KYORITSU 1109S User Manual

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INSTRUCTION MANUAL

ANALOGUE MULTIMETER

KEW 1109S

Table of Contents

Page

1. Safety Warnings ............................................................................... 1

• Understanding Some of the Basics in Electrical Testing



Before Using the Multimeter .......................................................... 3



2. Features ........................................................................................... 5

3. Specifications ....................................................................................6

4. Instrument Layout ............................................................................. 8

5. How to Read Scales ......................................................................... 9

6. Operating Instructions ..................................................................... 11

6-1 Preparation ................................................................................ 11

6-2 DC Voltage Measurements ...................................................... 12

6-3 AC Voltage Measurements ....................................................... 13

6-4 Low Frequency (dB) Measurements ........................................ 14

6-5 AC Output Voltage Measurements Using Output

Terminal ................................................................................... 15

6-6 DC Current Measurements ...................................................... 16

6-7 Resistance Measurements ....................................................... 17

6-8 Terminal Current LI, Terminal Voltage LV &

Diode Test ................................................................................ 20

6-9 Measuring I

6-10 Measuring h

7. Fuse & Battery Replacement .......................................................... 27

(leakage current of transistors) ......................... 22

CEO

(DC Current Amplification Factor) ................... 24

1. Safety Warnings

The instrument must be used by a competent, trained p erson and operated in strict accordance with the instructions. Kyoritsu Electrical Instruments Works, Ltd will not accept liability for any damage or injury caused by misuse or non-compliance with the instructions or safety procedures. It is essential to read and understand the safety rules contained in the instructions. They must be observed when using the instrument.

● This instruction manual contains warnings and safety rules

which must be observed by the user to ensure safe operation of the instrument and retain it in safe condition for a long period. Therefore, read these operating instructions thoroughly and completely before using the instrument.

WARNING

This is a warning for the user to avoid electric shock hazard. The symbol # on the instrument means that the user must read the instructions in this manual for safe operation of the instrument.

CAUTION

This is a caution for the user to avoid damage to the instrument.

WARNING

● Never open the back case during measurements.

● Never use the instrument to measure voltage higher than 250V

on an industrial power line.

● When meas ur in g a high voltage greater t ha n 250V (in s ma ll

power supply circuit and not on power transmission line), connect the test leads to the circuit under test after it is once de-energized. Do not touch the wiring or test leads by hand during voltage measurements. After the measurements, turn off power to the circuit under test and disconnect the test leads.

Never test a circuit voltage higher than 250V with the rang e

selector switch erroneously set to one of the current or resistance range positions. The fuse may not protect the circuit.



● Never use the instrument in an explosive atmosphere especially

when making current measurements.

CAUTION

● Before makin g mea surements check that the range selec tor

switch is at a proper range position. Make sure to remove the tips of the test leads from the circuit under test when changing the measuring range during measurements.

● Do not apply voltage to the current or resistance ranges. It may

result in a fuse blow or instrument damage.

● Make certain to set the range selector switch to the OFF position

after every use.

● It is recommended that the range selector switch should be set to the 250mA DC position to protect the instrument against the

possible shock or vibration in transit.

Note: Take good care not to make voltage measurements with

the range selector switch at the 250mA DC position. The

fuse may blow or instrument get damaged.

● Do not exp o se the ins t r ument to the di r e ct sun, ext r eme

temperature and humidity or dew fall for a long period. Also, care must be taken not to give a shock to the instrument by dropping or inadequate handling.

● Since the meter cover has been given an anti-static treatment

do not rub it strongly with a dry cloth. Where anti-static charges are present on the meter window after it has been used for a long period of time, causing the meter pointer to deflect in an abnormal way, coat its surface with anti-static chemicals for plastics or wipe it with a dilute solution of anti-static fluid as a temporary measure.

● Understanding Some of the Basics in Electrical Testing Before

Using the Multimeter



● Auxiliary Units (Prefixes)

There are a number of measurement units used for multimeters. Vol t (V), am p e r e (A) an d ohm (Ω ) are mo s t widely us e d as

meas ure ment un its to indi cat e electri cal p otent ial , current a nd resistance. However, it is not always straitforward to handle these units as they sometimes too large or too small for practical use or calculation. Prefixes are therefore used as auxiliary units to simplify the usage of such measurement units.

The following table shows some of the examples:

Auxiliary Unit M k m μ n P

Read mega- kilo- milli- micro- nano- pico-

Multiply 10

Example

2MΩ

＝

2000kΩ

2kΩ

＝

2000Ω

-3

250mA

＝

0.25A

-6

50μA

＝

0.05mA

10-9 10

200nF

＝

0.2μF

-12

1000pF

＝

0.001μF

● Notes on Voltage & Current Measurements

It is important to understand the basic differences between current

and voltage measurements for proper use of multimeters.

Voltage measurements are designed to detect potential difference

between two points. Make certain that the multimeter is connected in parallel with the circuit under test.

Current measurements are intended to monitor the consumption of

current in the circuit resulting from the application of voltage. Make sure to connect the multimeter in series with the circuit under test.

Generally speaking, the internal resistance of a voltmeter should

preferably be larger, while that of an ammeter should be smaller. If the multimeter is erroneously connected in parallel with a circuit for current measurements, the likely result will be the flow of excessive current and aubsequent damage to the fuses and other electronic components. To avoid such a potential danger it is necessary to have a good understanding of voltage and current measurements.



Voltage Measurements Current Measurements

IR+I

M IR

> > I

↓ ↓

M・IR

< < E

M・IR

Power Source

E E Load Load

= ∞

DC.V Range DC.mA Range

＋

−COM

＋

−

RM = 0

Battery (Power Source)

Resistor

(Load)

Resistor

(Load)

(Parallel Connection) (Series Connection)

Measuring voltage at both ends of a resistor.

.......... Meter Current

.......... Load Current

E .......... Power Source Voltage

RM ........ Internal Resistance of Multimeter

M e a su r in g c u r r e n t b ei ng consumed by a resistor.

Fig. 1



2. Features

● Mirrored scale for easy and accurate reading.

● 19 measuring ranges for a wide scope of application.

● OUTPUT terminal to cut off the DC component of AC voltage being measured.

● hFE scale for transistor checking.

● dB scale (−10 - +62dB).

● Safety designed input terminals and test leads.



3. Specifications

Functions Measuring Ranges Accuracy

0-0.1 V 0-0.5V 0-2.5V

DC Voltage (7 ranges)

AC Voltage (4 ranges)

DC Current (4 ranges)

Resistance (4 ranges)

Current across Terminals at Resistance Range (LI) (4 ranges)

Voltage across Terminals at Resistance Ranges (LV) (4 ranges)

0-10V (20kΩ/V)

0-50V 0-250V 0-1000V

0-10V

0-50V (9kΩ/V)

0-250V 0-1000V

0-50μA

0-2.5mA

0-25mA

0-250mA

0-2kΩ (20Ω mid-scale) 0-20kΩ (200Ω mid-scale) 0-2MΩ (20kΩ mid-scale) 0-20MΩ (200kΩ mid-scale)

0-150mA (x1 range) 0-15mA (x10 range) 0-150μA (x1k range)

0-60μA (x10k range)

0-3V (x1 , x10, x1 k ranges)

0-12V (x10k)

terminal voltage

(

approx. 100mV

terminal voltage

(

approx. 100mV

terminal voltage

(

approx. 150mV

terminal voltage

(

approx. 550mV

) ) ) )

±3% of full scale

±3%

of full scale

±3% of scale length

±5% of scale length (Battery voltage at 3V)

(Battery voltage at 12V)

±5% of scale length (Battery voltage at 3V)

(Battery voltage at 12 V)



Low Frequency Output Using OUTPUT Terminal

Low Frequency Output (dB) (4 ranges)

0-10V 0-50V 0-250V 0-1000V

10V AC

10 - +22dB

−

50V AC +4 - +36dB 250V AC +18 - +50dB 1000V AC +30 - +62dB (0 dB = 0.775V(1mW)

Refer to frequency characteristic chart

across a 600Ω line)

DC Current Amplication Factor (hFE) (1 range)

hFE: 0-1000 (atΩ× 10 range)

±3% of scale length

Dimensions: 100 (W) x 150 (L) x 47 (D)mm Weight: Approx. 330g Accessories: Test Leads (Model 7210) - 1 set

F250V 0.5A fuse - 2 pcs. (including one spare fuse

also installed into the housing case)

1.5V Battery Type R-6P, SUM-3, AA or equivalent -

2 pcs. (Installed into the instrument) 9V Battery Type 6F22, 006P PP3, or equivallent

- 1 pce (installed into the instrument) Instruction Manual - 1 copy



4. Instrument Layout

①

⑥

⑦ ⑧

⑨

⑩

⑪

②

③

④

⑤

OUTPUT Terminal

③

-COM (N) Terminal

⑤

Mirrored Scale Plate

⑦

Housing Case

⑨

Range Selector Switch

⑪

Meter Pointer

①

Meter Zero Adjust Screw

②

+(P) Terminal

④

Front Panel

⑥

Meter Window

⑧

Ohm Zero Adjust Knob

⑩



5. How to Read Scales

DC Voltage (7 ranges)

AC Voltage (4 ranges)

DC Current (4 ranges)

Resistance (4 ranges)

Current across Terminals (LI)(4 ranges) Voltage across Terminals (LV)(4 ranges)

Measuring Ranges

0.1V

0.5V

2.5V 10V 50V 250V 1000V 10V 50V 250V 1000V

50μA

2.5mA 25mA 250mA X1Ω x10Ω x1kΩ X10kΩ X1Ω X10Ω X1kΩ X10kΩ x1Ω X10Ω X1kΩ X10kΩ

Scales

B 10 B50 B 250 B 10 B50 B250 B10

C10

B50 B250 B10 B50 B250 B250 B250 A 0-2k A0-2k A0-2k A0-2k E15 E15 E15 E15

F3 F3 F3 F3

H o w t o Read Scales

X0.01 X0.01 X0.01 X1 X1 X1 X100 X1 X1 X1 X100 X 1 X0.01 X0.1 X1 X1 X10

X1k X10k X10(mA) X1(mA) X 10(μA) X 4(μA) X1(V) X1(V) X1(V) X4(V)

input Terminals

COM

−

COM

−

COM

−

COM

−

+&−COM



Low Frequency

A B

C E

F G

Output Using OUTPUT Terminal (4 ranges)

Low Frequency Output (dB) (4 ranges)

DC Current Amplification Factor (h

)

(4 ranges)

10V 50V 250V 1000V 10V 50V 250V 1000V

C10

B 50 B 250 B10

−

10-+22dB 10-+22dB 10-+22dB 10-+22dB

X1 X1 X1 X 100 X1

X1 + 14dB X1 + 28dB X1 + 40dB

Output &

−

+ & −COM or Output &

−

X10Ω D 0-1000 X1 +&

COM

−



6. Operating Instructions

6-1. Preparation

● Make certain that the batteries are installed into the battery case with

polarity in correct position. Also, make sure that the fuses are properly installed.

● The test leads are saf ety design ed, but make s ure that they are

securely connected to the instrument before use.

● Check that the meter pointer lines up with the "0" mark on the left end

of the scale. If it is off zero, rotate the zero adjust screw to bring the pointer to the zero position. Accurate measurements cannot be made without the zero adjustment.

● With the range selector switch at the x 1Ω range position and the

test leads connected to the + and short the test leads together. If the pointer does not deflect at all, the probable cause is the absence of batteries or the blown fuse. [Refer to section 7]

● With the range selector switch set to the x1Ω range position, short

the tips of the test leads together. Turn the ohm zero adjust knob and make certain that the meter pointer moves to the "0" mark on the right end of the ohm scale. If not, the battery voltage is insufficient. Replace all of the 1.5V batteries (R6P, SUM-3 or equivalent). Refer to section 7 for battery replacement.

● With the range selector switch at the x10kΩ position short the tips of

the test leads together. Then, turn the zero adjust knob clock-wise and make certain that the meter pointer moves to the "0" mark on the right end of the ohm scale. If not, the battery voltage is insufficient. Replace the 9V battery (6F22, 006P or equivalent).

● Select a measuring range suitable for the circuit being tested. When

in doubt as to the maximum voltage or curre'1t expected, make sure to start with the• highest voltage or current range of the instrument.

COM terminals of the instrument,

−



6-2. DC Voltage Measurements

WARNING

When measuring a high voltage greater than 250V, turn off power

to the circuit under test 8.nd follow the steps as described below. Then, turn on power to the circuit being measured and proceed

with the voltage measurements. Be careful not to touch the wiring,

test leads and the instrument during voltage measurements. After making measurements, turn off power to the circuit under test and disconnect the test leads.

WARNING

Never use the instrument on a high voltage power line carrying

more than 250V.

WARNING

Never make voltage measurements with the range selector switch set to the DC mA or ohm range position or the test lead

erroneously connected to the AC 15A terminal. This may not only

damage the instrument or blow the fuse, but also cause an injury to the operator.

Applications: Measuring voltage on batteries, electrical appliances, bias voltage of IC of transistor circuits and any other DC voltages.

Insert the red test lead into the + terminal of the instrument and the

⑴

black test lead into the −COM Terminal.

Set the range s elector swit ch to t he desir ed DC v ol tage r an ge

⑵

position. .

Connect the red test lead to the positive (+) side of the circuit under

⑶

test and the black test lead to the negative (-) side of the circuit (in parallel with the circuit).

If the measured voltage is less than 250V, set the range selector

⑷

switch to the lower voltage range position for more accurate reading.



6-3. AC Voltage Measurements

WARNING

When measuring a high voltage greater than 250V, turn off power to the circuit under test and follow the steps (1) to (3) as outlined

below. Then, turn off power to the circuit under test and proceed with the voltage measurements. Never touch the wiring, test leads and instrument during measurements. After the voltage measurements, make sure to turn off power to the circuit under test and disconnect the test leads.

WARNING

Never use the instrument on a high voltage power line carrying

move than 250V.

WARNING

Never make voltage measurements with the range selector switch set to the DC mA or ohm range position. This may not only damage the instrument or blow the fuse, but also cause an injury to the operator.

Applications: Measuring voltage on household and factory electrical installations especially those for lighting, commercial power lines, power supply circuits, taps of transformers, etc.

Insert the red test lead into the positive (+) terminal of the instrument

⑴

and the black test lead into the negative (-) COM terminal.

Set the range select or swi tch to the desi re d AC v oltage rang e

⑵

position.

Conn e ct the te s t lead s in para l lel wit h the cir c uit und e r test

⑶

(polarity of the circuit under test may be disregarded for AC voltage measurements).

As described in section 6-2-(4) for DC voltage measurements, select

⑷

the desired AC voltage range switch position.



6-4. Low Frequency Output (dB) Measurements

Applications: Measuring the ratio o f output to input for amplifiers, transmission circuits, etc.

The r atio of outp ut t o in put in ampli fi er a nd t ransmis sion c ircui ts is expressed in l ogarithmic values as the human sense of hea ring responds to the level of sound logarithmically. This is measured in terms of decibels (dB). Where the load impedance of a circuit is constant two values of power can be compared simply by indicating input to output voltage (current) ratio in dB.

The dB readings on the scale are references to 0 (zero) dB power level of 0.001 watt (one milliwatt) across 600 ohms, or 0.775V AC across 600 ohms. therefore, output in a 600 ohms impedance circuit can be read directy from the dB scale. When the impedance of a measuring circuit is not 600 ohms, however, a dB reading obtained is simply the result of measuring an AC voltage on the corresponding dB scale.

To measure decibels, read the dB scales in accordance with the

⑴

instructions for AC voltage measurements.

For the 10V AC range read the dB scale directly (0 dB=1mW or

⑵

0.775V across 600 ohms). For other ranges including the50V range read the dB scale and add the appropriate number of the dB to the reading as shown on Table 2.

Table 1

AC Volt Ranges 10V 50V 250V 1000V

Add dB 0 +14dB +28dB +40dB

Max. dB +22dB +36dB +50dB +62dB



6-5. Low Frequency Output Measurements Using Output Terminal

WARNING

When measuring a high voltage greater than 250V, turn off power to the circuit under test onc e and then follow t he steps (1) to (3) as described for AC voltage measuremen ts . The n, turn on power to the circuit a nd proceed with Low Frequency Output

measurements. Never touch the wiring, test leads or the instrument during measurements. After taking measurements, turn off power to the circuit under test and disconnect the test leads.

WARNING

Never make Low Frequency Output measurements with the range

selector switch set to the DC mA or ohm range position. This may result in instrument damage, fuse blow or a possible injury to the operator. Note: The blocking capacitor connected in series with the

OUTPUT terminal may change the AC voltage response

at low frequencies. The lower the Low Frequency Output

the more apparent the change. The AC voltage response also changes at higher frequencies due to the frequency characteristics.

Use Table 2 for frequency characteristics to correct the

Low Frequency Output reading.

Applications: Measuring output voltage of low frequency amplifiers. Detecting horizontal signals in horizontal amplification circuits of TV

sets.

Detecting the presence of input signals in synchronous isolation and amplification circuits of TV sets.



The 1109S has a capacitor in series with the OUTPUT terminal. This OUTPUT terminal is useful for measuring the AC component only of a DC coupled Low Frequency Output in TV sets, audio equipment circuits, etc. by blocking the DC component.

Insert the red test lead into the OUTPUT terminal and the black test

⑴

lead into the -COM terminal.

Make Low Frequency Output measurements in accordance with the

⑵

instructions given for AC voltage measurements.

Table 2 Frequency Characteristics

6-6. DC Current Measurements

WARNING

Make sure that the test leads are securely connected to the circuit. If the test prods are disconnected inadvertently, a high voltage may develope in the circuit.

WARNING

Never apply voltage to the current ranges. The fuse could blow or the instrument get damaged.

Especially when a voltage higher than 250V is applied accidentally,

the fuse may not protect the circuit.



Applications: Measuring currents in DC operated electrical appliances, bias current of transitors, IC's, etc.

Insert the red test lead into the + termin~1 and the black test lead

⑴

into the −COM terminal.

Set the range selector switch to the 250mA range position.

⑵

Turn off power to the circuit under test.

⑶

Connect the red test lead in series with the positive (+) side of the

⑷

circuit under test and the black test lead with the negative (-) side.

Turn on power to the circuit under test.

⑸

When the reading is below 25mA, set the range selector switch to

⑹

the lower range for more accurate reading and proceed with the measurement.

6-7. Resistance Measurements

WARNING

Be sure to turn off power to the circuit under test before making

resistance measurements.

WARNING

Never apply voltage to the ohm ranges. The fuse could blow or the

instrument get damaged. Especially when a voltage higher than 250V is applied, the fuse may not protect the circuit.

CAUTION

A maximum voltage of 12V is present on the ×10kΩ range. It may

damage IC's for low voltage equipment.

Before making resistance measurements, carefully check t he

withstand voltage of the circuit under test.



CAUTION

② Measuring Resistance ① Ohm Zero Adjustment

-COM

＋

①

②

Make the zero ohm adjustment after every change of the measuring range to obtain a more accurate reading.

Application: Checking a resistance value of resistors, circuit continuity, short and open circuits, etc.

Insert the red test lead into the +terminal and the black test lead into

⑴

COM terminal.

the

−

Set the range selector switch to the desired range position.

⑵

With the test lead tips shorted together turn the zero ohm adjust

⑶

knob so that the meter pointer lines up with the zero mark at the right end of the ohm scale.

Turn off power to the circuit under test.

⑷

Connect the test leads to both ends of the circuit under test and take

⑸

the reading (Fig. 2).

Resistance Measurements

Fig. 2



Notes: Fig . 3 sho ws the res i sta nce me asu ring circ uit . The

− ＋＋

−

＋

−COMTerminal ＋Terminal

ー

0Ω ADJ

positive (+) polarity of the battery is connected to the positive (+) terminal of meter. Therefore, the polarity of

the terminals is reversed for resistance measurements, with output voltage from the -COM terminal being

po s itiv e ( + ) and out p ut vol t age fro m the +te r mina l negative (-). (Fig. 3).

A good knowledge of this relationship will be helpful in

testing semi-conductors such as transistors and diodes as well as electrolytic capacitors.

Polarity of Multimeter Terminals at

Resistance Measurements

Fig. 3



6-8. Terminal Current LI, Terminal Voltage LV &Diode Test

CAUTION

Do not measure the internal resistance of a diode with low reverse

withstand voltage using x 10kΩ range. The 12V voltage to b e

applied at this test could damage the diode. Check the rating of a diode before testing.

Current flowing across the −COM terminal and + terminal during

⑴

resistance measurements is indicated as LI. When LI flows into the circuit under test there occurs a voltage drop. This is defined as LV.

Use the scale marked LI and LV for reading terminal current and

voltage. Circuit impedance may change according to the current that flows into the circuit being measured or the voltage applied to the circuit. Also, an abnormal condition may develope in the circuit due to its self heating. Therefore, make resistance measurements at each range w.ith the above in full consideration

Shown below are the values of terminal current and voltage on each resistance range: Table 3

Resistance

Range

X1 X10 X1k X10k

Multiply by 10 Direct Reading 10 4

Max. Terminal

Current LI

Max. Terminal

Voltage LV

If the connection to the c ircuit is made as shown in Fig. 4, it is

⑵

possible to measure the forward current IF or reverse current I

150mA 15mA 150μA 60μA

3V 3V 3V 12V

of a

diode using the LI scale. It is also possible to measure the forward voltage VF or backward voltage VA of a diode using the LV scale (Fig.

4).

As described for the resistance measurements, make the ohm zero

⑶

adjustment after every change of the measuring range.



The meter pointer deflects close to full scale when the forward

IR < < IF N(-COM)

RIF

P(＋)

×10×1 ×1k

⑷

current I

is measured. However, it hardly deflects when the reverse

current IR is measured.

The forward voltage of the average germanium diode measures 0.1 V

to 0.2V and that of the silicon diode 0.5V to 0.8V.

Since the maximum open circuit voltage at the low resistance ranges

⑸

is 3V (12V at X 10k range), it is possible to light up an LED having a forward voltage of more than 1.5V and measure forward current I well. The reading on the LI scale indicates the forward current I

which the LED lights up. The reading on the LV scale also indicates the forward voltage V

For testing a large LED use the X1 Ω range. For a smaller LED

having less than 10mA IF use the X10Ωrange.

Diode Test

Fig.4



6-9. Measuring I

CAUTION

(leakage current of transistors)

CEO

The leakage current does not change significantly according to

voltage, but it rather exhibits constant current characteristics.

However, note that the leakage current is very sensitive to the temperature and varies with the temperature change

(approximately twice as against 10

CAUTION

When measuring I current will flow and I

CAUTION

, do not touch the base of a transistor. Base

CEO

increase.

CEO

If tested on the x10kΩ range, a transistor having V

temperature rise)

℃

less than

12V could possi bly be damaged. Always check the rating of a

transistor before testing.

Use the resistance measuring ranges to test transistors.

⑴

In sert the red a nd blac k test leads i nt o the P(+) and N(

⑵

COM)

−

terminals respectively.

With the tips of the test leads shorted together, turn the ohm zero

⑶

adjust knob so that the meter pointer lines up with the "0" mark on the right end of the ohm scale.

Connect the test leads to the transistors according to their polarity, as

⑷

shown in Fig. 5 Ⓐ for the NPN transistor and Fig. 5 Ⓑ for the PNP transistor.

Fig. 5 may be represented by an electrical circuit (Fig. 6).

⑸

(Part of the circuit located on the right side of the P/N terminals corresponds to be internal circuit of the multimeter.)

Current flowing between the P and N terminal is a reverse leakage

⑹

current I

. Take the reading on the LI scale.

CEO



Measuring Leakage Current of Transistor I

(E) EMITTER

(B) BASE

P(+) P(+)

N(-COM)

X10 X10

CEO

ECO

Ⓑ PNP Type TransistorⒶ NPN Type Transistor

(E)

(C)

(B)

NPN TRANSISTOR

＋

−

CEO

Fig. 5

Th e leak age cu rre nt of

⑺

th e sil ico n tra nsis tor i s too small to give pointer deflection. If the pointer s h o ul d d e f l e c t , t he likel y ca u s e wou l d be some fault of the silicon transistor.

With the germanium transistor the leakage current flows even if it is

⑻

good, but the amount slightly differs with the types of the transistor.

Use Table 4 below to determine if the germanium transistors are

good or bad.

Table 4

Leakage Current I

CEO

Germanium Transistors

Small &Medium

Sized Transistors

Approx. 0.1 - 2mA Approx. 1 - 5mA

If the leakage current exceeds the above values appreciably, the transistors are faulty.



Large Sized

Transistors

Fig. 6

6-10. Measuring hFE (DC Current Amplification Factor)

(E) EMITTER (C) COLLECTOR (B) BASE I

ECO

＋(IB×hFE)＝I

hFE＝−

P(+)

R(24kΩ)

(B)

(E)

X10(h

)

CAUTION:

With the germanium transistor, the leakage current flows into the collector side, causing that much error in leakage current measurements. Therefore, obtain a true value of leakage current by deducting a hFE value equivalent to the leakage current from the measured value.

The following will explain about the principle of hFE measurements.

⑴

As s hown in Fig. 7, the collector and emitter of a transistor are

co n n ecte d to the mul t imete r. Whe n a res i stor R of a c e rtai n resistance value (approx. 24kΩ) is connected across the N (−COM) terminal of the instrument and the base of the transistor, baseterminal current IB, determined by R (approx. 24kΩ), flows and current

, multiplied by hFE, also flows into the collector of the transistor,

resulting in the increase of DC current and thus causing the meter indication to change notably.

Theoretically, the hFE (=lC/lB) of a transistor (DC current amplification

factor) can be measured by plotting the amount of the current change on a separate hFE scale.

The hFE scale for Model 1109 is marked for the 24kΩ R (approx.

100μA base current at 3V LV).

Fig. 7



How to Use h

Test Lead (1)

Test Lead (2)

Test Lead (1)

Test Lead (2)

R=24kΩ

(B)

(C)

(E)

(B) (B)

(C)

(E)

P(+)

N(-COM)

X10 (hFE) X10 (hFE)

NPN Type Transistor PNP Type Transistor

(E) EMITTER (C) COLLECTOR (B) BASE

⑵

Test Leads

The test lead set mainly consisting of a resistor and a clip as shown

in Fig. 8 is on the market and is recommended for use in making h measurements.

Test Lead Set for hFE Measurements

Fig. 8

Fig. 9

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As indicated in Fig. 9, connect the hFE test lead (1) to the multimeter, according to the polarity of a transistor to be tested; N (-COM) terminal for the NPN type transistor or P (+) terminal for the PNP type transistor.

Also, connect the hFE test lead (2) to the P(+) terminal for the NPN type transistor and the N (−COM) terminal for the PNP type transistor. With the test lead clips (E) and (C) shorted, turn the ohm zero adjust knob so that the pointer lines up with the zero (0) mark on the right end of the ohm scale. Then, connect the hFE test lead clips as follows:

Clip (C) and clip (B) for hFE test lead (1) to the collector and base

terminals of the transistor respectively.

Clip (E) of the hFE test lead (2) to the emitter of the transistor.

W h e n the tr a n s i s t or is good, th e in d i c a t e d val u e is sm a l l ,

⑶

representing leakage current I

only with the base terminal open

CEO

(lB=0).

If base-terminal DC current IB flows, collector-terminal DC current I

changes and meter gives a reading of the current increased by I h

When the transistor is faul ty, the t hree p os sible case s may be

⑷

considered.

There is no change in the current reading between the times when

the base terminal is open (lB=0) and when IB flows.

No meter pointer deflection even when IB flows.

The meter pointer moves past the hFE scale and deflects close to full

scale, even when the base terminal is open (IB=0).

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7. Fuse & Battery Replacement

WARNING

Never replace the fuse or batteries during measurements. Make

sure to set the range selector switch to OFF position and remove

the test leads from the instrument before replacing the fuse and batteries.

Always use the F 2S0V 0.5A fuse as specified.

When the fuse blows remove the housing case by unscrewing the

⑴

case fixing screw to replace the fuse.

When 2 x1.5V battery (R-6P, SUM-3 or equivalent) are exhausted, it is

⑵

no longer possible to zero ohm adjust on the x 1Ω range. Remove the housing case by unscrewing the case fixing screw to replace the batteries.

Observe correct polarity when replacing the batteries.

When the 9V battery (6F22, 006P or equivalanet) is exhausted, it is no

⑶

longer possible to zero ohm adjust on the X10kΩ range. Remove the housing case by unscrewing the case fixing screw to replace the battery.

Fig. 10

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PCB Component Layout Drawing

Fig. 11

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PARTS LIST

No. DESCRIPTION

R1 Resistor 1/2WF, ( 15MΩ) DC 1000 V R2 Resistor 1/4WF, ( 4MΩ) DC 250 V R3 Resistor 1/4WF, ( 800 KΩ) DC 50 V R4 Resistor 1/4WF, ( 150 KΩ) DC 10 V R5 Resistor 1/4WF, ( 40KΩ) DC 2.5 V R6 Resistor 1/2WF, ( 8KΩ) DC 0.5 V R7 Resistor 1/2WF, ( 83.3 KΩ) AC 10 V R8 Resistor 1/4WF, ( 360 KΩ) AC 50 V R9 Resistor 1/4WF, ( 1.8MΩ) AC 250 V R10 Resistor 1/2WF, ( 6.75MΩ) AC 1000 V

R11 Resistor 1/4WF, ( 40.7 Ω) DC 2.5m A R12 Resistor 1/4WF, ( 4 Ω) DC 25m A R13 Resistor 1/2WF, ( 0.379 Ω) DC 250m A R14 Resistor 1/2WF, ( 18 Ω) ΩX 1 R15 Resistor 1/4WF, ( 200 Ω) ΩX 10 R16 Resistor 1/4WF, ( 34KΩ) ΩX 1K R18 Resistor 1/4WF, ( 240 Ω) R19 Resistor 1/4WF, ( 44KΩ) R20 Resistor 1/4WF, ( 195 KΩ) ΩX10K R21 Resistor 1/4WF, ( 18KΩ) R22 Resistor 1/4WF, ( 750 Ω) R23 Resistor 1/4WF, ( 31KΩ)

VR1 Variable Resistor, ( 10KΩ)

D1,2,3 Diode 1N4448

C1 Ceramic Capacitor, 0.047μF50V C2 Metal Film Capacitor, 0.047μF630V(OUTPUT)

BT1 Battery 1.5V,R6P,SUM-3 or equiv. (X2) BT2 Battery 9V, 6F22, 006P or equiv.

F1 Fuse, Fast Acting Type, F250V/0.5A,

6×30mm

M Meter Movement, (44μA / 1.25KΩ) BS1 Battery Contacts (X4) BS2 Battery Contact (X1)

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