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EM 2040P
Installation Manual
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Kongsberg EM 2040P Installation Manual

Multibeamechosounder
EM2040P
Installationmanual
417418/B
December2017©KongsbergMaritimeAS
Documentinformation
•Document:Installationmanual
•Documentnumber:417418
•Revision:B
•Dateofissue:December2017
Note
TheinformationcontainedinthisdocumentremainsthesolepropertyofKongsbergMaritimeAS.No partofthisdocumentmaybecopiedorreproducedinanyformorbyanymeans,andtheinformation containedwithinitisnottobecommunicatedtoathirdparty,withoutthepriorwrittenconsentof KongsbergMaritimeAS.
KongsbergMaritimeASendeavourstoensurethatallinformationinthisdocumentiscorrectandfairly stated,butdoesnotacceptliabilityforanyerrorsoromissions.
Warning
Theequipmenttowhichthismanualappliesmustonlybeusedforthepurposeforwhichitwas designed.Improperuseormaintenancemaycausedamagetotheequipmentand/orinjurytopersonnel. Youmustbefamiliarwiththecontentsoftheappropriatemanualsbeforeattemptingtooperate orworkontheequipment.
KongsbergMaritimedisclaimsanyresponsibilityfordamageorinjurycausedbyimproperinstallation, useormaintenanceoftheequipment.
Comments
Toassistusinmakingimprovementstotheproductandtothismanual,wewelcomecommentsand constructivecriticism.
e-mail:km.documentation@km.kongsberg.com
Fortechnicalsupportissues,pleasecontactkm.support@km.kongsberg.com.
Supportinformation
Ifyourequiremaintenanceorrepair,contactyourlocaldealer.Y oucanalsocontactususingthefollowing address:km.hydrographic.support@kongsberg.com.Ifyouneedinformationaboutourotherproducts, visithttp://www.km.kongsberg.com
KongsbergMaritimeAS
www.kongsberg.com
Installationmanual
Tableofcontents
ABOUTTHISMANUAL..............................................................7
EM2040P................................................................................9
Systemdescription.............................................................................................................9
Systemdiagram................................................................................................................10
Systemunits.....................................................................................................................11
Transducerdescription...........................................................................................11
ProcessingUnitdescription....................................................................................11
PortableProcessingUnitdescription.....................................................................11
HydrographicWorkStationdescription.................................................................12
RuggedHydrographicW orkStationdescription...................................................12
RemoteControlUnit(K-Rem)description............................................................12
PREPARATIONS.....................................................................14
Personnelqualications...................................................................................................14
Sonarroomrequirements.................................................................................................15
Environmentalrequirements..................................................................................15
Requirementforwatertightintegrity......................................................................15
Sizeandaccessrequirements.................................................................................16
Requirementsforinsulation,heatingandventilation.............................................16
Requirementsforelectricalinstallations,cablesandcommunication...................17
Requirementsforbilgepumpanddecking.............................................................18
Wheretoinstallthetransducer........................................................................................19
Introductiontotransducerlocation.........................................................................19
Mountthetransducerdeep.....................................................................................19
Avoidprotrudingobjectsnearthetransducer.........................................................20
Keepthetransducerfarawayfromthepropellers.................................................21
Chooseatransducerpositionfarawayfromthebowthruster(s)...........................21
Summaryandgeneralrecommendations...............................................................21
Acousticnoise..................................................................................................................23
Contributingfactors................................................................................................23
Selfnoise................................................................................................................24
Ambientnoise.........................................................................................................27
Electricalselfnoise................................................................................................27
Somemeanstoreduceacousticnoise....................................................................27
Vesselcoordinatesystem.................................................................................................29
INSTALLINGTHETRANSDUCER.............................................32
Rulesfortransducerhandling..........................................................................................32
Installationsummary........................................................................................................34
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EM2040P
Installationrequirements..................................................................................................36
Freeviewingsector................................................................................................36
Installationprinciples.......................................................................................................37
Permanenttransducerinstallation..........................................................................37
Nonpermanenttransducerinstallation...................................................................38
Transducerinstallationusingahullunit................................................................39
ReferencepointontheEM2040Ptransducer.................................................................40
Paintingthetransducerface.............................................................................................41
Approvedanti-foulingpaints...........................................................................................43
INSTALLINGTHEEM2040PHARDWAREUNITS.....................44
InstallingtheProcessingUnit..........................................................................................45
InstallingtheProcessingUnit.................................................................................45
ProcessingUnitrearpaneldescription...................................................................47
ProcessingUnitcircuitboardsandmodules..........................................................48
CBMFboard-dipswitchsetting...........................................................................49
InstallingthePortableProcessingUnit............................................................................50
PortableProcessingUnitdescription.....................................................................50
PortableProcessingUnitfrontpaneldescription..................................................51
InstallingtheHydrographicW orkStation.......................................................................52
InstallingtheHydrographicW orkStation..............................................................52
HydrographicWorkStationrearconnectors(MP5810)........................................55
CABLELAYOUTANDINTERCONNECTIONS.............................57
Readthisrst...................................................................................................................58
Cableplans.......................................................................................................................59
ProcessingUnit,singleswath,cableplan..............................................................60
ProcessingUnit,dualswath,cableplan.................................................................61
PortableProcessingUnit,cableplan......................................................................62
Topsidecableplan..................................................................................................63
ListofEM2040Pcables..................................................................................................64
Cabledrawingsandspecications...................................................................................66
RS-232seriallineusingthreewiresandRJ45connector......................................67
RS-422seriallineusingvewiresandRJ45connector........................................68
RS-232seriallineusedforDGNSSinput..............................................................69
RS-422seriallineusedforDGNSSinput..............................................................70
Clocksynchronisation(1PPS)usingacoaxcable.................................................71
Remotecontrol.......................................................................................................72
RemoteControlusingK-Rem................................................................................73
Dummyplugfornotusingremotecontrol.............................................................74
Externalsynchronisation........................................................................................75
Transducercable.....................................................................................................76
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TransducercableforPortableProcessingUnit......................................................78
Seapathantennainterfacecable-withplug...........................................................80
Antennainterfacecable..........................................................................................82
SeapathMRUinterfacecable.................................................................................83
DCPowercable......................................................................................................84
DRAWINGFILE......................................................................85
Transducerdimensions....................................................................................................86
Transducermountingbracket...........................................................................................87
385422ProcessingUnitdimensions................................................................................88
424178PortableProcessingUnitdimensions.................................................................89
378828HydrographicW orkStationdimensions.............................................................90
370275RemoteControlUnit(K-REM)dimensions.......................................................92
373962RemoteControlUnit(K-REM)wiringdiagram.................................................94
TECHNICALSPECIFICATIONS................................................95
Performancespecications..............................................................................................96
Interfacespecications.....................................................................................................97
Weightsandoutlinedimensions....................................................................................101
Powerrequirements.......................................................................................................102
Environmentalrequirements..........................................................................................104
Alignmentspecications................................................................................................105
EQUIPMENTHANDLING.......................................................107
TransportingKongsbergMaritimeequipment...............................................................108
Liftingunitsandtransportationboxes...........................................................................109
Inspectionofunitsandtransportationboxesafterarrival..............................................111
Specicationsforstoragepriortoinstallationoruse.....................................................112
Unpackinginstructions..................................................................................................114
Unpackingstandardpartsandunits......................................................................114
Unpackingmechanicalunits................................................................................115
Unpackingelectronicandelectromechanicalunits..............................................116
Unpackingtransducers.........................................................................................117
Specicationsforstorageafterunpacking.....................................................................119
GENERALSAFETYRULES.....................................................121
Generalsafetyrules........................................................................................................121
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EM2040P
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Aboutthismanual
Purposeofmanual
Thepurposeofthismanualistoprovidetheinformation,proceduresandbasicdrawings requiredforthephysicalinstallationoftheEM2040P.
Targetaudience

Aboutthismanual

Themanualisintendedfortechnicalpersonnel;suchasskilledshipyardworkers, electricians,qualiedengineersandnavalarchitects.Itisassumedthatyouunderstand thegeneralprinciplesofmaritimeelectronicequipment.Y oumustalsobefamiliarwith computerhardware,interfacetechnologyandinstallationofelectronicandmechanical products.
Weassumethatyouarefamiliarwiththebasicacousticprinciplesofsoundinwater. Wealsoexpectthatyouhavesomeexperiencewithmultibeamand/orsinglebeamecho soundersinhydrographicapplications..
Installationinstructions
Youmustfollowtheinstructionsinthismanualtoensureoptimalperformance.Asa guide,installationproceduresarepresentedintheordertheymustbedone.
Theequipmentdescribedinthismanualincludesthecompletesystemwithrelevant cabinets.Unitsprovidedlocallybythecustomer,installationshipyardorlocal representativearenotdescribed.
Themanualalsodenestheequipmentresponsibility,andprovidesapplicable instructionsforunpackingandstorageofunits.
Note
Youmustfollowtheinstructionsgiveninthismanual.Ifnotitmayaffectthewarranty.
KongsbergMaritimeASwillacceptnoresponsibilityforanydamageorinjurytothe system,vesselorpersonnelcausedbyequipmentthathasbeenincorrectlyinstalledor maintained,orbydrawings,instructionsorproceduresthathavenotbeenprepared byus.
Installationdrawings
Theinstallationshipyardmustprovideallnecessaryinstallationdrawings.
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EM2040PInstallationmanual
KongsbergMaritimeASmay,onspecialorder,provideassistancetothesedrawings.
Note
Ifrequired,alldocumentsprovidedbytheshipyardforthephysicalinstallationof theEM2040Pmustbeapprovedbythevessel’ snationalregistryandcorresponding maritimeauthorityand/orclassicationsociety.Suchapprovalmustbeobtainedbefore theinstallationcanbegin.Theshipownerandshipyarddoingtheinstallationare responsibleforobtainingandpayingforsuchapproval.
TheoutlinedimensionsoftheEM2040PunitsarefoundintheDrawinglechapter inthismanual.
Onlineinformation
ForinformationabouttheEM2040PandotherproductsfromKongsbergMaritime, visitourwebsite.
•https://www.km.kongsberg.com
Registeredtrademarks
Observetheregisteredtrademarksthatapply.
Windows
®
isaregisteredtrademarkofMicrosoftCorporationintheUnitedStatesand
othercountries.
®
EM
isaregisteredtrademarkofKongsbergMaritimeASinNorwayandothercountries.
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Topics
Systemdescription,page9
Systemdiagram,page10

EM2040P

EM2040P
Systemunits,page11

Systemdescription

TheEM2040Portableisatruewidebandhighresolutionshallowwatermultibeamecho sounder.Itisanidealtoolforanyhighresolutionmappingandinspectionapplication. EM2040PisbasedontheEM2040technology.Thereceiverandtransmitterare integratedinacommonsonarhead.
Keyfeatures
•Frequencyrangefrom200to400kHz
•Highresolution
•Dualswathoption,allowingsufcientsounddensityalongtrackatreasonablesur-
veyspeed
•FMchirpallowingmuchlongerrangecapability(depthandcoverage)com-
paredtoCWpulses
•Completeroll,pitchandyawstabilization
•Neareldfocusingonbothtransmitandreceive
•Shortpulselengths,largebandwidth.Shortestpulseis14μs
•IHO-S44specialordercompliant
•Seabedimage
•Watercolumnloggingasanoption
•Swathcoverage:140degrees
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EM2040PInstallationmanual
•Beamwidth:1x1degreeat400kHz
•Transducerdepthrating:30metres
•Easytoinstall

Systemdiagram

ThesystemdiagramidentiesthemaincomponentsofabasicEM2040Psystem.Only themainconnectionsbetweentheunitsareshown.Detailedinterfacecapabilitiesand powercablesarenotshown.
AHydrographicW orkStation
BInterfaces:
•Soundspeedsensor
•Tide
•Centredepthoutput
CProcessingUnit
DInterfaces:
•Positioningsystems
•Attitude(roll,pitchand
heave)
•Soundspeedsensor
–WithK-Controller
upgrade
•Velocity
•Heading
•Clock
•Triggerinput/output
•Clocksynchronisation
(1PPS)
ETransducer
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EM2040P

Systemunits

Transducerdescription

Atransducerisadevicethatconvertsoneformofenergytoanother.Inanechosounder systemthetransducerconvertsbetweenelectricenergyandsound.TheEM2040Phas transducersfortransmittingandreceivingsoundpulsesinonehousing,andwecallthis housinga"sonarhead".
Asinglecablewithanunderwaterplug,connectsthe transducertotheProcessingUnit.
TheEM2040Ptransducerhasseparatelinear transducerarraysfortransmitandreceiveinaMills crossconguration.Thetransducercontainsallanalog electronicsanddigitalcontrolunitswithEthernet interfacetotheProcessingUnit.Thetransmitteriselectronicallysteerablealongtrack whilethereceiverissteerableathwartship.
Thetransmittransducerconsistsofthreeseparatelinearrays,onelookingstraightdown andthetwootherspointing45degreestoeachside.
Thetransducersaremadefromcompositeceramicswhichenablesawidebandwidth. Thematerialinthepartofthetransducerhousingwhichisexposedtoseawaterishard anodisedaluminium.

ProcessingUnitdescription

TheProcessingUnitisthecentralcontrollingdeviceintheEMmultibeamsystem.Itis providedtoprocessthesignalstoandfromthetransducer(s).
Itisanindustrialcomputerwhichisdesignedand testedforruggeduse.
TheProcessingUnitalsosupplies48Vdcpowertothe transducer(s).

PortableProcessingUnitdescription

TheEM2040PProcessingUnitisavailableinaportableversion.
Theportableversionhasthesamefunctionalityasthe standardEMProcessingUnitinarugged,splashproof enclosure.Italsosupportsasinglecableinterfaceto theSeapath130Series.
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EM2040PInstallationmanual

HydrographicWorkStationdescription

TheHydrographicWorkStationistheoperatorstationfortheEM2040P.
Adedicatedmaritimecomputerisprovidedwiththe EM2040PMultibeamechosounder.Itissetupwith allnecessarysoftware.
TheHydrographicWorkStationisbasedonthe Microsoft
®
Windowsoperatingsystem.
TheHydrographicWorkStationisnormallymounted neartheoperatorworkspace.

RuggedHydrographicWorkStationdescription

TheHydrographicWorkStationistheoperatorstationfortheEM2040P.
Adedicatedmaritimecomputerisprovidedwiththe EM2040PMultibeamechosounder.Itissetupwith allnecessarysoftware.
TheHydrographicWorkStationisalsoavailablein asemiruggedorfullyruggedversionforportableuse.

RemoteControlUnit(K-Rem)description

Adedicatedjunctionboxhasbeendesignedtoprovideremoteon/offswitcheswithlight indicationandinterfacetoaremotesynchronizingsystem.Thejunctionboxcontainsa terminalblockandfourswitcheswithlampsmountedinthefront.
Note
TheRemoteControlUnitisnotastandardpartof theEM2040Pdelivery.
TheRemoteControlUnitiscalledK-Rem.Itis preparedforremotecontrolandinterfacetoanexternal synchronizationsystemforfourKongsbergechosounders.
•OneSub-bottomproler(SBP120orSBP300)
•TwoEMmultibeamechosounders
•OneEAsinglebeamechosounder
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TheRemoteControlUnitisdesignedtobemountedina19inchrack,butitisalso possibletomountitonaatsurfaceorinabulkhead.Itisalsopreparedformounting ontelescopicrails.
EM2040P
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EM2040PInstallationmanual
Topics
Personnelqualications,page14
Sonarroomrequirements,page15

Preparations

Wheretoinstallthetransducer,page19
Acousticnoise,page23
Vesselcoordinatesystem,page29
Personnelqualications
TheinstallationoftheEM2040Pisademandingtask.Itisveryimportantthatthe personnelinvolvedintheinstallationtasksarecompetentandexperiencedcraftsmen.
Asaminimum,thefollowingcertiedcraftsmenmustbeavailable.
•Navalarchitects
•Welders
•Electricians
•Projectmanager
Note
Thequalityoftheweldingiscriticaltothesafetyofthevessel.W eldingmustonlybe donebyacertiedwelder .
Ifapplicable,thenalinstallationweldsmustbeapprovedbythevessel’ snational registry,thecorrespondingmaritimeauthorityand/orclassicationsociety.Observethe relevantrulesandregulationsrelatedtowelding.
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Sonarroomrequirements

Topics
Environmentalrequirements,page15
Requirementforwatertightintegrity,page15
Sizeandaccessrequirements,page16
Requirementsforinsulation,heatingandventilation,page16
Requirementsforelectricalinstallations,cablesandcommunication,page17
Requirementsforbilgepumpanddecking,page18
Preparations

Environmentalrequirements

TheEM2040Punitsmustbeinstalledinadryanddust-freeenvironment.Theunits arenotfullyprotectedagainsthumidity ,dustorwater.
Itisimportantthatthesonarroomiskeptdry.TheEM2040Punitsmustnotbeexposed toexcessivetemperatures,moistureorhumidity.Suchconditionscancausecorrosive attacksandsubsequentfailurestotheelectroniccircuitry.Visitthesonarroomat regularintervalstochecktemperatureandhumidity,andtakethenecessaryactions iftheenvironmentalconditionsarepoor.
ObservetheenvironmentalspecicationsrelatedtotheEM2040Punits.

Requirementforwatertightintegrity

Thesize,locationanddesignofthesonarroommustfullalltherequirementstothe vessel’swatertightintegrity.
Intheeventofamajorleakinthesonarroom,itmustbepossibletocloseallwatertight hatchesand/ordoorstothesonarroomtomaintainthevesselstabilityandsafety.
Thephysicalsizeofthesonarroommustbelimited,sothatintheeventofamajor leak,theoodingofthesonarroomwillnotinduceinstability,orcausethevesselto capsizeorsink.
Ensurethatallwatertightdecksandbulkheadsareinspectedperiodicallytoverifythat therearenounprotectedopeningsorimproperpenetrationsthatwillallowprogressive oodingfromthesonarroom,andthatthewatertightdoorsandhatchesareinplaceand inworkingorder.
Ensurebilgehighlevelalarmsarearrangedtoprovidetheearliestwarningsofabnormal accumulation.Thehighlevelbilgealarmsmustbesetaslowaspossibletothedeck orbilgewellandpositionedalongthecentreareaofthecompartmentorinalocation atwhichtheuidswillgravitatetorst.
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Allcablesleadinginandoutofthesonarroommustberuninsteelconduits.Thesesteel conduitsmustreachupandabovethefreeboarddeck.

Sizeandaccessrequirements

Awelldesignedsonarroomwithawellttedsizeandeasyaccessreducestheriskof corrosion,andsimpliesmaintenance.Thisincreasessystemreliability.
Note
Thephysicalsizeofthesonarroommustbelimited,sothatintheeventofamajorleak, theoodingoftheroomwillnotinduceinstability,orcausethevesseltocapsizeorsink.
Thesonarroommustbelargeenoughtohouseallthesystemunits.Theroommust provideenoughspacetoallowefcientmaintenance.Y oumustbeabletokeepallthe cabinetdoorsfullyopenwithoutunduerestrictiontoyourmovements.
1Theroommustnotbeusedforanyotherheavymachinery.
2Theroommustnotbeunnecessarilyobstructedbygirders,pipesetc,whichmay
causeinstallationproblemsorimpedemaintenance.
3Theroommustbeaccessibleunderallconditionsatseaorataberth.
4Alldoorsorhatchesmustbedesignedsothatthetoolsandequipmentcanbe
removedwithoutbeingdisassembled.
5Allcablesleadinginandoutofthesonarroommustberuninsteelconduits.These
steelconduitsmustreachupandabovethefreeboarddeck.

Requirementsforinsulation,heatingandventilation

Thebulkheadsinthesonarroommustbeinsulatedandprovidedwithaninteriorwall tothedeck.Theroommustbeequippedwithheater,anditmustbeconnectedtothe vessel'sventilationsystem.
Insulationrequirements
Theinsulationinthesonarroomshouldbetheminimumequivalentof50mmof rock-wool.Pipingpassingthroughthespacepronetocondensationmustbeproperly insulated.
Heatingrequirements
Heatingisaneffectivemethodforreducinghumidity .Theheaterinthesonarroommust dimensionedtomaintaintheequipmentwithinitsenvironmentaltolerances.Typical heatingpowerisminimum1000W .Theheatermustbeinstalledclosetothedeck.
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Preparations
Ventilationrequirements
Thesonarroommustbeconnectedtothevessel'sventilationsystemtoensureasupply ofcoolingair.Ifaventilationsystemisnotavailable,installtwo3”pipesfromthesonar roomtoasuitablefreshairlocationondeck.
Thefreshairshouldentertheroomasclosetotheooraspossible,andshouldbe extractedfromashighaspossible.Afunnelshapeddrip-collectormustbemounted belowtheventpipestodivertmoisturetothebilge.Onthemaindeck,thebest ventilationisprovidedwhentheoutletpipeisatleastfourmetershigherthantheinlet pipe.Tokeepoutseawater,rainandspray,theventilationpipesmustbettedwith goosenecksoranequivalentdesign.
Note
Ifthevesselislikelytooperateintropicalconditions,asuitableairconditioningsystem mustbeinstalled.Theairconditioningsystemmustbeabletoprovideanambient temperaturethatdoesnotexceedthemaximumoperatingtemperaturesoftheEM2040P unitsthatareinstalledintheroom.

Requirementsforelectricalinstallations,cablesand communication

Theelectricalinstallationsinthesonarroommustmeetminimumrequirementsto providesuitablelightsandsupplypower.
Lightrequirements
Thesonarroommustbeequippedwithsuitablelightingtosimplifytheinstallation andtoaidfuturemaintenance.
Communicationrequirements
Thesonarroommustbeequippedwithatelephone,anintercomsystem,oranyother meansoforalcommunicationbetweenthesonarroomandthebridgeand/orcontrol room(s).
Powerrequirements
Eachunitinthesonarroomshouldbeprovidedwithaseparatecircuitbreakeronthe mainssupply.
Aminimumnumberofadditionalelectricaloutletsmustbeprovidedforotherequipment.
Propervesselgroundmustbeprovided.
Cablingrequirements
ThesonarroomunitsareconnectedtootherEM2040Punitslocatedindifferent compartmentsonthevessel.Theunitsmayalsobeconnectedtoperipheraldevices.If
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EM2040PInstallationmanual
thesecablespassthroughhatchesorareaswheretheymaybedamaged,theymustbe runinconduits.Minimum2”conduitisrecommended.
Makesurethatallsystemcablesareproperlyconnectedandsecured,andinstalled withsomeslack.Theslackisessentialtowithstandvibrations,andtofacilitatefuture maintenanceandreplacements.

Requirementsforbilgepumpanddecking

Ifthesonarroomislocatedbelowthewaterline,itmustbeconnectedtothevessel's bilgepumpsystem.
Bilgepumprequirement
Ifitisnotpossibletoconnectthesonarroomtothevessel'sbilgepumpsystem,a separatebilgepumpforthecompartmentmustbeinstalled.
Deckingrequirement
Oncetheinstallationhasbeencompleted,thesonarroommustbesuitablydecked withoutrestrictingaccesstotheequipmentandthecables.
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Wheretoinstallthetransducer

Topics
Introductiontotransducerlocation,page19
Mountthetransducerdeep,page19
Avoidprotrudingobjectsnearthetransducer,page20
Keepthetransducerfarawayfromthepropellers,page21
Chooseatransducerpositionfarawayfromthebowthruster(s),page21
Summaryandgeneralrecommendations,page21
Preparations

Introductiontotransducerlocation

Asingleanswertothequestion"wheretoinstallthetransducer"cannotbegiven.
Thephysicallocationofthetransducerdependsonthevessel'sdesignandconstruction, howthehullisshaped,andhowthewaterrunsalongthehull.Therearehowevera numberofimportantguidelines,andsomeoftheseareevenconicting.
Note
Theinformationheremustbeconsideredasgeneraladvice.EachEM2040Pinstallation mustbehandledseparatelydependingonthehulldesignandtheotherelectricaland mechanicalsystemsinstalledonthevessel.

Mountthetransducerdeep

InordertoachievethebestpossibleEM2040Pperformance,mountthetransduceras deepaspossibleunderthevessel’shull.
Thereareseveralreasonsforthisrecommendation.
Flownoise
Considerthesituationswhenthevesselisunloaded,andpitchinginheavyseas.The vesselisridinghigh,andthebowmayevenbeliftedoutofthewater.Thiswillcausea lotofairtofollowtheshapeofthehull.
Theupperwaterlayersoftheseacontainamyriadofsmallairbubblescreatedbythe breakingwaves.Inheavyseastheupper5to10metresmaybelledwithair,andthe highestconcentrationswillbenearthesurface.Airbubblesabsorbandreectthesound energy,andtheymayinworstcasesblockthesoundtransmissionaltogether.
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EM2040PInstallationmanual
Cavitation
Cavitationistheformationofsmallairbubblesclosetothetransducerface.Thebubbles appearbecausethelocalpressurebecomesnegativeduringpartsoftheacousticpressure cycles.Thecavitationthresholdincreaseswiththehydrostaticpressure.Thenoiseis madewhenthebubblesimplode.
Transmittinginair
Thetransducermustneverbeliftedfreeofthewatersurface.Ifthetransduceris activatedwhenoutofwateritmaybedamagedbeyondrepair.Mountingthetransducer atadeeppositiononthehullwillinnormallypreventthis.
Slamming
Slamminghappensifthevesselhullclimbsoutofthewaterinheavyseas.Theforceof thewaterwhenthehullfallsdownmaypushthetransducerup,andmaycausedamage bothtothetransducerandtoitsmounting.Thisisespeciallyimportantforlowfrequency transducerswithlargefaces.Theeffectofslammingcanbereducedbymountingthe transducerasdeepaspossibleonthehull.
Note
KongsbergMaritimeAStakesnoresponsibilityforanydamagestothetransducer,the cableorthemountingarrangement,causedbyslamming.

Avoidprotrudingobjectsnearthetransducer

Objectsprotrudingfromthehullwillgenerateturbulenceandownoise.Thiswill reducetheEM2040Pperformance.
Protrudingobjectsmaybezincanodes,transducersoreventhevessel'skeel.Holesand pipeoutletsarealsoimportantnoisesources,aswellasroughsurfacescausedbybad welding.Eventracesofsealingcompound,sharpedges,boltsoremptyboltholeswill createnoise.Alltheseprotrudingobjectsmayactasresonantcavitiesamplifyingthe ownoiseatcertainfrequencies.
Donotplaceatransducerinthevicinityofprotrudingobjects,andespeciallynotclose behindthem.Makesurethatthesurfaceofthetransducerface,thehullplatingandputty aroundthetransducerisasevenandsmoothaspossible.Mountingscrewsorboltsmust notbeextrudingfromthetransducer,theinstallationhardwareorthehullplating.If necessary,grindandpolishallsurfaces.
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Preparations

Keepthetransducerfarawayfromthepropellers

Thepropulsionpropellersisthedominantnoisesourceonmostvessels.Thenoise iseasilytransmittedthroughthewater.Thisnoisemayoftenreducetheoverall performanceofyourEM2040P.
Thetransducermustbeinstalledasfarawayfromthepropellersaspossible.Thebest positionsarethereforeontheforepartofthehull.Positionsoutsidethedirectlineof sightfromthepropellersarebest.
Onsmallvesselswerecommendmountingthetransduceronthatsideofthekeelwhere thepropellerbladesmoveupwards.Thisisbecausethepropellercavitationisweakest onthatside.Thecavitationstartswhenthewaterowsinthesamedirectionasthe propellerblades.Thisiswherethepropellerbladesmovedownwards.

Chooseatransducerpositionfarawayfromthebow thruster(s)

Bowthrusterpropellersareextremelynoisy.
Wheninoperation,thenoiseandcavitationbubblescreatedbythethrustermaymake yourEM2040PMultibeamechosounderuseless,almostnomatterwherethetransducer isinstalled.Whenthebowthrustersarenotinoperation,thetunnelcreatesturbulence.If yourvesselispitching,thetunnelmaybelledwithairoraeratedwaterintheupper positionandreleasethisinthelowerposition.
Ingeneral,thetransducershouldthereforebeplacedwellawayfromthebowthruster(s).
However,thisisnotaninvariablerule.Certainthrusterdesigns-combinedwiththeir physicallocationsonthehull-maystillofferasuitablelocationforthetransducer,even closetothethruster.Ifyouareindoubt,consultanavalarchitect.

Summaryandgeneralrecommendations

Someoftheinstallationguidelinesprovidedfortransducerlocationmaybeconicting. Forthisreason,eachvesselmustbetreatedindividuallyinordertondthebest compromise.
Ingeneral,themostimportantfactoristoavoidairbubblesinfrontofthetransducer face.Forthisreason,therecommendedtransducerlocationisnormallyintheforepartof thehull,wellaheadofthenoisecreatedbythebowwave.
Themaximumdistancefromthebowisnormallyequaltoonethirdofthetotalwater linelengthofthehull.
Ifthevesselhullhasabulbousbow,thismaywellbeagoodtransducerlocation,but alsointhiscasetheowpatternoftheaeratedwatermustbetakenintoconsideration. Theforemostpartofthebulbisoftenagoodlocation.
Thisappliestothevesselinnormaltrimandspeed.
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EM2040PInstallationmanual
Important
Thetransducermustneverbetiltedbackwardswhenthevesselismovingatnormal speed.
Donotplaceatransducerinthevicinityofprotrudingobjects,andespeciallynotclose behindthem.
Makesurethatthesurfaceoftheresultinginstallationisassmoothandstreamlinedas possible.
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Acousticnoise

Aswithanyotherhydroacousticsystems,thequalityoftheEM2040Pechodataand presentationsaresubjecttounwantedacousticnoise.Theechoesfromanylargeand smalltargetmustbedetectedinsidethenoise.
Itisimportantthatwekeepthenoiselevelaslowaspossible.Theisnecessaryto obtainlongrangeanddependableinterpretationsoftheechoes.Evenwiththeadvanced noiselteringofferedbytheEM2040P,wemustaddressthenoisechallenge.Thisis importantduringtheplanningandpreparationsfortheEM2040Pinstallation.
Topics
Contributingfactors,page23
Selfnoise,page24
Ambientnoise,page27
Electricalselfnoise,page27
Somemeanstoreduceacousticnoise,page27

Contributingfactors

Severalfactorsarecontributingtotheperformanceofthehydroacousticequipment usedonboardavessel.
Suchfactorsinclude:
•Thequalityandpropertiesofthetransmittedsignal
•Thequalityofthereceivingsystem
•Theoperationalsettingsmadeduringoperation
•Thepropertiesofthetarget(s)
•Thesignal-to-noiseratio
Themajorityofthesefactorscanneitherbecontrollednorimprovedbymeans ofinstallationmethodsortransducerlocations.Thequalityandpropertiesofthe transmittingandreceivingsystemsarekeyfactorsduringourproductdevelopment,while ourenduserdocumentationaimstohelptheusertomaketherightltersettingsduring operation.Asforthetargetproperties,thereisnothinganyofuscandowiththose.
Thesignal-to-noiseratio,however,canbeimprovedbymakingthecorrectchoices duringinstallation.
Signal-to-noiseratio(oftenabbreviatedSNRorS/N)isameasureusedin scienceandengineeringthatcomparesthelevelofadesiredsignaltothelevelof backgroundnoise.Itisdenedastheratioofsignalpowertothenoisepower,often expressedindecibels.Aratiohigherthan1:1(greaterthan0dB)indicatesmore
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signalthannoise.WhileSNRiscommonlyquotedforelectricalsignals,itcan beappliedtoanyformofsignal[...].
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_to_noise_ratio(September2013)
Thesignalistheechothatwewanttoknowsomethingabout,whilethenoiseisany unwantedsignalsordisturbances.Theechomustbedetectedinthenoiseandthereforeit isnecessarytokeepthenoiselevelisaslowaspossibleinordertoobtainlongrange anddependableinterpretation.
Thenoisethatcontributestothesignaltonoiseratiomaybedividedintothefollowing typesofnoise:
•Selfnoise
•Ambientnoise
•Electricalnoise
•Reverberation
AThetransducercanpickupnoisefrom
•Biologicaldisturbances
•Interference
•Cavitation
•Propellernoise
•Flownoise
•Acousticnoisefromotherhydroacousticsystems
BThetransducercablesarelong,andmaypickupelectricnoisefromgenerators,
pumps,coolingsystemsandotherelectricorelectromechanicaldevices.
CThepreampliersareverysensitive,andtheycaneasilypickupelectricalnoise
frominternalandexternalpowersupplies.Thepreampliersarealsovulnerablefor analoguenoisecreatedbytheirownelectroniccircuitry.Digitalnoisecreatedby theconverterandprocessingcircuitrycanalsocreateproblems.
DConverterstransformtheanalogueechoestodigitalformat.
ESignalprocessingcircuitrycancreatedigitalnoise.

Selfnoise

Anyvesselequippedwithahydroacousticsystem(forexampleechosounderorsonar) willproducemoreorlessselfnoise.
Therearemanysourcesofsuchselfnoise.W ewillheregointosomedetailsinorderto analysethedifferentsourcesofselfnoiseonavesselandhowtheymayinuenceupon thenoiselevelofthehydroacousticinstruments.
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Preparations
Machinerynoise
Themaincontributortomachinerynoiseisusuallythemainengineonboardthevessel. Thecontributionfromauxiliarymachinerymay,however,beconsiderable,especiallyif itisinpoorshape.Themachinerynoisecanbetransmittedtothetransduceras:
•Structure-bornenoisethroughtheshipstructureandthetransducermountings
•Water-bornenoisethroughthehullintothewatertothetransducer
Electricalnoise
Modernvesselsarenormallyequippedwithalotofelectricinstrumentssuchas hydroacousticsystems,radars,navigationsystems,andcommunicationequipment.Any electricinstrumentsmayinsomecauseelectricalinterferenceandnoise.International regulationsandcerticationsareusedtocontrolandreducethis,buteventheseare limitediftheelectricalsystemsarepoorlyinstalledand/ormaintained.
Propellernoise
Propellernoiseisoftenthemainsourceofnoiseathighervesselspeeds.Variablepitch propellersorfastmovingpropellersusuallymakemorenoisethanxedpropellersor slowmovingpropellers.
Propellernoiseisusuallywater-borne.Insomecases,however,shaftvibrationsor vibrationsinthehullnearthepropellermaybestructure-bornetothetransducer.Ifa propellerbladeisdamaged,thismayincreasethenoiseconsiderably.
Propellercavitationisaseveresourceofnoise."Singing"propellersmightbeasourceof noise,whichinterferesatdiscretefrequencies.Insomecasesstaticdischargefromthe rotatingpropellershaftmaybequitedisturbing.
Cavitation
Cavitationistheformationofsmallairbubbles closetothetransducerface.Thebubblesappear becausethelocalpressurebecomesnegative duringpartsoftheacousticpressurecycles. Thecavitationthresholdincreaseswiththe hydrostaticpressure.Thenoiseismadewhen thebubblesimplode.
Cavitationnoisemayappearnearextruding objectsathigherspeeds,butmoreoftenitis causedbythepropellers.Propellercavitationisaseveresourceofnoise.Thecavitation startswhenthewaterowsinthesamedirectionasthepropellerblades.Thisiswhere thepropellerbladesmovedownwards.
Insomecasesaresonantphenomenonissetupinaholenearthehull.Thissoundwill haveadiscretefrequency,whileallotherownoisewillhaveawidefrequencyspectrum.
(ImagefromU.S.Navyinthepublicdomain.)
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Flownoise
Theupperwaterlayersoftheseacontainamyriadofsmallairbubblescreatedbythe breakingwaves.Whenthehullmovesthroughwateritwillcauseadisturbance,andthis willgeneratefriction.Thefrictionzoneiscalledtheowboundarylayer.Theowin thisboundarylayermaybelaminarorturbulent.
•Thelaminarowisanicelyordered,parallelmovementofthewater.
•Theturbulentowisadisorderlyowpattern,fullofeddies.
ATurbulentow
BLaminarow
CAirbubbles
Airbubblesabsorbandreectthesoundenergy,andtheymayinworstcasesblockthe soundtransmissionaltogether.
Theboundarylayerincreasesinthicknesswhenitbecomesturbulent.Theboundary layeristhinintheforwardpartofthevesselhull,andincreasesasitmovesaft.The thicknessdependsonshipsspeedandontheroughnessofthehull.Allobjectssticking outfromthehull,ordentsinthehull,willdisturbtheowandwillincreasethethickness oftheboundarylayer.Whentheowspeedishigh,theturbulencecanbeviolentenough todestroytheintegrityofthewater.Smallvoidsorcavitiesinthewaterwilloccurand thisiscalledcavitation.
Rattlenoise
Rattlenoisemaybecausedbylooseobjectsinthevicinityofthetransducer,likexing bolts.Therattlemayalsocomefromlooseobjectsinsidethehull.
Interference
Interferencefromotherhydroacousticequipmentonboardthesamevesselmaybean annoyingsourceofdisturbance.Unlessthesamefrequencyisusedformorethanone pieceofequipmentonlythetransmittedpulsewillcontributetotheinterference.
Inphysics,interferenceisthephenomenoninwhichtwowavessuperposeeach othertoformaresultantwaveofgreaterorloweramplitude.Interferenceusually referstotheinteractionofwavesthatarecorrelatedorcoherentwitheachother, eitherbecausetheycomefromthesamesourceorbecausetheyhavethesameor
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nearlythesamefrequency.Interferenceeffectscanbeobservedwithalltypesof waves,forexample,light,radio,acoustic,surfacewaterwavesormatterwaves.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interference_(wave_propagation),April2016

Ambientnoise

Ambientnoiseisusuallynotalimitingfactortotheperformanceofsonarsandecho sounders.
Theambientnoisemaybesplitupasfollows:
•Seanoise:Airbubbles,seismicdisturbances,waves,boundaryturbulence,etc.
•Biologicalnoise:Fish,mammals
•Manmadenoise:Othervessels,interference
•Precipitationnoise:Heavyrainorhail
Preparations
Insomeareas,wheremanyvesselsoperatetogether,theengineandpropellernoisefrom othervesselsmaybedisturbing.Interferencefromhydroacousticinstrumentslocated inothervesselsmayalsobealimitingfactor.Theseanoisedependsontheweather conditions.Inbadweathertheseanoisecanbequitehighduetothewaves.

Electricalselfnoise

Electricalorelectronicselfnoiseispickeduporgeneratedinanyotherpartofthe equipmentthanthetransducer.
Humpickedupbythetransducercablesorpickedupfromthepowersupplyisusually themostcommonsourceofelectricalselfnoise.Athigherfrequencies–whererather widebandwidthsarenecessary–thenoisefromcomponents,transistorsorother analogueelectronicmaybealimitingfactor.

Somemeanstoreduceacousticnoise

Severalfactorsarecontributingtotheperformanceofthehydroacousticequipment usedonboardavessel.CarefulplanningoftheEM2040Pinstallationmayreduce theacousticnoise.
Unfortunately,itisimpossibletosimplyprovideanumberofspecicproceduresto reducethenoise.
Animportantfactoristhephysicallocationofthetransducers.Thisdependsonthe vessel'sdesignandconstruction,howthehullisshaped,andhowthewaterrunsalong thehull.Otherfactorsdealwithotherequipmentmountedonboard,andthiswillalsobe vesseldependant.Atmoderateshipspeedsthemachinerynoiseisusuallydominant.At mediumspeedstheownoiseincreasesmorerapidlyandtakesover,whileathigher speedthepropellernoisewillbethemaincontributor.
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Note
Theinformationheremustbeconsideredasgeneraladvice.EachEM2040Pinstallation mustbehandledseparatelydependingonthehulldesignandtheotherelectricaland mechanicalsystemsinstalledonthevessel.
Reducingownoise
•Theshapeofthetransducer(ordomearoundit)mustbeasstreamlinedaspossible.
•Thehullplatinginfrontofthetransducermustbeassmoothaspossible.
Important
Beespeciallyawareofbilgekeelsandzincalloyanodes.Thekeelmustberoundedoff withoutsharpedges.Neitherextrudingobjectsnorabrupttransitionsmustbepresent.
Reducingmachinerynoise
•Themainengineandrelevantauxiliaryenginesandequipmentmustbexedtorigid
foundationstoavoidvibrations.
•Anyhullstructurethatmayvibrateshouldbedampedorcoatedtoreducethe
vibrations.
Theuseofshockabsorbersoroatingraftsmaysometimesreducethisnoise.The structure-bornenoisemaybereducedbyisolation,forexamplebyprovidingvibration clampingbetweenthetransducerandthehullstructure.
Reducingpropellernoise
•Sufcientclearancebetweenthepropellersandthehull,therudderandthekeelmust
beprovided.
•Placethezincalloyanodesinplaceswherethewaterowistheleastdisturbed.
•Ensurethatthepropellersbladesarecorrectlydesignedandwithoutdamages.
•Theuseofabafebetweenthepropellersandthetransducermayreducenoise
appreciably.
•Staticdischargescausedbytherotatingpropellershaftmayberemovedbyproper
groundingorbymountingacoalbrushfromtheshafttovesselground.
Reducingrattlenoise
Ensurethatnopartsnearthetransducerscanrattleasaresultofwateroworvibrations.
Reducinginterference
Interferencefromthetransmissionpulsesfromotherhydroacousticinstrumentson boardthevesselisdifculttoavoid.Theproblemmaybereducedbychoosingthe workingfrequenciescarefullyandtosomeextentbyseparatingthedifferenttransducers. Onvesselswithalargenumberofseparatehydroacousticsystemsinstalledandin
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simultaneoususe,aseparatesynchronizingsystem(forexampletheK-Sync)should beconsidered.
Reducingelectricalnoise
•Makesurethatallunitsareproperlygrounded,asthisisimportanttoavoidelectrical
noise.
•Useshieldedcableswithcorrectgrounding.
•SeparateEM2040Pcablesfromothercableswithhighvoltages,largecurrentsor
transients.
•Placeallhighvoltagepowercablesinmetalconduits.

Vesselcoordinatesystem

Thevesselcoordinatesystemisestablishedtodenetherelativephysicallocations ofsystemsandsensors.
Whenyouhaveseveraldifferentsensorsandtransducersonyourvessel,andyouwish eachofthemtoprovideaccuratedata,youneedtoknowtheirrelativephysicalpositions.
Theantennaofapositionsensoristypicallymountedhighabovethesuperstructure, whileamotionsensorislocatedclosetothevessel’scentreofgravity.Bothofthese arephysicallypositionedfarawayfromthetransduceronadepthsensor,whichmaybe locatedclosertothebow.
Veryoften,theinformationfromonesensordependsondatafromanother.Itisthen importantthattherelevantmeasurementsarecompensatedfortheserelativedistances.
Example
Ifyouwishtomeasuretheactualwaterdepth,youwillneedtoknowthe
verticaldistancefromtheechosoundertransducertothewaterline.Since
thevessel’sdisplacementchangeswiththeamountofcargo,fueletc,the
physicallocationofthewaterlineonthehullmusteitherbemeasuredata
regularbasis,ormeasuredwithasecondsensor.
Inordertoestablish asystemtomeasure therelativedistance betweensensors,a virtualcoordinatesystem isestablished.This coordinatesystemuses threevectors;X,YandZ.
ATheX-axisis
thelongitudinal directionofthe vessel,andin
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parallelwiththedeck.ApositivevalueforXmeansthatasensororareference pointislocatedaheadofthereferencepoint(origin).
BTheY-axisisthetransverse
directionofthevessel,andinparallelwiththedeck. ApositivevalueforYmeansthatasensororareferencepointislocatedonthe starboard
CTheZ-axisisvertical
thatasensororanewreferencepointislocatedunder
DReferencepoint(origin)
sideofthereferencepoint(origin).
,andinparallelwiththemast.ApositivevalueforZmeans
thereferencepoint(origin).
Coordinatesystemorigin
Theoriginisthecommonreferencepointwhereallthreeaxisinthevesselcoordinate systemmeet.Allphysicallocationsofthevessel’ssensors(radarandpositioningsystem antennas,echosounderandsonartransducers,motionreferenceunitsetc)arereferenced totheorigin.Inmostcases,thelocationofthevessel’s"ofcial"originhasbeendened bythedesignerorshipyard.Thisoriginisnormallyidentiedwithaphysicalmarking, andalsoshownonthevesseldrawings.
Frequentlyusedlocationsare:
•Aftimmediatelyovertherudder(frame0)
•Vessel’scentreofgravity
•Thephysicallocationofthemotionreferenceunit(MRU)
Coordinatesystemalternativeorigins
Ifnecessary,otheroriginlocationsmaybedenedforspecicproductsorpurposes.One exampleistheNavigationReferencePointthatisfrequentlyused.Wheneveravessel issurveyedtoestablishaccurateoffsetinformation,thesurveyormayalsoestablishan alternativeoriginlocation.Wheneverrelevant,anysuchalternativelocationsmust bedenedusingoffsetvaluestothe"ofcial"originestablishedbythedesigneror shipyard.Acommonlyusedalternativeoriginisthephysicallocationofthevessel’s motionreferenceunit(MRU).
Deningthephysicallocationofeachsensor
Bymeansofthevesselcoordinatesystem,thephysicallocationofeverysensorcan bedenedusingthreenumericalvaluesforX,YandZ.Thesevaluesmustdenethe verticalandhorizontaldistancesfromasinglereferencepoint;theorigin.Thephysical locationofthemotionreferenceunit(MRU)isoftenthemostimportantsensortodene. Formanysystems,thevesselheadingisalsoacriticalmeasurement.
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