Kipp&Zonen CMA 6 User Manual

Instruction Manual

CMP series • Pyranometer CMA series • Albedometer

Instruction Manual - CMP/CMA series

2

Important User Information

.

Dear customer, thank you for purchasing a Kipp & Zonen instrument. It is essential that you read this manual completely for a

full understanding of the proper and safe installation, use, maintenance and operation of your new CMP series pyranometer or

CMA series albedometer.

We understand that no instruction manual is perfect, so should you have any comments regarding this manual we will be

pleased to receive them at:

Kipp & Zonen B.V.

Delftechpark 36, 2628 XH Delft, - or P.O. Box 507, 2600 AM Delft, The Netherlands

T: +31 (0) 15 2755 210 F: +31 (0) 15 2620 351 support@kippzonen.com www.kippzonen.com

Warranty and liability

Kipp & Zonen guarantees that the product delivered has been thoroughly tested to ensure that it meets its published speciﬁcations.

The warranty included in the conditions of delivery is valid only if the product has been installed and used according to the

instructions supplied by Kipp & Zonen.

Kipp & Zonen shall in no event be liable for incidental or consequential damages, including without limitation, lost proﬁts, loss

of income, loss of business opportunities, loss of use and other related exposures, however incurred, arising from the incorrect

use of the product.

Modiﬁcations made by the user may aect the instrument performance, void the warranty, or aect the validity of the CE

declaration or other approvals and compliances to applicable International Standards.

All rights are reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form

or by any means, without authorisation by Kipp & Zonen.

Kipp & Zonen reserves the right to make changes to this manual, brochures, speciﬁcations and other product documentation

without prior notice.

Manual document number: V1311

st

Publication date: 1

November 2013

Instruction Manual - CMP/CMA series

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Instruction Manual - CMP/CMA series

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Declaration of Conformity

.

We Kipp & Zonen B.V.

Delftechpark 36, 2628 XH Delft P.O. Box 507, 2600 AM Delft The Netherlands

Declare under our sole responsibility that the products:

Models CMP 3, CMP 6, CMP10, CMP 11, CMP 21 and CMP 22 Type Pyranometer

and

Models CMA 6 and CMA 11 Type Albedometer

to which this declaration relates are in conformity with European Harmonised Standards as published in:

Ofﬁcial Journal of the EC, Issue: C246 (05-10-2005)

The compliance of the product has been based on: Emissions EN 61326-1:2000 Immunity EN 61326-1:2000 Safety EN 61010-1:2001 Radio part NA

following the provisions of the directives (if applicable): EMC-directive 2004/108/EC Electrical safety 2005/95/EC

st

Delft, 1

B.A.H. Dieterink

President

Kipp & Zonen B.V.

November 2013

Instruction Manual - CMP/CMA series

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Instruction Manual - CMP/CMA series

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Table of Contents

.

Important User Information

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3

Declaration of Conformity

Table of Contents

1 Introduction

1.1 Product overview

1.1.1 The pyranometer and albedometer

1.1.2 International Standards

1.2 The CMP 3 pyranometer

1.3 The CMP10 pyranometer

1.4 The CMP 6, CMP 11, CMP 21 and CMP 22 pyranometers

1.5 The CMA 6 and CMA 11 albedometers

2 Installation

2.1 Included with the product

2.2 Tools required

2.3 Location and support

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2.4 Installation for measurement of horizontal global irradiance

2.4.1 Location

2.4.2 Mounting

2.4.3 Orientation

2.4.4 Levelling

2.4.5 Securing

2.4.6 Fitting the connector and cable

2.4.7 Fitting the sun shield

2.5 Installation for measurement of tilted global irradiance

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2.6 Installation for measurement of reﬂected global irradiance

2.7 Installation for measurement of albedo

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2.8 Installation for measurement of horizontal diﬀuse irradiance

2.9 Electrical connections

2.9.1 Pyranometer connections

2.9.2 Albedometer connections

2.9.3 Grounding

2.9.4 Radiation signal output

2.9.5 Temperature signal output

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7

9

10

11 11 12 12

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13 14 14 14

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15 16 16 16 16 16

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17 17

18 18

18 19 19 19 19

3 Accessories

3.1 Diﬀuse radiation measurement

3.2 Ventilation

3.3 Mountings

3.4 Glare screen kit

3.5 Cables

3.6 AMPBOX

4 Operation and measurement

4.1 Data collection

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4.2 Key parts of CMP and CMA series radiometers

4.2.1 Dome(s)

4.2.2 Detector

4.2.3 Housing

4.2.4 Drying Cartridge

4.2.5 Cable and Connector

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21

21 21 21 21 21 21

23

23 23

25 25 25 26 26

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5 Maintenance and Re-calibration

5.1 Daily maintenance

5.2 Monthly maintenance

5.3 Yearly maintenance

5.4 Calibration

5.4.1 Calibration principle

5.4.2 Calibration traceability to the WRR

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27 27 27 27

28 28

6 Speciﬁcations

6.1 Optical and electrical

6.2 Dimensions and weight

7 Trouble shooting

7.1 Output signal not present or incorrect

7.2 Frequently asked questions

8 Customer support

9 Keyword index

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Appendix A. Pyranometer physical properties

A.1 Spectral range A.2 Sensitivity A.3 Response time A.4 Impedance A.5 Non-linearity A.6 Tempearture dependence A.7 Tilt error A.8 Zero oﬀset type A A.9 Zero oﬀset type B A.10 Operating temperature A.11 Field of view A.12 Directional response A.13 Maximum irradiance A.14 Non-stability A.15 Spectral selectivity A.16 Environmental A.17 Uncertainty

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29 29

31

31 31

33

35

37

37 38 38 38 39 39 39 39 39 39

40 40 40

Appendix B. Pyranometer classiﬁcation to ISO 9060:1990(E)

Appendix C. 10kΩ Thermistor speciﬁcations

Appendix D. Pt-100 speciﬁcations

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Using this table Click on any item in the table of contents to be taken directly to the relevant page.

Click on the Kipp & Zonen logo at the bottom of any page to be taken back to the table of contents.

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1. Introduction

.

Throughout this manual the following symbols are used to indicate to the user important information.

General warning about conditions, other than those caused by high voltage electricity, which may result in physical

injury and/or damage to the equipment or cause the equipment to not operate correctly.

Note Useful information for the user

1.1 Product overview

According to International Standard ISO 9060:1990 and the World Meteorological Organisation (WMO) a pyranometer is the

designated type of instrument for the measurement of hemispherical (global or diuse) solar radiation integrated over the

wavelength range from 0.3 to 3 m (300 to 3000 nm). All pyranometers within the CMP series are compliant with one of the

classes speciﬁed by the international standard.

The albedo of a surface is the extent to which it diusely reﬂects short-wave radiation from the sun in the wavelength range from

300 to 3000 nm. It is the ratio of the reﬂected radiation to the incoming radiation and varies from 0 (dark) to 1 (bright). As an

indication, albedo is about 0.15 for grass, 0.5 for dry sand and 0.8 for fresh snow.

CMA series albedometers consist of two pyranometers. The upper measures incoming global solar radiation and the lower

measures solar radiation reﬂected from the surface below. When the two signal outputs have been converted to irradiance in W/m²,

the albedo can be simply calculated.

This manual, together with the instruction sheets, provide information related to the installation, maintenance, calibration,

product speciﬁcations and applications of the CMP series pyranometers and CMA series albedometers.

If any questions should remain, please contact your local Kipp & Zonen representative or e-mail the Kipp & Zonen customer and product support department at: support@kippzonen.com

Please go to www.kippzonen.com for information about other Kipp & Zonen products, or to check for any updates to this manual.

1.1.1 The pyranometer and albedometer

The CMP series instruments are high quality radiometers designed for measuring short-wave irradiance on a plane surface

(radiant ﬂux, W/m²) which results from the sum of the direct solar radiation and the diuse sky radiation incident from the

hemisphere above the instrument. The CMA series also measures the amount of the incoming radiation which is reﬂected by the

surface below.

There are six models in the CMP series; CMP 3, CMP 6, CMP10, CMP 11, CMP 21 and CMP 22; and two models in the CMA series,

CMA 6 and CMA 11.

To achieve the required spectral and directional characteristics CMP series pyranometers and CMA series albedometers use

thermopile detectors and glass domes. They have built-in bubble levels and the pyranometers have adjustable levelling feet.

Snap-on sun shields reduce solar heating of the housings. Albedometers have a mounting rod ﬁtted and an integral glare-

shield to prevent direct sunlight from below the horizon entering the lower pyranometer. The waterproof connectors have

gold-plated contacts.

The instruments are normally delivered with a waterproof plug pre-wired to a high quality signal cable, typically this is 10 m

long but other lengths are available. The instruments can also be ordered with a plug only, for the user to ﬁt their own cable.

Instruction Manual - CMP/CMA series

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CMP pyranometers and CMA albedometers do not require power to operate. Radiation falling onto the sensing element produces

a small analogue output voltage.

CMP 3 is smaller and lighter than the other CMP series pyranometers. It features a 64-junction thermopile sensing element with

a highly absorptive and spectrally ﬂat black coating to capture incoming radiation and convert it to an electrical signal. This

detector is protected by a high quality glass dome which is 4 mm thick. The housing is completely sealed.

CMP 6 uses the same sensing element as CMP 3 but has improved performance due to the double glass dome construction and the

increased thermal mass of the larger housing. The glass used has better transmission of ultraviolet radiation than the CMP 3 glass.

The two high quality concentric domes, 2 mm thick, reduce directional error and improve thermal isolation. The radiometric

levelling is more accurate and CMP 6 has a drying cartridge with replaceable desiccant.

CMP10 and CMP 11 have a 32-junction thermopile sensing element which features faster response, better linearity and a wider

measurement range than the CMP 3 and CMP 6. CMP10 and CMP 11 have built-in temperature compensation. The CMP10 has

internal desiccant that lasts for 10 years and the CMP 11 has a removable drying cartridge.

CMP 21 is similar to the CMP 11 but has individually optimised temperature compensation and a sensor is ﬁtted to monitor the

housing temperature. Each instrument is supplied with its own temperature and directional response for post-processing of

recorded data by the user. A Pt-100 temperature sensor can be ordered instead of the standard 10 kΩ thermistor.

CMP 22 has all the features of CMP 21 but uses two 4 mm thick very high quality quartz domes for a wider spectral range and reduced

thermal osets. Because of the high optical quality and refractive index of these domes the directional error is greatly reduced.

CMA 6 is an albedometer comprised of two CMP 6 sensing element and dome assemblies in a single housing with two signal

outputs on one signal connector.

CMA 11 uses two of the same sensing elements as ﬁtted to the CMP 11 pyranometer, for similarly improved performance over the CMA 6.

Features and speciﬁcations of the CMP and CMA instruments are explained later in this manual.

1.1.2 International Standards

CMP 3 exceeds the requirements of ISO 9060:1990 for a Second Class Pyranometer.

CMP 6 and CMA 6 are fully compliant with the requirements of ISO 9060:1990 for a First Class Pyranometer.

CMP10, CMP 11 and CMA 11 are fully compliant with the requirements of ISO 9060:1990 for a Secondary Standard Pyranometer.

CMP 21 and CMP 22 signiﬁcantly exceed the requirements of ISO 9060:1990 for a Secondary Standard Pyranometer.

CMP series pyranometers and CMA series albedometers are calibrated in accordance with Annex A.3 of ISO 9847 ‘Calibration of

Field Pyranometers by Comparison to a Reference Pyranometer’. Annex A.3 refers to ‘Calibration Devices Using Artiﬁcial Sources’.

Calibrations are traceable to the World Radiometric Reference (WRR) in Davos, Switzerland.

CMP series pyranometers comply with IEC 60904-1 ‘Photovoltaic devices - Part 1: Measurement of Photovoltaic Current-Voltage

Characteristics’.

Instruction Manual - CMP/CMA series

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1.2 The CMP 3 pyranometer

glass dome

detector

housing

1.3 The CMP10 pyranometer

sun shield

ﬁxed foot

sun shield

connector

bubble level

adjustable feet

outer glass dome

inner glass dome

detector

bubble level

connector

desiccant

ﬁxed foot

housing

adjustable feet

Instruction Manual - CMP/CMA series

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1.4 The CMP 6, CMP 11, CMP 21 and CMP 22 pyranometers

inner glass dome

sun shield

drying cartridge

ﬁxed foot adjustable feet

1.5 The CMA 6 and CMA 11 albedometers

inner glass dome

outer glass dome

detector

bubble level

connector

housing

outer glass dome

upper detector

bubble level

drying cartridge

integral glare screen

connector

housing

lower detector

Instruction Manual - CMP/CMA series

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2. Installation

.

Please follow the instructions in this section carefully, and also refer to the instruction sheets, for the correct mechanical and

electrical installation of the CMP and CMA series radiometers.

2.1 Included with the product

Check the contents of the shipment for completeness (see below) and note whether any damage has occurred during transport. If

there is damage, a claim should be ﬁled with the carrier immediately. In the case of damage and/or the contents are incomplete,

contact your local Kipp & Zonen representative or e-mail the Kipp & Zonen customer and product support department at: support@kippzonen.com

Although all CMP and CMA radiometers are weather-proof and suitable for use in harsh environmental conditions, they have

some delicate mechanical parts. Please keep the original packaging for safe transport of the radiometer to the measurement

site, or for use when returning the radiometer for calibration.

The following items are included with CMP series pyranometers:

1

Pyranometer

2

Sun shield

3

Cable, pre-wired with connector (2, 4 or 8 pins) or connector only for customer cable

4

Calibration certiﬁcate (with temperature response and directional response for CMP 21 and CMP 22)

5

Instruction sheet

6

Pyranometer ﬁxing kit CMP 3; 2 each of stainless steel M5 x 30, M5 x 40 and M5 x 50 mm screws, nut, ﬂat washer

Pyranometer ﬁxing kit CMP 6, CMP10, CMP 11, CMP 21 and CMP 22; 2 each of stainless steel M5 x 80 mm screw, nut, ﬂat

washer, nylon insulation ring

7

2 Dessicant bags, CD-ROM with product documentation

8

except for CMP 3 (which is sealed) and CMP10 (desiccant lasts for 10 years, will be renewed every factory re-calibration)

1

2

5

3

6

2x

2x 2x 2x

7

4

8

Instruction Manual - CMP/CMA series

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The following items are included with CMA series albedometers:

Albedometer with permanently ﬁtted mounting rod

1 2

Sun shield

3

Cable, pre-wired with connector (4 pins) or connector only for customer cable

4

Calibration certiﬁcate

5

Instruction sheet

6

2 Dessicant bags

7

CD-ROM with product documentation

1

2

5

3

6

7

4

2.2 Tools required

The tools required to ﬁt a CMP series pyranometer to a support are a 4 mm (M5 socket head screw) Allen key and an 8 mm (M5

nut) wrench/spanner. Tools required for the CMA series albedometers depend upon how the mounting rod will be attached to a

mast or wall (ﬁttings are not included). Normally, the drying cartridge should be hand-tight, but a 16 mm or 5/8" open-ended

wrench/spanner can be used to loosen it.

2.3 Location and support

The Instruction sheets contain all the outline information necessary for the correct installation of the radiometers. Further

details for speciﬁc types of installation and application are given later in this section.

Check the condition of the desiccant and replace before installation, if necessary; for example after a long storage period.

Not required for CMP 3. The CMP10 internal desiccant is operational 10 years after the last calibration date as mentioned on

the instrument label and calibration certiﬁcate.

2.4 Installation for measurement of horizontal global irradiance

The following steps must be carefully taken for optimal performance of the instrument.

2.4.1 Location

Ideally, the site for the radiometer should be free from any obstructions to the hemispherical view from the plane of the sensing

element. If this is not possible, the site should be chosen in such a way that any obstruction over the azimuth range between

earliest sunrise and latest sunset should have an elevation not exceeding 5 ° (the apparent sun diameter is 0.5 °)

Instruction Manual - CMP/CMA series

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This is important for an accurate measurement of the direct solar radiation component. The diuse solar radiation is less

inﬂuenced by obstructions near the horizon. For instance, an obstruction with an elevation of 5° over the whole azimuth range

of 360 ° decreases the downward diuse solar radiation by only 0.8%.

It is evident that the radiometer should be located in such a way that a shadow will not be cast upon it at any time (for example

by masts). Note that hot exhaust gas (> 100 °C) from ventilation ducts will produce some radiation in the spectral range of the

radiometer and cause an oset in the measurements. The radiometer should be distant from light-coloured walls or other

objects likely to reﬂect sunlight onto it, or emitting short-wave radiation.

The radiometer should be readily accessible for cleaning the outer dome, checking that it is level and inspecting the desiccant.

2.4.2 Mounting

The CMP pyranometer is provided with two holes for 5 mm screws. Two each of stainless steel screws, washers and nuts are

provided in the ﬁxing kit, and two nylon insulation rings (except for CMP 3). The pyranometer should ﬁrst be secured lightly with

the screws to a solid and stable mounting stand or platform, as shown below. The nylon insulators are important to prevent

corrosion between the stainless steel screws and the aluminium pyranometer housing (they are not supplied with CMP 3, where

mounting through the base ﬂange is less critical).

The mounting stand temperature may vary over a wider range than the air temperature. Temperature ﬂuctuations of the

pyranometer body can produce oset signals, therefore it is recommended to isolate the pyranometer thermally from the

mounting stand by placing it on its three feet. However, ensure that there is a good electrical contact with the ground to conduct

away currents in the cable shield induced by lightning.

M5 x 80 mm screw (2x)

Nylon insulation rings (2x)

h

>10 x h

max. 100 m

Ø 5.2 mm (2x)

Flat washer (2x)

Nut (2x)

65 mm

Note After recalibration and/or reinstallation ensure that the nylon insulators are reﬁtted.

>1 MΩ Impedance

mV

Instruction Manual - CMP/CMA series

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CMA albedometers are ﬁtted with a mounting rod with a ﬂat on the top surface that is pre-aligned with the horizontal axis of the

radiometer. The rod is 16 mm diameter and extends approximately 300 mm beyond the sun shield. The CMB 1 mounting bracket

can be used for ﬁxing the mounting rod to a mast, pole or wall. Also refer to the requirements in 2.6 and 2.7 for the measurement

of reﬂected radiation and albedo.

CMP 3 has an accessory mounting rod which screws into the base ﬂange of the pyranometer. The rod is 12 mm diameter and

300 mm long and can be used with the CMB 1 mounting bracket.

CMF 1 and CMF 2 mounting ﬁxtures for unventilated or ventilated (respectively) CMP series pyranometers have similar mounting

rods to the albedometers and can also be used with the CMB 1.

2.4.3 Orientation

In principle no special orientation of the instrument is required, although the World Meteorological Organisation (WMO) recommends

that the signal lead (connector) is pointed towards the nearest pole, to minimise heating of the electrical connections. This is also

where any mounting pole, or other support, should be located in order that shadows do not fall on the instrument.

2.4.4 Levelling

Accurate measurement of the global radiation requires proper levelling of the detector surface. Level the instrument by turning

the two adjustable feet to bring the bubble of the spirit level centrally within the marked ring. For easy levelling, ﬁrst use the

screw nearest to the spirit level.

Note It is ideal that the bubble should be completely within the marked ring. However, in fact, the pyranometer is level

within the speciﬁed accuracy when the bubble is at least half within the ring.

2.4.5 Securing

Fix the pyranometer tightly with the two stainless steel bolts. For albedometers tighten the mounting rod ﬁxings. Ensure that

the radiometer maintains the correct levelled position when it is secured.

.

2.4.6 Fitting the connector and cable

Locate the plug correctly in the radiometer socket, it only ﬁts one way, and push it in. Screw the plug locking ring hand-tight.

Over-tightening may damage the waterproof seal. Secure the cable so that it cannot blow in the wind or cause a shadow on the

instrument.

Note The cable should be arranged with a curve below the instrument so that water drips o, rather than running along

the cable up to the connector.

2.4.7 Fitting the sun shield

Finally, clip on the sun shield to prevent excessive heating of the radiometer body. The bubble level is visible through the top

of the sun shield for routine checks and the shield ‘tail’ helps to protect the connector.

2.5 Installation for measurement of tilted global irradiance

When a pyranometer is mounted on a large ﬂat tilted surface the temperature of this surface can rise considerably (more than

10 °C) above air temperature. It improves the measurement accuracy when the body is thermally isolated by its feet from the

surface. This promotes thermal equilibrium between the dome(s) and the housing and decreases zero osets. It is advised to

pre-adjust the levelling feet on a horizontal surface for easy mounting of the instrument parallel to the inclined surface.

Instruction Manual - CMP/CMA series

16

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For accurately and securely ﬁxing a pyranometer at an angle to a surface an adjustable tilt mounting kit is available. See Accessories

in chapter 3.

2.6 Installation for measurement of reﬂected global irradiance

In the inverted position the pyranometer measures reﬂected global radiation. The

height above the surface (H) depends upon its roughness. The WMO recommends

a height of 1 m to 2 m above a uniform surface covered by short grass.

The mounting device should not interfere signiﬁcantly with the ﬁeld of view of

the instrument. The mounting plate above the pyranometer prevents excessive

heating of the housing by downwards solar radiation. CMF 1 or CMF 2 mounting

ﬁxtures can be used. The accessory glare screen kit has an angle of 5 ° and is

ﬁtted to the pyranometer to prevent direct illumination of the domes by the sun

at sunrise and sunset. It does not ﬁt the CMP 3.

Thermal oset signals generated in the pyranometer are 5 times more signiﬁcant

in the measurement of reﬂected radiation due to the lower irradiance level.

The mast shown intercepts a fraction D/2πS. of the radiation coming from the

ground. In the most unfavourable situation (sun at zenith) the pyranometer

shadow decreases the signal by a factor R²/H².

R S

H

Pyranometer

Glare screen (white)

D

Mast (black)

Equator

As a guide, a black shadow below the pyranometer with a radius of 0.1 x H decreases the signal by 1%, and 99 % of the signal

will originate from an area with a radius of 10 x H.

2.7 Installation for measurement of albedo

An albedometer consists of two identical pyranometers that measure the

incoming global solar radiation and the radiation reﬂected from the surface

below. Albedo is the ratio of the two irradiances, and varies from 0 (dark) to

1 (bright).

Two CMP 3’s can be mounted back to back with the standard ﬁxing kit, and

the accessory mounting rod screwed into one of them, to make a second

class albedometer.

For two of the larger CMP pyranometers a mounting ﬁxture is required. The

CMF 1 is used for unventilated pyranometers and the CMF 2 for ventilated

instruments. The glare screen kit should be ﬁtted to the lower pyaranometer.

The requirements for installation of the upper pyranometer are the same as

for horizontal global irradiance. The requirements for installation of the

lower pyranometer are the same as for reﬂected global irradiance.

Albedo

mounting plate

R S

H

Sun shield (white)

Pyranometers

Glare screen (white)

D

Mast (black)

Equator

The same principles apply to the CMA 6 and CMA 11 albedometers, which already have an upper sun shield and an integrated

lower glare screen and mounting rod.

Instruction Manual - CMP/CMA series

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2.8 Installation for measurement of horizontal diﬀuse irradiance

For measuring the diuse radiation from the sky, the direct solar radiation

must be blocked from the pyranometer dome(s).

A static shadow ring can be used to intercept the direct solar radiation. This

requires frequent manual adjustment as the sun’s arc in the sky changes. At

times the shadow ring also intercepts a signiﬁcant proportion of the diuse

sky radiation. Therefore, post-processing of the recorded data is necessary to

correct for this.

Sun

Pyranometer

Equator

Sun

Shadow ring

Mount

Kipp & Zonen produces a universal shadow ring, model CM 121, which is

suitable for use at all latitudes.

Shadow ball

Pyranometer

The alternative to a shadow ring is to use a two-axis automatic sun tracker,

such as one of the Kipp & Zonen SOLYS 2 or 2AP. The sun tracker uses location

and time information to calculate the position of the sun and point at it

accurately under all weather conditions.

Shading assembly

Sun tracker

The sun tracker can be ﬁtted with a small sphere mounted on an articulated

shading assembly. The shadow of the sphere is adjusted to cover the

pyranometer dome(s) completely and it will then be shaded correctly

throughout the year without adjustment.

2.9 Electrical connections

As standard CMP pyranometers and CMA albedometers are supplied with a waterproof connector pre-wired to 10 m of high quality

yellow cable with 2, 4 or 8 wires and a shield covered with a black sleeve. Longer cables of 25 m and 50 m length are available as

options and 100 m on special request. The colour code of the wires and the connector pin numbers are shown below and on the

instruction sheets.

Note Where the cable needs to be longer than 50 m, the AMBOX 4 to 20 mA signal ampliﬁer is recommended.

2.9.1 Pyranometer connections

CMP 3, CMP 6, CMP10 and CMP 11 are ﬁtted with a 2-pin connector and 2-wire shielded cable. CMP 21 and CMP 22 are ﬁtted with

a 4-pin connector and 4-wire shielded cable, the 2 extra connections are for the standard 10kΩ thermistor temperature sensor

signal. CMP 21 and CMP 22 with the optional Pt-100 temperature sensor are ﬁtted with an 8-pin connector and 8-wire shielded

cable, two wires are not used.

RADIATION SIGNAL

Wire Function Connect with

Red + + (Hi)

1

Blue

2

Shield

- -

Housing Ground

(Lo)

Thermistor (CMP 21 and CMP 22)

3

4

Pt-100 (Optional for CMP 21 and CMP 22)

4 6

3 5

Instruction Manual - CMP/CMA series

Green

Yellow

Brown

Green

Grey

Combined

Thermistor

Pt-100

18

.

2.9.2 Albedometer connections

CMA 6 and CMA 11 are ﬁtted with a 4-pin connector and 4-wire shielded cable.

RADIATION SIGNAL

Wire Function Connect with

Red + (Hi)

1

Blue

2

Green + (Hi)

3

Yellow

4

Shield Housing Ground

2.9.3 Grounding

The shield of the cable is connected to the aluminium radiometer housing through the connector body. Preferably,

secure the radiometer with its levelling screws to a metal support with a good connection to ground (e.g. by using

a lightning conductor) and do not connect the cable shield.

If there is no good ground connection at the pyranometer, the shield at the cable end should be connected to

ground at the readout equipment. Lightning can induce high voltages in the shield but these will be led o at the

pyranometer or readout equipment.

Upper

Lower

-

(Lo)

2.9.4 Radiation signal output

The radiometers produce a low-level analogue voltage output. Each radiometer (each ‘half’ of an albedometer) has a unique

sensitivity, which is given on the serial number label on the instrument and on the calibration certiﬁcate.

The sensitivity is in the range of 5 to 20 V/W/m².

Therefore, to accurately measure changes in irradiance of 1 W/m² the data logger or data acquisition system requires a total

input measurement uncertainty (error) of 5 V, or less; including noise, osets, resolution, temperature eects, etc.

The maximum irradiance under natural sunlight is unlikely to exceed 1500 W/m².

The signal output can be connected to a single-ended or dierential measurement system input.

Note The input impedance of the readout equipment should be > 1 MΩ. Note The output signal can be negative at night-time. This is normal and is not a fault (see section 7.2).

2.9.5 Temperature signal output

The CMP 21 and CMP 22 are ﬁtted with an internal temperature sensor close to the cold-junction of the thermopile sensing

element. Recording this signal allows post-processing of the radiation signal data to remove the small eect of temperature

changes not compensated for by the internal circuit. The individual temperature response of each CMP 21 and CMP 22 is provided

with the calibration certiﬁcate.

For the standard 10 kΩ thermistor temperature sensor the conversion from resistance to temperature is given in Appendix C.

For the optional Pt-100 temperature sensor the conversion from resistance to temperature is given in Appendix D.

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19

Instruction Manual - CMP/CMA series

20

3. Accessories

.

Below is a brief description of the accessories available for CMP series pyranometers. Detailed information can be found on our

website, where the brochures and manuals for these accessories can be viewed and downloaded. The only accessories available

for the CMA series albedometers are the CMB 1 mounting bracket and the AMPBOX 4 to 20 mA signal ampliﬁer (two ampliﬁers

are required).

3.1 Diﬀuse radiation measurement

For measuring diuse radiation a shading device is required. Kipp & Zonen can oer several options for CMP pyranometers:

Shadow ring CM 121B for a CMP 3 or an unventilated CMP 6, CMP10, CMP 11, CMP 21 or CMP 22 Shadow ring CM 121C for a ventilated CMP 6, CMP10, CMP 11, CMP 21 or CMP 22

This shadow ring needs to be adjusted manually every 3-5 days and corrections made for the part of the sky obscured by the ring.

An automated and more accurate way to measure diuse radiation is to use an automatic sun tracker ﬁtted with a shading mech-

anism:

2AP sun tracker + shading ball assembly SOLYS 2 sun tracker + shading ball assembly

3.2 Ventilation

To further improve measurement accuracy of the CMP 6, CMP10, CMP 11, CMP 21 or CMP 22 pyranometers the CVF4 ventilation unit

can be used. CVF4 operates from 12 VDC, has a tacho pulse output to monitor the fan speed, and both 5 Watt and 10 Watt heaters.

The advantages of a CVF4 are:

Lower thermal oﬀsets No precipitation or condensation on the dome Less dirt on the dome Frost, snow or ice can be melted Less frequent cleaning required

No ventilation unit is available for the CMP 3 pyranometer or the CMA 6 and CMA 11 albedometers.

3.3 Mountings

For mounting pyranometers the following plates and brackets are available:

Mounting rod for CMP 3 CMF 1 mounting ﬁxture with rod for mounting one or two unventilated CMP 6, CMP10, CMP 11, CMP 21 or CMP 22 CMF 2 mounting plate with rod for mounting one or two ventilated CMP 6, CMP10, CMP 11, CMP 21 or CMP 22 CMB 1 mounting bracket to ﬁx and adjust a mounting rod to a mast, pole or wall Adjustable tilt mounting kit allows tilting of a CMP pyranometer (e.g. in the same plane as a PV panel), It has a

clear scale for setting the desired angle.

3.4 Glare screen kit

When a CMP 6, CMP10, CMP 11, CMP 21 or CMP 22 pyranometer is mounted looking downwards, to measure reﬂected radiation,

it should be ﬁtted with the glare screen kit. The screen blocks radiation coming from the 5 ° below the horizon of the pyranometer,

to prevent direct illumination of the domes by the sun at sunrise and sunset. CMA albedometers have an integral glare screen.

Instruction Manual - CMP/CMA series

21

3.5 Cables

As standard a 10 m long cable with a pre-wired waterproof connector plug is supplied. Optional longer cables are available, or

a loose connector only for you to ﬁt to your own cable.

10 m cable with connector (standard) 25 m cable with connector 50 m cable with connector Loose connector without cable 100 m cable with connector (on special request)

Note 100 m is the maximum length of cable that does not signiﬁcantly aect the radiometer sensitivity and other

characteristics.

3.6 AMPBOX

For customers who require an industry standard output, or to use long cables, the AMPBOX signal ampliﬁer converts the low

level radiometer voltage output to a 4 to 20 mA current loop signal. For a CMA albedometer, two AMPBOX units are required.

When supplied with a new pyranometer or albedometer the AMBOX is adjusted such that the radiometer/AMPBOX pair gives

an output where 4 to 20 mA represents 0 to 1600 W/m².

Instruction Manual - CMP/CMA series

22

4. Operation and measurement

.

CMP series pyranometers and CMA albedometers only require a suitable source of radiation (light) to operate and make

measurements, no power is required. However, it is necessary to connect them to some sort of readout or data storage device

in order to save the measurements, there is no internal data memory.

4.1 Data collection

An optimal setting for the data interval is to sample every second and store one minute averages. For setting up the combination

of radiometer and data storage please refer to the manual of the data collection device.

Take care to match the output range of the pyranometer to the input range of the data collection device to maximise the availa-

ble resolution and minimise noise.

This can be done by determining the maximum expected analogue output of the pyranometer in your application and taking the

minimum input range of your data collection device that can just handle that signal. Also refer to section 2.9.4.

4.2 Key parts of CMP and CMA series radiometers

The detectors of the radiometers are based on a passive thermal sensing element called a thermopile. Although the detector

construction diers between models, the fundamental working principle is applicable to all the radiometers.

The thermopile responds to the total energy absorbed by a unique black surface coating developed by Kipp & Zonen, which is

spectrally non-selective. The thermopile warms up and the heat generated ﬂows through a thermal resistance to a heat-sink, the

pyranometer housing. The temperature dierence across the thermal resistance of the detector is converted into a small voltage

as a function of the absorbed irradiance.

The rise of temperature in the thermopile is easily aected by wind, rain and thermal radiation losses to the environment (for

example, a 'cold' sky) and the delicate black coating must be protected. Therefore the detector is shielded by two domes (except

for the entry-level CMP 3, which has only one dome to reduce size and cost). These domes allow equal transmittance of the direct

solar radiation component for every position of the sun in the hemisphere above the detector.

glass dome

detector

sun shield

housing

ﬁxed foot adjustable feet

connector

bubble level

Key parts of the CMP 3 pyranometer

Instruction Manual - CMP/CMA series

23

.

inner glass dome

sun shield

desiccant

ﬁxed foot adjustable feet

outer glass dome

detector

bubble level

connector

housing

Key parts of the CMP10 pyranometer

inner glass dome

sun shield

drying cartridge

ﬁxed foot adjustable feet

outer glass dome

detector

bubble level

connector

housing

Key parts of the CMP 6, CMP 11, CMP 21 and CMP 22 pyranometers

inner glass dome

outer glass dome

upper detector

bubble level

connector

drying cartridge

integral glare screen

Key parts of the CMA 6 and CMA 11 albedometers

Instruction Manual - CMP/CMA series

24

housing

lower detector

.

A drying cartridge in the radiometer housing is ﬁlled with replaceable silica gel and prevents condensation on the inner

sides of the domes, which can cool down considerably on clear windless nights. The CMP 3 has a sealed construction with a

non-replaceable internal drying cartridge. The CMP10 has an internal desiccant that lasts for 10 years.

4.2.1 Dome(s)

The material of the radiometer dome(s) deﬁnes the spectral measurement range of the instrument. In general 97 to 98 % of the

solar radiation spectrum will be transmitted through the domes and will be absorbed by the detector. The solar irradiance can

come from any direction within the hemisphere above the radiometer and therefore the domes are designed to minimize errors

in measurement at all incident angles (the directional response).

CMP 3 pyranometers have a single 4 mm thick optical quality glass dome. CMP 6, CMP10, CMP 11 and CMP 21 have one inner

dome and one outer dome. Each is 2 mm thick and of higher quality glass, with a broader spectral range and ﬁner ﬁnishing and

tolerances than the CMP 3. CMP 22 has two 4 mm thick domes of very high quality optical quartz.

4.2.2 Detector

The thermopile sensing element is made up of a large number of thermocouple junction pairs connected electrically in series.

The absorption of thermal radiation by one of the thermocouple junctions, called the active (or ‘hot’) junction, increases its

temperature. The dierential temperature between the active junction and a reference (‘cold’) junction kept at a ﬁxed temper-

ature produces an electromotive force directly proportional to the dierential temperature created.

This is a thermoelectric eect. The sensitivity of a radiometer depends on the individual physical properties of the thermopile

and its construction. The sensitivity of each thermopile is unique and therefore each radiometer has an individual calibration

factor. This sensitivity is given in the calibration certiﬁcate and is on the serial number label attached to the instrument.

The unique black coating on the top surface of the thermopile has a rough structure that eectively ‘traps’ more than 97 % of the

incident radiation and heats up the hot junctions. The black-coated thermopile forms the detector, which has a spectral selectivity

of less than 2 %. This means that within the spectral range of the pyranometer, the absorption for each wavelength is equal to

within 2%. The black absorptive coating is one of the most crucial and delicate parts of the pyranometer, Kipp & Zonen’s provides

the best possible stability over a long period of time under all meteorological circumstances.

4.2.3 Housing

The instrument housing accommodates all the key parts of a radiometer. The anodized aluminium parts are light weight and give

high mechanical and thermal stability to the instrument. The stainless steel ﬁxings are isolated where necessary to prevent

electrolytic corrosion.

Due to ﬁne mechanical construction, Kipp & Zonen pyranometers and albedometers are virtually sealed and comply with

international standard IP 67. Pyranometers have one ﬁxed foot and two adjustable feet and can be levelled using the integral

bubble level. For all except the CMP 3, the bubble level is visible from above without removing the snap-on white sun shield

(CMP 3 has the bubble level in the base ﬂange). The sun shield acts to protect all the external parts and to reduce solar heating

of the housing.

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25

.

4.2.4 Drying Cartridge

The entry-level CMP 3 has a sealed construction with a non-replaceable internal drying cartridge. However, this also makes it

non-serviceable. For serviceability of the higher performance radiometers the construction cannot be completely sealed. In this

case, over time, water vapour can ‘breathe’ into the housing, mainly due to temperature and pressure changes.

To keep the detector and electrical components dry and to prevent condensation forming inside the domes with temperature

changes a self-indicating silica-gel desiccant is used to absorb humidity within the radiometer. When fresh the desiccant has an

orange colour. After some time absorbing moisture the colour will change to clear (transparent). At this time the silica gel is not

fully saturated, but should be replaced with fresh orange desiccant as soon as possible. Two packs of replacement desiccant are

supplied with the radiometer. Further packs are available through Kipp & Zonen representatives. The CMP10 has a special

sealing and internal desiccant that needs replacement after 10 years. This is done with every factory re-calibration.

4.2.5 Cable and Connector

For ease of installation of the radiometer, and replacement during re-calibration, the CMP and CMA series are provided with a

waterproof connector socket ﬁtted to the pyranometer housing. The matching waterproof plug is normally supplied pre-wired to

a very high quality yellow cable selected for low noise, very wide temperature range and UV resistance.

Cables are supplied pre-wired to the connector plug in a range of lengths, 10m is standard. 25m, 50 m and 100 m lengths are

also available. The connector plug can also be supplied loose for the user to ﬁt to their own cable.

Instruction Manual - CMP/CMA series

26

5. Maintenance and Re-calibration

.

CMP pyranometers and CMA albedometers are simple to maintain and do not require any special tools or training. There are no

service items requiring scheduled replacement.

5.1 Daily maintenance

On clear windless nights the outer dome temperature of horizontally placed radiometers will decrease, even to the dew point

temperature of the air, due to infrared radiation exchange with the cold sky. The eective sky temperature can be 30°C lower

than the ground temperature.

Depending upon the weather conditions; dew, glazed frost or hoar frost can be precipitated on the top of the dome and can stay

there for several hours in the morning. An ice cap on the dome is a strong diuser and decreases the pyranometer signal drastically,

up to 50% in the ﬁrst hours after sunrise. Snow may completely cover the dome.

The frequency of cleaning is highly dependent upon the local weather and environmental conditions, such as dust, airborne

pollutants, or salt spray in marine locations. Ideally, the dome of the pyranometer should be cleaned every morning before

sunrise. The frequency of cleaning can be reduced by the use of a ventilation unit (not available for the CMP 3, CMA 6 and

CMA 11), with the heaters switched on when necessary.

Note Clean the dome using pure alcohol or distilled water and a lint-free cloth. Ensure that no smears or deposits are

left on the dome.

5.2 Monthly maintenance

Check the desiccant in the drying cartridge. This is a non-toxic self-indicating silica-gel. When it requires replacement the

colour changes from orange to clear (transparent).

To replace the desiccant unscrew the cartridge from the radiometer housing, if it is tight a 16 mm or 5/8" open-ended

wrench/spanner can be used to loosen it. Remove the cap from the end of the cartridge and safely dispose of the used silica-gel.

Reﬁll with fresh desiccant, and reﬁt the end cap to the cartridge. Make sure that the o-ring seal and its seat in the housing are

clean and grease the seal with Vaseline if it is dry.

Note Screw in the drying cartridge hand-tight only, to avoid distorting the o-ring seal.

Desiccant reﬁll packs are available from Kipp & Zonen. One pack is sucient for one complete reﬁll.

Check that the pyranometer is level and adjust if necessary.

Check that the sun shield is ﬁrmly clipped on.

5.3 Yearly maintenance

Check all the electrical connections. Unscrew the plugs, clean if necessary and then reconnect.

Check cables for damage caused by accident or by rodents.

Check the instrument mountings and any base supports are secure.

5.4 Calibration

An ideal radiometer gives an output that is proportional to the absolute irradiance level. This relationship can be expressed as a

constant ratio called ‘sensitivity’. CMP and CMA series radiometers are very stable instruments, but they do change very slightly

with time. This is largely due to exposure of the black detector coating to UV solar radiation. Re-calibration is recommended every

two years. Normally this is carried out at the Kipp & Zonen factory or at an authorised calibration facility.

Instruction Manual - CMP/CMA series

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.

5.4.1 Calibration principle

At the Kipp & Zonen factory pyranometers are calibrated, or re-calibrated, in our laboratory according to ISO 9847:1992 ‘Solar

energy - Calibration of ﬁeld pyranometers by comparison to a reference pyranometer’, Annex A ‘Calibration devices using

artiﬁcial sources’. The speciﬁc method is given in Annex A.3.1 and is described in the standard as the ‘Kipp & Zonen (calibration)

device and procedure’.

This is based on a side-by-side comparison of the test pyranometer with a reference pyranometer of the same type under a stable

artiﬁcial sun. Kipp & Zonen uses a Metal-Halide high-pressure gas discharge lamp with precise voltage stabilisation. The irradiance

at the radiometers is approximately 500 W/m².

The reference pyranometers are regularly calibrated outdoors at the World Radiation Centre (WRC) in Davos, Switzerland.

The spectral content of the laboratory calibration lamp diers from the outdoor solar spectrum at the World Radiation Centre.

However, this has no consequences for the transfer of calibration, because the reference and test radiometers have the same

characteristics.

To minimise stray light from the walls and the operator, the light is restricted to a small cone around the two radiometers. The

test radiometer and the reference radiometer are placed side by side on a small rotating table. The lamp is centred on the axis

of this table. The table is used to interchange the positions of the pyranometers to allow for inhomogeneity of the light ﬁeld.

The pyranometers are illuminated and after time for the output to stabilise the readings of both radiometers are integrated over

a measurement period. The lamp housing and beam restrictors heat up and emit long-wave infrared radiation which warms up

the pyranometer dome(s) slightly. This causes a small oset that is embodied in the pyranometer response under illumination.

To determine this oset both radiometers are shaded, and after time to stabilise, the signals of both radiometers are integrated

over a period.

The radiometer positions are interchanged by rotating the table and the whole procedure is repeated.

The sensitivity of the test pyranometer is calculated by comparison to the reference pyranometer readings and the calibration

certiﬁcate is produced. At Kipp & Zonen the complete process is automated under computer control.

Kipp & Zonen produces the CFR Calibration Facility for Radiometers for customers to make their own pyranometer calibrations

to ISO 9847, Annex A.3.1. CMA albedometers are calibrated twice, once for the upper pyranometer and once for the lower. An

adapter is available to mount a CMA albedometer on the CFR turntable.

5.4.2 Calibration traceability to the WRR

Our reference pyranometers are calibrated at the World Radiation Centre (WRC) in Davos, Switzerland by comparison to the World

Radiometric Reference (WRR). They are also fully characterized for linearity, temperature dependence and directional response to

enable transfer of the sensitivity under the measurement conditions in Davos to our calibration laboratory conditions.

Kipp & Zonen keeps at least two reference instruments for each pyranometer model. These reference instruments are sent

alternate years to the WRC for calibration, so that production and calibration in Delft can continue without interruption.

Kipp & Zonen calibration certiﬁcates include an overview of the calibration method, details of the reference pyranometer used,

traceability to the WRR, and the uncertainty in the calibration chain from the WRR to the pyranometer being calibrated.

Instruction Manual - CMP/CMA series

28

6. Speciﬁcations

.

Kipp & Zonen reserves the right to make changes to speciﬁcations and other product documentation without prior notice.

6.1 Optical and electrical

Speciﬁcations CMP 3 CMP 22CMP 21CMP 6

Classiﬁcation to ISO 9060:1990

Spectral range (50% points)

Sensitivity

Impedance

Expected output range

Maximum operational irradiance 2000 W/m²

Response time (63%) Response time (95%)

Zero osets

(a) thermal radiation (at 200 W/m²)

temperature change (5 K/h)

(b)

Non-stability (change/year)

Non-linearity (100 to 1000 W/m²) < 1.5%

Directional response

(up to 80° with 1000 W/m² beam)

Spectral selectivity (350 to 1500 nm) < 3%

Temperature response < 5 % (-10 °C to +40°C)

Tilt response

Field of view 180°

Accuracy of bubble level < 0.2°

Temperature sensor output

Detector type Thermopile

Operational temperature range -40°C to +80 °C

Storage temperature range -40 °C to +80°C

Humidity range 0 to 100%

Ingress Protection (IP) rating

Recommended applications

Note: The performance specifications quoted are worst-case and/or maximum values

Standard 10k Thermistor or optional Pt-100 temperature sensor with CMP 21 and CMP 22

Individual directional response and temperature dependence test data with CMP 21 and CMP 22

(0 to 1500 W/m²)

(0° to 90° at 1000 W/m²)

Second Class

300 to 2800nm

5 to 20V/W/m²

20 to 200

0 to 30mV

< 6s < 18s

< 15 W/m² < 5 W/m²

< 1%

< 20 W/m²

< 1%

non-condensing

67

Economical solution for routine measurements in weather stations, ﬁeld testing

First Class

285 to 2800nm

5 to 20V/W/m²

20 to 200

0 to 30mV

2000 W/m²

< 6s < 18s

< 12 W/m² < 4 W/m²

< 1%

< 20 W/m²

< 3%

(-10°C to +40°C)

< 4%

< 1%

180°

< 0.1°

Thermopile

-40°C to +80°C

0 to 100%

67

Good quality measurements for hydrology networks, greenhouse climate control

non-condensing

CMP10 & CMP 11

Secondary Standard

285 to 2800nm

7 to 14V/W/m²

10 to 100

0 to 20mV

4000 W/m²

< 1.7s < 5s

< 7 W/m² < 2 W/m²

< 0.5%

< 0.2%

< 10 W/m²

< 3%

(-10°C to +40°C)

< 1%

< 0.2%

180°

< 0.1°

Thermopile

-40°C to +80°C

0 to 100%

67

Meteorological networks, PV panel and thermal collector testing, materials testing

non-condensing

Secondary Standard

285 to 2800nm

7 to 14V/W/m²

10 to 100

0 to 20mV

4000 W/m²

< 1.7s < 5s

< 7 W/m² < 2 W/m²

< 0.5%

< 0.2%

< 10 W/m²

< 3%

(-20°C to +50°C)

< 1%

< 0.2%

180°

< 0.1°

10K Thermistor

(optional Pt-100)

Thermopile

-40°C to +80°C

0 to 100%

67

Meteorological networks, reference measurements in extreme climates, polar or arid

non-condensing

Secondary Standard

200 to 3600nm

7 to 14V/W/m²

10 to 100

0 to 20mV

4000 W/m²

< 1.7s < 5s

< 3W/m² < 1W/m²

< 0.5%

< 0.2%

< 5 W/m²

< 3%

(-20°C to +50°C)

< 0.5%

< 0.2%

180°

< 0.1°

10K Thermistor

(optional Pt-100)

Thermopile

-40°C to +80°C

0 to 100%

67

Scientiﬁc research requiring the highest level of measurement accuracy and reliability

non-condensing

6.2 Dimensions and weight

Ø32 mm

68 mm

Ø110 mm

68 mm

Ø50 mm

Ø150 mm

464 mm

Ø150 mm

Ø50 mm

Ø128 mm

CMP 3 CMP 6, CMP10, CMP 11, CMP 21 and CMP 22 CMA 6 and CMA 11

Weight without cable: 0.3 kg Weight without cable: 0.6 kg Weight without cable: 1.2 kg

Instruction Manual - CMP/CMA series

29

114 mm

Ø16 mm

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30

7 . Trouble shooting

.

Note There are no user-serviceable parts within the CMP pyranometers and CMA albedometers. They must not be opened

without the agreement and instruction of Kipp & Zonen.

7.1 Output signal not present or incorrect

The following contains a procedure for checking the instrument in case it appears that it does not function correctly:

1. Check the radiometer cable wires are properly connected to the readout equipment.

2. Check the instrument location. Are there any obstructions that cast a shadow on the instrument by blocking the direct sun

during some part of the day?

3. Check the dome, it should be clear and clean. If condensation is deposited on the inside, please change the desiccant. If too

much water is deposited internally the drying cartridge should be removed and the instrument warmed to dry it and then

replace the cartridge with new desiccant. It may take several days for the sensitivity to fully recover to the original value.

4. Check the data logger or readout oset by connecting a dummy load (100 Ohm resistor). This should give a ‘zero’ reading.

5. Check levelling. The bubble should be at least half inside the marked ring of the level.

6. If water, frost or ice is deposited on the dome, clean it. Usually, water droplets will evaporate in less than one hour under sunlight.

Any malfunction or visible damage should be reported to your Kipp & Zonen representative, who will suggest the appropriate action.

7.2 Frequently asked questions

The most frequently asked questions are listed below. For an update or further information refer to our website at

www.kippzonen.com .

Q: Negative output during night-time measurements?

A: This eect is related to Zero Oset Type A. Normally this zero oset is present when the (inner) dome has a dierent temperature

from the cold junctions of the sensor (the instrument housing). In practice, this is always the case when there is a clear sky. Because

of the low eective sky temperature (< 0°C) the Earth’s surface emits roughly 100 W/m² of long-wave infrared radiation upwards. The

(outer) glass dome of a pyranometer also has this emission and is cooling down several degrees below air temperature (the emissivity

of glass for the particular wavelength region is nearly 1).

Heat is emitted from the body by conduction in the domes, by wind, and from the domes through infrared radiation. The heat ﬂow

is opposite to the heat ﬂow when absorbing solar radiation and causes the well-known zero depression at night. This negative zero

oset is also present in day-time with a clear sky but is hidden within the solar radiation signal.

Zero Oset Type A can be checked by placing a light and infrared reﬂecting cap over the pyranometer. The response to solar

radiation will decay with the response time of the instrument, but the dome temperature will go to equilibrium with a time

constant of several minutes. So after about half a minute the remaining signal is mainly Zero Oset Type A.

Good ventilation of the domes and housing minimises zero osets and increases stability. Using the Kipp & Zonen CVF4 ventilation

unit can reduce Zero Oset Type A by about 50%.

Q: Maximum and minimum irradiation quantities?

A: Due to reﬂection from certain types of clouds the global irradiance at sea level can rise above the extra-terrestrial direct irradiance

(the Solar Constant) of 1367 W/m² at the top of the atmosphere (WMO 1982). Values up to 1500 W/m² have been reported.

Because the clouds move, this irradiance value mostly appears as short events of a few minutes duration.

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31

.

Q: What is the primary entry point for humidity?

A: The CMP 3 is fully sealed, but this also means that it is not serviceable. The construction of the other CMP and CMA radiometers

allows servicing, such as dome replacement. However, this means that there are seals in the construction that are waterproof, but

not gas-tight. Therefore, water vapour can slowly enter due to temperature and pressure changes. The CMP10 has a special

sealing that makes the internal desiccant last for 10 years.

Q: Is the pyranometer calibration aﬀected by the length of the signal cable?

A: With longer cable lengths the impedance increases, however it does not aect the radiometer sensitivity for the following reason.

The maximum output impedance of a radiometer with 100 m of Kipp & Zonen cable (R = 75Ω/km) is about 200Ω. If the input

impedance of the voltage measurement (readout) device is at least 1MΩ (as recommended) this represents only 0.02%. Therefore,

the current through the signal cable, and any signal reduction, is a similar percentage and is negligible.

The loading will slightly aect the passive temperature compensation circuit of the CMP10, CMP 11, CMP 21 and CMP 22, but

this is also negligible.

When the body temperature of the CMP 21 and CMP 22 is measured with the standard 10 kΩ thermistor temperature sensor, the

nominal resistance at +50 °C is 3893 Ω and 100 m of Kipp & Zonen cable adds 15 Ω (2 x 7.5 Ω). Therefore, the error is 0.4%

compared to the nominal temperature sensor uncertainty of 0.1%. The optional Pt-100 temperature sensor used in 4-wire mode

compensates for the cable resistance and no additional errors occur.

Instruction Manual - CMP/CMA series

32

8. Customer support

.

If you require any support for your Kipp & Zonen product please contact your local representative in the ﬁrst instance. The information can be found in the ‘Contact’ section of our website at www.kippzonen.com

Alternatively, you can contact us directly at www.kippzonen.com/support

Please include the following information:

• Instrument model

• Instrument serial number

• Details of the fault or problem

• Examples of data ﬁles

• Readout device or data acquisition system

• Interfaces and power supplies

• History of any previous repairs or modiﬁcations

• Pictures of the installation

• Overview of the local environment conditions

Kipp & Zonen guarantees that your information will not be shared with other organisations.

Instruction Manual - CMP/CMA series

33

Instruction Manual - CMP/CMA series

34

9. Keyword index

.

Term Explanation

Albedo The portion of incoming radiation which is reﬂected by a surface

Azimuth angle Angle in horizontal direction (0 to 360 °) normally referred to North

Cosine response Radiometer directional response according to the cosine of the zenith angle

Diuse horizontal irradiance Solar radiation, scattered by water vapour, dust and other particles as it passes through

the atmosphere, falling onto a horizontal plane surface (DHI)

Direct normal irradiance Radiation that has travelled in a straight path from the sun falling onto a plane surface

normal to the beam (DNI)

Global horizontal irradiance Total irradiance falling onto a horizontal plane surface (GHI)

Global = Diuse + (Direct x cos α); α is the solar zenith angle

Irradiance Radiant ﬂux density (W/m²)

Long-wave radiation Radiation with wavelengths from 4 m to more than 40 m

Pyranometer Radiometer for measuring short-wave global radiation

Pyrgeometer Radiometer for measuring long-wave radiation

Pyrheliometer Radiometer for measuring direct short-wave radiation

Short-wave radiation Radiation with wavelengths from approximately 300 nm to 4000 nm (4 m)

Thermopile Thermal detector made up of many thermocouple junctions

WMO World Meteorological Organisation, Geneva, Switzerland

WRC World Radiation Centre, Davos, Switzerland

WRR World Radiometric Reference (standard radiation scale) at WRC

WSG World Standard Group of radiometers at WRC

Zenith angle Angle from zenith (0° is vertical, 90° is horizontal)

Instruction Manual - CMP/CMA series

35

Instruction Manual - CMP/CMA series

36

Appendix A. Pyranometer physical properties

A.1 Spectral range

The spectrum of the solar radiation reaching the Earth’s surface is in the wavelength range between 280 nm and 4000 nm,

extending from ultraviolet (UV) to the far infrared (FIR). Due to the excellent physical properties of the glass dome(s) and black

absorber paint, Kipp & Zonen CMP and CMA series radiometers are equally sensitive in a wide spectral range. 97 - 98% of the

total energy will be absorbed by the thermal detector.

1.0

0.5

Response [arbitrary units]

0

Wavelength [nm]

3002001000

400 500 1000 2000 3000 4000

Solar radiation spectrum at sea level

Spectral response of CMP 3

Spectral response of CMP 6, CMP10, CMP 11, CMA 6 and CMA 11

Spectral response of CMP 22

A.2 Sensitivity

The radiometer thermopile sensitivity is mainly determined by the physical properties of the detector itself. The thermoelectric

power, thermal conductivity of the junctions and the overall dimensions of the sensing element are related to its sensitivity. The

sensitivity is determined under standard conditions, and compared with a reference, that are stated on the calibration certiﬁcate.

A.3 Response time

Any measuring device requires a certain time to react to a change in the parameter being measured. The radiometer requires time

to respond to changes in the incident radiation. The response time is normally quoted as the time for the output to reach 95%

(sometimes 1/e, 63%) of the ﬁnal value following a step-change in irradiance. It is determined by the physical properties of the

thermopile and the radiometer construction.

A.4 Impedance

The radiometer impedance is deﬁned as the total electrical impedance at the radiometer output connector ﬁtted to the housing. It

arises from the electrical resistance in the thermal junctions, wires, connections, and passive electronics within the radiometer.

A.5 Non-linearity

The non-linearity of a pyranometer is deﬁned in ISO 9060:1990 as the percentage deviation in the sensitivity over an irradiance

range from 100 to 1000 W/m² compared to the sensitivity at the calibration irradiance of 500 W/m². The non-linear eect is largely

due to convective and radiative heat losses at the black absorber surface which make the conditional thermal equilibrium of the

radiometer non-linear.

Instruction Manual - CMP/CMA series

37

.

A.6 Tempearture dependence

The sensitivity change of a radiometer with ambient temperature change is related to the thermo-dynamics of the radiometer

construction. The is given as percentage deviation with respect to the calibrated sensitivity at +20°C.

CMP 3, CMP 6 and CMA 6 do not have any built-in temperature compensation.

CMP10, CMP 11 and CMA 11 have a passive temperature compensation circuit with a standardised linear function.

CMP 21 and CMP 22 have individually optimised linear temperature compensation. As the temperature dependence is not linear,

the compensation cannot be exact. Therefore these instruments are supplied with the individual data for the (small) residual

temperature dependence. The internal temperature can be monitored with the integrated sensor and the irradiance data can

then be post-processed to minimise any remaining errors.

A.7 Tilt error

This is the deviation from the sensitivity at 0 ° tilt (exactly horizontal) over the range from 0 ° to 90 ° tilt (vertical) under 1000 W/m²

of normal incidence irradiance. The tilt response is proportional to the incident radiation. The error can be corrected in applications

where it is necessary to install the pyranometer on an inclined surface, but is usually insigniﬁcant.

.

A.8 Zero oﬀset type A

By physical laws any object having a certain temperature will exchange radiation with its surroundings. The domes of upward

facing radiometers will exchange radiation primarily with the relatively cold atmosphere. In general, the atmosphere will be

cooler than the ambient temperature at the Earth’s surface. For example, a clear sky can have an eective temperature up to

50 °C cooler, whereas an overcast sky will have roughly the same temperature as the Earth’s surface.

Due to this, the pyranometer domes will ‘lose’ energy to the colder atmosphere by means of radiative transfer. This causes the

dome to become cooler than the rest of the instrument. This temperature dierence between the detector ‘view’ and the instrument

housing will generate a small negative output signal which is commonly called Zero Oset Type A. This eect is reduced by using

an inner dome. This inner dome acts as a ‘radiation buer’. Also see section 7.2.

This oset can be minimized by applying appropriate ventilation of the instrument. No ventilation unit is available for the CMP 3,

CMA 6 or CMA 11. The CVF4 ventilation unit can be used with the CMP 6, CMP10, CMP 11, CMP 21 and CMP 22.

Cold atmosphere

Thermal exchange between:

A Outer dome and atmosphere B Inner dome and outer dome C Inner dome and detector

A

Solar radiation

B

C

Instruction Manual - CMP/CMA series

38

.

A.9 Zero oﬀset type B

Proportionally to the ambient temperature the instrument temperature varies and causes thermal currents inside the instrument.

This will cause an oset commonly called Zero Oset Type B. It is quantiﬁed in ISO 9060:1990 as the response in W/m² to a 5 K/hr

change in ambient temperature.

A.10 Operating temperature

The operating temperature range of the radiometer is determined by the physical properties of the individual parts. Within the speciﬁed

temperature range Kipp & Zonen radiometers can be operated safely. Outside this temperature range special precautions should be

taken to prevent any physical damage or performance loss of the radiometer. Please contact your Kipp & Zonen representative for

further information regarding operation in extreme temperature conditions.

A.11 Field of view

The ﬁeld of view is deﬁned as the unobstructed open viewing angle of a radiometer. ISO and WMO require that a pyranometer

for the measurement of global solar radiation has a ﬁeld of view of 180° in all directions (i.e. a hemisphere). The inherent ﬁeld

of view of the instrument should not be confused with the clear ﬁeld of view of the installation location.

A.12 Directional response

Radiation incident on a ﬂat horizontal surface originating from a point source with a deﬁned zenith position (such as the sun)

will have an intensity value proportional to the cosine of the zenith angle of incidence. This is sometimes called the ‘cosine-law’

or ‘cosine-response’ and is illustrated below. α is the zenith angle, where 0 ° is vertical and 90 ° is horizontal.

α = 45° α = 0°

Ideally a pyranometer has a directional response which is exactly the same as the cosine-law. However, in a pyranometer the

directional response is inﬂuenced by the detector and by the quality, dimensions and construction of the dome(s). The maximum

deviation from the ideal cosine-response of the pyranometer is given up to 80 ° angle of incidence with respect to 1000 W/m²

irradiance at normal incidence (0° zenith angle).

A.13 Maximum irradiance

The maximum irradiance is deﬁned as the total irradiance level beyond which physical damage may occur to the instrument.

A.14 Non-stability

This is the percentage change in sensitivity over a period of one year. This eect is mostly due to degradation by UV radiation

of the black absorber coating on the thermopile surface.

Kipp & Zonen recommends recalibration every two years. However, for quality assurance purposes some institutes, companies or

networks may require more or less frequent recalibration. Please read the chapter on the calibration procedure for pyranometers

for more information.

Instruction Manual - CMP/CMA series

39

.

A.15 Spectral selectivity

Spectral selectivity is the variation of the dome transmittance and absorption coecient of the black detector coating with

wavelength and is commonly speciﬁed as % of the mean value.

A.16 Environmental

The CMP and CMA series are intended for outdoor use under all expected weather conditions. The radiometers comply with IP 67

and their solid mechanical construction is suitable to be used under all environmental conditions within the speciﬁed ranges.

For use in harsh marine environments, such as oshore; the CMP 6, CMP10, CMP 11, CMP 21 and CMP 22 are available to special

order in stainless steel construction - at extra cost, and subject to a minimum order quantity.

A.17 Uncertainty

The measurement uncertainty of a pyranometer can be described as the maximum expected hourly or daily uncertainty with

respect to the ‘absolute truth’. The conﬁdence level is 95%, which means that 95% of the data-points lie within the given

uncertainty interval representing the absolute value. Kipp & Zonen empirically determines uncertainty ﬁgures based on many

years of ﬁeld measurements for typical operating conditions.

When a pyranometer is in operation, the performance is correlated to a number of parameters, such as; temperature, level of

irradiance, angle of incidence, etc. If the operating conditions dier signiﬁcantly from the calibration conditions, uncertainty in

the calculated irradiances must be expected.

For a ‘High Quality’ pyranometer the WMO expects maximum uncertainty in the hourly radiation totals of 3%. In the daily total

an uncertainty of 2 % is expected; because some response variations cancel each other out if the integration period is long. See

the WMO ‘Guide to Meteorological Instruments and Methods of Observation’ Seventh Edition, 2008. ISO 9060:1990 does not

refer to hourly or daily uncertainties.

Many years of experience has shown that pyranometer performance can be improved concerning zero oset type A by using a

well-designed ventilation system. The Kipp & Zonen CVF4 ventilation unit is recommended for the CMP 6, CMP10, CMP 11,

CMP 21 and CMP 22 to minimise this small remaining error.

Instruction Manual - CMP/CMA series

40

Appendix B. Pyranometer classiﬁcation to ISO 9060:1990(E)

Reference number and Specification

Response time (95%)

1

Zero oﬀsets

2

(a) Response to 200 W/m² net thermal radiation (ventilated) (b) Response 5 K/hr change in ambient temperature

Non-stability

3a

percentage change in responsivity per year

Non-linearity

3b

percentage deviation from the responsivity at 500 W/m² due to the change of irradiance within the range 100 W/m² to 1000 W/m²

Directional response (for beam radiation)

3c

the range of errors caused by assuming that the normal incidence responsivity is valid for all directions when measuring from any direction a beam of radiation whose normal incidence irradiance is 1000 W/m²

Spectral selectivity

3d

percentage deviation of the product of spectral absorptance and spectral transmittance from the corresponding mean within 0.35 µm and 1.5 µm

Temperature response

3e

percentage deviation due to change in ambient temperature within an interval of 50 K

Tilt response

3f

percentage deviation from the responsivity at 0° tilt (horizontal) due to change in tilt from 0° to 90° at 1000 W/m² irradiance

Reference number ISO Pyranometer Categories

ISO 9060:1990 classiﬁcation

Response time (95%)

1

Zero oﬀsets

2

(a) (b)

Non-stability

3a

Non-linearity

3b

Directional response

3c

(for beam radiation)

Spectral selectivity

3d

Temperature response

3e

Tilt response

3f

(1)

without ventilation

Second Class

< 60 s

± 30 W/m² ± 8 W/m²

± 3.0%

± 3%

± 30 W/m²

± 10%

8%

± 5%

First Class

< 30 s

± 15 W/m² ± 4 W/m²

± 1.5%

± 1%

± 20 W/m²

± 5%

4%

± 2%

Secondary Standard

< 15 s

± 7 W/m² ± 2 W/m²

± 0.8 %

± 0.5 %

± 10 W/m²

± 3%

2%

± 0.5 %

Second Class

< 18 s

< 15 W/m²

(1)

< 5 W/m²

< 1%

< 20 W/m²

up to 80 ° zenith angle

< 3%

< 5%

(-10 °C to +40°C) interval of 50 K

< 1%

CMP 6/CMA 6CMP 3

First Class

< 18 s

< 15 W/m²

(1)

< 4 W/m²

< 1%

< 20 W/m²

up to 80 ° zenith angle

< 3%

< 4%

(-10 °C to +40°C) interval of 50 K

< 1%

CMP10, 11/CMA 11 CMP 22

Secondary Standard

< 5 s

< 7 W/m² < 2 W/m²

< 0.5 %

< 0.2 %

< 10 W/m²

up to 80 ° zenith angle

< 3%

< 1%

(-10 °C to +40°C) interval of 50 K

< 0.2 %

CMP 21

Secondary Standard

< 5 s

(1)

< 7 W/m² < 2 W/m²

< 0.5 %

< 0.2 %

< 10 W/m²

up to 80 ° zenith angle

< 3%

< 1%

(-20 °C to +50°C) interval of 70 K

< 0.2 %

Secondary Standard

< 5 s

(1)

< 3 W/m² < 1 W/m²

< 0.5 %

< 0.2 %

< 5 W/m²

up to 80 ° zenith angle

< 2%

< 0.5 %

(-20 °C to +50°C) interval of 70 K

< 0.2 %

(1)

Instruction Manual - CMP/CMA series

41

Instruction Manual - CMP/CMA series

42

Appendix C. 10kΩ Thermistor speciﬁcations

Thermistor (10 kΩ @ 25 °C)

(α+[

β•(ln(R))+ γ•(ln(R))

T

=

: 1.03 • 10

α

-3

β

: 2.38 • 10

-4

γ

-1

3

])

-273.15

: 1.59 • 10

T [°C] =

R [] =

-7

Temperature

Resistance

YSI Thermistor 44031 - Resistance versus Temperature in °C and °F

Temperature [°C]

-30

-29

-28

-27

-26

-25

-24

-23

-22

-21

-20

-19

-18

-17

-16

-15

-14

-13

-12

-11

-10

-9

-8

-7

-6

-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

Temperature

[°F]

-22.0

-20.2

-18.4

-16.6

-14.8

-13.0

-11.2

-9.4

-7. 6

-5.8

-4.0

-2.2

-0.4

1.4

3.2

5.0

6.8

8.6

10.4

12.2

14.0

15.8

17.6

19.4

21.2

23.0

24.8

26.6

28.4

30.2

Resistance [Ohm] 135,200 127,900 121,100 114,600 108,600 102,900 97,490 92,430 87,660 83,160 78,910 74,910 71,130 67,570 64,200 61,020 58,010 55,170 52,480 49,940 47,540 45,270 43,100 41,070 39,140 37,310 35,570 33,930 32,370 30,890

Temperature [°C] 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

23 24 25 26 27 28 29

Temperature

[°F]

32.0

33.8

35.6

37.4

39.2

41.0

42.8

44.6

46.4

48.2

50.0

51.8

53.6

55.4

57.2

59.0

60.8

62.6

64.4

66.2

68.0

69.8

71.6

73.4

75.2

77.0

78.8

80.6

82.4

84.2

Resistance [Ohm] 29,490 28,150 26,890 25,690 24,550 23,460 22,430 21,450 20,520 19,630 18,790 17,980 17,220 16,490 15,790 15,130 14,500 13,900 13,330 12,790 12,260 11,770 11,290 10,840 10,410 10,000 9,605 9,227 8,867 8,523

Temperature [°C] 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59

Temperature

[°F]

86.0

87.8

89.6

91.4

93.2

95.0

96.8

98.6

100.4

102.2

104.0

105.8

107.6

109.4

111.2

113.0

114.8

116.6

118.4

120.2

122.0

123.8

125.6

127.4

129.2

131.0

132.8

134.6

136.4

138.2

Resistance [Ohm] 8,194 7,880 7,579 7,291 7,016 6,752 6,500 6,258 6,026 5,805 5,592 5,389 5,193 5,006 4,827 4,655 4,489 4,331 4,179 4,033 3,893 3,758 3,629 3,504 3,385 3,270 3,160 3,054 2,952 2,854

Instruction Manual - CMP/CMA series

43

Instruction Manual - CMP/CMA series

44

Appendix D. Pt-100 speciﬁcations

Pt-100 (100 Ω @ 0°C)

- α+ α2- 4•β

T

=

α

: 3.9083 • 10

2

•

-3

β

: -5.8019 • 10

- R

+ 1

•

100

β

R [] =

-7

TemperatureT [°C] =

Resistance

Pt-100 - Resistance versus Temperature in °C and °F

Temperature [°C]

-30

-29

-28

-27

-26

-25

-24

-23

-22

-21

-20

-19

-18

-17

-16

-15

-14

-13

-12

-11

-10

-9

-8

-7

-6

-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

Temperature

[°F]

-22.0

-20.2

-18.4

-16.6

-14.8

-13.0

-11.2

-9.4

-7. 6

-5.8

-4.0

-2.2

-0.4

1.4

3.2

5.0

6.8

8.6

10.4

12.2

14.0

15.8

17.6

19.4

21.2

23.0

24.8

26.6

28.4

30.2

Resistance [Ohm]

88.2

88.6

89.0

89.4

89.8

90.2

90.6

91.0

91.4

91.8

92.2

92.6

93.0

93.3

93.7

94.1

94.5

94.9

95.3

95.7

96.1

96.5

96.9

97. 3

97. 7

98.0

98.4

98.8

99.2

99.6

Temperature [°C] 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29

Temperature

[°F]

32.0

33.8

35.6

37.4

39.2

41.0

42.8

44.6

46.4

48.2

50.0

51.8

53.6

55.4

57.2

59.0

60.8

62.6

64.4

66.2

68.0

69.8

71.6

73.4

75.2

77.0

78.8

80.6

82.4

84.2

Resistance [Ohm]

100.0

100.4

100.8

101.2

101.6

102.0

102.3

102.7

103.1

103.5

103.9

104.3

104.7

105.1

105.5

105.9

106.2

106.6

107.0

107.4

107.8

108.2

108.6

109.0

109.4

109.7

110.1

110.5

110.9

111.3

Temperature [°C] 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59

Temperature

[°F]

86.0

87.8

89.6

91.4

93.2

95.0

96.8

98.6

100.4

102.2

104.0

105.8

107.6

109.4

111.2

113.0

114.8

116.6

118.4

120.2

122.0

123.8

125.6

127.4

129.2

131.0

132.8

134.6

136.4

138.2

Resistance [Ohm]

111.7

112.1

112.5

112.8

113.2

113.6

114.0

114.4

114.8

115.2

115.5

115.9

116.3

116.7

117.1

117.5

117.9

118.2

118.6

119.0

119.4

119.8

120.2

120.6

120.9

121.3

121.7

122.1

122.5

122.9

Instruction Manual - CMP/CMA series

45

Our customer support remains at your disposal for any maintenance or repair, calibration, supplies and spares.

Für Servicearbeiten und Kalibrierung, Verbrauchsmaterial und Ersatzteile steht Ihnen unsere Customer Support Abteilung zur Verfügung.

Notre service 'Support Clientèle' reste à votre entière disposition pour tout problème de maintenance, réparation ou d'étalonnage ainsi que pour les accessoires et pièces de rechange.

Nuestro servicio de atención al cliente esta a su disposición para cualquier actuación de mantenimiento, reparación, calibración y suministro de repuestos.

HEAD OFFICE

Kipp & Zonen B.V.

Delftechpark 36, 2628 XH Delft P.O. Box 507, 2600 AM Delft The Netherlands

T: +31 (0) 15 2755 210 F: +31 (0) 15 2620 351 info@kippzonen.com

SALES OFFICES

Kipp & Zonen France S.A.R.L.

88 Avenue de l’Europe 77184 Emerainville France

Kipp & Zonen Asia Paciﬁc Pte. Ltd.

10 Ubi Crescent Lobby E #02-93 Ubi Techpark Singapore 408564

Kipp & Zonen USA Inc.

125 Wilbur Place Bohemia NY 11716 United States of America

Go to www.kippzonen.com for your local distributor or contact your local sales ofﬁce

T: +33 (0) 1 64 02 50 28 F: +33 (0) 1 64 02 50 29 kipp.france@kippzonen.com

T: +65 (0) 6748 4700 F: +65 (0) 6748 6098 kipp.singapore@kippzonen.com

T: +1 (0) 631 589 2065 F: +1 (0) 631 589 2068 kipp.usa@kippzonen.com

Passion for Precision