Kramer SD-7308, SD-7388, SD-7316 User Manual

KRAMER ELECTRONICS LTD.

P/N: 2900-006001

KRAMER ELECTRONICS, Ltd.

USER MANUAL

Kramer SDI Switchers and Matrices

Models:

SD-7308 SD-7388 SD-7316

IMPORTANT: Before proceeding, please read paragraph entitled

"Unpacking and Contents"

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Table Of Contents

Section Name Page

1 INTRODUCTION 2

1.1 A Word on Video Switchers and Matrices 2

1.2 Digital and Analog Video Signals 2

1.3 Several Points to Consider When Working with Digital Signals 3

1.4 SDI Standards 4

1.5 Factors Affecting Quality of Results 4 2 SPECIFICATIONS 5 3 HOW DO I GET STARTED? 6 4 UNPACKING AND CONTENTS 6

4.1 Optional Accessories 6 5 SDI SWITCHER AND MATRICES 7

5.1 Getting to Know Your SD-7308 7

5.2 Getting to Know Your SD-7388 8

5.3 Getting to Know Your SD-7316 9 6 INSTALLATION 10

6.1 Rack Mounting 10 7 CONNECTING TO DIGITAL VIDEO DEVICES 10

7.1 Turning On the Machines 10

7.2 Operation 10

7.3 RS-232 Communication Protocol for SD-7308 11

7.4 DIP Switch Settings for the SD-7308 11 8 OPERATION OF THE SD-7388 AND SD-7316 12

8.1 Menu Commands for the SD-7388 and SD-7316 12

8.2 Communication Protocol for the SD-7388/7316 14 9 TAKING CARE OF YOUR MACHINE 21 10 TROUBLESHOOTING 21

10.1 Power and Indicators 21

10.2 Video Signal 21 Limited Warranty 22

List Of Illustrations

Figure Page

Digital “EYE” Diagram

The Digital “EYE” after accumulating Noise and Jitter

4 3 SD-7308 Front/Rear Panel Features 7 4 SD-7388 Front/Rear Panel Features 8 5 SD-7316 Front/Rear Panel Features 9 6 RS-232 Null Modem Connection 20

List Of Tables

Table Page

1 SD-7308 Front/Rear Panel Features 7 2 SD-7388 Front/Rear Panel Features 8 3 SD-7316 Front/Rear Panel Features 9 4 DIPSWITCH Settings for the SD-7308 11 5 Instruction Codes for Protocol 2000 15 6 Example- HEX table for 16x16 Video Matrix Switch 18

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INTRODUCTION

Congratulations on your purchase of this Kramer Electronics SDI Switcher/Matrix. Since 1981, Kramer has been dedicated to the development and manufactur e of high quality video/audio equipment. The Kramer line has become an integral part of many of the best production and presentation facilities around the world. In recent years, Kramer has redesigned and upgraded most of the line, making the best even better. Kramer’s line of professional video/audio electronics is one of the most versatile and complete available, and is a true leader in terms of quality, workmanship, price/performance ratio and innovation. In addition to the Kramer line of high quality switchers, such as the one you have just purchased, Kramer also offers a full line of high quality distributors, processors, interfaces, controllers and computer-related products. This manual includes configuration, operation and option information for the following products from the Kramer line of SDI Switchers and Matrices. All of them are similar in operation and features.



SD-7308 – 8x1 SDI Switcher



SD-7388 – 8x8 SDI Matrix



SD-7316 – 16x16 SDI Matrix

1.1

A Word on Video Switchers and Matrices

A video switcher usually switches between several sources (inputs) and one or more acceptors (outputs). A switcher that allows several inputs to be connected to several outputs simultaneously is called a Matrix Switcher. Switchers may be of the electronic or mechanical type. Most matrices are of the active electronic type, with many crosspoints. Vertical interval switching, frequently used in video, ensures that the transiti on from one video source to another (such as switching between two genlocked cameras) is smooth and without interference. The switching and changeover is done during the blanked vertical interval period, when the transition is hidden from the eyes. Vertical interval switching is needed when recording or transmitting a video program involving several video sources, as in live broadcast, to ensure clean, undisturbed picture transitions. The switched sources should be genlocked. Some matrices have a special, additional input – a genlock input, which is used to genlock the matrix to an external genlock or a studio master reference. Digital (SDI) matrices usually have an analog genlock input, while very few of them offer an additional digital genlock input. Matrices and switchers may sometimes be RS-232 or RS-485/422 controlled. Each of these options is a way of remotely controlling a video/audio device (switcher etc.) using a PC with a serial port, or another device that uses a similar communication protocol. The simplest connection between the RS-232 controller and the controlled device uses two wires (TRANSMIT, RECEIVE) and a common ground wire.

1.2

Digital and Analog video signals

An analog signal varies continuously. It may have any value (within its physical bounds) and can change at any instant. A digital signal is made up of a finite number of discrete levels, usually – but not always – changing only at discrete time periods. An example of a digitized waveform is shown below.

ANALOG SIGNAL

DIGITAL SIGNAL

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1.3

Several Points to Consider When Working with Digital Signals

 The minimum noise introduced by quantizing is 1 bit (1 level), so the higher the number of bits, the lower the

inherent noise, and the higher the resolution.

 Since A/D and D/A conversions create artifacts, it is important not to convert back and forth. In a “mixed”

outfit, the video should be digitized, and all the digital processing done before converting back to analog.

 “Multi-media” systems usually quantize the video to 8 bit (ie. 2

= 256) levels. Some “levels” are dedicated to special codes (SAV, EAV – similar to syncs in analog video), leaving 220 quantization levels (~3mV steps) for the luminance signals. Audio is usually quantized to 16 bits.

 Broadcast systems use 10 bit video, and 20 bit audio.  A digital signal may be transported very easily, and saved and retrieved reliably with no generation losses.  Transmission of a digital video signal is reliable up to a certain length of cable. Beyond this length, the signal is

destroyed. This phenomenon is known as the “cliff-effect”.

 To avoid the “crash” at the cliff, an “equalizer and reclocker” should be inserted at a distance less than the

“cliff” length. From this point it is again possible to drive a cable up to the “cliff” length. This is similar to the “repeater” analogy for analog signals. (Note: the term “equalizer” is usually dropped, and the “equalizer and reclocker” is referred to simply as a “reclocker”).

 “Equalization” is a process of amplifying the input signal to overcome losses on the cable. This possible for

digital signals, since the correct amplitude of the signal is known.

 “Reclocking” is a process of “cleaning up” the signal in the time-domain, ie, removing the jitter which was

introduced as a result of the long cable. To do this, the timing source must be recovered from the signal, and the signal is regenerated with stable timing.

 A graphic representation of the timing and amplitude distortions is shown in an “eye diagram”, as below:

Figure 1: Digital “EYE” Diagram

Increase in jitter, and a decrease in amplitude cau se the eye to “close”. It is clear that jitter of more than ±50% would result in an irretrievable signal (cliff effect).

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Figure 2: The Digital “EYE” after accumulating Noise and Jitter

1.4

SDI Standards

“Uncompressed” digital video usually refers to “Digital Component Video” (ITU-R BT.601 standard). This is based on sampling of component video. The sampling scheme stipulates one luminance (Y) sample for each pair of color-difference (R-Y and B-Y) samples. Luminance sampling is done at 13.5MS/s (mega-samples per second), and each color-difference is sampled at 6.75MS/s. This is also known as 4:2:2 (Y is sampled at 4f

(more or less!), and the color differences at 2f

The 8 or 10 bits of data are serialized to produce a single stream of bits (SMPTE-259 standard) at 270MS/s for 10 bits (10X(13.5+6.75+6.75) = 270). This is known as “Serial Component Video”, and is usually referred to as SDI. “Serial Composite Video” is (true) 4f

sampling of composite video – PAL at ~177MS/s, and NTSC at

~143MS/s. This standard is hardly used, except in some older installations in the USA. A standard launched about five years ago is “Digital Widescreen” – a digital version of PalPlus (16:9 or Letterbox aspect ratio). This works at 360MS/s. SDI is continuously being upgraded and speeded up. Rates of 540MS/s and beyond 1GS/s are being tested to be used in the near future for full digital HDTV.

1.5

Factors Affecting Quality of Results

There are many factors affecting the quality of results when signals are transmitted from a source to an acceptor:

 Connection cables

- Low quality cables are susceptible to interference; they degrade sign al quality due

to poor matching and cause elevated noise levels. They should therefore be of the best quality.

 Sockets and connectors of the sources and acceptors

- So often ignored, they should be of highest quality, since "Zero Ohm" connection resistance is the objective. Sockets and connectors also must match the required impedance (75ohm in video). Cheap, low quality connectors tend to rust, thus causing breaks in the signal path.

 Amplifying circuitry

- Must have quality performance when the desired result is high linearity, low

distortion and low noise operation.

 Distance between sources and acceptors

- Plays a major role in the final result. For long distances (over 15 meters) between sources and acceptors, special measures should be taken in order to avoid cable losses. These include using higher quality cables or adding lin e amplifiers.

 Interference from neighboring electrical appliances

- These can have an adverse effect on signal quality. Balanced audio lines are less prone to interference, but unbalanced audio should be installed far from any mains power cables, electric motors, transmitters, etc. even when the cables are shielded.

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SPECIFICATIONS

SD-7308 SD-7388 SD-7316 Function

8x1 SDI switcher 8x8 SDI Matrix 16x16 SDI Matrix

Inputs

8 SMPTE-259M Serial Video, 75 ohms on BNCs

16 SMPTE-259M Serial Video, 75 ohms on BNCs

Outputs

1x4 reclocked SMPTE-259M Serial Video, 75 ohms on BNCs, with adjustable level

8 reclocked SMPTE-259M Serial Video, 75 ohms on BNCs

16 reclocked SMPTE-259M Serial Video, 75 ohms on BNCs

Reference Input

Analog loop through on BNCs, 75 Ohm/Hi-z, switchable SMPTE-259M serial video (option), any of the 8 serial outputs (option).

Analog loop through on BNCs, 75 Ohm/Hi-z, switchable SMPTE-259M serial video (option), any of the 16 serial outputs (option).

Switching

During Vertical Interval During Vertical Interval During Vertical Interval

Resolution

8 or 10-bits, automatic 8 or 10-bits, automatic 8 or 10-bits, automatic

Standards

143Mb/s (4fsc NTSC) 177Mb/s (4fsc PAL) 270Mb/s (4:2:2 Component) 360Mb/s (4:2:2 Widescreen)

Equalization

Automatic up to 30 dB of cable loss

Automatic up to 300 m, (Belden 8281 cable, 270Mb/s)

Jitter

<300 ps at 270Mb/s, (1kHz HPF)

Overshoot

NA <5% <5%

Output Level

800 mV, +/- 5% 800 mV, +/- 5% 800 mV, +/- 5%

Control

Front panel, RS-232 Front panel, RS-232, RS-485 Front panel, RS-232, RS-485

Display

Illuminated front panel switches

2 x 40 backlit LCD 2 x 40 backlit LCD

Options

NA Serial video genlock card Serial video genlock card

Accessories

Power cord, Windows 95/98 control software

Dimensions

19” 1U, rack mountable 19” 2U, rack mountable 19” 2U, rack mountable

Weight

2.5 Kg (5.5 Lbs.) Approx 3.5 Kg (7.8 Lbs.) Approx. 3.5 Kg (7.8 Lbs.) Approx.

Power Source

230 VAC (115 VAC, U.S.A)

9.2 VA

85-264 VAC, 47-440 Hz, 20 VA max.

85-264 VAC, 47-440 Hz, 25 VA max.

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HOW DO I GET STARTED?

The fastest way to get started is to take your time and do everything right the first time. Taking 15 minutes to read the manual may save you a few hours later. You don’t even have to read the whole manual. If a section doesn’t apply to you, you don’t have to spend your time reading it.

UNPACKING AND CONTENTS

The items contained in your Kramer SDI Switcher/Matrix package are listed below. Please save the original box and packaging materials for possible future shipment.

 SDI Switcher/Matrix  Kramer Concise Product Catalog  Power cord  This User Manual  Null Modem Adapter  Rubber Feet  Optional Windows 95/98 ™ control software (may be downloaded from Kramer’s

website:

www.kramerelectronics.com

4.1

Optional Accessories

The following accessories, which are available from Kramer, can enhance implementation of your distributor. For information regarding cables and additional accessories, contact your Kramer dealer.

 SD-7108 - an adjustment-free, equalized, reclocking, multi-standard Serial Video Distribution Amplifier.

A parallel ECL reclocked output is also provided. The machine provides automatic equalization for losses on 75-ohm co-axial cable (up to hundreds of meters of cable - depending on the cable and the video standard), and reclocks the output to provide 8 low-jitter, serial digital outputs. Standard recognition is automatic, and front-panel LEDs indicate the detected standard. 4f

PAL, 4fsc NTSC, Component 4:2:2, and high-definition 16:9 (wide-screen) standards are all recognized. The user may adjust the serial video output level. The CARRIER LED indicates the detection of a signal at the input, and the SYNC LED shows that horizontal synchronization has been detected. The machine operates for both 10-bit and 8-bit video, automatically recognizing the word length.

 SD-7208 - an adjustment-free, reclocking, multi-standard Serializer/SDI Distribution Amplifier. The

machine embeds the clock and parallel data into an NRZI serial stream according to the SMPTE 259M standard and reclocks the output to provide 8 low-jitter, serial digital outputs. Standard recognition is automatic. A front panel LED indicates locking to the incoming signal. The user may adjust the serial video output level. The machine operates for both 10-bit and 8-bit video, automatically recognizing the word length.

 SD-7401 - a multi-standard, adjustment-free digital to analog converter designed to accept one SDI

(4:4:2 serial digital video) input, and provide one analog output in four common signal formats. The SDI input is equalized and reclocked, and the output can be set for composite video, S-video (Y/C), RGsB, or Y, R-Y, B-Y. The SD-7401 also has an internal 75% color bar generator, whose timing is based on the SDI input. The SD-7401 encodes 525 line signals to NTSC-M and 625 lines to PAL-B. Versions designed for other standards such as SECAM, PAL-M, and NTSC 4.43 are available by special request. When encoding NTSC, the unit may be programmed with or without a 7.5 IRE setup (pedestal).

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SDI SWITCHER AND MATRICES

This section describes all the controls and connections of your switcher/matrix. Understanding all of the controls and connections helps you realize the full power of your machine.

5.1

Getting to Know Your SD-7308 Switcher

The Kramer SD-7308 is a multi-standard, adjustment-free 8x1 switcher for SDI (serial digital) video signals. It accepts up to eight SDI inputs, provides necessary buffering and reclocking, and routes the selected source to four identical SDI outputs using BNC connectors. It provides automatic equalization for losses typical with long runs of 75-ohm co-axial cable. Depending on the cable and video standard, cable lengths of several hundred meters is possible. Standard recognition is automatic and the machine switches during the vertical interval according to the SMPTE RP-168 standard. A rear-panel output level control is provided to optimize signal level. The input select function of the SD-7308 can be controlled by front panel buttons and by RS-232 commands transmitted by a touch-screen control system, personal computer, or other control system. When no signal exists on a selected input, the LED in the appropriate button flashes. The SD-7308 automatically recognizes the word length for both 10-bit and 8-bit video.

Panel features of the SD-7308 are described in Figure 3 and Table 1.

Note: For operation instructions refer to section 7.2.

Figure 3: SD-7308 Front/Rear Panel Features

Table 1: SD-7308 Front/Rear Panel Features

No. Feature Function

POWER

Power ON/Off switch, illuminates when toggled.

INPUT SELECTOR

8 illuminated touch buttons select the desired input

SDI INPUTS

8 BNCs connect up to 8 SDI sources to the switcher

OUT LEVEL

Controls the output level of the SDI signals.

SDI OUTPUTS

4 parallel SDI reclocked outputs

PROGRAM

Dip switches for programming the switcher

RS-232

RS-232 connection to a PC or to another control device

POWER SOCKET

A socket with fuse for connecting the mains power cord

+ 17 hidden pages

Kramer SD-7308, SD-7388, SD-7316 User Manual

Specifications and Main Features

Frequently Asked Questions

User Manual