plug from the AC
receptacle. The mains plug of the power supply cord shall
remain readily operable.
Français: Pour démonter complètement l’équipement de
l’alimentation générale, démonter le câble d’alimentation
de son réceptacle. La prise d’alimentation restera aisément
fonctionnelle.
To reduce risk of re or electric shock, do not expose this
apparatus to rain or moisture.
Français: Pour réduire les risques d’incendie ou de choc
électrique, n’exposez pas l’appareil à la pluie ou à l’humidité.
Do not expose this system/apparatus to dripping or splashing
and ensure that no objects lled with liquids, such as vases,
are placed on the apparatus.
Français: N’exposez pas ce système/appareil au
ruissellement ni aux éclaboussures et assurez-vous qu’aucun
objet contenant du liquide tel qu’un vase n’est placé sur
l’appareil.
This apparatus must be connected to a mains socket outlet
with a protective earthing connection.
Français: Cet appareil doit être raccordé à une prise secteur
avec terre de protection.
The mains plug is used as a disconnect device and shall
remain readily operable.
Français: Lorsque la prise du réseau d’alimentation est utilisés
comme dispositif de déconnexion, ce dispositif doit
demeuré aisément accessible.
1.2.3. Caution
To reduce the risk of re or electric shock, do not remove screws.
No user-serviceable parts inside. Refer servicing to qualied
service personnel.
Français: Pour réduire le risque d’incendie ou de choc
électrique, ne pas retirer les vis. Aucune pièce réparable par
l’utilisateur. Coner l’entretien àpersonnel qualié.
1.2.4. User responsibility
Mains connection grounding
Your amplier must be connected to a grounded socket outlet.
Speaker output hazard on amplifiers
Ampliers are capable of producing hazardous output
voltages. To avoid electrical shock, do not touch any exposed
speaker wiring while the amplier is operating. The external
wiring connected to the speaker terminals shall be installed
by a qualied person, or ready-made leads or cords of
appropriate capacity shall be used.
As the power output channels on ampliers produce high
voltage, do not connect or disconnect speaker cables when
the mains power is on.
Radio interference
A sample of this product has been tested and complies with
the limits for the European Electro Magnetic Compatibility
(EMC) directive. This equipment has also been tested and
found to comply with the limits for a Class A digital device,
pursuant to Part 15 of the FCC Rules. These limits are
designed to provide reasonable protection against harmful
interference from electrical equipment. This product uses
radio frequency energy and if not used or installed in
accordance with these operating instructions, may cause
interference to other equipment, such as radio receivers.
This Class A digital apparatus complies with Canadian ICES-003.
Cet appareil numérique de la classe A est conforme à la norme NMB-003
du Canada.
However, there is no guarantee that interference will not
occur in a particular installation. If this equipment does cause
harmful interference to radio or television reception, which
can be determined by turning the equipment on and off, the
user is encouraged to try to correct the interference by one or
more of the following measures:
• Reorient or relocate the antenna.
• Increase the separation between the equipment and
re ceive r.
• Connect the equipment to an outlet on a circuit different
from that to which the receiver is connected.
• Check if the affected unit complies with the EMC limits for
immunity, (CE-labeled). If not, address the problem with
the manufacturer or supplier. All electrical products sold
in the EC must be approved for immunity against
electromagnetic elds, high voltage ashes, and radio
interference.
• Consult the dealer or an experienced radio/TV technician
for help.
Speaker damage
Amplier apparatus is very powerful and can be potentially
dangerous to both loudspeakers and humans alike. Many
loudspeakers can be easily damaged or destroyed by
overpowering them. Always check the speaker’s continuous
and peak power capabilities. Although the ampliers
attenuators can be used to reduce the overall gain, an
increase of the input signal can result in full output power,
which may cause damage to connected speakers.
Maintenance
For safe and reliable operation, the dust lters on both sides
of the front panel, behind the grilles, should be removed and
cleaned regularly to ensure maximum airow through the
device.
If the dust lters are not maintained there will be safety
risks; for example, high internal temperatures could ignite
the dust and start a re. There is also a risk that the unit will
malfunction since it is dependent on constant airow from
front to rear. If the dust lters are not clean and the unit
malfunctions, any resulting problems will not be covered by
the warranty.
C SERIES Operation Manual rev 3.0.0
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Table of Contents
Table of Contents
1. Important safety instructions 2
1.1. Approvals 2
1.2. Warnings 2
2. Introduction 5
2.1. Welcome 5
2.2. Main Features 6
3. Installation 8
3.1. Unpacking 8
3.2. Mounting 8
3.3. Cooling 8
3.4. Operating Voltage 9
3.5. Grounding 9
4. Product Overview 10
4.1. Front Panel Overview 10
4.2. Rear panel 12
4.3. NomadLink / Ethernet network setup 13
5. Operation and performance 15
5.1. Introduction 15
5.2. Operation precautions 15
5.3. Signal ow and headroom 15
5.4. Audio Input and Output connections, setup and features 17
5.5. GPIO connection and operation 22
5.6. Front-panel monitoring 25
5.7. NomadLink network and DeviceControl software 27
6. Appendix 31
6.1. Maintenance 31
6.2. FAQ 31
6.3. Additional documentation 32
6.4. Current Draw and Thermal Dissipation Specications 33
7. Technical Specications 38
8. Warranty and Support 39
8.1. General 39
8.2. Technical assistance and service 39
C SERIES Operation Manual rev 3.0.0
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2. Introduction
2. Introduction
2.1. Welcome
Thank you for choosing LAB GRUPPEN C Series power ampliers for your sound reinforcement system
installation. We are condent that you will be very pleased with the performance, conguration exibility, reliability,
and long-term durability offered by the C Series products.
This manual provides a comprehensive guide to the features and functionality of C Series model C 88:4, C 68:4,
C 48:4, C 28:4 and C 16:4 ampliers. Please read through it in its entirely to become fully acquainted with the
many conguration options and multiple layers of protection circuitry.
To facilitate timely installation and use of this C Series product, we have included a Quick Guide Overview
(section 4). This brief summary, in conjunction with Installation (section 3), contains the basic information needed to
safely install the amplier and place it in service. However, we highly recommend reading through this manual in its
entirety, beginning with Main Features and Technologies and continuing through Operation and Performance. As
you become thoroughly familiar with all aspects of operation, you may learn of features or options that will affect
your choices on amplier modes or loudspeaker system conguration.
LAB GRUPPEN C Series power ampliers are designed and built specically for the unique demands of permanent
installation applications. C Series ampliers offer the optimum combination of high-quality audio reproduction,
exible features, ease of installation, and 100% reliability in normal use.
By packing four or eight channels of recongurable power amplication into a 2U chassis, the C Series achieves
unprecedented power and channel density. The benets of compact dimensions include reduced rack space
requirements and minimal heat build-up. The exible output stages enable each amplier channel to be set for
either low impedance or constant voltage (70 V / 100 V) mode. NomadLink, an easy-to-use network for monitoring
and control, is implemented as a standard feature on all C Series ampliers.
Although C Series features and facilities are tailored to installation applications, at the heart of each amplier is the
same advanced technology that has made LAB GRUPPEN the benchmark of quality for touring concert systems:
exceptional sonic performance, rugged construction, proven reliability, and protection features that anticipate every
unwelcome possibility.
NOTE: This manual is shipped with C Series amplier models C 88:4, C 68:4, C 48:4, C 28:4 and
C 16:4. All references to “C Series” in this manual apply to all four of these models. A different
manual is shipped with models C 20:8X, C 10:8X, C 10:4X and C 5:4X. References to C Series in this
document may or may not apply to these C...X models.
C SERIES Operation Manual rev 3.0.0
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2. Introduction
2.2. Main Features
Your new C Series amplier incorporates a number of sophisticated technologies – many of them proprietary to
LAB GRUPPEN – that are provided to ensure the best possible performance and many years of reliable operation.
Familiarizing yourself with these technologies will prove invaluable in setting up and optimizing your
loudspeaker system.
2.2.1. Class TD amplifier and Regulated Switch Mode Power Supply (R.SMPS)
LAB GRUPPEN’s patented Class TD technology combines the exceptional efciency of a Class D amplier with the
high sonic quality associated with Class B designs. Class TD also incorporates the same basic concepts behind
Class H designs, but here they are rened and pushed to a higher level to achieve much greater efciency.
The Class TD output sections work in concert with LAB GRUPPEN’s unique, regulated switch-mode power supply
(R.SMPS) to create a superior overall power amplier topology. This ensures stable, full output power over an
extremely wide range of mains voltage levels. Sagging or uctuating mains voltage will not affect the power output
delivered to the loudspeakers.
2.2.2. Amplifier gain
For greater exibility in system integration, C Series ampliers allow gain adjustment from +23 dB to +44 dB in
3 dB steps. This feature accommodates any combination of input device and loudspeaker type. For example, if the
input signal is weak, the gain can be boosted to maintain maximum power output while avoiding a poor signalto-noise ratio. This gain adjustment feature makes it easier to achieve an optimal balance between headroom and
noise oor.
2.2.3. Voltage Peak Limiter (VPL)
The Voltage Peak Limiter (VPL) feature allows user adjustments that determine maximum voltage output, thus
matching the amplier to the connected speaker load. Whether the connected load is low impedance (2 to
16 ohms) or high impedance (70 V / 100 V), the VPL feature can be set to ensure that neither temperature nor
current limitations are exceeded before reaching the desired voltage threshold.
2.2.4. Protection and performance optimization
Appropriate and reliable power amplication is vital to any audio system. Inadequate or faulty power amplication
could cause damage to the loudspeakers, or in some cases to the power ampliers themselves. To prevent any
damage or costly service interruptions, C Series ampliers offer advanced features to protect both internal circuits
and any connected loads. These features even protect the mains fuse that, in extreme cases, could be overloaded.
C SERIES Operation Manual rev 3.0.0
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2. Introduction
Following are short descriptions of standard built-in C Series protection features:
• CPL (Current Peak Limiter) ensures that the amplier’s output does not exceed the safe current handling
parameters of amplier components.
• Temperature protection ensures that the amplier will not be damaged by exceeding thermal limits.
• PA L (Power Average Limiter) limits the maximum average power consumption according to the power supply
and mains-breaker capabilities.
• VHF (Very High Frequency) protection circuits mute the output of the amplier when nondynamic continuous
signals above 10 kHz are detected.
• DC protection ensures destructive DC signals will not appear at the amplier outputs. If such conditions occur
an internal fuse opens and fault indication is displayed.
• Low-impedance (short circuit) protection provides a fault warning indication and shuts down the output stage
when, for example, an input signal is present and a malfunctioning cable or driver is short circuiting the output.
• High-impedance warning reports an alert when, at the same time, output signal is high and no current draw is
measured. This situation might occur when no speakers are connected, or when a driver is blown.
• Low inrush current ensures that the mains breaker will not trip when several power ampliers are turned on
simultaneously.
2.2.6. NomadLink / Ethernet control and monitoring network
The NomadLink network allows easy setup and control of C Series power ampliers and other devices. The
patented network topology allows automatic detection and addressing of multiple ampliers, and is controlled
from a PC via an NLB 60E NomadLink Bridge & Network Controller using standard TCP/IP communication.
Phantom powering through the network cables allows the software to detect devices that are not currently turned
on or connected to the mains. This ensures very high reliability and redundancy levels while allowing connected
ampliers to remain on standby with no power consumption.
Cable connections can be daisy-chained for easier system setup. This also reduces total component costs,
simplies installation, and makes daily operation more convenient. There is no need to create a star topology
using many switches as with, for example, an Ethernet system. Individual amplier addresses do not need to be
manually entered: you will automatically know where an individual amplier resides in the network.
A daisy chain network-loop, in combination with the automatic addressing of devices, enables LAB GRUPPEN’s
proprietary DeviceControl software to automatically create a precise picture of all connected devices and their
relative position in the chain. By quickly creating a clear overview of the entire system conguration, DeviceControl
provides exible control over very large amplier systems. Set-up time is minimized, and critical information is
readily available for monitoring performance and solving problems during operation.
Via NomadLink, you can simultaneously monitor all metering data as well as any fault or warning indications..
NomadLink also allows you to remotely control power on and power off, as well as engage Mute and Solo
functions on individual channels.
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3. Installation
3. Installation
3.1. Unpacking
Carefully open the shipping carton and check for any noticeable damage. Every LAB GRUPPEN amplier is tested
and inspected before leaving the factory and should arrive in perfect condition. If any damage is discovered, please
notify the shipping company immediately. Only the consignee may institute a claim with the carrier for damage
incurred during shipping. Save the carton and packing materials for the carrier’s inspection. Should you ever need
to ship the amplier, always use the original packaging materials.
3.2. Mounting
The amplier is two rack units high (2U) and will t into a standard EIA 19” rack. The depth is 343 mm (13.5”).
The weight is approximately 8.5 kg (18.75 lbs.) depending on model type.
Free airow from front-to-rear of the amplier must be possible. Therefore, no doors or rack-lids should be
mounted in front of or behind the ampliers.
Ampliers may be stacked directly on top of each other. There is no need for spacing in between units, though this
might enable more convenient installation of cabling on the rear panel.
3.3. Cooling
The amplier uses a forced-air cooling system with air ow from front to rear, maintaining a low operating
temperature within dened limits. Front-to-rear airow is preferred as cooler air is present at the front in nearly all
applications. (This allows higher continuous power levels without encountering thermal problems.) Never attempt
to reverse the airow. The amplier modules require a pressure chamber between the fans and heat sink, and this
effect functions only in one direction.
Make sure that there is an adequate air supply in front of the amplier, and that the rear of the amplier has
sufcient space to allow the exhaust to escape. If the amplier is rack-mounted, do not use covers or doors on the
front or rear of the rack.
Should a heat sink overheat, the temperature sensing circuits will mute the overheating channel. If the power
supply overheats, another sensing circuit will mute all output channels until the power supply cools to safe
operating temperature. An early warning before shut down will be indicated on the front panel LEDs, and a warning
will be sent through the NomadLink network.
Always make sure that the dust-lters behind the detachable front panel are clean to ensure maximum possible
airow.
NOTE: If the amplier malfunctions due to dirty dust lters, any required repairs are not covered by
the warranty.
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3. Installation
To calculate the maximum heat emission value when installing the ampliers in rooms with an air-conditioning
system, please refer to the Current Draw and Thermal Emissions specications provided in the Appendix
(section 6.4).
3.4. Operating Voltage
The label placed to the right of the mains cable on the rear of the amplier indicates the AC mains voltage for which
the amplier is wired and approved: 115 V or 230 V. Connect the power cable only to the AC source type referred
to on the label. The warranty will not cover damage caused by connecting to an incorrect type of AC mains.
LAB GRUPPEN switch-mode ampliers use primary switching. Because the mains power is rectied directly in
front of the transformer, the amplier is insensitive to mains frequency. It may be connected to 50 or 60 Hz sources,
and actually will operate on line frequencies from DC to 400 Hz.
If the power plug mounted at the factory is not appropriate for your country, it can be removed and the proper
connector wired in its place as follows:
BLACK or BROWN LIVE
WHITE or BLUE NEUTRAL
GREEN or GREEN/YELLOW EARTH (GROUND)
If you are not 100% condent of your competence to replace the mains plug, engage qualied personnel to do the
job.
Once a suitable AC supply is connected, the amplier can be turned on using the front-panel power switch. The
amplier then goes through a soft-start sequence as it self-checks its circuits. The fans will blow at high speed
before dropping to idle, and the “power” LED will illuminate.
Inrush power is controlled and limited during “soft start”, enabling multiple ampliers to be powered up
simultaneously.
3.5. Grounding
There is no ground lift switch or terminal on the C Series ampliers. The signal ground is always oating, via a
resistor, to chassis and therefore the grounding system is automatic.
In the interests of safety, never disconnect the earth (ground) pin on the AC power cord.
Use balanced input connections to avoid hum and interference.
C SERIES Operation Manual rev 3.0.0
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4. Product Overview
4. Product Overview
4.1. Front Panel Overview
The amplier’s front panel presents the performance and fault condition indicators, power and remote switches,
and a removable dust-lter cover. Four level potentiometers located behind the cover provide individual attenuation
for the four amplier channels. Range is 0 dB to - innity. The 12 o’clock position indicates -10 dB attenuation.
A label area is located beneath the LED display.
To remove the dust-lter cover, loosen the thumbscrew at the far left. This allows removal of the dust-lters
for cleaning, and provides access to channel attenuation. The front cover may be made “tamper resistant” by
replacing the thumbscrew with a Philips head or safety Torx screw. Thread size is M3.
NOTE: Never operate the amplier without the dust-lters in place.
4.1.1. Power on/off and remote switch
The Power on/off switch is located on the right side. A second switch, labeled “REMOTE,” is located above
the Power switch. When the Remote switch is on, (with the mains connected and power switch turned on) the
yellow LED above it will illuminate indicating that external power on/off commands from the NomadLink network
connection will switch the amplier on or off. When Remote is activated the amplier will not switch on until a
“Power On” command is received from the network. When the remote switch is off, it is not possible to switch
amplier power on or off using NomadLink network control.
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4. Product Overview
PAL
4.1.2. Front-panel LED’s
The front-panel LED area includes the following indicators per channel:
• Temperature mute (Yellow constant)
• VHF (Very High Frequency) protection active (output muted) (Yellow)
• Mute channel via NomadLink network (2x Yellow)
• CPL (Current Peak Limiter) active (Orange ashing)
• CPL (Orange constant with output muted): constant (output muted): Low impedance / short circuit
NOTE: When no VPL, CPL or PAL indicators are illuminated, and the VPL DIP-switch is set to
maximum at the specied nominal load, the amplier channel is able to deliver maximum rated output
power.
NOTE: When the network is connected, the blue NomadLink LED will illuminate even when mains
power is not connected. NomadLink receives phantom power from the network supplied by the
NLB 60E.
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4. Product Overview
4.2. Rear panel
C 88:4
200-240V 50-60Hz :2500W
Must be grounded/earthed
Made in Sweden
Mains input 115 V
and 230 V operation
(Not selectable)
NomadLink network
EtherCon-housed
RJ45 connections
4.2.1. The DIP-switch features
In and Out on
44dB
41dB
38dB
35dB
32dB
29dB
26dB
23dB
*100V
71V
141V*
59V
118V
50V
100V**
42V
85V
**70V
rms
rms
BALANCED INPUTS
CH D
DIP-switches for
adjusting key features
(see below)
Removed!
Ser. N:o
CH BCH CCHA
3-pole Phoenix
input connectors
SPEAKER OUTPUTS
WIRING
NORMAL: CLASS 2
BRIDGED: CLASS 3
2-pole screw
terminal output
connections
The following features may be adjusted using the DIP-switches on the rear-panel of the amplier.
Gain - Set for all four or eight channels from +29 to +38 dB in 3 dB steps.
Fan Masked - When on, engages the intelligent fan feature; fan speed is lowered when no signal is present.
Bridge Mode - Switches the channel pairs into bridge mode operation. An automatic -6 dB gain compensation is
applied.
VPL - Voltage Peak Limiter adjustment is provided for 8 individual levels. Select the setting most appropriate for
connected speakers. See Appendix for details.
Mode - Select VPL mode between Hard and Soft. For channels driving sub-woofers and low-end frequencies, it
is recommended to use the Hard setting for optimal operation. For mid- and high-frequency drivers, always select
Soft.
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4. Product Overview
4.3. NomadLink / Ethernet network setup
The amplier includes, as a standard feature, internal facilities for the NomadLink monitoring and control network.
All features of the NomadLink network are accessible via a PC running LAB GRUPPEN’s proprietary DeviceControl
software. A single rackspace NLB 60E NomadLink Bridge & Network Controller accepts the TCP/IP data stream
from the computer and converts it to the NomadLink protocols. Even when no computer is connected, the
NLB 60E can initiate stand-alone power on/off and muting functions, as well as report any fault or warning
conditions.
The PC is connected to the NLB 60E using a standard Ethernet interface and a crossed Cat-5 cable (peer-topeer setup). If a hub or switch is in the network, standard “straight” Cat-5 cables must be used. The front and rear
Ethernet connections on the NLB 60E can be used individually, but only one PC at a time running DeviceControl
can access the subnet.
NOTE: Many newer laptop computers will allow peer-to-peer connection with the NLB 60E using a
standard “straight” Cat-5 cable instead of a crossed cable.
The default xed TCP/IP address of the NLB 60E is 192.168.1.166. The subnet mask is 255.255.255.0. For further
system conguration details, please refer to instructions supplied with the NLB 60E unit.
The NomadLink connections between ampliers use standard “straight” Cat-5/RJ45 equipped cables.
NOTE: US National Differences cl.16.3 requires that NomadLink network cables must be rated VW-1.
The OUT port from the NLB 60E must be connected to the IN port of the rst amplier. The OUT port from the rst
amplier in turn connects to the next amplier’s IN port to form a daisy-chain The OUT port on the last amplier is
connected to the IN port on the NLB 60E to close the loop.
NOTE: There are performance limitations to cable lengths on a NomadLink network, both in terms of
total cable length in the loop and between any two devices. These limitations follow standard Ethernet
cabling protocols. Read the Operation and Performance chapter in this manual, or the Operation
Manual supplied with the NLB 60E, to ensure the network is congured within these constraints.
TIP: Although the network will function as an open loop under most circumstances, it is strongly
recommended that the loop be closed by connecting the last amplier’s OUT port to the NLB 60E’s IN
port. Doing so will improve redundancy and communication speed.
External contact closures and 24 V low/high triggers can be connected to the GPI connectors on the NLB 60E for
control of re-alarm systems or external power sequencers. For more details read the instructions supplied with the
NLB 60E.
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4. Product Overview
IN OUT
NOMADLINK
IN OUT
NOMADLINK
NOMADLINK
IN OUT
ETHERNET
GENERAL
PURPOSE
INPUT, GPI
ETHERNET
Crossed RJ45 Ethernet cable between
NLB 60E and PC. If bridge is connected
to switch of HUB, use " straight " cable.
PC can also be connected on front panel.
" Straight " RJ45 cables between
bridge and amplifiers
1
2
1
2
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5. Operation and performance
5. Operation and performance
5.1. Introduction
The following sections provide comprehensive information on amplier connection, setup, operation, and
performance. The detailed information included here is essential to realizing the full functionality of the C Series
ampliers.
5.2. Operation precautions
• Make sure that the Power switch and the Remote switch on the amplier front-panel are set to “off” before
making any input, output or network connections, and also before manipulating the DIP-switches on the
rear-panel.
• Make sure that the AC mains voltage is correct and matches the voltage printed on the rear-panel of the
amplier (115 V or 230 V).
• Make sure that no signal is present at the input to the amplier when powering up. This could produce an
unintentionally loud initial volume from the speakers.
5.3. Signal flow and headroom
5.3.1. Signal flow blocks
All C Series ampliers have the same signal ow and feature set. The only difference is the amplier’s maximum
output current per channel.
The input stage of all C Series ampliers has a high sensitivity to provide ample system headroom. This in effect
means that the input stage is almost impossible to clip.
Overall amplier input gain is adjusted using the input stage DIP-switches. Please note that the gain setting is
global, affecting all four channels. Following the input stage, the dedicated level control on each channel allows
signal attenuation from 0 dB to minus innity.
The CPL (Current Peak Limiter) section dynamically limits the input signal based on three parameters: sensed
current level, feedback from the output stage, and sensed voltage clip from the VPL (and output amplier voltage
clip if “Soft Clip” activated). This ensures that power output is maintained within the design limits of the amplier.
The adjustable VPL (Voltage Peak Limiter) sets the maximum output voltage and therefore also the maximum
output power. Eight (8) different voltage stages are available using the DIP-switches on the rear-panel. See table in
Appendix section with VPL ratings at typical loads.
The sophisticated output section monitors faults and generates appropriate warnings, which are displayed on
the amplier front-panel and transmitted through the NomadLink network. These alerts allow the operator to
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5. Operation and performance
adjust system settings and thereby avoid problems. In the rare event that conditions are extraordinarily severe, the
amplier will shut down until the fault or problem setting has been rectied or adjusted. These sensing circuits are
also employed to feed back voltage and current level information, via a side chain, to the limiters. Sensing circuits
also transmit local amplier module temperature and power supply temperature to the appropriate protection
mechanisms. Read the Protection, Faults and Warnings section for further details.
5.3.2. Headroom, sensitivity and VPL / Gain settings
The input amplier and limiter system is designed to accommodate extremes of performance. Typically, exceeding
maximum input by much as +10 dB will only result in a 1% increase in distortion. The following schematics
illustrate how the adjusable VPL and Gain circuitry affect input sensitivity and output power:
The tables to the left of the drawing below show input sensitivity for a C 68:4 with an 8 ohm load and 141 V peak
(max.) and 42 V peak (min.) respectively for the eight different gain stages between +23 dB and +44 dB. The
resulting output power is displayed in dBu, Vrms and Watts in the tables to the far right. Complete input sensitivity
tables for all VPL and Gain settings for as applicable to C Series models can be found at www.labgruppen.com.
The headroom available through the input stage to the clip limiter is shown by the dotted lines as +10 dB at 141 V
peak and +20.4 dB at 42 V peak. These lines illustrate the additional signal level that can be accepted at the input
before any signicant distortion will appear at the input stage.
NOTE: If you use the level potentiometer in the signal chain to reduce the level by an amount greater
than the headroom relative to input sensitivity, AND you drive the amplier to clip level, you are in
danger of clipping the input stage before the current or voltage peak limiters are activated.
NOTE: When bridging two channels, you must add +6 dB to the input sensitivity to achieve maximum
output voltage due to the automatic -6 dB gain compensation inserted by the amplier.
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5. Operation and performance
5.4. Audio Input and Output connections, setup and features
5.4.1. Balanced / Unbalanced Input connection
Two electronically balanced Phoenix-type inputs are available. Follow the +,– and Ground labels when connecting
the input signal.
If an unbalanced connection is desired this can be achieved by summing the minus (“COLD”) and Ground
terminals and using the + terminal as the “HOT” signal. For the best possible performance, the summing of ground
and minus wires should be done at the source unit end of the cable (e.g. a CD player).
Four connectors are supplied for attaching cables to the inputs. The type of connector used is: Phoenix Contacts,
Part number MSTB 2,5/3-STZ-5,08.
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5. Operation and performance
NOTE: When linking the same source signal to several input channels, be aware that there is a limit to
the number of channels an output source can “drive”. A typical output source (e.g. a DSP crossover
unit) can drive up to four amplier channels before external line-drivers might be required to buffer
the signal.
5.4.2. Output operation and connection
Screw-terminal connectors with + and – poles are provided at each channel output for connection of the speakers.
Make sure that the speaker cables are connected correctly and tightly, and that accurate polarity is maintained to
all speakers in the system.
As the amplier outputs produce high voltage, do not connect or disconnect speaker cables when the mains
power is on. Also, attach the safety cover on the speaker terminals for safe operation and to comply with electrical
product approvals.
5.4.3. Output bridge mode
It is possible to bridge channels in pairs of two (A+B and C+D for example). When bridged, the input source must
be connected to input A (A+B) or C (C+D) respectively. Output speaker cables must be connected to the plus pole
on channel A or C and the minus pole on B or D.
The main benet of bridging the output is a doubling of output voltage. Bridging can be used to turn the amplier
into a three-channel amplier with, for example, 2 x 1200 W and 1 x 2400 W at 4 ohms utilizing the C 48:4, or
simply to achieve an impressive 200 Vrms supply per channel.
Most power amplier designs, when bridged, automatically introduce a +6 dB input gain boost which can lead the
user to conclude that said amplier delivers “more than double the power” when in bridge mode. This is clearly not
the case, as the gain boost articially enhances perceived power at the cost of headroom. The C Series ampliers
work on globally set constant gain, and automatically compensate the input gain by -6 dB. For example, if the
amplier is congured in a three-channel mode, then the selected gain is maintained from input to output on all
channels.
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5. Operation and performance
5.4.4. Amplifier Input Gain
All C Series ampliers feature adjustable input gain. This versatility enables the amplier to accommodate a
multitude of system congurations with various input sources and speaker layouts.
Amplier gain is set globally for all four channels. The range is +23 dB to +44 dB in 3 dB steps. Individual channel
ne level adjustment is available using the potentiometers on the front panel.
The unique adjustable input gain feature of the C Series makes it easier to attain the optimum balance between
headroom and signal-to-noise ratio in the signal path. A weak signal at the input might require the gain to be raised
in order to achieve maximum output power with the lowest signal-to-noise ratio. A “hot” input signal, however,
would require a lowering of the gain to avoid sending the amplier into Voltage or Current clipping.
See Appendix to review the table containing Gain versus VPL setting implications for input sensitivity and output power.
NOTE: Bridge mode operation automatically compensates by -6 dB, keeping all channels at the
same gain.
5.4.4.1. Channel gain/level (front-panel pots)
Individual channel gain (level) may be adjusted using the potentiometers located on the front-panel behind the dust
lter cover. Range is from 0 dB to -innity in 21 steps. The attenuation is logarithmic, with the 12 o’clock position
indicating -10 dB.
Use your ngers or a screwdriver to adjust the potentiometers.
NOTE: If the level control is used to attenuate to a lower level than the headroom relative to input
sensitivity AND the amplier input is driven into clip, there is a danger of clipping the input stage before
the current or voltage peak limiters are activated.
5.4.4.2. Amplifier sensitivity
Sensitivity is dened as how many volts (rms) or dBu (referred to 0.775 Vrms) are required to achieve full
(maximum) output power. As the output power varies with the load impedance, 4 ohms is usually the common
reference.
Since C Series ampliers are capable of providing multiple maximum output power levels through use of the
VPL feature, many sensitivity calculations may be required for a single amplier. We recommend use of the
DeviceControl software to simplify this process. DeviceControl’s Device View page, used in combination with the
DIP-switch settings display, will automatically produce a sensitivity calculation from the given data (VPL, Gain
and load).
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5. Operation and performance
V peakVrms
141100
11884
10070
8560
7150
5942
5035
4230
5.4.5. Output Voltage Peak Limiter (VPL)
The Voltage Peak Limiter (VPL) is a unique feature in C Series ampliers. It is used to select the maximum power
available on each output channel. Four levels can be set using the DIP-switches on the amplier’s rear panel.
The values for VPL are displayed as maximum Voltage Peak. To translate Voltage Peak into Vrms, you must divide
the Voltage Peak values by 1.41 (see table).
The VPL allows you to set the correct maximum output peak power for optimum performance with the connected
speakers. The correct setting depends on the system type (low or high impedance) and the specic load
connected to the channel. Since each channel can be congured to deliver either very high voltage peak power
OR high current draw at low impedances, it is important to set the VPL correctly.
To congure an individual output channel for a constant voltage system, you simply adjust the DIP-switches to
the desired voltage. However, when using an output for a low-impedance system ( 4, 8 or 16 ohms), then you
may need to adjust the VPL to a lower setting to avoid either delivering excessively high continuous power to the
speaker or overheating of the output channel through high current draw. For example, with a very “hot” continuous
output signal, the temperature could rise to a critical level and activate Temp warning or even Temp Mute. Lowering
the VPL setting usually will solve this situation.
If the Current Peak Limiter is active or indicates low impedance, lowering the VPL setting can rectify this situation
as well.
5.4.6. Constant voltage 70 V and 100 V systems setup and operation
When using C Series ampliers to drive constant voltage (high-impedance) speaker systems at 70 Vrms or 100 V
peak, you can in most cases simply connect the speakers to the amplier output terminals, select the correct VPL
setting, and place the amplier in service.
5.4.8. Output Current Peak Limiter (CPL)
The Current Peak Limiter (CPL) ensures that the amplier will not be damaged by trying to deliver current to the
outputs exceeding the physical limitations the transistors. The CPL keeps the amplier within the Safe Operating
Area. The CPL is non-adjustable and has different limit values depending on model type. The maximum output
current values for the four C...X models are:
20
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• C 88:4, 35.5 Arms per channel
• C 68:4, 24.5 Arms per channel
• C 48:4, 17.5 Arms per channel
• C 28:4, 12 Arms per channel
• C 16:4, 8.5 Arms per channel
CPL activity is indicated by illumination of an orange LED for each channel on the front-panel. Warnings also are
shown in the DeviceControl software’s GUI.
A steadily illuminated orange CPL LED indicates a short circuit situation (or very low impedance). The output will
mute for 6 seconds before measuring the output impedance again. This will continue until the short circuit is xed,
at which time the output will automatically un-mute. An input signal must be present to allow detection of short
circuit or low impedance conditions.
TIP: If the CPL LED is steadily illuminated orange while the output is muted and the -4 dB signal LED is
NOT on, then the amplier output is detecting a short circuit or low impedance condition. The problem
can be solved by checking input and output cables and examining the state of the loudspeaker load. If
there is no short circuit present, then the condition may be rectied by lowering the VPL or input levels.
If the CPL indicator is lit continuously, then the amplier is delivering excessive current and is being forced into a
current limiting state (output muted).
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5. Operation and performance
20 Hz10 kHz20 kHz
30 kHz
5.5. GPIO connection and operation
5.5.1. Introduction
The C Series ampliers incorporate a sophisticated and comprehensive set of protection features. Faults
and warnings are indicated on the front-panel and reported via the NomadLink network for indication on the
DeviceControl GUI.
5.5.2. Safe Operating Area Detector (SOAD)
The Safe Operating Area Detector (SOAD) compares output voltage against output current to ensure that the
output transistors are working inside their safe operating area.
The SOAD provides fault monitoring and input to the Current Peak Limiter (CPL). The SOAD has no dedicated
indicator, and its operation is revealed only in conjunction with features such as the CPL.
5.5.3. Very High Frequency protection
All C Series ampliers include protection circuits that detect continuous Very High Frequency (VHF) content in the
input signals. The detection begins at approximately 10 kHz and moves upwards to include ultrasonic signals. If
VHF signals are detected, the output will mute for 6 seconds before re-measuring. Once no continuing VHF signal
is detected, the output un-mutes and returns to normal operation.
This feature recognizes that continuous full-scale VHF signals do not appear in “natural” sources such as music.
Any such signals can therefore be considered as a fault when present. VHF protection is essential for avoiding
damage to high frequency drivers.
The VHF protection operational area is dependent on output power level and frequency. The illustration below
shows a decreasing threshold on the output power level, starting at approximately 10 kHz and rising with a -6 dB
slope. This denes the VHF protection area. When continuous output power above the threshold line is detected
the VHF protection becomes active.
Output
power
20 Hz10 kHz20 kHz
- 6 dB slope
VHF protection
operation area
Max. Peak
output power
Max. Continous
output power
30 kHz
Slow
Fast
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Attack time
VHF protection
5. Operation and performance
The Attack time for the VHF protection is increasingly shorter at higher frequencies. For example, an ultrasonic
continuous signal will cause the outputs to mute rapidly, where it will take several milliseconds for a 10 kHz
continuous signal to trigger the output mute. This is shown in the illustration above.
The VHF protection is NOT a limiter and does not alter the amplier’s frequency response. It is implemented solely
to detect continuous VHF content. The amplier will always pass VHF peaks at full power, with no effect on musical
“transients”.
The VHF protection is indicated by a yellow LED on the amplier front-panel, with output muting for six seconds
when in action. It is reported as a fault via the NomadLink network on the DeviceControl GUI.
TIP: If you bench test the amplier using a continuous, full scale sine-wave input above 10 kHz, the
VHF protection will activate and prevent measurement of full peak output power. (Output will be muted
long before maximum output power is attained.) To measure the true peak output power, use a
burst signal.
5.5.4. DC protection
DC protection is implemented on each output to prevent damage to connected loudspeakers. DC present at the
output will trigger muting and illuminate the fault LED indicator. Any DC present at the output indicates a hardware
malfunction that requires servicing of the amplier.
5.5.5. High-impedance warning (open load)
A high-impedance (open load) condition is indicated when an input signal above approximately -29 dB is detected
and no functioning loudspeakers are connected to the amplier. The fault in indicated by a red Sig/Hi-imp LED. The
indicator is green when a valid load is present under the same input signal conditions.
NOTE: Since the high-impedance detection initially triggers only when the input signal rises above
-29 dB, it might cause the indicator to rst turn green, and then red, even in situations where no
speaker is connected.
5.5.6. Low-impedance protection (short circuit)
A low-impedance or short-circuit fault is detected when current draw is high (Current Peak Limiter active) and
when, simultaneously, output signal is low (-4 dB LED does not illuminate). When this occurs, the amplier protects
the output stage from damage by muting the output signal and bypassing the circuits. Indication of this fault is a
constant orange illumination of the Current Peak Limiter (CPL) LED on the front-panel. The protection will sequence
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5. Operation and performance
at six second intervals to re-measure conditions. If the low-impedance fault is no longer detected, the amplier will
un-mute.
NOTE: If the CPL turns constant orange, the output is muted, and the -4 dB signal LED is ON, then
the amplier has gone into maximum current protection. This situation is caused by an excessive input
signal and is not due to a short circuit. Turn down the input signal to avoid or remedy this situation.
5.5.7. Temperature protection
Thermal measurement points are provided on each output channel as well as on the power supply. If these
sensors detect temperatures above the specied maximums, a high temperature warning will be indicated by
a ashing Temp LED on the front panel. The warning also will be transmitted to the Device Control GUI via the
NomadLink network.
As the amplier approaches a thermal protection threshold, the warning LED sequence will start with short “ontime” bursts. If the amplier continues to overheat and approaches the temperature limit, the ashing sequence will
be dened by longer and longer on-time bursts until the protection mode is activated.
If the temperature becomes too high to continue safe operation, the overheated output channel(s) will be muted
until the temperature returns to an acceptable level.
Fully active temperature protection (with muting) is indicated by a constantly illuminated Temp LED. It will also be
indicated as a fault via the NomadLink network on the DeviceControl GUI.
Temperature measurements will continue at six second intervals. The output will un-mute when the channel or
power supply returns to a safe operating temperature.
5.5.8. Power Average Limiter (PAL)
The Power Average Limiter (PAL) controls the current-drawing relationship between the power supply and the
mains inlet. PAL limits the maximum average power consumption according to the power supply capabilities,
ensuring that the PSU will not overload. In addition, in the larger models that potentially could pull more current
from the mains than the mains fuses are specied to handle (more than 16 A), PAL limits the amplier’s maximum
current draw to prevent blowing the mains fuse.
5.5.9. Soft-Start
High powered ampliers with inadequate inrush limiting can pull considerable current from the mains at turnon. This can result in fast acting mains breakers tripping. Such is not the case with C Series ampliers in most
circumstances.. The C Series ampliers have very low inrush power as the capacitors are charged slowly, and in a
controlled manner, ensuring that breakers will not trip.
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5. Operation and performance
Several ampliers will, under normal conditions, be able to be powered up simultaneously. If you do experience
problems powering up multiple ampliers simultaneously (normally experienced only in very large installations), use
the NomadLink network and the NLB60E to establish a power sequence with pre-set delays before the start-up of
each subsequent amplier.
5.6. Front-panel monitoring
5.6.1. Level indicators
Four signal/level/clip LEDs per channel are contained on the C Series front panels
• Orange CPL (Current Peak Limiter) ashing indicates signal exceeds the limits of the output devices and
limiting is in effect.
• Red VPL/CLIP indicates that the signal has exceeded maximum output voltage. (Maximum voltage is
determined by rear-panel VPL settings.)
• Green - 4 dB indicates output signal has reached this level.
• Green - 10 dB indicates output signal has reached this level.
• Signal / Hi-Imp (Green/red) indicates an output signal above -44 dB. If it turns RED, this indicates that a
high-impedance (“open” connection) has been detected at the output. This can be a fault such as a
disconnected cable or malfunctioning loudspeaker driver. However, it could indicate acceptable high
impedance, such as a sub-bass enclosure with high impedance at a certain frequency. When the -10 dB
signal LED is on AND the Hi-Imp LED turns red then the amplier has detected an open load (no speaker
is connected).
For more detailed signal level indications use the DeviceControl software application.
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5. Operation and performance
StepAttenuationStepAttenuation
1 (Min)-Inf. d B12- 8.7 dB
2-Inf. d B13-7.4 dB
3-50 dB14-6.0 d B
4-40 dB15-4.5 dB
5-35 dB16-2.7 dB
6-2 1.5 dB17-0.6 dB
7-2 1.5 dB18-0 .3 dB
8-14.7 dB19- 0.1 dB
9-1 2. 9 dB200 dB
10-11.4 dB21 (Max )0 dB
11-10.0 dB
5.6.2. Level adjust
Level adjust potentiometers (one per channel) are located behind the removable dust-lter cover on the amplier’s
front-panel. It is not possible to adjust the level settings with the cover in place.
Level adjust potentiometers (one per channel) are located behind the removable dust-lter cover on the amplier’s
front-panel. It is not possible to adjust the level settings with the cover in place.
The potentiometer’s operational range is 0 dB to -innity in 31 steps. Attenuation is logarithmic, with 12 o’clock
position being -10 dB. See table to the above with increments.
It is not possible to adjust the individual channel attenuation from the NomadLink network or elsewhere on the
amplier.
Use ngers or a screwdriver to adjust the potentiometers.
5.6.3. Mute indication
Individual channel Mute is indicated by illumination of the two yellow LEDs at the top of the channel’s LED
bargraph. If both LEDs are illuminated and all other indications are normal, then the channel has been muted by a
command from the NLB 60E front-panel or the DeviceControl application. Otherwise, a Mute could indicate a fault
condition.
5.6.4. Performance, Warning and Fault indicators
• Power on/off (green) indicates that mains power is switched on.
• NomadLink (blue) indicates that the network is connected. The NomadLink LED will light up even before the
mains power is connected and switched on as it takes phantom power from the NomadLink network cable.
• Bridge mode (yellow) indicates if two channels are bridged using the DIP-switch on the rear panel.
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5. Operation and performance
• CPL, Current Peak Limiter (orange), when ashing indicates the maximum possible current draw has
been reached.
• CPL, Current Peak Limiter (orange), when constant indicates excessive current draw caused by a short circuit
on the output or very low operational impedance. When detected, the output will mute for six seconds before
re-measuring the output impedance. This will continue until the short circuit is removed. CPL remains constant
orange in a fault condition only when an input signal is present.
• Temperature (yellow) warning is indicated by a ashing LED. If the amplier goes into thermal protect (output
muted) the LED illuminates constant yellow.
• VHF, Very High Frequency protection (yellow), indicates that potentially harmful continuous high frequencies
have been detected on the input signal. The output is muted.
• PAL, Power Average Limiter (red), indicates that the amplier is limiting because the power supply and/or the
mains-inlet fuse has reached maximum capability.
• Hardware fault is indicated when both the CPL and VHF indicators light up simultaneously. The amplier
requires servicing before being placed back in operation.
5.7. NomadLink network and DeviceControl software
5.7.1. NomadLink network in the amplifiers
All C Series ampliers are equipped with the proprietary NomadLink network interface. This includes two RJ45
connections in standard housings: one IN and one OUT.
Use standard straight Cat-5 Ethernet cables with RJ45 connectors to connect the amplier to the NLB 60E
NomadLink Bridge and Network Controller or to daisy-chain multiple ampliers.
NOTE: It is very important that two IN or two OUT ports are NEVER connected to each other. This
will cause the NomadLink communication and DeviceControl to exhibit erratic behavior and display
inaccurate data. However, this situation will not damage the amplier circuitry.
Up to 60 ampliers can be connected to one NLB 60E in a daisy-chain or closed loop.
When the NLB 60E is powered up, the NomadLink network receives phantom power. This causes the blue
NomadLink LED on the amplier front panel and the NomadLink LED on the rear panel to light up. NomadLink is
active even when the amplier has mains power disconnected or is not yet powered up.
The amplier does not have a stand-by power supply for the network. The network is solely powered from the NLB
60E. Should an amplier fail or be inadvertently disconnected from the mains, network integrity is fully maintained
and all ampliers remain visible on the system.
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5. Operation and performance
5.7.2. Connection and setup
The NomadLink network requires use of an NLB 60E NomadLink Bridge & Network Controller. The NomadLink
network is established by connecting the NLB 60E OUT port to the rst amplier’s IN port. Then a daisy-chain
is established by connecting the rst amplier’s OUT port to the next amplier’s IN port, and so on. If a closed
loop network is desired for improved redundancy (highly recommended), the last amplier’s OUT port must be
connected to the NLB 60E’s IN port.
For all connections, straight Cat-5 RJ45-equipped Ethernet cables should be used.
TIP: Optimal NomadLink performance can only be assured when using Cat-5 cables. However, as
NomadLink is only using two wires + ground for communication and phantom power it is possible
to create converters from RJ45 to, for example, XLR connectors using 2-wire shielded cable. The
NomadLink network can then be operated using a standard tie-line in a multicore signal distribution
system. See the drawing below for an example of how to create a converter.
NOTE: If any cable format or connection other than Cat-5 (or better) and RJ45 is utilized, network
performance may be compromised. In this event LAB GRUPPEN cannot guarantee that the
NomadLink network will be fully operational.
5.7.3. NomadLink network cable lengths
The connection between the NLB 60E and your PC is a standard Ethernet network running the TCP/IP protocol.
Cable distances between NLB 60E and your PC follow standard rules for Ethernet systems.
In situations where the ampliers and the NLB 60E will be positioned in different locations at some distance from
each other, or where groups of ampliers within a single subnet with up to 60 units will be installed with a distance
in between, these general rules applying to Ethernet cabling limitations may be considered.
• Rule 1: The maximum cable length in between any two devices may not exceed 300 meters / 980 feet.
• Rule 2: In a non-closed-loop daisy-chained subnet the total maximum cable length is 400 meters / 1300 feet.
• Rule 3: In a closed-loop subnet the total maximum cable length is 700 meters / 2300 feet.
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5. Operation and performance
5.7.4. Ethernet network cable lengths
The connection between the NLB 60E and your PC is a standard Ethernet network running the TCP/IP protocol.
Cable distances between NLB 60E and your PC follow standard rules for Ethernet systems.
Contact your an IT expert or an authoritative source for more details.
Below are typical examples of NomadLink network setups:
DeviceControl is LAB GRUPPEN’s proprietary software application for monitoring and controlling networked
FP+ Series and other LAB GRUPPEN NomadLink-ready power amplier. DeviceControl runs on a Windows PC,
which connects via Ethernet to the NLB 60E NomadLink Bridge & Network Controller. DeviceControl provides
comprehensive monitoring of amplier status as well as control of amplier power on/off and individual channel
mute and solo functions.
Please review the DeviceControl Operation Manual for more detailed information.
5.7.6. Third Party Control and Monitoring Capabilities
The NLB 60E NomadLink Bridge & Network Controller can be integrated with third party control systems via
its Ethernet connection. All amplier control functions, fault and warning notications that would otherwise be
displayed via the DeviceControl software can be replicated in a third party control GUI.
Please note that NLB 60E Firmware Ver 2.1.0 (or later) must be used in order to utilize the third party control
and monitoring capabilities of the NomadLink network. Both the rmware package and the control protocol
documentation, which describes the functionality and programming requirements for third party integration,
can be found under the Software & Firmware section of our website at:
http://labgruppen.com/index.php/support/software_rmware/
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6. Appendix
6. Appendix
6.1. Maintenance
During normal operation your C Series amplier will provide trouble-free service. The only user maintenance
required is to periodically vacuum clean the foam dust lters behind the front grille.
In some extreme cases it may be necessary for authorized service personnel to clean the inside of the amplier.
These conditions usually occur after prolonged use in extreme environments such as those using “cracked oil”
smoke machines. If you are using your amplier in a heavy duty application, it is recommended to have your
amplier serviced every three years purely as a preventative action.
6.2. FAQ
Following are common questions asked about LAB GRUPPEN C Series power ampliers together with helpful
answers.
Q: What is the input sensitivity of the ampliers?
A: Input sensitivity is calculated from the amplier gain, maximum output voltage and load. As gain and output
voltage are adjustable in C Series ampliers, you need to look this information up in a table found in the Appendix
section of this manual. Input sensitivity also is automatically calculated in the DeviceControl software application.
Q: What are the maximum cable lengths allowed when using the NomadLink network?
A: NomadLink uses a daisy-chain topology to connect ampliers and an NLB 60E in a network. Standard RJ45-
equipped Cat-5 cables are used throughout. The daisy chain may be made into a closed-loop by connecting a
return cable to the NLB 60E from the last amplier.
General rules of cable lengths:
• The maximum cable length in between any two devices may not exceed 300 meters / 980 feet.
• In a non-closed-loop daisy-chained subnet the maximum cable length is 400 meters / 1300 feet.
• In a closed-loop subnet the maximum cable length is 700 meters / 2300 feet.
Exceeding these limits may result in lost contact with the devices, or loss of phantom powering due to cable
resistance.
Q: How long can cable-runs be on the Ethernet network connecting the NLB 60E to the PC?
A: On the Ethernet side, normal Ethernet cable limits apply. This is typically a maximum of 80 meters / 300 feet
between each device. Follow standard installation procedures for Ethernet. Distances beyond 100 meters may
require use of a repeater, a format converter, or optical cables.
Q: Why is the NomadLink network a closed-loop topology?
A: Technically speaking, the closed loop is optional. The purpose of closing the loop is primarily to provide a
secondary path to the ampliers. If cables are broken or disconnected in either direction, all ampliers still may be
addressed by the network.
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6. Appendix
Q: How can I be sure that no protection circuits or safety functions interfere with the output signal?
A: If no Clip or Warning LEDs on the front panel light up, you can be fully condent that the rated maximum output
power in the full frequency range is available for your speakers. No limiting or gain-reduction takes place without a
warning or fault indication.
6.3. Additional documentation
In case you didn’t nd what you were looking for in this Operation Manual, check out the website at
www.labgruppen.com, where you can nd a multitude of additional documentation for C Series.
C SERIES Operation Manual rev 3.0.0
32
6. Appendix
TEMP
MUTE
BRIDGEBRIDGEBRIDGEBRIDGE
MUTE
FAULTFAULT
TEMP
POWER
PAL
OPTION
CH|ACH|BCH|CCH|D
VHFVHFCPLCPL
VPL | CLIPVPL | CLIP
-4dB-4dB
-10dB-10dB
SIG | HI-IMPSIG | HI-IMP
C88:4
POWER
REMOTE
C SERIES
LABEL AREA
Current Draw and Thermal Dissipation
C Series: Dedicated Installation Amplifiers
C 88:4
LevelLoad Rated powerLin e Current *2)Wat t *1)Thermal Dissipation
115 V AC230 VA CInOutDissipatedBTU/hrkCal/ hr
Standb y with remote power off via N omadLink00000
Mains co nnector, 115 V ETL vers ion30A Twist L ock
*1) The ampli fier’s PSU o perates as a no n-res istive loa d, so the cal culation “ Volts x Amps = W atts” would not be correc t. Instead, measured an d
speci fied here is wh at is known as the “Active Power” in t he amplifier providin g useful, real -worl d values of powe r consumption and heat dissipatio n.
*2) Curre nt draw figure s measured at 2 30 V. 115 V figures are 23 0 V figures mult iplied by t wo.
*3) Figu res measure d at maximum sustainab le power without tripp ing the mains f use. Listed s eparatel y for 30 A /115 V and 16 A/2 30 V operat ion. Note
that the ma x. power co ndition is ve ry extreme and will not o ccur durin g normal op eration. A lso note that t he mains brea ker will not be tr ipped even if
operat ion is momentarily in excess of ma x. rating s.
*4) Italics used for conditions that, if sustained over lo ng time periods, may trigger the mains breaker. Therefore these measurements should not be use d
when calculating cooli ng requirements as they cannot be sustaine d by the mains breaker ove r time.
6.4. Current Draw and Thermal Dissipation Specifications
The following tables contain information on measured current consumption as well as calculated heat dissipation
during normal operation (1/8 rated power); and during extreme heavy duty operation (1/4 rated power).
C SERIES Operation Manual rev 3.0.0
33
6. Appendix
TEMP
MUTE
BRIDGE BRIDGE BRIDGE BRIDGE
MUTE
F A U L T F A U L T
TEMP
POWER
PAL
OPTION
CH| A CH| B CH| C CH| D
VHF VHF CPL CPL
VPL | CLIP VPL | CLIP
-4dB -4dB
-10dB -10dB
SIG | HI-IMP SIG | HI-IMP
C68:4
POWER
REMOTE
C SERIES
LABEL AREA
Current Draw and Thermal Dissipation
C Series: Dedicated Installation Amplifiers
C 68:4
LevelLo ad Rated powerLine C urren t *2)Watt *1)Thermal Dissipation
115 V AC2 30 VACInOutDissipatedBTU /hrkCal/hr
Standb y with remote p ower off via N omadLink00000
Powered on, idling.1330133454114
Amp (I)Watt
Pink noise (1/8
rate d powe r)
8 Ω / Ch.12 00 x 4
16.08.01123600523178 4450
16 Ω / Bridged240 0 x 2
4 Ω / Ch.17 00 x 4
22.411. 2157 88507282484626
8 Ω / Bridged3400 x 2
2 Ω / Ch.12 00 x 4
21.210.613786007782655669
4 Ω / Bridged240 0 x 2
100 V / Ch.160 0 x 4
21.010 .514638006632262570
200 V / Br idged3200 x 2
Pink noise (1/4
rate d power)
*3)
8 Ω / Ch.12 00 x 4
32.616 .32429160 08292829713
16 Ω / Bridged240 0 x 2
4 Ω / Ch.17 00 x 4
38.819.42697170 09973402857
8 Ω / Bridged3400 x 2
4 Ω / Ch.12 00 x 4
35.21 7.6229612 0010 963740942
8 Ω / Bridged240 0 x 2
100 V / Ch.160 0 x 4
35.417.7260 51600100 53429864
200 V / Br idged3200 x 2
Mains co nnector, 23 0 V CE versio n16 A, CEE 7
Mains co nnector, 115 V ETL version20 A / 5-20P
*1) The amp lifier’s P SU operates as a non- resistive load, so th e calculation “Volts x Amps = Watts” would not be c orrect. Instead, measured and
speci fied here is wh at is known as the “Active Power” i n the amplifier providing useful, re al-wo rld values of power consu mption and heat dissip ation.
*2) Current draw fig ures measured at 230 V. 115 V figures are 2 30 V figures multiplie d by two.
*3) F igures measured at maximum power before amplifi er protecti on and limite r features are en gaged. Typically thi s is between 1/4 and 1/ 3 of rated
power. Note th at the max. p ower condi tion is ver y extreme an d will not occ ur during no rmal operation. Also note that th e mains breake r will not be
trippe d even if oper ation is in exce ss of max. ra tings.
C SERIES Operation Manual rev 3.0.0
34
TEMP
MUTE
BRIDGE BRIDGE BRIDGE BRIDGE
MUTE
F A U L T F A U L T
TEMP
POWER
PAL
OPTION
CH| A CH| B CH| C CH| D
VHF VHF CPL CPL
VPL | CLIP VPL | CLIP
-4dB -4dB
-10dB -10dB
SIG | HI-IMP SIG | HI-IMP
C48:4
POWER
REMOTE
C SERIES
LABEL AREA
Current Draw and Thermal Dissipation
C Series: Dedicated Installation Amplifiers
C 48:4
LevelLo ad Rated powerLine C urren t *2)Watt *1)Thermal Dissipation
115 V AC2 30 VACInOutDissipatedBTU /hrkCal/hr
Standb y with remote p ower off via N omadLink00000
Powered on, idling.123012342010 6
Amp (I)Watt
Pink noise (1/8
rate d powe r)
8 Ω / Ch.1000 x 4
13,86,99455004451518383
16 Ω / Bridged2000 x 2
4 Ω / Ch.12 00 x 4
17, 48,711 716005 7119 48491
8 Ω / Bridged240 0 x 2
2 Ω / Ch.600 x 4
12,46,276 9300469160 0403
4 Ω / Bridged1200 x 2
100 V / Ch.900 x 4
13,26,68404503901331335
200 V / Br idged1800 x 2
Pink noise (1/4
rate d power)
*3)
8 Ω / Ch.1000 x 4
28,214 ,12 116133378 32670673
16 Ω / Bridged2000 x 2
4 Ω / Ch. 120 0 x 4
30,615 ,3216 812 009683303832
8 Ω / Bridged240 0 x 2
4 Ω / Ch.600 x 4
21,610 ,8136 860076 82620660
8 Ω / Bridged1200 x 2
100 V / Ch.900 x 4
26,413, 2182 712006272 139539
200 V / Br idged1800 x 2
Mains co nnector, 23 0 V CE versio n16 A, CEE 7
Mains co nnector, 115 V ETL version20 A / 5-20P
*1) The amp lifier’s P SU operates as a non- resistive load, so th e calculation “Volts x Amps = Watts” would not be c orrect. Instead, measured and
speci fied here is wh at is known as the “Active Power” i n the amplifier providing useful, re al-wo rld values of power consu mption and h eat dissip ation.
*2) Current draw fig ures measured at 230 V. 115 V figures are 2 30 V figures multiplie d by two.
*3) F igures measured at maximum power before amplifi er protecti on and limite r features are en gaged. Typically thi s is between 1/4 and 1/ 3 of rated
power. Note th at the max. p ower condi tion is ver y extreme an d will not occ ur during no rmal operation. Also note that th e mains breake r will not be
trippe d even if oper ation is in exce ss of max. ra tings.
6. Appendix
C SERIES Operation Manual rev 3.0.0
35
6. Appendix
TEMP
MUTE
BRIDGE BRIDGE BRIDGE BRIDGE
MUTE
F A U L T F A U L T
TEMP
POWER
PAL
OPTION
CH| A CH| B CH| C CH| D
VHF VHF CPL CPL
VPL | CLIP VPL | CLIP
-4dB -4dB
-10dB -10dB
SIG | HI-IMP SIG | HI-IMP
C28:4
POWER
REMOTE
C SERIES
LABEL AREA
Current Draw and Thermal Dissipation
C Series: Dedicated Installation Amplifiers
C 28:4
LevelLo ad Rated powerLine C urren t *2)Watt *1)Thermal Dissipation
115 V AC2 30 VACInOutDissipatedBTU /hrkCal/hr
Standb y with remote p ower off via N omadLink00000
Powered on, idling.123012342010 6
Amp (I)Watt
Pink noise (1/8
rate d powe r)
8 Ω / Ch.700 x 4
11. 65.8727350377128 6324
16 Ω / Bridged14 00 x 2
4 Ω / Ch.700 x 4
13.06.5775350425145 0365
8 Ω / Bridged14 00 x 2
2 Ω / Ch.300 x 4
9.44.752915 0379129 3326
4 Ω / Bridged600 x 2
100 V / Ch.700 x 4
10.45.2663350313106 8269
200 V / Br idged1400 x 2
Pink noise (1/4
rate d power)
*3)
8 Ω / Ch.700 x 4
24.012.015899336562237564
16 Ω / Bridged14 00 x 2
4 Ω / Ch.700 x 4
20.810. 4135 970 06592249567
8 Ω / Bridged14 00 x 2
4 Ω / Ch.300 x 4
14.07. 084330054318 53467
8 Ω / Bridged600 x 2
100 V / Ch.700 x 4
21.410.714 5893352517 90451
200 V / Br idged1400 x 2
Mains co nnector, 23 0 V CE versio n16 A, CEE 7
Mains co nnector, 115 V ETL version20 A / 5-20P
*1) The amp lifier’s P SU operates as a non- resistive load, so th e calculation “Volts x Amps = Watts” would not be c orrect. Instead, measured and
speci fied here is wh at is known as the “Active Power” i n the amplifier providing useful, re al-wo rld values of power consu mption and h eat dissip ation.
*2) Current draw fig ures measured at 230 V. 115 V figures are 2 30 V figures multiplie d by two.
*3) F igures measured at maximum power before amplifi er protecti on and limite r features are en gaged. Typically thi s is between 1/4 and 1/ 3 of rated
power. Note th at the max. p ower condi tion is ver y extreme an d will not occ ur during no rmal operation. Also note that th e mains breake r will not be
trippe d even if oper ation is in exce ss of max. ra tings.
C SERIES Operation Manual rev 3.0.0
36
Current Draw and Thermal Dissipation
C Series: Dedicated Installation Amplifiers
TEMP
MUTE
BRIDGE BRIDGE BRIDGE BRIDGE
MUTE
F A U L T F A U L T
TEMP
POWER
PAL
OPTION
CH| A CH| B CH| C CH| D
VHF VHF CPL CPL
VPL | CLIP VPL | CLIP
-4dB -4dB
-10dB -10dB
SIG | HI-IMP SIG | HI-IMP
C16:4
POWER
REMOTE
C SERIES
LABEL AREA
C 16 : 4
LevelLo ad Rated powerLine C urren t *2)Watt *1)Thermal Dissipation
115 V AC2 30 VACInOutDissipatedBTU /hrkCal/hr
Standb y with remote p ower off via N omadLink00000
Powered on, idling.1290129440111
Amp (I)Watt
Pink noise (1/8
rate d powe r)
8 Ω / Ch.400 x 4
8.64.35262003261112280
16 Ω / Bridged800 x 2
4 Ω / Ch.300 x 4
8.24 .1485150335114 3288
8 Ω / Bridged600 x 2
2 Ω / Ch.n.r.
4 Ω / Bridgedn. r.
100V / Ch .400 x 4
7.63.8463200263897226
200V / Bridged800 x 2
Pink noise (1/4
rate d power)
*3)
8 Ω / Ch.400 x 4
16.28 .1104 6533513174 94 41
16 Ω / Bridged800 x 2
4 Ω / Ch.300 x 4
15.27.69534005531887475
8 Ω / Bridged600 x 2
2 Ω / Ch.n.r.
4 Ω / Bridgedn. r.
100 V / Ch.400 x 4
14.47. 29445334111401353
200 V / Br idged800 x 2
Mains co nnector, 23 0 V CE versio n16 A, CEE 7
Mains co nnector, 115 V ETL version15 A / 5-15P
*1) The amp lifier’s P SU operates as a non- resistive load, so th e calculation “Volts x Amps = Watts” would not be c orrect. Instead, measured and
speci fied here is wh at is known as the “Active Power” i n the amplifier providing useful, re al-wo rld values of power consu mption and heat dissip ation.
*2) Current draw fig ures measured at 230 V. 115 V figures are 2 30 V figures multiplie d by two.
*3) F igures measured at maximum power before amplifi er protecti on and limite r features are en gaged. Typically thi s is between 1/4 and 1/ 3 of rated
power. Note th at the max. p ower condi tion is ver y extreme an d will not occ ur during no rmal operation. Also note that th e mains breake r will not be
trippe d even if oper ation is in exce ss of max. ra tings.
6. Appendix
C SERIES Operation Manual rev 3.0.0
37
7. Technical Specifications
7. Technical Specifications
Model
Number of channels
Peak total output all channels driven
Peak output voltage per channel
Max. output current per channel
Max Output Power
16 ohms per ch. (all ch.’s driven)
8 ohms per ch. (all ch.’s driven)
4 ohms per ch. (all ch.’s driven)
2 ohms per ch. (all ch.’s driven)
Hi-Z per ch. (all ch.’s driven): 70 Vrms / 100 V peak
Hi-Z per ch. (all ch.’s driven): 100 Vrms / 141 V peak
16 ohms Bridged per ch.
8 ohms Bridged per ch.
4 ohms Bridged per ch.
2 ohms Bridged per ch.
Hi-Z Bridge d per ch.1): 140 Vrms / 20 0 V peak
Perfo rmance with G ain:
THD 20 Hz - 20 kHz for 1 W
THD at 1 kHz and 1 dB below clipping
Signal To Noise Ratio
Channel separation (Crosstalk) at 1 kHz
Frequency response (1 W into 8 ohms) +0/-3 dB
Input impedance
Common Mode Rejection (CMR)
Output impedance @ 100 Hz
Voltage Pe ak Limiter (V PL), max. peak ou tput
VPL, selectable per ch.
VPL, when bridged
Voltage Peak Limiter mode (per ch.)
Gain an d Level
Amplifier gain selectable (all channels)
– rear-panel switches
Default gain
Level adjustment (per ch.)
Connectors and switches
Input connectors (per ch.)
Output connectors (per ch.)
Output bridge mode
High pass filter
NomadLink network
Intelligent fans (on/off)
Power on/off and Remote enable on/off
Cooling
General Purpose Outputs (GPO)
General Purpose Inputs (GPI)
Front-panel indicators
Common
Per channel
Power
Operating voltage, 230 V / 115 V nominal
Minimum power-up voltage, 230 V / 115 V
Power Average Limiter (PAL)
Power Factor Correction (PFC)
Soft-start / Inrush Current Draw
Mains conn ector
Dimensions
Weight
Finish
Approvals
Note 1): Automatic -6 dB gain compensation when bridging channels. Ch.’s A+B and/or C+D, E+F, G+H, can be bridged individually.
Note 2): PAL can reduce the maximum output power to keep the power supply operating safely, and/or to prevent excessive current draw tripping the mains breaker. Refer to Operation Manual.
Note 3): For sine waves, peak voltage output values translate to Vrms with the formula V/1.41 = Vrms. E.g. 100 V peak equals app. 70 V peak. Hence, outputs can be set for high-impedance loads without
requiring a transformer.
Note 4): Regarding n.r. (not recommended) notes: The amplifier will be fully operational in bridge-mode into 2 ohm and high impedance (Hi-Z) loads, but due to physical constraints in the construction, the max.
output power will not be significanty higher than running individual channels and therefore this mode of operation is not recommended.
Note 5): C 88:4 mains connector: 30 A Twist lock.
Note 6): Separate 230 V or 115 V versions available. Not selectable on the amplifier.
All specifications are subject to change without notice.
A+B and/or C+D, inputs A and C are input sourceA+B, C+D, E+F, G+H, inputs A, C, E, G are signal source
N/AFixed at 35 Hz , switchable per cha nnel
On board, 2 x R J45 connector s IN and OUTOn b oard, 2 x RJ45 conn ectors, IN and OUT
Yes, depending on presence of output signalYes, depending on presence of output signal
Individual switches on front panelIndividual switches on front panel
Two fans, front-to-rear airflow, temperature controlled speedTwo fans, front-to-rear airflow, temperature controlled speed
N/AContact Closure types, 2-pole Phoenix
N/AContact Closure types, 2-pole Phoenix
NomadLink Network; Power Average Limiter (PAL)
Signal present / High-impedance; -10 dB and -4 dB output signal;Voltage
Peak Limiter (VPL); Current Peak Limiter (CPL): Very High Frequency
(VHF); High temperature; Fault; Mute
130-265 V / 65 -135 V
171 V / 85 V80 V
YesYes
No Yes
Yes / max. 5 AYes / max. 5 A
230 V CE: 16 A, CEE7; 115 V ETL: 20 A / NEMA 5-20P; C16:4: 15A/NEMA 5-15P IEC Inlet
W: 483 mm (19”), H: 88 mm (2 U), D: 343 mm (13.5”)W: 483 mm (19”), H: 88 mm (2 U), D: 343 mm (13.5”)
12 kg (26.4 lbs.)8.5 kg (18.75 lbs.)
Black painted steel chassis with gray painted steel frontBlack painted steel chassis with gray painted steel front
; Power on NomadLink Network; Power Average Limiter (PAL)2); Power on
250 W125 W250 W125 W
4)
4)
n.r
Front-panel potentiometer, 21 position detented from -inf to 0 dB,
hidden behind security panel/dust filter grille
Signal present / High-impedance; Voltage Peak Limiter (VPL); Current
Peak Limiter (CPL): Very High Frequency (VHF); High temperature;
Fault; Mute
Universal power supply 65-265 V
4)
n.r
n.r
4)
4)
n.r
C SERIES Operation Manual rev 3.0.0
38
8. Warranty and Support
8. Warranty and Support
8.1. General
This product is manufactured by LAB GRUPPEN, and it is warranted to be free from any defects caused by
components or factory workmanship, under normal use and service, for a period of six (6) years from date
of purchase from an authorized LAB GRUPPEN dealer. If the product fails to perform as specied during the
warranty period, LAB GRUPPEN will undertake to repair, or at its option, replace this product at no charge to
its owner, provided the unit is returned undamaged, shipping prepaid, to an authorized service facility or to the
factory. This warranty shall be null and void if the product is subjected to: repair work or alteration by a person
other than those authorized by us; mechanical damage including shipping accidents; war, civil insurrection,
misuse, abuse, operation with incorrect AC voltage; incorrect connections or accessories; operation with faulty
associated equipment; or exposure to inclement weather conditions. Damage due to normal wear and tear is
not covered by the warranty. Units on which the serial number has been removed or defaced will not be eligible
for warranty service. LAB GRUPPEN shall not be responsible for any incidental or consequential damages. LAB
GRUPPEN’s responsibility is limited to the product itself. LAB GRUPPEN takes no responsibility for any loss due to
cancellation of any events, or rent of replacement equipment or costs due to a third party’s or customer’s loss of
prot, or any other indirect cost or losses however incurred. LAB GRUPPEN reserves the right to make changes
or improvements in design or manufacturing without assuming any obligation to change or improve products
previously manufactured. This warranty is exclusive, and no other warranty is expressed or implied. This warranty
does not affect the customer’s statutory rights.
International Warranties
Please contact your supplier or distributor for this information, as rights and disclaimers may vary from country
to country.
8.2. Technical assistance and service
8.2.1. International service
If your LAB GRUPPEN product requires repair, contact your LAB GRUPPEN dealer or distributor, visit
http://labgruppen.com/support or contact LAB GRUPPEN by phone or email to obtain details for the nearest
authorized service center.
C SERIES Operation Manual rev 2.0.0
39
8. Warranty and Support
8.2.2. Factory service
In the event a LAB GRUPPEN product requires factory service, you may contact LAB GRUPPEN’s service
department for return instructions and a Return Authorization number.
Please note for product return:
1. Use the original packing.
2. Include a copy of the sales receipt, your name, return address, phone and fax number, email address and
description of the defect.
3. Mark the Return Authorization number on the outside of the packing.
Ship the product prepaid to:
Music Group Innovation Sweden AB
Faktorvägen 1
SE-434 37 Kungsbacka
Sweden
Phone: +46 300 56 28 00
Fax: +46 300 56 28 99
service@labgruppen.com www.labgruppen.com
C SERIES Operation Manual rev 3.0.0
40
Notes
Notes
C SERIES Operation Manual rev 3.0.0
41
Notes
Notes
C SERIES Operation Manual rev 3.0.0
42
C SERIES Operation Manual rev 3.0.0
43
labgruppen.com
Intercooler, Class TD, R.SMPS, VPL, BEL, UVL and CAL are national and/or
international trademarks or registered trademarks of Music Group.
All other trademarks remain the property of their respective owners.