Keithley Keithley Instruments 2001 Manual

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Model 2001 Multimeter

Operator’s Manual

2001-900-01 Rev. H / February 2009

EC N E D I FN OC F O E RUSA E MR E TA E R GA

WARRANTY

Keithley Instruments, Inc. warrants this product to be free from defects in material and workmanship for a period of one (1) year from date of shipment.

Keithley Instruments, Inc. warrants the following items for 90 software, rechargeable batteries, diskettes, and documentation.

During the warranty period, Keithley Instruments will, at its option, either rep to be defective.

To exercise this warranty, write or call your local Keithley Instruments representative, or contact Keithley Instruments headquarters in Cleveland, Ohio. You will be given prompt assis Send the product, transportation prepaid, to the indicated service facility. Repairs will be made and the product returned, transportation prepaid. Repaired or replaced products are warranted for the balance of the original warranty period, or at least 90 days.

days from the date of shipment: probes, cables,

air or replace any product that proves

tance and return instructions.

LIMITATION OF WARRANTY

This warranty does not apply to defects resulting from product modification without Keithley Instruments’ express written consent, or misuse of any product or part. This warranty also does not apply to fuses, software, non-rechargeable batteries, damage from battery leakage, or instructions.

THIS WARRANTY IS IN LIEU OF ALL OTHER WARRANTIES, EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING ANY IMPLIED W PROVIDED HEREIN ARE BUYER’S SOLE AND EXCLUSIVE REMEDIES.

NEITHER KEITHLEY INSTRUMENTS, INC. NOR ANY OF ITS EMPLOYEES DIRECT, INDIRECT, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE USE OF ITS INSTRUMENTS AND SOFTWARE, EVEN IF KEITHLEY INSTRUMENTS, INC. HAS BEEN ADVISED IN ADVANCE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. SUCH EXCLUDED DAMAGES SHALL INCLUDE, BUT ARE NOT LIMITED TO: COST OF REMOVAL AND INSTALLATION, LOSSES SUSTAINED AS THE RESULT OF INJURY TO ANY PERSON, OR DAMAGE TO PROPERTY.

ARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR USE. THE REMEDIES

problems arising from normal wear or failure to follow

SHALL BE LIABLE FOR ANY

A G R E A T E R M E A S U R E O F C O N F I D E N C E

3/07

Model 2001 Multimeter

Operator’s Manual

Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.A.

Any unauthorized reproduction, photocopy, or use of the information herein, in whole or in part, without the prior written approval

of Keithley Instruments, Inc. is strictly prohibited.

TSP™, TSP-Link™, and TSP-Net™ are trademarks of Keithley Instruments, Inc. All Keithley Instruments product names are

trademarks or registered trademarks of Keithley Instruments, Inc. Other brand names are trademarks or registered trademarks of

their respective holders.

Document Number: 2001-900-01 Rev. H / February 2009

The following safety precautions should be observed before using this product and any associated instrumentation. Although some instruments and accessories would normally be used with non-hazardous voltages, there are situations where hazardous conditions may be present.

This product is intended for use by qualified personnel who recognize shock hazards and are familiar with the safety precautions required to avoid possible injury. Read and follow all installation, operation, and maintenance information carefully before using the product. Refer to the user documentation for complete product specifications.

If the product is used in a manner not specified, the protection provided by the product warranty may be impaired.

The types of product users are:

Safety Precautions

Responsible body is t

operated within its specifications and operating limits, and for ensuring that operators are adequately trained.

Operators

ey must be protected from electric shock and contact with hazardous live circuits.

Maintenance personnel replacing consumable materials. Maintenance procedures are described in the user documentation. The procedures explicitly state if the operator may perform them. Otherwise, they should be performed only by service personnel.

Service personnel are trained to work on live circuits, perform safe installations, and repair products. Only properly trained service personnel may perform installation and service procedures.

Keithley Instruments products are designed for use with electrical signals that are rated Measurement Category I and Measurement Category data I/O signals are Measurement Category I and must not be directly connected to mains voltage or to voltage sources with high transient over-voltages. Measurement Category II connections require protection for high transient over-voltages often associated with local AC mains connections. Assume all measurement, control, and data I/O connections are for connection to Category I sources unless otherwise marked or described in the user documentation.

Exercise extreme caution when a shock hazard is present. Lethal vo American National Standards Institute (ANSI) states that a shock hazard exists when voltage levels greater than 30V RMS, 42.4V peak, or 60VDC are present. A good safety practice is to expect that hazardous voltage is present in any unknown circuit before measuring.

Operators of this product must be protected from electric shock at all times. The responsible body must ensure that operators are prev Product operators in these circumstances must be trained to protect themselves from the risk of electric shock. If the circuit is capable of operating at or above 1000V, no conductive part of the circuit may be exposed.

use the product for its intended function. They must be trained in electrical safety procedures and proper use of the instrument.

II, as described in the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) Standard IEC 60664. Most measurement, control, and

ented access and/or insulated from every connection point. In some cases, connections must be exposed to potential human contact.

he individual or group responsible for the use and maintenance of equipment, for ensuring that the equipment is

perform

routine procedures on the product to keep it operating properly, for example, setting the line voltage or

ltage may be present on cable connector jacks or test fixtures. The

Do not connect switching cards directly to unlimited power circuits. They are intended to be used with impedance-limited sources. NEVER

nnect switching cards directly to AC mains. When connecting sources to switching cards, install protective devices to limit fault current

co and voltage to the card.

cti

Before operating an instrument, ensure that the line cord is connected to a properly-grounded power receptacle. Inspect the conne cables, test leads, and jumpers for possible wear, cracks, or breaks before each use.

11/0 7

When installing equipment where access to the main power cord is restricted, such as rack mounting, a separate main input power

disconnect device must be provided in close proximity to the equipment and within easy reach of the operator.

For maximum safety, do not touch the product, test cables, or any other instruments while power is applied to the circuit under test.

AYS remove power from the entire test system and discharge any capacitors before: connecting or disconnecting cables or jumpers,

ALW installing or removing switching cards, or making internal changes, such as installing or removing jumpers.

Do not touch any object that could provide a current path to the common side of the circuit under test or power line (earth) ground. Al make measurements with dry hands while standing on a dry, insulated surface capable of withstanding the voltage being measured.

The instrument and accessories must be used in accordance with its specifications and operating instructions, or the safety of the

pment may be impaired.

equi

Do not exceed the maximum signal levels of the instruments and accessories, as defined in the specifications and operating inform and as shown on the instrument or test fixture panels, or switching card.

When fuses are used in a product, replace with the same type and rating for continued protection against fire hazard.

Chassis connections must only be used as shield connections for measuring circuits, NOT as safety earth ground connections.

If you are using a test fixture, keep the lid closed while power is applied to the device under test. Safe operation requires the interlock.

If a screw is present, connect it to safety earth ground using the wire recommended in the user documentation.

The symbol on an instrument indicates that the user should refer to the operating instructions located in the user documentation.

The symbol on an instrument shows that it can source or measure 1000V or more, including the combined effect of normal and common mode voltages. Use standard safety precautions to avoid personal contact with these voltages.

The symbol on an instrument shows that the surface may be hot. Avoid personal contact to prevent burns.

The symbol indicates a connection terminal to the equipment frame.

use o

ways

atio

f a lid

If this symbol is on a product, it indicates that mercury is present in the display lamp. Please note that the lamp must be properly disposed of according to federal, state, and local laws.

ARNING heading in the user documentation explains dangers that might result in personal injury or death. Always read the

The W associated information very carefully before performing the indicated procedure.

The CA warranty.

Instrumentation and accessories shall not be connected to humans.

Before performing any maintenance, disconnect the line cord and all test cables.

To maintain protection from electric shock and fire, replacement components in mains circuits - including the power transformer, tes and input jacks - must be purchased from Keithley Instruments. Standard fuses with applicable national safety approvals may be used if the rating and type are the same. Other components that are not safety-related may be purchased from other suppliers as long as they are equivalent to the original component (note that selected parts should be purchased only through Keithley Instruments to maintain accuracy and functionality of the product). If you are unsure about the applicability of a replacement component, call a Keithley Instruments office for information.

To clean an instrument, use a damp cloth or mild, water-based cleaner. Clean the exterior of the instrument only. Do not apply cl directly to the instrument or allow liquids to enter or spill on the instrument. Products that consist of a circuit board with no case or chassis (e.g., a data acquisition board for installation into a computer) should never require cleaning if handled according to instructions. If the board becomes contaminated and operation is affected, the board should be returned to the factory for proper cleaning/servicing.

UTION he

ading in the user documentation explains hazards that could damage the instrument. Such damage may invalidate the

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eaner

1 General Information

1.1 Introduction......................................................................................................................................................... 1-1

1.2 Features ............................................................................................................................................................... 1-1

1.3 Warranty information.......................................................................................................................................... 1-2

1.4 Manual addenda .................................................................................................................................................. 1-2

1.5 Safety symbols and terms ................................................................................................................................... 1-2

1.6 Specifications ...................................................................................................................................................... 1-2

1.7 Inspection ............................................................................................................................................................ 1-2

1.8 Options and accessories ...................................................................................................................................... 1-2

2 Getting Started

2.1 Introduction......................................................................................................................................................... 2-1

2.2 Front and rear panel summary ............................................................................................................................ 2-1

2.2.1 Front panel .................................................................................................................................................. 2-1

2.2.2 Rear panel ................................................................................................................................................... 2-1

2.2.3 Front panel display...................................................................................................................................... 2-4

2.3 Overview of measurement process ..................................................................................................................... 2-6

2.3.1 Idle .............................................................................................................................................................. 2-7

2.3.2 Arm layer .................................................................................................................................................... 2-7

2.3.3 Scan layer.................................................................................................................................................... 2-7

2.3.4 Measure layer.............................................................................................................................................. 2-7

2.4 Initial configuration............................................................................................................................................. 2-7

2.5 Front panel operation .......................................................................................................................................... 2-8

2.5.1 Measuring DC voltage example.................................................................................................................. 2-8

2.5.2 Storing DC voltage readings example ...................................................................................................... 2-11

2.6 IEEE-488.2 and SCPI basics............................................................................................................................. 2-13

2.6.1 SCPI overview .......................................................................................................................................... 2-13

2.6.2 Compatibility ............................................................................................................................................ 2-13

2.6.3 Bus connection.......................................................................................................................................... 2-13

2.6.4 Primary address......................................................................................................................................... 2-13

2.6.5 Abbreviated common command summary ............................................................................................... 2-13

2.6.6 Abbreviated SCPI command summary..................................................................................................... 2-14

2.6.7 Syntax rules............................................................................................................................................... 2-16

2.6.8 Programming examples............................................................................................................................. 2-17

3 Front Panel Operation

3.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................................... 3-1

3.2 Power-up procedure............................................................................................................................................. 3-1

3.2.1 Line power connections............................................................................................................................... 3-1

3.2.2 Line fuse replacement.................................................................................................................................. 3-2

3.2.3 Power-up sequence...................................................................................................................................... 3-2

3.2.4 High energy circuit safety precautions ........................................................................................................ 3-4

3.2.5 Power-on default conditions........................................................................................................................ 3-4

3.2.6 Warm-up period........................................................................................................................................... 3-4

3.2.7 IEEE-488 primary address .......................................................................................................................... 3-4

3.3 Display................................................................................................................................................................. 3-4

3.3.1 Display format ............................................................................................................................................. 3-4

3.3.2 Multiple displays ......................................................................................................................................... 3-6

3.3.3 Information messages.................................................................................................................................. 3-9

3.3.4 Status and error messages............................................................................................................................ 3-9

3.3.5 Menu structures ......................................................................................................................................... 3-11

3.3.6 EXIT key ................................................................................................................................................... 3-11

3.4 Functions ........................................................................................................................................................... 3-12

3.4.1 DC and AC voltage ................................................................................................................................... 3-13

3.4.2 DC and AC current.................................................................................................................................... 3-28

3.4.3 Two and four-wire resistance .................................................................................................................... 3-35

3.4.4 Frequency .................................................................................................................................................. 3-40

3.4.5 Temperature............................................................................................................................................... 3-43

3.5 Range................................................................................................................................................................. 3-52

3.5.1 Display resolution...................................................................................................................................... 3-52

3.5.2 Maximum readings.................................................................................................................................... 3-52

3.5.3 Manual ranging.......................................................................................................................................... 3-52

3.5.4 Autoranging............................................................................................................................................... 3-53

3.6 Relative.............................................................................................................................................................. 3-53

3.6.1 Configuring rel .......................................................................................................................................... 3-53

3.6.2 Enabling rel ............................................................................................................................................... 3-54

3.6.3 Multiple display of rel ............................................................................................................................... 3-54

3.7 Triggers.............................................................................................................................................................. 3-54

3.7.1 Trigger model ............................................................................................................................................ 3-54

3.7.2 Configuring the measure layer .................................................................................................................. 3-59

3.7.3 Configuring the scan layer......................................................................................................................... 3-62

3.7.4 Configuring the arm layer ......................................................................................................................... 3-64

3.7.5 Halting triggers.......................................................................................................................................... 3-66

3.7.6 External triggering..................................................................................................................................... 3-66

3.7.7 Trigger Link............................................................................................................................................... 3-69

3.8 Buffer................................................................................................................................................................. 3-80

3.8.1 Burst mode................................................................................................................................................. 3-80

3.8.2 Configuring data storage ........................................................................................................................... 3-83

3.8.3 Storing and recalling readings ................................................................................................................... 3-84

3.8.4 Buffer multiple displays ............................................................................................................................ 3-85

3.9 Filters................................................................................................................................................................. 3-86

3.9.1 Digital filter types...................................................................................................................................... 3-86

3.9.2 Digital filter modes.................................................................................................................................... 3-86

3.9.3 Response time (Digital filter) .................................................................................................................... 3-88

3.9.4 Auto filtering (Digital) .............................................................................................................................. 3-88

3.9.5 Configuring the digital filter...................................................................................................................... 3-88

3.9.6 Enabling/disabling the filter ...................................................................................................................... 3-90

3.9.7 Analog filter............................................................................................................................................... 3-91

3.10 Math .................................................................................................................................................................. 3-92

3.10.1 mX+b ........................................................................................................................................................ 3-92

3.10.2 Percent....................................................................................................................................................... 3-93

3.10.3 Percent deviation ...................................................................................................................................... 3-93

3.10.4 Configuring math ...................................................................................................................................... 3-93

3.10.5 Enabling math ........................................................................................................................................... 3-94

3.10.6 Calculate multiple display......................................................................................................................... 3-94

3.11 Scanning............................................................................................................................................................ 3-94

3.11.1 Scanning overview.................................................................................................................................... 3-94

3.11.2 Front panel scanner controls ..................................................................................................................... 3-95

3.11.3 Using CHAN to close and open internal channels.................................................................................... 3-95

3.11.4 Using CONFIG-CHAN to configure channels ......................................................................................... 3-96

3.11.5 Using CONFIG-SCAN to configure scanning.......................................................................................... 3-98

3.11.6 Using SCAN to configure scan parameters .............................................................................................. 3-99

3.11.7 Starting and stopping scanning ................................................................................................................. 3-99

3.11.8 Scanner operation examples.................................................................................................................... 3-101

3.12 Menu ............................................................................................................................................................... 3-105

3.12.1 SAVESETUP .......................................................................................................................................... 3-107

3.12.2 GPIB........................................................................................................................................................ 3-114

3.12.3 CALIBRATION...................................................................................................................................... 3-115

3.12.4 TEST ....................................................................................................................................................... 3-116

3.12.5 LIMITS ................................................................................................................................................... 3-116

3.12.6 STATUS-MSG........................................................................................................................................ 3-119

3.12.7 GENERAL .............................................................................................................................................. 3-119

4 IEEE-488 Reference

4.1 Introduction......................................................................................................................................................... 4-1

4.2 IEEE-488 bus connections .................................................................................................................................. 4-1

4.3 Primary address selection.................................................................................................................................... 4-3

4.4 Controller programming ..................................................................................................................................... 4-4

4.5 Front panel aspects of IEEE-488 operation ........................................................................................................ 4-4

4.5.1 Error and status messages ........................................................................................................................... 4-4

4.5.2 IEEE-488 status indicators.......................................................................................................................... 4-4

4.5.3 LOCAL key................................................................................................................................................. 4-5

4.6 Status structure.................................................................................................................................................... 4-5

4.6.1 Standard event status................................................................................................................................... 4-5

4.6.2 Operation event status................................................................................................................................. 4-7

4.6.3 Arm event status.......................................................................................................................................... 4-9

4.6.4 Sequence event status................................................................................................................................ 4-11

4.6.5 Trigger event status................................................................................................................................... 4-13

4.6.6 Measurement event status ......................................................................................................................... 4-15

4.6.7 Questionable event status.......................................................................................................................... 4-16

4.6.8 Queues....................................................................................................................................................... 4-18

4.6.9 Status byte and service request (SRQ)...................................................................................................... 4-19

4.7 Trigger Model (IEEE-488 operation)................................................................................................................ 4-21

4.8 General bus commands ..................................................................................................................................... 4-25

4.8.1 REN (remote enable) ................................................................................................................................ 4-26

4.8.2 IFC (interface clear) .................................................................................................................................. 4-26

4.8.3 LLO (local lockout) .................................................................................................................................. 4-26

4.8.4 GTL (go to local) and local....................................................................................................................... 4-27

4.8.5 DCL (device clear).................................................................................................................................... 4-27

4.8.6 SDC (selective device clear) ..................................................................................................................... 4-27

4.8.7 GET (group execute trigger) ..................................................................................................................... 4-27

iii



4.8.8 SPE, SPD (serial polling) .......................................................................................................................... 4-27

4.9 Programming syntax.......................................................................................................................................... 4-29

4.10 Common commands.......................................................................................................................................... 4-35

4.10.1 *CLS

4.10.2 *ESE

4.10.3 *ESE?

4.10.4 *ESR?

4.10.5 *IDN?

4.10.6 *OPC

4.10.7 *OPC?

4.10.8 *OPT?

4.10.9 *RCL

4.10.10 *RST

4.10.11 *SAV

4.10.12 *SRE

4.10.13 *SRE?

4.10.14 *STB?

4.10.15 *TRG

4.10.16 *TST?

4.10.17 *WAI

4.11 Signal oriented measurement commands .......................................................................................................... 4-51

4.12 SCPI command subsystems............................................................................................................................... 4-57

4.13 Calculate subsystems......................................................................................................................................... 4-59

4.13.1 :CALCulate[1]............................................................................................................................................4-60

4.13.2 :CALCulate2.............................................................................................................................................. 4-65

4.13.3 :CALCulate3.............................................................................................................................................. 4-68

4.14 :CALibration subsystem.................................................................................................................................... 4-77

4.15 :DISPlay subsystem........................................................................................................................................... 4-79

4.16 :FORMat subsystem .......................................................................................................................................... 4-85

4.17 :OUTput subsystem ........................................................................................................................................... 4-92

4.18 :ROUTe subsystem............................................................................................................................................ 4-94

4.18.1 :CLOSe <list>............................................................................................................................................ 4-95

4.18.2 :OPEN <list> ............................................................................................................................................. 4-96

4.18.3 :OPEN:ALL............................................................................................................................................... 4-97

4.18.4 :SCAN commands ..................................................................................................................................... 4-98

4.19 Sense subsystems............................................................................................................................................. 4-107

4.19.1 [:SENse[1]] subsystem ............................................................................................................................ 4-115

4.19.2 :ALTernate[1] commands ....................................................................................................................... 4-116

4.19.3 :FUNCtion <name>................................................................................................................................. 4-116

4.19.4 DATA commands.................................................................................................................................... 4-117

4.19.5 :APERture <n> ........................................................................................................................................ 4-118

4.19.6 :NPLCycles <n> ...................................................................................................................................... 4-123

4.19.7 :COUPling AC|DC .................................................................................................................................. 4-127

4.19.8 RANGe commands.................................................................................................................................. 4-128

4.19.9 :REFerence <n>....................................................................................................................................... 4-133

4.19.10 :DIGits <n>.............................................................................................................................................. 4-137

4.19.11 :AVERage commands ............................................................................................................................. 4-141

4.19.12 :Filter ....................................................................................................................................................... 4-148

4.19.13 :DETector commands.............................................................................................................................. 4-149

4.19.14 :PWINdow <n> ....................................................................................................................................... 4-150

4.19.15 :METHod <name> .................................................................................................................................. 4-151

4.19.16 :SOURce <name>.................................................................................................................................... 4-151

4.19.17 THReshold commands ............................................................................................................................ 4-152

4.19.18 :TRANsducer <name> ............................................................................................................................ 4-155

clear status.................................................................................................................................. 4-36

event enable................................................................................................................................ 4-36

event enable query .................................................................................................................... 4-38

event status register query ........................................................................................................ 4-38

identification query................................................................................................................... 4-40

operation complete..................................................................................................................... 4-40

operation complete query......................................................................................................... 4-41

option identification query ....................................................................................................... 4-42

recall .......................................................................................................................................... 4-43

reset ............................................................................................................................................ 4-43

save ............................................................................................................................................ 4-43

service request enable ................................................................................................................ 4-44

service request enable query..................................................................................................... 4-45

status byte query....................................................................................................................... 4-46

trigger ........................................................................................................................................ 4-47

self-test query ........................................................................................................................... 4-48

wait-to-continue......................................................................................................................... 4-48

4.19.19 :RTD commands .................................................................................................................................... 4-156

4.19.20 :SPRTD .................................................................................................................................................. 4-159

4.19.21 :TCouple:TYPE <name> ........................................................................................................................ 4-160

4.19.22 :RJUNctionX........................................................................................................................................... 4-161

4.19.23 :REAL commands .................................................................................................................................. 4-163

4.19.24 :OCOMpensated <b> .............................................................................................................................. 4-165

4.19.25 :SENSe2 subsystem ................................................................................................................................ 4-165

4.20 :SOURce subsystem........................................................................................................................................ 4-167

4.21 :STATus subsystem ........................................................................................................................................ 4-169

4.21.1 [:EVENt]? ............................................................................................................................................... 4-170

4.21.2 :ENABle <NRf> ..................................................................................................................................... 4-176

4.21.3 :PTRansition <NRf> ............................................................................................................................... 4-180

4.21.4 :NTRansition <NRf>............................................................................................................................... 4-188

4.21.5 :CONDition? ........................................................................................................................................... 4-191

4.21.6 :PRESET ................................................................................................................................................. 4-192

4.21.7 :QUEue commands ................................................................................................................................. 4-192

4.22 :SYSTem subsystem ....................................................................................................................................... 4-197

4.22.1 :PRESet ................................................................................................................................................... 4-197

4.22.2 :POSetup <name> ................................................................................................................................... 4-198

4.22.3 :FRSWitch?............................................................................................................................................. 4-198

4.22.4 :VERSion? .............................................................................................................................................. 4-199

4.22.5 :ERRor?................................................................................................................................................... 4-199

4.22.6 :AZERo commands................................................................................................................................. 4-200

4.22.7 :AMEThod <name> ................................................................................................................................ 4-202

4.22.8 :LSYNc:STATe <b> ............................................................................................................................... 4-206

4.22.9 :KEY <NRf> ........................................................................................................................................... 4-207

4.22.10 :CLEar..................................................................................................................................................... 4-209

4.22.11 :FETCh:FORMat <name> ...................................................................................................................... 4-209

4.23 :TRACe subsystem ......................................................................................................................................... 4-211

4.23.1 :CLEar [BUFFER,] ................................................................................................................................. 4-211

4.23.2 :FREE? [BUFFER,] ................................................................................................................................ 4-212

4.23.3 :EGRoup [BUFFER,] <name>................................................................................................................ 4-212

4.23.4 :POINts [BUFFER,] <n> ........................................................................................................................ 4-213

4.23.5 :FEED [BUFFER,] <name>.................................................................................................................... 4-214

4.23.6 :DATA? [BUFFER,]............................................................................................................................... 4-219

4.24 Trigger subsystem ........................................................................................................................................... 4-221

4.24.1 :INITiate commands ............................................................................................................................... 4-222

4.24.2 :ABORt ................................................................................................................................................... 4-223

4.24.3 :IMMediate.............................................................................................................................................. 4-223

4.24.4 :COUNt <n>............................................................................................................................................ 4-224

4.24.5 :DELay <n>............................................................................................................................................. 4-225

4.24.6 :SOURce <name> ................................................................................................................................... 4-226

4.24.7 :TIMer <n>.............................................................................................................................................. 4-227

4.24.8 :SIGNal ................................................................................................................................................... 4-228

4.24.9 TCONfigure commands.......................................................................................................................... 4-228

4.25 :UNIT subsystem ............................................................................................................................................ 4-233

APPENDICES

A Specifications ............................................................................................................................................ A-1

B Default Conditions...................................................................................................................................... B-1

C IEEE-488.2 Common Commands .............................................................................................................. C-1

D SCPI Command Subsystems ...................................................................................................................... D-1

E Interface Function Codes............................................................................................................................ E-1

F ASCII Character Codes and IEEE-488 Multiline Interface Command Messages ..................................... F-1

G Controller Programs ................................................................................................................................... G-1

H IEEE-488 Bus Overview ............................................................................................................................ H-1

I IEEE-488 Conformance Information .......................................................................................................... I-1

J SCPI Conformance Information.................................................................................................................. J-1

List of Illustrations

2 Getting Started

Figure 2-1 Model 2001 front panel............................................................................................................................... 2-2

Figure 2-2 Model 2001 rear panel ................................................................................................................................ 2-3

Figure 2-3 Simplified model of measurement operation .............................................................................................. 2-6

Figure 2-4 Typical DC voltage connections ................................................................................................................. 2-9

3 Front Panel Operation

Figure 3-1 Model 2001 display formats ....................................................................................................................... 3-5

Figure 3-2 Scientific notation with calculate multiple display ..................................................................................... 3-5

Figure 3-3 Bar graph (zero-at-left) multiple display..................................................................................................... 3-8

Figure 3-4 Zero-centered bar graph multiple display ................................................................................................... 3-8

Figure 3-5 Maximum and minimum multiple display.................................................................................................. 3-9

Figure 3-6 DC voltage measurements ........................................................................................................................ 3-14

Figure 3-7 AC voltage measurements ........................................................................................................................ 3-14

Figure 3-8 Positive and negative peak spikes............................................................................................................. 3-21

Figure 3-9 DC voltage multifunction multiple displays ............................................................................................. 3-22

Figure 3-10 AC voltage multifunction multiple displays ............................................................................................. 3-26

Figure 3-11 DC and AC current measurements............................................................................................................ 3-29

Figure 3-12 DC in-circuit current measurements ......................................................................................................... 3-33

Figure 3-13 AC current multifuncton multiple displays............................................................................................... 3-35

Figure 3-14 Two-wire resistance measurements .......................................................................................................... 3-36

Figure 3-15 Four-wire resistance measurements .......................................................................................................... 3-37

Figure 3-16 Frequency measurements.......................................................................................................................... 3-41

Figure 3-17 4-wire RTD temperature measurements ................................................................................................... 3-44

Figure 3-18 3-wire RTD temperature measurements ................................................................................................... 3-45

Figure 3-19 2-wire RTD temperature measurements ................................................................................................... 3-45

Figure 3-20 Thermocouple configuration..................................................................................................................... 3-46

Figure 3-21 Temperature equations.............................................................................................................................. 3-48

Figure 3-22 Trigger model (front panel operation)....................................................................................................... 3-56

Figure 3-23 External triggering connectors (BNC) ...................................................................................................... 3-66

Figure 3-24 External triggering and asynchronous trigger link input pulse specifications .......................................... 3-66

Figure 3-25 Meter complete and asynchronous trigger link output pulse specifications ............................................. 3-67

Figure 3-26 DUT test system........................................................................................................................................ 3-67

Figure 3-27 External trigger connectors ....................................................................................................................... 3-68

Figure 3-28 Trigger link connectors ............................................................................................................................. 3-69

Figure 3-29 DUT test system........................................................................................................................................ 3-70

Figure 3-30 Trigger Link connections (asynchronous example #1)............................................................................. 3-70

Figure 3-31 Operation model for asynchronous trigger link example #1..................................................................... 3-72

Figure 3-32 Connections using Trigger Link adapter................................................................................................... 3-73

vii

Ω

Figure 3-33 DUT test system (asynchronous example #2) ........................................................................................... 3-73

Figure 3-34 Trigger Link connections (asynchronous example #2) ............................................................................. 3-74

Figure 3-35 Operation model for asynchronous Trigger Link example #2 .................................................................. 3-76

Figure 3-36 Semi-synchronous Trigger Link specifications......................................................................................... 3-77

Figure 3-37 Typical semi-synchronous mode connections........................................................................................... 3-77

Figure 3-38 Trigger Link connections (semi-synchronous example) ........................................................................... 3-78

Figure 3-39 Operation mode for semi-synchronous Trigger Link example ................................................................. 3-79

Figure 3-40 Digital filter ............................................................................................................................................... 3-87

Figure 3-41 Analog filter............................................................................................................................................... 3-92

Figure 3-42 SCAN key menu structure....................................................................................................................... 3-100

Figure 3-43 SCAN key menu structure for ratio and delta ......................................................................................... 3-101

Figure 3-44 Limits bar graph example........................................................................................................................ 3-117

Figure 3-45 Using limit test to sort 100

Figure 3-46 Digital I/O port ........................................................................................................................................ 3-120

Figure 3-47 Digital I/O port simplified schematic ..................................................................................................... 3-121

Figure 3-48 Sample externally powered relay ........................................................................................................... 3-122

Figure 3-49 Line cycle synchronization...................................................................................................................... 3-125

resistors..................................................................................................... 3-119

4 IEEE-488 Reference

Figure 4-1 IEEE-488 connector .................................................................................................................................... 4-2

Figure 4-2 IEEE-488 connections ................................................................................................................................. 4-2

Figure 4-3 IEEE-488 connector location ...................................................................................................................... 4-2

Figure 4-4 Contact assignments .................................................................................................................................... 4-3

Figure 4-5 Model 2001 status register structure............................................................................................................ 4-6

Figure 4-6 Standard event status ................................................................................................................................... 4-7

Figure 4-7 Operation event status ................................................................................................................................. 4-8

Figure 4-8 Arm event status ........................................................................................................................................ 4-10

Figure 4-9 Sequence event status ................................................................................................................................ 4-11

Figure 4-10 Trigger event status ................................................................................................................................... 4-13

Figure 4-11 Measurement event status.......................................................................................................................... 4-15

Figure 4-12 Questionable event status .......................................................................................................................... 4-17

Figure 4-13 Status byte and service request (SRQ) ...................................................................................................... 4-19

Figure 4-14 Trigger Model (IEEE-488 bus operation) ................................................................................................. 4-22

Figure 4-15 Standard Event Enable Register ................................................................................................................ 4-37

Figure 4-16 Standard Event Status Register ................................................................................................................. 4-39

Figure 4-17 Service Request Enable Register............................................................................................................... 4-45

Figure 4-18 Status Byte Register .................................................................................................................................. 4-47

Figure 4-19 ASCII data format ..................................................................................................................................... 4-86

Figure 4-20 IEEE754 single precision data format (32 data bits)................................................................................. 4-87

Figure 4-21 IEEE754 double precision data format (64 data bits) ............................................................................... 4-87

Figure 4-22 Measurement Event Register................................................................................................................... 4-172

Figure 4-23 Questionable Event Register ................................................................................................................... 4-173

Figure 4-24 Operation Event Register ........................................................................................................................ 4-174

Figure 4-25 Trigger Event Register ............................................................................................................................ 4-174

Figure 4-26 Arm Event Register ................................................................................................................................. 4-175

Figure 4-27 Sequence Event Register ......................................................................................................................... 4-175

Figure 4-28 Measurement Event Enable Register....................................................................................................... 4-177

Figure 4-29 Questionable Event Enable Register ....................................................................................................... 4-178

Figure 4-30 Operation Event Enable Register ............................................................................................................ 4-178

Figure 4-31 Trigger Event Enable Register ................................................................................................................ 4-179

Figure 4-32 Arm Event Enable Register ..................................................................................................................... 4-179

Figure 4-33 Sequence Event Enable Register ............................................................................................................. 4-179

viii

Figure 4-34 Measurement Transition Filter................................................................................................................ 4-182

Figure 4-35 Questionable Transition Filter ................................................................................................................ 4-183

Figure 4-36 Operation Transition Filter...................................................................................................................... 4-184

Figure 4-37 Trigger Transition Filter.......................................................................................................................... 4-185

Figure 4-38 Arm Transition Filter .............................................................................................................................. 4-186

Figure 4-39 Sequence Transition Filter ...................................................................................................................... 4-187

Figure 4-40 Key-press codes ...................................................................................................................................... 4-208

APPENDICES

Figure H-1 IEEE-488 bus configuration....................................................................................................................... H-2

Figure H-2 IEEE-488 handshake sequence .................................................................................................................. H-3

Figure H-3 Commands codes ....................................................................................................................................... H-6

Ω

List of Tables

2 Getting Started

Table 2-1 DCV multiple displays............................................................................................................................... 2-5

Table 2-2 Menu summary .......................................................................................................................................... 2-6

Table 2-3 CONFIGURE DCV menu structure ........................................................................................................ 2-10

Table 2-4 Multiple displays for recalled readings.................................................................................................... 2-12

Table 2-5 Burst mode availability ............................................................................................................................ 2-12

Table 2-6 Abbreviated common command summary .............................................................................................. 2-14

Table 2-7 Abbreviated SCPI command summary.................................................................................................... 2-15

3 Front Panel Operation

Table 3-1 Data checked on power-up......................................................................................................................... 3-3

Table 3-2 Power-up error messages ........................................................................................................................... 3-3

Table 3-3 Multiple displays by function .................................................................................................................... 3-7

Table 3-4 Status and error messages ........................................................................................................................ 3-10

Table 3-5 EXIT key actions ..................................................................................................................................... 3-12

Table 3-6 CONFIGURE DCV menu structure ........................................................................................................ 3-15

Table 3-7 CONFIGURE ACV menu structure ........................................................................................................ 3-16

Table 3-8 DCV and ACV integration times set-by-resolution................................................................................. 3-17

Table 3-9 DCV and ACV auto filter ........................................................................................................................ 3-18

Table 3-10 DCV and ACV auto resolution ................................................................................................................ 3-18

Table 3-11 CONFIGURE DCI menu structure .......................................................................................................... 3-30

Table 3-12 CONFIGURE ACI menu structure .......................................................................................................... 3-31

Table 3-13 DCI and ACI integration time set-by-resolution...................................................................................... 3-31

Table 3-14 DCI and ACI auto filter ........................................................................................................................... 3-32

Table 3-15 DCI and ACI auto resolution ................................................................................................................... 3-32

Table 3-16 CONFIGURE OHMS-2W menu structure .............................................................................................. 3-37

Table 3-17 CONFIGURE OHMS-4W menu structure .............................................................................................. 3-38

Table 3-18 Table 3-19 Table 3-20

Table 3-21 Trigger level range and increments.......................................................................................................... 3-41

Table 3-22 CONFIGURE FREQUENCY menu structure ......................................................................................... 3-42

Table 3-23 CONFIG TEMPERATURE menu structure ............................................................................................ 3-47

Table 3-24 Translating SPRTD coefficients .............................................................................................................. 3-49

Table 3-25 Temperature integration time set-by-resolution....................................................................................... 3-50

Table 3-26 Temperature auto resolution .................................................................................................................... 3-51

Table 3-27 Allowable rel values................................................................................................................................. 3-53

Table 3-28 CONFIGURE TRIGGER menu structure................................................................................................ 3-55

Table 3-29 Reading storage options ........................................................................................................................... 3-80

2 and 2 and 2 and

4 integration time set-by-resolution ......................................................................................... 3-38

4 auto filter ............................................................................................................................... 3-39

4 auto resolution....................................................................................................................... 3-39

Ω

Table 3-30 CONFIG DATA STORE menu structure.................................................................................................. 3-80

Table 3-31 Available functions in burst mode............................................................................................................. 3-81

Table 3-32 Burst mode sequence ................................................................................................................................. 3-82

Table 3-33 Fill-and-stop sequence ............................................................................................................................... 3-84

Table 3-34 Pretrigger sequence ................................................................................................................................... 3-85

Table 3-35 Continuous sequence ................................................................................................................................. 3-85

Table 3-36 Auto filters ................................................................................................................................................. 3-89

Table 3-37 CONFIG-FILTER menu structure ............................................................................................................ 3-89

Table 3-38 CONFIGURE MATH menu structure....................................................................................................... 3-93

Table 3-39 CHANNEL SELECTION menu structure ................................................................................................ 3-95

Table 3-40 CONFIGURE CHANNELS menu structure ............................................................................................. 3-96

Table 3-41 SCAN OPERATION menu structure ........................................................................................................ 3-98

Table 3-42 Main menu structure ................................................................................................................................ 3-106

Table 3-43 Factory default conditions ....................................................................................................................... 3-109

Table 3-44 Limit values and actions ......................................................................................................................... 3-118

4 IEEE-488 Reference

Table 4-1 IEEE contact designations........................................................................................................................... 4-3

Table 4-2 HP BASIC 4.0 IEEE-488 statements .......................................................................................................... 4-4

Table 4-3 General bus commands and associated BASIC statements....................................................................... 4-26

Table 4-4 IEEE-488.2 common commands and queries ........................................................................................... 4-35

Table 4-5 Signal oriented measurement command summary.................................................................................... 4-51

Table 4-6 Calculate command summary ................................................................................................................... 4-59

Table 4-7 CALibrate command summary ................................................................................................................. 4-77

Table 4-8 DISPlay command summary..................................................................................................................... 4-79

Table 4-9 FORMat command summary .................................................................................................................... 4-85

Table 4-10 OUTPut command summary ..................................................................................................................... 4-92

Table 4-11 ROUTe command summary ...................................................................................................................... 4-94

Table 4-12 SENSe command summary ..................................................................................................................... 4-107

Table 4-13 Auto aperture; ACI .................................................................................................................................. 4-121

Table 4-14 Auto aperture; DCI .................................................................................................................................. 4-121

Table 4-15 Auto aperture; ACV ................................................................................................................................ 4-122

Table 4-16 Auto aperture; DCV,

Table 4-17 Auto NPLC; ACI ..................................................................................................................................... 4-126

Table 4-18 Auto NPLC; DCI ..................................................................................................................................... 4-126

Table 4-19 Auto NPLC; ACV ................................................................................................................................... 4-126

Table 4-20 Auto NPLC; DCV,

Table 4-21 Auto resolution; ACI ............................................................................................................................... 4-139

Table 4-22 Auto resolution; DCI ............................................................................................................................... 4-140

Table 4-23 Auto resolution; ACV.............................................................................................................................. 4-140

Table 4-24 Auto resolution; DCV,

Table 4-25 Auto resolution; TEMP ........................................................................................................................... 4-141

Table 4-26 RTD coefficients to Model 2001 coefficients ........................................................................................ 4-159

Table 4-27 SOURce command summary .................................................................................................................. 4-167

Table 4-28 STATus command summary ................................................................................................................... 4-169

Table 4-29 SYSTem command summary .................................................................................................................. 4-197

Table 4-30 Minimum delay times for stream mode................................................................................................... 4-205

Table 4-31 TRACe command summary .................................................................................................................... 4-211

Table 4-32 Trigger command summary .................................................................................................................... 4-221

Table 4-33 UNIT command summary ....................................................................................................................... 4-233

2 and

4............................................................................................................. 4-122

4 ............................................................................................................... 4-127

4.......................................................................................................... 4-140

xii

APPENDICES

Table D-1 Calculate command summary.................................................................................................................... D-2

Table D-2 CALibrate command summary.................................................................................................................. D-3

Table D-3 DISPlay command summary ..................................................................................................................... D-4

Table D-4 FORMat command summary..................................................................................................................... D-5

Table D-5 OUTPut command summary ..................................................................................................................... D-5

Table D-6 ROUTe command summary ...................................................................................................................... D-6

Table D-7 SENSe command summary ....................................................................................................................... D-7

Table D-8 SOURce command summary................................................................................................................... D-16

Table D-9 STATus command summary ................................................................................................................... D-16

Table D-10 SYSTem command summary .................................................................................................................. D-17

Table D-11 TRACe command summary..................................................................................................................... D-18

Table D-12 Trigger command summary ..................................................................................................................... D-19

Table D-13 UNIT command summary ....................................................................................................................... D-20

Table E-1 Model 2001 interface function codes.......................................................................................................... E-1

Table G-1 BASIC statements necessary to send bus commands ................................................................................ G-3

Table H-1 IEEE-488 bus command summary ............................................................................................................ H-4

Table H-2 Hexadecimal and decimal command codes ............................................................................................... H-7

Table H-3 Typical addressed command sequence ...................................................................................................... H-7

Table H-4 Typical common command sequence ........................................................................................................ H-7

Table H-5 IEEE command groups .............................................................................................................................. H-8

Table I-1 IEEE-488 documentation requirements ....................................................................................................... I-1

Table I-2 Coupled commands ...................................................................................................................................... I-2

Table J-1 Syntax of SCPI confirmed commands implemented by Model 2001......................................................... J-1

Table J-2 Syntax of non-SCPI commands implemented by Model 2001................................................................... J-7

xiii



General Information

1.1 Introduction

This section contains general information about the Model 2001 Multimeter. It is arranged in the following manner:

1.2 Features

1.3 Warranty information

1.4 Manual addenda

1.5 Safety symbols and terms

1.6 Speciﬁcations

1.7 Inspection

1.8 Options and accessories

1.2 Features

Some important Model 2001 features include:

• Full range of functions multimeter can measure DC voltage (normal and peak spikes), AC voltage (RMS, average, and peak), DC current (normal and in-circuit), AC current (RMS and average), two and four-wire resistance (normal and offsetcompensated), frequency, and temperature (resistance temperature devices or thermocouples).

• Two-line display are shown on an alphanumeric display having a 20character top line and a 32-character bottom line.

• Multifunction measuring and display panel, you can configure the instrument to sequentially measure and simultaneously display readings of multiple functions.

Among other functions, the

Readings and front panel messages

From the front

• Reading and setup storage can be stored and recalled from the front panel or over the IEEE-488 bus. For example, the buffer can be programmed to store up to 850 readings at 4.5 digits, or up to 250 time-stamped readings at 6.5 digits. The Model 2001 can be configured with memory options that extend the storage capacity up to 30,000 readings and ten setups.

• High-speed measurements of acquiring, for example, 2000 readings/second at 4.5 digits of resolution, and 215 readings/second at 6.5 digits.

• Talk-only mode instrument to send readings to an IEEE-488 printer or, with an optional adapter, to a Centronics printer.

• Digital calibration calibrated from either the front panel or over the bus.

• Standard IEEE-488 interface forms to the IEEE-488.2 and SCPI standards.

• Trigger link vides more versatile and precise external triggering. It is in addition to the standard Trigger In/Measurement Complete BNC external triggering techniques.

• Optional field-installable internal scanner 10-channel scanner card, which includes eight channels of 2-pole relay switching and two channels of 2-pole solid-state switching. All channels can be configure for 4-pole operation.

From the front panel, you can set the

The instrument may be digitally

This is a new trigger concept that pro-

Readings and setup data

The instrument is capable

Bus operation con-

This is a

1-1

General Information

1.3 Warranty information

Warranty information is located on the inside front cover of this instruction manual. Should your Model 2001 require warranty service, contact the Keithley representative or authorized repair facility in your area for further information. When returning the instrument for repair, be sure to fill out and include the service form at the back of this manual to provide the repair facility with the necessary information.

1.4 Manual addenda

Any improvements or changes concerning the instrument or manual will be explained in an addendum included with the manual. Be sure to note these changes and incorporate them into the manual.

1.5 Safety symbols and terms

The following symbols and terms may be found on an instrument or used in this manual.

The symbol on an instrument indicates that the user should refer to the operating instructions located in the manual.

physical damage that may have occurred during transit. (Note: There may be a protective film over the display lens, which can be removed.) Report any damage to the shipping agent immediately. Save the original packing carton for possible future reshipment. The following items are included with every Model 2001 order:

• Model 2001 Multimeter (with MEM1 or MEM2 memory option, if ordered) with line cord.

• Model 8605 High Performance Modular Test Leads.

• Model 2001 Operator’s Manual and Model 2001 Calibration Manual.

• Accessories as ordered.

• Full calibration data (conforming to MIL-STD 45662A).

If an additional manual is required, order the appropriate manual package:

• Keithley part number 2001-900-00 for the Operator’s Manual.

• Keithley part number 2001-905-00 for the Calibration Manual.

• Keithley part number 2001-902-00 for the Repair Manual.

The manual packages include a manual and any pertinent addenda.

The symbol on an instrument shows that high voltage may be present on the terminal(s). Use standard safety precautions to avoid personal contact with these voltages.

The

WARNING

gers that might result in personal injury or death. Always read the associated information very carefully before performing the indicated procedure.

The

CAUTION

ards that could damage the instrument. Such damage may invalidate the warranty.

heading used in this manual explains dan-

heading used in this manual explains haz-

1.6 Speciﬁcations

Full Model 2001 specifications are included in Appendix A.

1.7 Inspection

The Model 2001 was carefully inspected, both electrically and mechanically before shipment. After unpacking all items from the shipping carton, check for any obvious signs of

1.8 Options and accessories

The following options and accessories are available from Keithley for use with the Model 2001.

Model 1050 Padded Carrying Case —

a Model 2001 or a Model 7001. Includes handles and shoulder strap.

Models 2001/MEM1 and 2001/MEM2 —

configurations of the Model 2001 extend its storage capacity. The MEM1 option has 32K-bytes for non-volatile storage of fi e setups, and 7000 readings in compact format or 1400 readings in full format. The MEM2 option has 128K-bytes for non-volatile storage of ten setups, and 30000 compact readings or 6000 full readings.

Model 2001-SCAN —

that installs within the Model 2001. It has eight channels of 2-pole relay switching and two channels of 2-pole solid-state switching. All channels can be configured for 4-pole operation. Included are two pairs of leads for connection to Model 2001 rear panel inputs (Keithley part number CA-109).

This is a 10-channel scanner card

A carrying case for

These optional

1-2

General Information

Model 4288-1 Single Fixed Rack Mount Kit —

single Model 2001 in a standard 19-inch rack.

Model 4288-2 Side-by-side Rack Mount Kit —

two instruments (Models 182, 428, 486, 487, 2001, 7001) side-by-side in a standard 19-inch rack.

Model 4288-3 Side-by-side Rack Mount Kit —

Model 2001 and a Model 199 side-by-side in a standard 19inch rack.

Model 4288-4 Side-by-side Rack Mount Kit —

Model 2001 and a 5-inch instrument (Models 195A, 196, 220, 224, 230, 263, 595, 614, 617, 705, 740, 775, etc.) sideby-side in a standard 19-inch rack.

Models 7007-1 and 7007-2 Shielded IEEE-488 Cables —

Connect the Model 2001 to the IEEE-488 bus using shielded cables and connectors to reduce electromagnetic interference (EMI). The Model 7007-1 is one meter long; the Model 7007-2 is two meters long.

Models 8501-1 and 8501-2 Trigger Link Cables —

nect the Model 2001 to other instruments with Trigger Link connectors (e.g., Model 7001 Switch System). The Model 8501-1 is one meter long; the Model 8501-2 is two meters long.

Model 8502 Trigger Link Adapter —

nect the Trigger Link of the Model 2001 to instruments that use the standard BNC (In/Out) external triggering technique.

Allows you to con-

Mounts a

Mounts

Mounts a

Con-

Models 5805 and 5805-12 Kelvin Probes —

two spring-loaded Kelvin test probes with banana plug termination. Designed to be used with instruments that measure 4-terminal resistance. The Model 5805 is 0.9m long; the Model 5805-12 is 3.6m long.

Model 5806 Kelvin Clip Lead Set —

clip test leads (0.9m) with banana plug termination. Designed for instruments that measure 4-terminal resistance. A set of eight replacement rubber bands for the Model 5806 is available as Keithley P/N GA-22.

Model 8604 SMD Probe Set —

(3ft), each terminated with a surface mount device “grabber” clip on one end and a banana plug with retractable sheath on the other end.

Model 8610 Low Thermal Shorting Plug —

four banana plugs mounted to a 1-inch square circuit board, interconnected to provide a short circuit among all plugs.

Model 8611 Low Thermal Patch Leads —

test leads (3ft), each with a banana plug with a retractable sheath at each end. These leads minimize the thermallyinduced offsets that can be created by test leads.

Model 8612 Low Thermal Spade Leads —

test leads (3ft), each terminated with a spade lug on one end and a banana plug with a retractable sheath on the other end. These leads minimize the thermally-induced offsets that can be created by test leads.

Includes two Kelvin

Consists of two test leads

Consists of

Consists of two

Model 8530 IEEE-488 to Centronics Printer Adapter Cable —

Translates the IEEE-488 connector pinout and signal level to a Centronics termination. This permits a standard Centronics parallel printer to be connected to a Model 2001 in TALK-ONLY mode.

Model 8605 High Performance Modular Test Leads —

Consists of two high voltage (1000V) test probes and leads. The test leads are terminated with a banana plug with retractable sheath on each end. (Each Model 2001 is shipped with one set of these test leads.)

Model 8606 High Performance Probe Tip Kit —

of two spade lugs, two alligator clips, and two spring hook test probes. (The spade lugs and alligator clips are rated at 30V RMS, 42.4V peak; the test probes are rated at 1000V.) These components are designed to be used with high performance test leads terminated with banana plugs, such as the Model 8605 High Performance Modular Test Leads.

The following test leads and probes are rated at 30V RMS,

42.4V peak:

Consists

Model 8680 RTD Probe Adapter —

terminated and unterminated cables to instruments with banana jacks for measuring 4-terminal resistance. It has a 4-pin “T”-style connector and a 4-pin screw terminal block.

Model 8681 Miniature RTD Surface Probe —

cost platinum 4-wire-RTD with unterminated wires. It is designed to measure the temperature of flat surfaces or free space.

Model 8693 General Purpose/Immersion RTD Probe —

This probe has a platinum RTD sensor. It is designed for immersion in liquids as well as other general purpose applications.

Model 8695 Surface RTD Probe —

num RTD sensor. It is designed to measure the temperature of flat sur aces of solids.

Model 8696 Air/Gas RTD Probe —

num RTD sensor. It has an exposed junction within a protective shroud for measuring the temperature of air or gases.

This adapts RTDs with

This is a low

This probe has a plati-

1-3

The Keithley Applications Department is available at 1-800-348-3735 (U.S. only) to answer any questions about the Model 2001.

2.1 Introduction

Getting Started

This section contains introductory information on operating your Model 2001 Multimeter. For detailed front panel and IEEE-488 bus operation, refer to Sections 3 and 4 respectively.

The information in this section is arranged as follows:

2.2 Front and rear panel summary:

trols and connectors on the front and rear panels, and the front panel display of the instrument.

2.3 Overview of measurement process:

description of the measurement process.

2.4 Initial conﬁguration:

information that should be considered before operation.

2.5 Front panel operation:

el operation through the use of simple examples.

2.6 IEEE-488.2 and SCPI basics:

information concerning operation over the IEEE-488 bus, including programming examples.

The IEEE-488 bus is also referred to as GPIB, the general purpose interface bus. Both terms are used with the Model 2001 and in this manual.

Reviews initial configuratio

Demonstrates basic front pan-

NOTE

Describes the con-

Provides a brief

Discusses fundamental

2.2 Front and rear panel summary

2.2.1 Front panel

The front panel controls and connections of the Model 2001 are shown in Figure 2-1. This figure includes important abbreviated information that should be reviewed before operating the instrument. Notice that some of the controls are dualfunction, rocker-action type keys. These include REL/TRIG, STORE/RECALL, FILTER/MATH, / , INFO/LOCAL, CHAN/SCAN, CONFIG/MENU, and EXIT/ENTER.

2.2.2 Rear panel

The rear panel of the Model 2001 is shown in Figure 2-2. This figure also includes abbreviated information that should be reviewed before operating the instrument.

2-1

Getting Started

ERR REM TALK LSTN SRQ REAR REL FILT MATH 4W AUTO ARM TRIG SMPL

Reading Display Line

Status Line/Additional

Reading Display Line

DISPLAY

POWER

DCV ACV DCI ACI Ω2 Ω4

REL TRIG

INFO LOCAL EXIT ENTER

1 ANNUNCIATORS

ERR: Questionable reading (see paragraph 4.21) REM: In remote TALK: Addressed to talk LSTN: Addressed to listen SRQ: Service Request REAR: Reading acquired from rear inputs REL: Relative reading displayed FILT: Digital filter enabled MATH: Math calculation enabled 4W: 4-wire resistance reading displayed AUTO: Autoranging enabled ARM: Trigger armed; not in idle. *(asterisk): Readings being stored

2 FUNCTION KEYS

DCV: DC voltage Ω2: 2-wire resistance ACV: AC voltage Ω4: 4-wire resistance DCI: DC current FREQ: Frequency ACI: AC current TEMP: Temperature

3 RANGE KEYS

 : Moves to higher range; increments digit  : Moves to lower range; increments digit

AUTO: Enables/disables autorange

4 HANDLE (not shown)

Pull out and rotate to desired position

5 DISPLAY KEYS

PREV: Moves to previous multiple display of a function NEXT: Moves to next multiple display of a function

6 POWER

0 = OFF 1 = ON

Range : 200mVDC

STORE RECALL

CHAN SCAN

7 OPERATION KEYS

8 INPUT CONNECTIONS

9 INPUTS

10 CAL

INPUT

2A 250V

AMPS

1100V PEAK

500V PEAK

FILTER MATH

CONFIG MENU

2001 MULTIMETER

FREQ TEMP

RANGE

AUTO

RANGE

SENSE

Ω 4 WIRE

350V PEAK

INPUTS

FRONT/REAR

CAL

910

REL: Enables/disables relative reading TRIG: Triggers unit STORE: Enables data storage RECALL: Displays reading data (reading, number, time). Use PREV/NEXT

DISPLAY for maximum

FILTER: Displays digital filter status for present function and toggles filter on/

off

MATH: Displays math calculation and toggles math on/off if configured

and : Moves cursor among data entry digits, menu selections, and

information displays INFO: Shows context-sensitive information about the present display LOCAL: Cancels IEEE-488 remote CHAN: Selects internal scanner channel to measure (1-10) SCAN: Performs scan of internal or external scanner channels, or ratio or

delta CONFIG: Configures functions and operations MENU: Saves/restores instrument conditions; sets up GPIB; performs cali-

bration and self-tests; defines limits, buffer, digital I/O, autozero EXIT: Cancels selection, moves back within menu structure ENTER: Holds reading, enters selection, moves down within menu structure

INPUT HI and LO: Used for making DC volts, AC volts, and 2-wire resis-

tance measurements AMPS: Used in conjunction with INPUT LO to make DC current and AC

current measurements. Also holds current input fuse (2A, 250V, fast blow,

5×20mm) SENSE Ω4 WIRE HI and LO: Used with INPUT HI and LO to make 4-wire

resistance measurements

Selects input connections on front or rear panels

Enables calibration functions

Figure 2-1

Model 2001 front panel

2-2

WARNING:NO INTERNAL OPERATOR SERVICABLE PARTS,SERVICE BY QUALIFIED PERSONNEL ONLY.

CAUTION:FOR CONTINUED PROTECTION AGAINST FIRE HAZARD,REPLACE FUSE WITH SAME TYPE AND RATING.

1 2 3

Getting Started

INPUT

1100V

HI LO

PEAK

350V PEAK

SENSE

Ω 4 WIRE

EXTERNAL TRIGGER INPUT

Trigger Reading

TTL HI

>10µsec

BNC CONNECTIONS

TTL LO

LO (Chassis)

EXTERNAL

AMPS

500V

2A MAX

PEAK

AMPS

FUSE

2A, 250V

OPTION SLOT

6 7

METER COMPLETE OUTPUT

TRIGGER

INPUT

Reading Complete

>10µsec

MADE IN

U.S.A.

METER

COMPLETE

OUTPUT

DIGITAL I/O

TTL HI

TTL LO

IN OUT

TRIGGER

LINK

LINE RATING

90-134VAC

180-250VAC

50, 60, 400HZ

55VA MAX

IEEE-488

(CHANGE IEEE ADDRESS

WITH FRONT PANEL MENU)

LINE FUSE

SLOWBLOW

1/2A, 250V

1 INPUT CONNECTIONS

INPUT HI and LO: Used for making DC volts, AC volts,

and 2-wire resistance measurements.

AMPS: Used in conjunction with INPUT LO to make DC

current and AC current measurements.

SENSE Ω4 WIRE HI and LO: Used with INPUT HI and LO

to make 4-wire resistance measurements

2 FAN

Keep filter clean to ensure proper instrument cooling.

3 POWER LINE INPUT

90-134VAC and 180-250VAC (universal); 50, 60, or

400Hz (self-identifying)

WARNING: Connect to grounded outlet using 3-wire

power cord.

4 LINE FUSE

Provides protection on the AC power line, Replace only

with 0.5A, 250V, slow blow, 5×20mm

Figure 2-2

Model 2001 rear panel

5 SCANNER

Optional Model 2001-SCAN Scanner Card installs in this slot

6 AMPS FUSE

Holds current input fuse (2A, 250V, fast blow, 5×20mm)

7 DIGITAL I/O

A DB-9 connector for the TTL-compatible digital I/O with on in-

put and four outputs

8 TRIGGER LINK IN and OUT

Two 8-pin micro DIN connectors for sending and receiving trig-

ger pulses among other instruments. (See paragraph 3.7.7)

9 IEEE-488 CONNECTOR

Connects the instrument to the IEEE-488 (GPIB) bus. NOTE: Use

shielded IEEE-488 cables

2-3

Getting Started



2.2.3 Front panel display

Normal displays

In the normal display mode, the front panel of the Model 2001 shows the following:

• Top line scanning. Where needed for clarification, the type of measurement.

• Bottom line frequency coupling and terminals; temperature sensor.

Most readings have from 3.5 to 7.5 digits of resolution. For example, an AC voltage measurement (RMS type), at 5.5 digits on the 200VAC range would be displayed as follows:

+000.000 VAC RMS

Range: 200 VAC Coupling: AC

With a math operation enabled (percent or mX+b), the reading could be expressed in scientific notation, such as

+5.0000e+03 VAC %

Range: 200 VAC Coupling: AC

Multiple displays

The mode called multiple display is accessed from the normal display by pressing the NEXT or PREVious DISPLAY keys. Each measurement function has its own set of multiple displays.

In the multiple display mode, the Model 2001 can show the readings of up to three separate measurements. For example, in the DC voltage function, one of the multiple displays shows DC volts, AC ripple voltage, and ripple frequency:

+00.00000 VDC

+00.0000 VAC +000.00 Hz

Or, a multiple display can show a bar graph, such as:

Readings, units, and channel number if

Range, if fi ed; ACV and ACI coupling;

INFO displays

There are context-sensitive information message displays for most front panel operations. The explanatory information is toggled on and off with the INFO key. For example, the INFO message for one of the DCV multiple displays is:

INFO: VDC, VAC, Hz

Shows DC value, AC ripple, and

the ripple frequency.

where the blinking and characters signify that the front panel cursor keys must be used to view the complete bottom line.

INFO messages are listed in Appendix H.

Conﬁguration menu displays

Each measurement function is individually configured by pressing CONFIG followed by the function key. In addition, operations that affect all measurement functions, such as triggers, data storage, and limits, are also configured by pressing CONFIG followed by the operation key.

The top level of the configurationmenu for DC voltage is accessed by pressing the CONFIG key, and then the DCV key. The resulting display reads:

CONFIGURE DCV

SPEED FILTER RESOLUTION

In some cases, menu selections branch off to further defin the options, such as the following for the SPEED option:

DCV MEASUREMENT SPEED

NORMAL FAST MEDIUM HIACCURACY

SET-SPEED-EXACTLY SET-BY-RSLN

Configuration menus for all functions and operations are shown in Appendix H. Guidelines for navigating the front panel menus are summarized in Table 2-2.

+12.00000 VDC

0|=====|=====|== | |+20V

The complete set of multiple displays is listed in Appendix H. They are described in detail in Section 3. The set for the DC voltage function is also shown in Table 2-1.

2-4

Table 2-1

DCV multiple displays

Display Description

Getting Started

+00.00000 VDC

Range: 20 VDC NEXT ↓↑ PREV

+00.00000 VDC

+00.0000 VAC +000.00 Hz NEXT ↓↑ PREV

+00.00000 VDC

Pos-Pk=+00.00 V Highest=+00.00 V NEXT ↓↑ PREV

+00.00000 VDC

Neg-Pk=+00.00 V Lowest=+00.00 V NEXT ↓↑ PREV

+00.00000 VDC

Pos-Pk=+00.00 V Neg-Pk=+00.00 V NEXT ↓↑ PREV

+10.00000 VDC

0|=====|=====| | |+20V NEXT ↓↑ PREV

+10.00000 VDC

-50% | | |====|====| +50% NEXT ↓↑ PREV

+00.00000 VDC

Max=+00.00000 Min=+00.00000 NEXT ↓↑ PREV

+00.00000 VDC

Actual=+00.00000 (without REL) NEXT ↓↑ PREV

+00.00000 VDC

Reading=+00.00000 NEXT ↓↑ PREV

+00.00000 VDC PASS

+00.00000 VDC CH02

CH01=+00.0000 V CH03=+00.0000 V NEXT ↓↑ PREV

Note: Press the NEXT and PREV DISPLAY keys to scroll through the multiple displays (with wraparound).

Normal display. (Range not shown if auto-range.)

AC ripple voltage and frequency.

Positive peak spikes and highest value.

Negative peak spikes and lowest value.

Positive and negative peak spikes.

Bar graph to + or - full scale.

Zero-centered bar graph with adjustable limits.

Maximum and minimum values.

Value with REL applied. Actual value.

Result of math operation. Reading before math.

HI/LO/PASS bar graph with adjustable limits.

Readings of adjacent internal channels (with Model 2001-SCAN option).

2-5

Getting Started

Table 2-2

Menu summary

Action Description

CONFIG-DCV Press the CONFIG key, then the DCV

key, to view the top level of the DCV configuration menu. Access to other function and operation configurations are similar, e.g., CONFIG-ACV or CONFIG-TRIG.

MENU Press the MENU key to view the top

level of the main menu. The operations that have no corresponding key are included in the main menu.

or Use the cursor keys to move the high-

lighted cursor among menu selections, or the digits of a parameter value, or change channels on the scanner.

RANGE  RANGE 

Use the RANGE keys to increment and decrement digits of a parameter value.

ENTER Accepts menu selection or data entry.

EXIT Cancels changed menu selection. Also

returns you to the previous menu level.

INFO Displays context-sensitive information

about the present menu level. Toggles information message on/off.

Message displays

While operating the Model 2001, the front panel display is also used for showing status and error messages. These messages are shown to inform you of parameter conflicts, trigger overruns, etc. Refer to paragraph 3.3.4 for a complete list of these messages.

Section 4, IEEE-488 Reference, describes the programming of user messages to be shown on the front panel. (See the DISPlay subsystem.) Both lines of the display are available for this purpose.

2.3 Overview of measurement process

The following overview is intended to acquaint you with the basic measurement fundamentals without overwhelming you with the details of enhanced capabilities. This brief overview is sufficient to support the operation examples in paragraphs 2.5 (front panel) and 2.6 (IEEE-488 bus). For a complete explanation on all aspects of the measurement process, see paragraph 3.7.

The simplified model for a measurement operation is shown in Figure 2-3. As shown, the measurement operation consists of three layers: the arm layer, scan layer, and measure layer.

Idle

Buffered readings display

After readings have been stored in the buffer, they are displayed on the front panel by pressing the RECALL key. This action brings up the first reading in the uffer, such as:

+00.00000 VDC

Rdg#+00000 @Time=+000.000000 sec

where the top line shows the reading, and the bottom line shows the reading number and time-stamp. The RANGE  and  keys scroll through the readings and the and keys change the digit being scrolled. You can scroll through statistical data on the buffered readings by pressing the NEXT and PREVious DISPLAY keys. This also gives you the option of printing the data.

NOTE

Buffered readings are preserved across power transition when the memory options are installed.

Yes

Another

Arm

Another

Scan

Another

Measure-

ment

Arm

Layer

Scan

Layer

Measure

Layer

Arm

Event

Scan

Event

Measure

Event

Device

Action

igure 2-3

implified model of measu ement operation

Arm

Count

Scan

Count

Measure

Count

2-6

Getting Started

2.3.1 Idle

The instrument is considered to be in the idle state whenever it is not operating within one of the layers of the model. The front panel ARM indicator is off when the instrument is in the idle state.

When the Model 2001 is taken out of the idle state by pressing TRIG (or sending the :INIT or :INIT:CONT ON command over the IEEE-488 bus), the ARM indicator turns on and operation proceeds into the arm layer.

2.3.2 Arm layer

In general, the instrument requires an arm event to allow operation to proceed to the scan layer. With an arm source of Immediate (the factory default), operation immediately proceeds to the next layer when the instrument is taken out of the idle state. With one of the other arm sources selected, the instrument waits until the appropriate event occurs, as explained below:

• External  The instrument waits for an input trigger

(via EXTERNAL TRIGGER connector on rear panel).

• Manual  The instrument waits until the front panel

TRIG key is pressed.

• GPIB  The instrument waits until a bus trigger (GET

or *TRG) is received.

• Trigger Link  The instrument waits until an input

trigger is received (via TRIGGER LINK).

• Hold  The instrument waits in the arm layer until the

arm source is changed. (Note: the signal and immediate layer commands, that is, :ARM:LAY1:SIGN and :ARM:LAY1:IMM, will satisfy the event detection logic.)

NOTE

With the Immediate trigger source selected, a “trigger ignored” message will be displayed if an external trigger is sent to the Model 2001 or a manual trigger (i.e., pressing TRIG key) occurs. The external or manual trigger is not used (ignored).

After all scan and measure operations are complete, the instrument can be returned to the arm layer by programming the instrument for additional arms. The arm count can be set to a finite value (1 to 99,999) or to infinit . The factory default value is one.

After the instrument leaves the arm layer, operation proceeds into the scan layer.

2.3.3 Scan layer

In general, the instrument requires a scan event to allow operation to proceed to the measure layer. With a scan source of Immediate (the factory default), operation immediately proceeds to the next layer. With one of the other scan sources selected (External, Manual, GPIB, Trigger Link, Timer, or Hold), the instrument waits until the appropriate event occurs.

With a scan source of Timer, the first pass through the scan layer occurs immediately. If programmed for additional scans, the instrument waits for an interval between 1msec and 999,999.999 seconds.

The scan count (number of scans) can be set to a finite value (1 to 99,999) or to infinit . The “bench” factory default value is infinit .

NOTE

After the instrument leaves the scan layer, operation proceeds into the measure layer.

2.3.4 Measure layer

In general, measure events control the reading rate. With a measure source of Immediate (the factory default), a device action occurs immediately. The device action consists of taking a reading. If scanning is selected, the device action consists of taking a reading, opening a channel, configuring for next function in scan list, and closing a channel.

With one of the other measure sources selected (External, Manual, GPIB, Trigger Link, Timer, or Hold), the instrument waits until the appropriate event occurs before taking a reading and, optionally, scanning a channel.

With a measure source of Timer, the first reading is taken immediately. Each additional reading waits for the Timer to time out before it is taken.

NOTE

2-7

Getting Started

The measure count (number of readings to take) is set to a fi nite value (1 to 99,999) or to infinit . The factory default value is infinit .

In factory default conditions, the arm layer and scan layer are transparent to the measurement operation.

2.4 Initial conﬁguration

WARNING

Before turning on the Model 2001, make sure it is connected to a grounded power receptacle using the supplied power cord or the equivalent. Failure to properly ground the unit creates a shock hazard that could result in injury or death.

The Model 2001 can save from one to ten user setups in memory, depending on the installed memory option. You can select one of the user setups as the power-on default, or have the instrument power up to either of the two factory defaults (optimized for “BENCH” or “GPIB” operation). Since the examples in paragraph 2.5 assume BENCH defaults, reset the instrument to those settings by performing the following steps:

1. Press the MENU key to display the MAIN MENU options as shown below:

MAIN MENU

SAVESETUP GPIB CALIBRATION

TEST LIMITS STATUS-MSG GENERAL

When the lower display line is longer than one line, the right-most character will be a symbol. Repeatedly press the key to view the second half of the lower line, and press the key to return to the first half display.

NOTE

Additional information is available for most front panel operations. Simply press the INFO key to toggle an INFO display. Use the and keys to see the complete lower line.

3. Press the key until the RESET option of the SETUP MENU is blinking and then press ENTER to view the reset menu:

RESET ORIGINAL DFLTS

BENCH GPIB

4. Select the BENCH option by making it blink and pressing ENTER. The following confirmationmessage is displayed:

RESETTING INSTRUMENT

ENTER to conÞrm; EXIT to abort

5. Press ENTER to confirm. The parameters accessed by the front panel are now reset to factory defaults for bench operation. The display will show DC voltage readings with autorange enabled. The default settings for DC voltage are:

• Measurement speed (integration time)  Normal, 1

power line cycle.

• Digital filter  Advanced, 10 readings, 1% noise tol-

erance, moving average, enabled.

• Display resolution  6.5 digits.

2.5 Front panel operation

Basic front panel operation will be demonstrated by examples of measuring DC voltages. The first example shows readings at default settings and high accuracy readings. The second example shows storing high speed readings. These examples are only intended to teach basic operation.

Details for using the full capabilities of the Model 2001 from the front panel are contained in Section 3 of this manual. The manual for the Model 2001-SCAN Scanner Card has examples for closing and opening channels and scanning lists of channels.

NOTE

The front panel operation examples assume that the Model 2001 is initially set up for proper operation as explained in paragraph 2.4.

2.5.1 Measuring DC voltage example

2. If the SAVESETUP option is not blinking, press the key until it is and then press ENTER to view the setup menu:

SETUP MENU

SAVE RESTORE POWERON RESET

2-8

Before starting this example, the front panel display should show triggered DC voltage measurements. If it does not, perform a bench reset following the procedure of paragraph 2.4.

Perform the following steps to make DC voltage measurements with the Model 2001 Multimeter.

Getting Started

Step 1  Connect a DC voltage source

The Model 2001 can be used to make DC voltage measurements in the range of ±10nV to ±1100V. Low level measurement techniques need to be used at resolutions of 5.5 digits and more. See paragraph 3.4.1 for low level measurement considerations.

WARNING

The maximum input voltage between INPUT HI and INPUT LO is 1100V peak. The maximum common-mode voltage (voltage between INPUT LO and chassis ground) is 500V peak. Exceeding these values may create a shock hazard.

1. Select the front input jacks with the INPUTS button (outer position for front jacks, inner position for rear).

2. Using the set of supplied test leads, connect the Model 2001 to a DC voltage source (e.g., a battery) as shown in Figure 2-4.

Step 2  Select a range and display a reading

3. For the 200mV range, short the probe ends and allow the reading to settle. Press REL to null any offsets. Leave REL enabled while making measurements. Reconnect the probes to the voltage source.

NOTE

A reading can be held by pressing the ENTER key. This freezes the display until the EXIT key is pressed, returning the display to normal. If the ENTER key is pressed instead, the display is updated with another reading.

Step 3  View the default configu ation

The DCV function has the following defaults for speed, fil ter, and resolution:

• Measurement speed (integration time)  Normal (1

power line cycle; 16.7msec for 60Hz, 20msec for 50Hz and 400Hz).

• Digital filter  Advanced, 10 readings, 1% noise toler-

ance, moving average, enabled.

• Display resolution  6.5 digits.

Use the RANGE keys to select autoranging or a manual range:

1. As indicated by the AUTO annunciator, bench reset returns the instrument to autoranging. Pressing the AUTO range key toggles autoranging.

2. You can select a different range with the  RANGE and  RANGE keys. When using manual ranging, be sure to use a range high enough for the signal level. If the “Overfl w” message is displayed on a manual range, select the next higher range until you obtain an on-range reading. Use the lowest possible range to obtain the best accuracy and resolution.

Model 2001

2001 MULTIMETER

DCV ACV DCI ACI Ω2 Ω4

DISPLAY

REL TRIG STORE RECALL

POWER

INFO LOCAL CHAN SCAN CONFIG MENU EXIT ENTER

FILTER MATH

FREQ TEMP

RANGE AUTO

RANGE

Input Resistance = 10MΩ on 1000V and 200V ranges ; > 10GΩ on 20V, 2V and 200mV ranges. = 1MΩ on DCV peak spikes measurement.

Caution: Maximum Input = 1100V peak

Figure 2-4

Typical DC voltage connections

If these settings are not sufficient for your DCV measurement, they can be changed through the DCV configuratio menu:

1. Press the CONFIG key and then the DCV or ENTER key. The instrument displays the following menu:

CONFIGURE DCV

SPEED FILTER RESOLUTION

NOTE

Pressing CONFIG, then ENTER displays the top level of the configuration menu for the present function.

SENSE

INPUT

Ω 4 WIRE

350V

1100V

PEAK

500V PEAK

INPUTS

FRONT/REAR

2A 250V

AMPS

CAL

DC Voltage

Source

2-9

Getting Started

Table 2-3

CONFIGURE DCV menu structure

Menu item Description

SPEED

NORMAL FAST MEDIUM HIACCURACY SET-SPEED-EXACTLY SET-BY-RSLN

FILTER

AUTO AVERAGING ADVANCED

Measurement speed (integration time) menu:

Select 1 PLC (power line cycle, 16.67msec for 60Hz, 20msec for 50Hz and 400Hz). Select 0.01 PLC. Select 0.1 PLC. Select 10 PLC. Set integration time in PLC (0.01-10). Default to setting appropriate for resolution.

Digital filter menu

Default to filter appropriate for int gration time. Program a simple average filter (1-100 readings) Program a simple average filter (1-100 readings) with a noise tolerance

window (0-100% of range).

AVERAGING-MODE

RESOLUTION

AUTO

3.5d, 4.5d, 5.5d, 6.5d, 7.5d

Select moving average or repeating average mode.

Display resolution menu:

Default to resolution appropriate for integration time. Select a specific resolution

2. You can view the present selections of each CONFIGURE DCV option by pressing the and keys to move to the desired option, then pressing ENTER. The present selection is shown blinking. (Remember that additional information is available by pressing the INFO key.)

This is the top level of the menu shown in Table 2-3.

Step 4  Configu e for high accuracy

To make high accuracy readings of a voltage source, change the configuration of the DC voltage measurement, as follows:

4. Using the cursor keys, select the AVERAGING option, then press ENTER. The instrument displays the following:

AVG: 010 RDGS (1-100)

Use , ,  ,  , ENTER,EXIT, or INFO

5. This is a simple moving average filter of 10 readings, which is the minimum recommended for high accuracy DC voltage measurements. If it is sufficient, just press ENTER or EXIT. If you want the instrument to average more readings, use the cursor keys and RANGE keys to increase the value (up to 100 readings). Press ENTER to make the change.

1. Select SPEED from the CONFIGURE DCV menu, then press ENTER. The multimeter displays the following menu:

DCV MEASUREMENT SPEED

NORMAL FAST MEDIUM HIACCURACY

SET-SPEED-EXACTLY SET-BY-RSLN

2. Using the cursor keys, select the HIACCURACY option (integration time of 10 power line cycles), then press ENTER.

3. Select FILTER from the CONFIGURE DCV menu, then press ENTER. The following menu is displayed:

DCV DIGITAL FILTER

AUTO AVERAGING ADVANCED

AVERAGING-MODE

2-10

NOTE

This step does not enable the digital filte . That is done by pressing the FILTER key while outside the menu structure.

6. Select RESOLUTION from the CONFIGURE DCV menu. The following menu is displayed:

SET DCV RESOLUTION

AUTO 3.5d 4.5d 5.5d 6.5d 7.5d

7. Using the cursor keys, select 7.5 digits of resolution, then press ENTER.

8. Press EXIT to return to the normal display. The reading should reflect the speed and resolution changes. (Changes will affect only the DCV function.)

Getting Started

Step 5  Enable the digital filte

If the filter is not on, press FILTER to enable the digital filte . The type of filter and number of readings selected is displayed momentarily, for example:

Filter Enabled

Digital = AVG(10)

The reading should now be less noisy. The digital filter can be disabled by pressing the FILTER key again.

Step 6  View the multiple displays

Each measurement function has a series of front panel displays. The displays are accessed with the NEXT DISPLAY and PREV DISPLAY keys.

1. From the normal display of DC voltage, press the NEXT DISPLAY key once to also view AC voltage and frequency measurements of the signal, for example:

+000.0000 mVDC

+000.000 mVAC +000.00 Hz

2. Return to the normal DCV display by pressing PREV DISPLAY, or view the remaining DCV displays by pressing NEXT DISPLAY, which wraps around to the normal display. The DC voltage multiple displays were shown in Table 2-1.

NOTE

Pressing and holding either the NEXT DISPLAY or PREV DISPLAY key returns to the normal display.

DCV MEASUREMENT SPEED

NORMAL FAST MEDIUM HIACCURACY

SET-SPEED-EXACTLY SET-BY-RSLN

3. Using the cursor keys, select the FAST option, then press ENTER. Since the resolution is set to AUTO, where it defaults to a value appropriate for the speed, it will be set to 4.5d automatically.

4. Press EXIT to return to the normal display.

Step 2  Store the readings

To store readings in the instrument’s data storage buffer, perform the following:

1. Press the STORE key. The following message is displayed:

STORE 00100 READINGS

Use , ,  ,  , ENTER,EXIT, or INFO

2. The factory default number of readings to store is 100. Use the cursor and RANGE keys to make changes. The maximum possible number of readings depends on the following:

• The data group selected for storage (full or compact).

This is selected under the CONFIG DATA STORE menu.

• The memory option (STD, MEM1, or MEM2).

3. Press ENTER to start storing readings. The asterisk annunciator lights to indicate a data storage operation. The bottom line of the display counts up the data storage points.

2.5.2 Storing DC voltage readings example

This example assumes the Model 2001 is reset to its bench defaults, as outlined in paragraph 2.4. It also assumes the instrument is connected to a DC voltage source, and the front panel displays on-scale readings.

Step 1  Configu e for high speed measurements

To make high speed readings of a voltage source, change the configuration of DC oltage measurements, as follows:

1. Press CONFIG-DCV to view the DCV configuratio menu:

CONFIGURE DCV

SPEED FILTER RESOLUTION

2. Select SPEED from the menu, then press ENTER. The multimeter displays the following menu:

Step 3  Recall the readings

To recall the stored readings, perform the following:

1. Press RECALL to view the readings. The following message is displayed with the cursor on the least significant digit of the reading number:

+00.00000 VDC

Rdg#+00000 @Time=+000.000000 sec

2. Use the RANGE  and  keys to increment and decrement the reading number and scroll through the buffer.

3. The NEXT and PREV DISPLAY keys can be used while recalling readings to access additional data, as shown in Table 2-4.

2-11

Getting Started

Table 2-4

Multiple displays for recalled readings

Display Description

+00.00000 VDC

Rdg#+00000 @Time=+000.000000 sec NEXT ↓↑ PREV

+00.00000 VDC

MAX=+0.000000e+00 at RDG# +00000 NEXT ↓↑ PREV

+00.00000 VDC

MIN=+0.000000e+00 at RDG# +00000 NEXT ↓↑ PREV

+00.00000 VDC

AVG=+0.0000e+00 SDEV=+0.0000e+00 NEXT ↓↑ PREV

PRINT BUFFER DATA

Press ENTER to start printing. NEXT ↓↑ PREV

Note: Press the NEXT and PREV DISPLAY keys to scroll through the multiple displays (with wraparound.)

Step 4  Configu e for burst of high speed readings

There are two data acquisition modes, normal and burst. The burst reading rate is 2000 readings/sec into the buffer (plus post-processing time of the raw readings, typically 2msec/ reading). To achieve this speed, certain tradeoffs are made with fl xibility, as listed in Table 2-5.

1. To continue the reading storage example with burst mode selected, display the CONFIG DATA STORE menu by pressing the CONFIG key, then the STORE key:

CONFIG DATA STORE

BURST-MODE DATA-GROUP CONTROL

CLEAR-ALL COUNT FEED

2. Select BURST-MODE and press ENTER. After a momentary message about clearing the buffer, the display shows:

BURST MODE

OFF ON

3. Select ON and press ENTER. (Certain instrument parameters are saved when burst is enabled, and are restored when burst is disabled. See paragraph 3.8.1 for further details on burst mode.)

Normal stored reading. Reading number and time-stamp.

Maximum value of stored readings.

Minimum value of stored readings.

Average and standard deviation.

Prompt to dump readings to a printer.

Table 2-5

Burst mode availability

Function/operation Setting

DC voltage AC voltage DC current AC current 2-wire resistance 4-wire resistance Frequency Temperature Range Autozero Speed Filter Resolution Multiple displays Data grouping

Normal (no peak spikes) Normal RMS or average Normal (no in-circuit) RMS or average Normal (no offset compensation) Not available Not available Not available Fixed Disabled FAST (0.01 PLC) Repeat acts like moving.

4.5 digits Disabled Compact (reading and reading number)

Delay

Notes:

1. The measurement display is not updated during burst.

2. A math operation slows post-processing time.

As set.

2-12

Getting Started

4. The next message sets the number of burst readings to store:

BURST: 00100 READINGS

Use , ,  ,  , ENTER,EXIT, or INFO

5. Use the cursor and RANGE  and  keys to change the buffer size. Then press ENTER for the change to take effect:

00100 READING BURST

Use TRIG to start; EXIT to abort

Step 5  Acquire the burst readings

Initiate burst mode by pressing the TRIG key.

The ARM annunciator comes on when the raw readings are being acquired. The asterisk annunciator comes on when the readings are being post-processed. Both indicators go out when post-processing is complete.

Step 6  Recall the burst readings

1. Examine the contents of the buffer by pressing RECALL:

+00.000 VDC

Rdg#+00000

2. Press the EXIT key once to leave the buffer contents display. Press it a second time to disable the burst mode.

2.6 IEEE-488.2 and SCPI basics

The following paragraphs discuss fundamental information concerning operation over the IEEE-488 bus. Detailed information on operating the instrument over the bus is contained in Section 4 of this manual.

2.6.1 SCPI overview

IEEE-488.2 defines a syntax and protocol for sending data to and from instruments. It also defines a set of common commands that are used to perform basic operations, such as reading status registers, providing triggers, and resetting the instrument to default conditions.

2.6.2 Compatibility

An instrument that uses the IEEE-488.2 standard and SCPI does not have any special hardware requirements. The IEEE488 interface that you used with the old standard (IEEE-

488.1) will work with the new standard. Simply connect the Model 2001 to a computer that is equipped with an IEEE488 interface.

NOTE

The term GPIB (General Purpose Interface Bus) is used in this manual and in the menu structure of the instrument. GPIB is simply another term for the IEEE-488 bus.

2.6.3 Bus connection

Before using the instrument over the bus, you must connect the IEEE-488 connector on the rear panel of the instrument to the IEEE-488 connector of your controller. Use a Keithley Model 7007 or similar IEEE-488 cable for this connection.

2.6.4 Primary address

The primary address of the Model 2001 must agree with the primary address you intend to specify in the controller’s programming language. The factory setting for the primary address is 16, so if you intend to use that address, you need not change it. However, the primary address can be set to any value between 0 and 30 by using the GPIB setup menu (ADDRESSABLE selection) available with the MENU key.

2.6.5 Abbreviated common command summary

Table 2-6 provides an abbreviated list of common commands that are defined by the IEEE-488.2 standard. These are the common commands that are most used for bus operation. Note that each common command is preceded by an asterisk (*).

SCPI (Standard Commands for Programmable Instruments) defines a standard set of commands (and format) to control every aspect of instrument operation. Together, IEEE-488.2 and SCPI create a command structure for all programmable instruments.

2-13

Getting Started

2.6.6 Abbreviated SCPI command summary

Most instrument operations are controlled using SCPI commands. Table 2-7 provides an abbreviated list of the SCPI commands necessary to perform some basic operations.

Not shown in the table are companion query commands for the :ARM and :TRIGger subsystem commands (:COUNt?,

Table 2-6

Abbreviated common command summary

Mnemonic Name Description

*CLS Clear status Clears error queue, event registers, and IEEE-488 bus service request (SRQ) line.

*RCL <n> Recall Returns the instrument to the setup configuration stored in memory (n = 0 for

STD, n = 0 to 4 for MEM1, or n = 0 to 9 for MEM2).

*RST Reset Returns the Model 2001 to *RST default conditions (see Appendix B).

*SAV <n> Save Saves the present setup configuration in memory (n = 0 for STD, n = 0 to 4 for

MEM1, or n = 0 to 9 for MEM2).

*TRG Trigger Issues a bus trigger (same as group execute trigger command; GET).

:DELay?, :SOURce?, and :TIMer?). For example, the :TRIGger:SOURce? query command is used to request the presently selected control source. After the query command is sent and the Model 2001 is addressed to talk, a message identifying the selected control source will be sent to the computer.

2-14

Table 2-7

Abbreviated SCPI command summary

Command Description

Getting Started

:SYSTem

:PRESet

[:SENSe[1]]

:VOLTage[:DC]

:APERture <n> :AVERage

:COUNt <n>

:STATe ON|OFF :NPLCycles <n> :RANGe

[:UPPer] <n>

:AUTO <b> :REFerence <n> :RESolution <n>

:INITiate :ABORt :ARM

:LAYer2

:COUNt <n>|INF :DELay <num> :SOURce HOLD|IMMediate| TIMer|

Subsystem command path.

Set unit to a default configuration (see Appendix B).

Subsystem command path.

Path to configure DC oltage.

Specify integration time in seconds (n = 166.67e-6 to 200e-3). Path to control averaging filter

Specify number of points to average (n = 1 to 100).

Enable/disable averaging filte . Specify integration time in number of line cycles (n = 0.01 to 10). Path to configure measurement range

Select range (n = -1100 to +1100).

Enable (1 or ON) or disable (0 or OFF) autorange. Specify REL value (n = -1100 to +1100). Specify measurement resolution (number of digits; n = 4 to 8).

Initiate one trigger (measure) cycle. Reset trigger system and go to idle state. Subsystem command path to configure scan

Path to program scan layer:

Program number of scans (1 to 99999 or INFinite). Program delay (0 to 999999.999sec). Select event to control scan trigger.

MANual|BUS|TLINk| EXTernal

:TIMer <num>

:TRIGger

:COUNt <n>|INF :DELay <num> :SOURce HOLD|IMMediate|MANual|

Set timer interval (0.001 to 999999.999sec).

Subsystem command path to program measure layer:

Program number of measurements (1 to 99999, or INFinite). Program delay (0 to 999999.999sec). Select event to control measure trigger.

BUS| TLINK| EXTernal|TIMer

:TIMer <num>

:ROUTe

:CLOSe <list>

:STATe? :OPEN <list>|ALL :SCAN <list>

:EXTernal <list>

Notes:

1. Command short form is indicated by the uppercase characters. For example, instead of sending “:arm:layer2:source immediate”, you can send “:arm:lay2:sour imm”.

2. The brackets [ ] indicate optional names that need not be sent. For example: [:SENSe[1]]:VOLTage:DC:RANGe:[UPPer] 5 is the same as :VOLTage:DC:RANGe 5.

Set timer interval (0.001 to 999999.999sec).

Subsystem command path for scanning.

Path and command to close channel.

Request closed status of channel list. Open specified channels Path and command to specify internal list.

Command to specify external list.

2-15

Getting Started

2.6.7 Syntax rules

The following information explains some of the programming syntax for the Model 2001. For more complete information, see Programming Syntax, which is located just after the tab labeled “SCPI Command Subsystems”.

General form

The general form for SCPI commands is demonstrated in Table 2-7. Notice that they are hierarchical in nature and begin with a root command. For example, to set autoranging on the DC voltage function, you would send the following command:

:VOLT:DC:RANG:AUTO ON

The root command for the above example is [:SENSe[1]]. This is an optional command word (as indicated by the brackets in the table) and need not be used.

Note that there must be a space between the command word and the parameter. In the above example, there is a space between the :AUTO command word and the ON parameter.

SCPI command words and common commands are not case sensitive. They can be sent in uppercase or lowercase. The commands in Table 2-7 show a combination of upper and lowercase characters. The uppercase characters identify the short-form version of the command. For example, all the following versions of the same program message are valid:

1. 4  This integer parameter sets the DC voltage resolu-

tion to 3.5 digits.

2. 0.5  This real number parameter sets the trigger delay

period in seconds.

3. ON  This Boolean parameter enables the display of

user text messages on the display, in this case, the bottom line. A “1” could have been used instead. “OFF” or “0” disables the function.

4. Model 2001  This string parameter specifies the user

text message. Single or double quotes delimit the message. Note that the previous command must be sent to enable the display of user text messages.

5. MOVing  This name parameter specifies the mode of

the averaging or advanced digital filte .

6. (@1:3,5)  This list parameter specifies an internal

scan list for the Model 2001-SCAN. Parentheses are used to enclose the list of channels. The @ symbol must precede the first channel in the list. A colon is used as a separator for the range limits (channels 1 through 3). Each channel or channel range in the list must be separated by a comma.

Multiple commands

Multiple commands can be sent in the same message as long as they are separated by semicolons. For example:

Instead of sending ... :system:error? :system:preset

:ARM:LAYER2:SOURCE MANUAL :ARM:LAY2:SOURCE MAN :ARM:LAY2:SOUR MAN :arm:layer2:source manual :arm:lay2:sour man :Arm:Lay2:Sour Man :ArM:LaY2:SouR MaN

Parameters

As previously mentioned, a parameter is separated from the command word by a space character. The parameter can consist of one or more data types, such as integer, real, Boolean, string, name, or list. Some examples follow:

1. :voltage:dc:resolution 4

2. :trigger:delay 0.5

3. :display:window2:text:state on

4. :display:window2:text:data ‘Model 2001’

5. :voltage:dc:average:tcontrol moving

6. :route:scan:internal (@1:3,5)

You can send ... :system:error?;preset

When the above message is sent, the first command word is recognized as the root command. When the command parser sees a colon after a semicolon, it resets the path pointer to the root before processing the next command.

Proper use of the path pointer allows commands in the same command level to be serviced without having to retype the entire command path. For example, the command :ARM:LAYer2:SOURce MANual moves the path pointer down to the last command level in the path. As a result, the :count, :delay, and :timer commands and their companion query commands can be included in the same program message without repeating the entire path. Some examples follow:

Instead of sending ... :arm:lay2:sour man;:arm:lay2:sour?

You can send ... :arm:lay2:sour man;sour?

2-16

Getting Started

Instead of sending ... :trig:coun 1;:trig:del 1;:trig:tim 1

You can send ... :trig:coun 1;del 1;tim 1

Notice that the colon for the additional commands is not included. Remember, when a colon (not preceded by a semicolon) is seen, the path pointer moves down to the next command level. For example:

:trig:del 1;tcon:prot asyn

When this message is sent, the path pointer moves down one command level for the DELAY and TCONFIGURE commands. The colon after the TCONFIGURE command then moves the pointer down to the next command level and enables PROTOCOL.

A few important points:

1. The path pointer can only move down. It cannot be moved up a level. (Note: It can be reset to the root mode by a preceding colon. For example, :ARM:LAY2: SOUR MAN; :TRIG:SOUR MAN.)

2. Each new message (line) must begin with the root command.

3. The colon at the beginning of a program message is optional.

4. The end of a program message moves the path pointer back to the root; so does a leading colon.

5. Any time one or more query commands are included in a program message, the Model 2001 must be addressed to talk to send the response message to the computer.

2.6.8 Programming examples

The following programming examples are written in the Hewlett-Packard BASIC 4.0 programming language. The programs assume that the Model 2001 is set to primary address 16.

Programming example #1  Default DC voltage reading

The following code fragment resets the Model 2001 to a default configuration and gets a DC oltage reading:

100 OUTPUT 716;“:syst:pres” 110 OUTPUT 716;“:fetch?” 120 ENTER 716;A$ 130 PRINT A$

Line 100 Return Model 2001 to :SYSTem:PRESet default

configuration (DC volts, autorange, 1 PLC, filte

enabled, 6.5 digits). Line 110 Request new reading. Line 120 Address to talk. Line 130 Display reading, status, units, time-stamp, read-

ing number, and channel.

Programming example #2  High accuracy DC voltage reading

The following code fragment configures the Model 2001 for high accuracy DC voltage readings and gets one reading:

100 OUTPUT 716;“:syst:pres” 110 OUTPUT 716;“:volt:dc:nplc 10” 120 OUTPUT 716;“:fetch?” 130 ENTER 716;A$ 140 PRINT A$

Line 100 Return Model 2001 to default configuration Line 110 Change integration time to 10 PLC (and resolu-

tion to 7.5d). Line 120 Request new reading. Line 130 Address to talk. Line 140 Display reading status, units, time-stamp, read-

ing number, and channel.

Programming example #3  High speed DC voltage readings

The following code fragment configures the Model 2001 for high speed DC voltage readings, stores 100 readings, and sends the readings over the bus:

100 OUTPUT 716;“:syst:pres” 110 OUTPUT 716;“:volt:dc:nplc 0.01” 120 OUTPUT 716;“:trac:clear” 130 OUTPUT 716;“:trac:feed calc” 140 OUTPUT 716;“:trac:egr full” 150 OUTPUT 716;“:trac:poin 100” 160 OUTPUT 716;“:trac:feed:cont next” 170 OUTPUT 716;“:trac:data?” 180 ENTER 716;A$ 190 PRINT A$

Line 100 Return Model 2001 to default configuration Line 110 Change integration time to 0.01 PLC. Line 120 Clear all stored readings. Line 130 Perform any math before storing readings. Line 140 Store full data group (reading, reading number,

units, timestamp, status, and channel). Line 150 Set buffer count to 100 readings. Line 160 Start storing, stop when done.

2-17

Getting Started

Line 170 Request readings (default is reading only, ASCII

format). Line 180 Address to talk. Line 190 Display readings, status, units, time-stamps,

reading numbers, and channels.

Programming example #4  Burst speed DC voltage readings

The following code fragment configures the Model 2001 for burst speed DC voltage readings, stores 100 readings, and sends the readings over the bus:

100 OUTPUT 716;“:syst:pres” 110 OUTPUT 716;“:syst:amet burs” 120 OUTPUT 716; “form:elem read, rnum, unit, stat” 130 OUTPUT 716;“:trac:clear” 140 OUTPUT 716;“:trac:feed calc” 150 OUTPUT 716;“:trac:poin 100” 160 OUTPUT 716;“:init” 170 WAIT 2

180 OUTPUT 716;”:trac:data?” 190 ENTER 716;A$ 200 PRINT A$

Line 100 Return Model 2001 to default configuration Line 110 Change acquisition method to burst; put unit in

idle.

Line 120 Specify data elements (reading, reading number,

units, and status). Line 130 Clear all stored readings. Line 140 Perform any math before storing readings. Line 150 Set buffer count to 10 readings. Line 160 Take unit out of idle; perform reading burst; re-

turn to idle. Line 170 Wait for burst to complete. Line 180 Request readings (default is readings only, ASCII

format). Line 190 Address to talk. Line 200 Display readings.

2-18

Front Panel Operation

3.1 Introduction

This section contains detailed information on front panel operation of the Model 2001. It is organized as follows:

3.2 Power-up procedure:

ing the instrument to line power, warm-up period, default conditions, and the power-up sequence.

3.3 Display:

may appear while using the instrument.

3.4 Functions:

the instrument (DC and AC voltage, DC and AC current, 2-wire and 4-wire resistance, frequency, and temperature) and typical test connections.

3.5 Range:

tion.

3.6 Relative:

that can be used to null offsets or subtract a baseline value from present and future readings.

3.7 Triggering:

trigger sources that can be used.

Covers display format and messages that

Describes the measurement functions of

Covers both manual and autoranging opera-

Gives details on using the relative feature

Details types of trigger modes as well as

Covers information on connect-

3.12 Menu:

Covers selections controlled from the main menu, such as saving instrument setups, GPIB (IEEE488 bus) configuration, calibration, self-tests, limits, and the digital I/O port.

3.2 Power-up procedure

3.2.1 Line power connections

Follow the procedure below to connect the Model 2001 to line power and turn on the instrument.

1. The Model 2001 operates from a line voltage in the range of 90-134V or 180-250V at a frequency of 50, 60, or 400Hz. Check to see that the operating voltage in your area is compatible.

CAUTION

Operating the instrument on an incorrect line voltage may cause damage to the instrument, possibly voiding the warranty.

3.8 Buffer:

gramming buffer size and recalling data, time stamp, and statistics information.

3.9 Filter:

be used to reduce reading noise.

3.10 Math:

formed on readings in continuous operation.

3.11 Scanning:

scans, along with ratio and delta calculations.

Covers use of the reading buffer including pro-

Covers the use of the digital filter types that can

Describes the calculations that can be per-

Discusses setting up internal and external

2. Before plugging in the power cord, make sure the front panel power switch is in the off (0) position.

3. Connect the female end of the supplied power cord to the AC receptacle on the rear panel. Connect the other end of the power cord to a grounded AC outlet.

WARNING

The power cord supplied with the Model 2001 contains a separate ground wire for use with grounded outlets. When

3-1

Front Panel Operation

proper connections are made, instrument chassis is connected to power line ground through the ground wire in the power cord. Failure to use a grounded outlet may result in personal injury or death due to electric shock.

3.2.2 Line fuse replacement

A rear panel fuse located below the AC receptacle protects the power line input of the instrument. If the fuse needs to be replaced, perform the following steps:

WARNING

Make sure the instrument is disconnected from the power line and other equipment before replacing the line fuse.

1. With the power off, place the end of a flat-blade screwdriver into the rear panel LINE FUSE holder. Push in gently and rotate the fuse carrier one-quarter turn counterclockwise. Release pressure on the holder and its internal spring will push the fuse carrier out of the holder.

2. Remove the fuse and replace it with the same type (0.5A, 250V, slow blow, 5 number is FU-71.

CAUTION

Do not use a fuse with a higher current rating than speciﬁed, or instrument damage may occur. If the instrument repeatedly blows fuses, locate and correct the cause of the trouble before replacing the fuse. See the optional Model 2001 Repair Manual for troubleshooting information.

20mm). The Keithley part

On power-up, the Model 2001 performs self-tests on its EPROM and RAM, and checksum tests on data stored in non-volatile memory. (See Table 3-1.) If a failure is detected, the instrument momentarily displays an error message and the ERR annunciator turns on. (Messages are listed in Table 3-2.)

NOTE

If a problem develops while the instrument is under warranty, return it to Keithley Instruments, Inc. for repair. (See paragraph 1.3.)

If the instrument passes the self-tests, the firm are revision levels, memory option (if installed), and presently selected IEEE-488 primary address are displayed. An example of this display is shown as follows:

Model 2001

Rev. A01 A01 MEM1 IEEE Addr=16

The firm are revision levels (left to right) are for the main microcontroller and display microcontroller. The revision level number may be different in your particular unit. If the MEM1 or MEM2 memory options are not present, that portion of the bottom line is left blank. The IEEE-488 address is its default value of 16.

Next, if the unit is configured to display the calibration due date at power-up, the unit shows the following:

Model 2001

Calibration due: mmm/dd/yy

where “mmm” is the month abbreviation, “dd” is the day, and “yy” is the year. If no calibration date is set, the display shows that it is due now. (See the Model 2001 Calibration Manual to set the calibration due date and paragraph 3.12.3 of this manual to set the display option.)

3. Install the new fuse and fuse carrier into the holder by reversing the above procedure.

3.2.3 Power-up sequence

To turn on the power, simply push in the front panel POWER switch. Power is on when the switch is in the inner (1) position. To turn off power, press POWER a second time to release the switch.

3-2

After the power-up sequence, the instrument begins its normal display, for example:

000.0000 mVDC

Power-up error messages

Error messages that may be displayed during power-up are summarized in Table 3-2. These are shown when one of the checksum tests of Table 3-1 fails.

Table 3-1

Data checked on power-up

Data Type of storage Memory option

Front Panel Operation

IEEE-488 address Power-on default

Calibration constants Calibration dates

Instrument setups 1 in electrically-erasable PROM

Reading buffer (Volatile RAM)

Note: STD is standard memory, MEM1 is memory option #1, MEM2 is memory option #2.

Electrically-erasable PROM Electrically-erasable PROM

4 more in non-volatile RAM 9 more in non-volatile RAM

Non-volatile RAM

STD, MEM1, MEM2 STD, MEM1, MEM2

STD, MEM1, MEM2 MEM1 MEM2

STD MEM1, MEM2

Table 3-2

Power-up error messages

Message Action

Error +515, Calibration dates lost

Error +514, DC calibration data lost

Error +513, AC calibration data lost

Error +512,

The cal dates are set to factory default values, but they are not stored into EEPROM. To do this, perform a comprehensive calibration.

DC cal constants are set to factory default values, but they are not stored into EEPROM. To do this, perform a comprehensive calibration.

AC cal constants are set to factory default values, but they are not stored into EEPROM. To do this, perform a comprehensive calibration.

Power-on defaults are reset to factory defaults (bench) and stored into EEPROM.

Power-on state lost

Error +511,

GPIB address is reset to factory default (16) and stored into EEPROM.

GPIB address lost

Error +510, Reading buffer data lost

Error -314,

The reading buffer controls are reset to factory defaults, but they are not stored into NVRAM. To do this, store readings in the buffer.

Instrument setup is reset to bench defaults and stored into EEPROM.

Save/recall memory lost

Notes:

1. Any of these error conditions may occur the first time a unit is turned on or after replacing the fir are.

2. Error +510, Reading buffer data lost, applies to units with optional memory.

3. Error +512, Power-on state lost, may occur the first time the unit is p wered-up after replacing the MEM2 memory option with MEM1.

3-3

Front Panel Operation

3.2.4 High energy circuit safety precautions

To optimize safety when measuring voltage in high energy distribution circuits, read and use the directions in the following warning.

WARNING

Dangerous arcs of an explosive nature in a high energy circuit can cause severe personal injury, or death. If the multimeter is connected to a high energy circuit when set to a current range, low resistance range, or any other low impedance range, the circuit is virtually shorted. Dangerous arcing can result even when the multimeter is set to a voltage range if the minimum voltage spacing is reduced.

When making measurements in high energy circuits, use test leads that meet the following requirements:

• Test leads should be fully insulated.

• Only use test leads that can be connected to the circuit (e.g., alligator clips, spade lugs, etc.) for hands-off measurements.

• Do not use test leads that decrease voltage spacing. This diminishes arc protection and creates a hazardous condition.

Use the following sequence when testing power circuits:

1. De-energize the circuit using the regular installed connect-disconnect device, such as a circuit breaker, main switch, etc.

2. Attach the test leads to the circuit under test. Use appropriate safety rated test leads for this application.

3. Set the multimeter to the proper function and range.

4. Energize the circuit using the installed connect-disconnect device and make measurements without disconnecting the multimeter.

5. De-energize the circuit using the installed connect-disconnect device.

6. Disconnect the test leads from the circuit under test.

WARNING

value may cause a breakdown in insulation, creating a shock hazard.

3.2.5 Power-on default conditions

Power-on default conditions are those conditions the instrument assumes when it is first turned on. You can change these power-on default conditions (except the primary address) by using the save setup feature that is available with the MENU key, as described in paragraph 3.12.1. Depending on the installed memory option, either one, fi e, or ten user-define setups can be stored, any one of which could be selected as the power-on default.

A table in paragraph 3.12.1 lists the default conditions that are set at the factory to optimize bench and GPIB (IEEE-

488) operation.

3.2.6 Warm-up period

The Model 2001 can be used within one minute after it is turned on. However, the instrument should be turned on and allowed to warm up for at least one hour before use to achieve rated accuracy.

3.2.7 IEEE-488 primary address

The IEEE-488 primary address of the instrument must be the same as the primary address you specify in the controller’s programming language. The default primary address of the instrument is 16, but you can set the address to any value from 0 to 30 by using the MENU key. Refer to paragraph

3.12.2 for step-by-step instructions on setting the primary address. Section 4 contains details on using the Model 2001 over the IEEE-488 bus.

3.3 Display

The display of the Model 2001 is primarily used to display readings along with the units and type of measurement. When not displaying readings, it is used for informational messages, such as menu headings and selections. At the top of the display are annunciators to indicate various states of operation.

3-4

The maximum common-mode voltage (voltage between INPUT LO and chassis ground) is 500V peak. Exceeding this

3.3.1 Display format

As shown in Figure 3-1, the front panel has two lines of display information:

Reading after calculation

+2.0582673 e + 08mVAC

Reading = 002.058673

Reading before calculation

Figure 3-2

Scientific notation with calculate multiple displa

Front Panel Operation

Reading and Units

+002.056 mVAC RMS

Range: 200 mVAC Coupling: AC

Range and other measurement parameters

Stored Reading

-10.38649 VDC CH20

Rdg#+00099 @Time = +003.286492 sec

Stored reading parameter

Menu Heading

CONFIG TEMPERATURE

Sensor Units Speed Filter Resln

Menu Items

Type of

Measurement

External Channel

igure 3-1

odel 2001 display formats

• The top line can display readings up to 7 ½ digits, along with units. It can also indicate the measurement type (e.g., RMS), display “hold”, type of math operation, channel number, or limits pass/fail. It is also used for menu headings, values of stored readings, and messages.

• The bottom line displays the range and other measurement parameters (e.g., coupling or ratio), multiple displays, menu items, parameters of stored readings, and messages. For longer text strings, the bottom line is split in half. These are indicated by and characters at the left or right end of the bottom line. Press the cursor keys ( and ) to view each half.

The actual value of the reading, before the relative or math operation, can be viewed on the bottom line with the appropriate multiple display. (See Figure 3-2). The units and multiplier prefix on the bottom line are assumed to be the same as those on the top line reading.

Annunciators

The annunciators at the top of the display indicate the following conditions:

ERR:

The displayed reading is questionable. See paragraph

4.21 for the conditions that define a questionable reading

REM:

Indicates the Model 2001 is in remote when used over the IEEE-488 bus. The Model 2001 can be placed in remote by addressing it to listen with the bus REN line true.

TALK:

Shows that the Model 2001 is the active talker on the IEEE-488 bus. The unit can be placed in the talker active state by sending it the correct bus talk command, which is derived from the primary address.

LSTN:

Turns on when the unit is an active IEEE-488 bus listener. The Model 2001 can be placed in the active listener state by addressing it to listen.

SRQ:

Turns on when the unit requests service over the IEEE488 bus. The SCPI STATus command allows you to control which conditions generate an SRQ (see paragraph 4.21).

Scientiﬁc notation

Enabling a relative or math operation might cause the reading value to exceed the display resolution of the top line. In these cases, the instrument displays in 7 ½ digits of scientifi notation. If the units have a multiplier prefix (milli-, micro-, etc.), the exponent of the value reflectsthat. Labels on the far right, such as channel number, may be sacrificed to provide the desired precision. Note that ratio measurements are always shown in 7 ½ digit scientific notation with no prefix or channel number.

REAR:

Turns on when a reading has been acquired through

the rear inputs.

REL:

Turns on/off to indicate the present state of the relative reading feature.

FILT:

When filtering has been selected for a particular function, this indicator turns on when the FILTER key is pressed. For those functions with auto-filtering, it turns on when AUTO is selected.

3-5

Front Panel Operation

MATH:

has been selected from the CONFIGURE MATH menu, this indicator turns on when the MATH key is pressed.

4W:

circuit current, or temperature with a 4-wire RTD.

AUTO:

current (except in-circuit current, which has a fi ed 12A range), or resistance measurements.

ARM:

state (by the TRIG key or the :INIT or :INIT:CONT ON bus command). A measurement can only be performed with the Model 2001 out of the idle state.

When a math operation (percent, mX+b, or none)

Turns on to indicate the 4-wire resistance function, in-

Turns on when autoranging is selected for voltage,

Turns on when the Model 2001 is taken out of the idle

Indicates when normal readings are being stored.

3.3.2 Multiple displays

Each measurement function has its own set of “multiple displays” shown on the bottom line of the front panel display. The PREVious and NEXT DISPLAY keys scroll through the selections for the present function.

Some of the multiple displays are for multiple functions, where different functions are measured sequentially from the same set of test leads. The readings are shown simultaneously, such as:

• Top line shows a DC voltage measurement; bottom line shows positive and negative peak spike measurements.

• Top line shows an AC RMS voltage reading; bottom line shows an AC frequency measurement and a crest factor calculation.

Also, the multiple displays can show a reading in a different form, or give additional information about the reading, for example:

• Top line shows a reading; bottom line shows a zerocentered bar graph with adjustable limits.

• Top line shows a frequency measurement; bottom line shows the adjustable trigger level.

To scroll through the multiple displays available for each measurement function, repeatedly press and release the NEXT DISPLAY key. The same action with the PREVious DISPLAY key does a reverse scroll through the displays. To return to the default reading display, just press and hold either key.

Multiple displays that are specific to a particular function or operation are discussed later in this section, such as the peak spikes displays in DC voltage, and the calculations display in math. (See Table 3-3 for paragraph references.) Displays that are common to most of the measurement functions are discussed here. Appendix H shows a complete listing of the multiple displays by function.

3-6

Table 3-3

Multiple displays by function

Function Next display Paragraph

Front Panel Operation

All Bar graph

Zero-centered bar graph Maximum and minimum values Relative and actual values Calculated and actual values (see Note 1) Limits bar graph (see Note 1) Adjacent channel readings (see Note 2)

DC voltage DC volts, AC ripple voltage and frequency

3.3.2

3.6

3.10

3.12.5

3.11

3.4.1 Positive peak spikes and highest value Negative peak spikes and lowest value Positive and negative peak spikes

AC voltage AC RMS voltage, frequency, and crest factor

3.4.1 AC RMS, average, and peak voltages

DC current (none specific to function) 3.4.2

AC current AC RMS (or average) current and frequency

3.4.2 AC RMS and average current

2-wire resistance Source current

3.4.3 Voltage drop across DUT

4-wire resistance Source current

3.4.3 Voltage drop across DUT Lead resistance

Frequency Period calculation

3.4.4 Trigger level

Temperature Celsius, Fahrenheit, and Kelvin units

3.4.5 RTD resistance (or thermocouple voltage) Reference junction (thermocouples only)

Data storage buffer Maximum and minimum values

3.8 Average and standard deviation

Notes:

1. Multiple displays for calculated values and limits bar graph are not available for the frequency function.

2. The multiple display for adjacent channel readings is not available for the DC and AC current functions.

3-7

Front Panel Operation

Bar graph

The “normal” bar graph, with a zero at the left end, is a graphical representation of a reading as a portion of a range. (See Figure 3-3.) The vertical lines displayed along the bar designate 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% of full scale. Each full segment of the bar represents approximately 4% of the range limit

-11.96859 VDC

0 -20V

Full

Range

25% of

full range

50% of

full range

75% of full range

igure 3-3

ar graph (zero-at-left) multiple display

For measurement functions with a range (voltage, current, and resistance), the right endpoint of the bar graph is plus full scale of the present range for positive readings, and minus full scale for negative readings. When the 100% line changes to an arrow, the reading exceeds the present range.

Note that the normal bar graph is not available when the ACV units are dB or dBm.

For functions without a range (frequency and temperature), the right endpoint of the bar graph is user-programmable by pressing either CONFIG-NEXT DISPLAY or CONFIGPREV DISPLAY. Note that these configuration menus are context-sensitive. If the unit is in any function except frequency or temperature, CONFIG-NEXT DISPLAY results in the zero bar graph configuration displa .

2Hz 20Hz 200Hz 2kHz 20kHz

200kHz 2MHz 15MHz

For temperature:

BARGRAPH:0 to 0040°C

3. Change the frequency range by highlighting one of the selections and pressing ENTER. For the temperature range, use the cursor keys and the RANGE and keys to enter a numeric value (0 - 9999°C). Press ENTER when done.

Zero-centered bar graph

The zero-centered bar graph is a graphical representation of a reading with plus and minus limits. (See Figure 3-4.) The limits are expressed in a user-selectable percentage of range for voltage, current, and resistance, and a user-selectable value for frequency and temperature.

-05.95770 VDC

-50% +50%

-50% of range

-25% of range 0%

+50% of range

25% of range

igure 3-4

Zero-centered bar graph multiple display

The vertical lines displayed along the bar designate the plus and minus limits, zero, and halfway to either limit. There are ten full segments between zero and each end, so each full segment represents 10% of the limit. When a line at the limit changes to an arrow, the reading exceeds the programmed range.

Perform the following to view or change the range of the bar graph:

1. From the frequency or temperature function, press the CONFIG key and then the NEXT or PREV DISPLAY key. The following menu is displayed:

BARGRAPH TYPE

ZERO-AT-LEFT ZERO-CENTERED

2. Use the cursor keys ( and ) to place the cursor on ZERO-AT-LEFT and press ENTER. You will access one of the following menus:

The plus and minus percentage of range that is programmed (0.01 - 99.99%) applies to all voltage, current, and resistance functions. Because of rounding, values greater than 99.5% are shown as 100% and, likewise, values greater than 1% (such as 1.67%) are shown rounded to the nearest integer percent.

Note that the zero-centered bar graph is not available when the ACV units are dB or dBm.

Perform the following to view or change the plus and minus percentage of range:

For frequency:

FREQ BARGRAPH RANGE

3-8

1. From a voltage, current, or resistance function, press

Figure 3-5

Maximum and minimum multiple display

Minimum

value

-15.82867 VDC

Max = -05.74602 Min = -15.82867

Maximum

value

CONFIG and then NEXT or PREV DISPLAY. The following is displayed:

ZERO-BARGRAPH±50.00%

2. Change the percentage by using the cursor keys and the RANGE and keys to enter a numeric value (0.01

- 99.99%). Press ENTER when done. The same percentage of range is used for voltage, current, and resistance measurements.

Perform the following to view or change the plus and minus value limit:

1. From the frequency or temperature function, press CONFIG and then NEXT or PREV DISPLAY. The following menu is displayed:

BARGRAPH TYPE

ZERO-AT-LEFT ZERO-CENTERED

Front Panel Operation

The resolution, units, and prefix on the bottom line are the same as shown for top line reading. If necessary, the bottom line values automatically change to scientific notation, rounded to 4.5 digits.

3.3.3 Information messages

2. Use the cursor keys ( and ) to place the cursor on ZERO-CENTERED and press ENTER. You will access one of the following menus:

For frequency:

FREQ ZEROBARGRAPH(±)

1Hz 10Hz 100Hz 1kHz 10kHz

100kHz 1MHz 10MHz 15MHz

For temperature:

ZERO-BARGRAPH±0002°C

3. Change the frequency limits by highlighting one of the selections and pressing ENTER. For the temperature, use the cursor keys and the RANGE and keys to enter a numeric value (0 - 9999°C). Press ENTER when done.

Maximum and minimum

The maximum and minimum multiple display shows the maximum and minimum readings since the display was entered. (See Figure 3-5.) The maximum and minimum values are reset by the following:

Press the INFO key to view context-sensitive information from most of the displays. An arrow ( or ) on the bottom line indicates that there is more information. Use the cursor keys ( and ) to view the complete line. To exit an INFO display, just press INFO, ENTER, EXIT, or a function key.

Information messages are included with the listing of menu structures in Appendix H.

3.3.4 Status and error messages

During Model 2001 operation and programming, you will encounter a number of front panel messages. Typical messages are either of status or error variety, as listed in Table 3-4.

For firm are revisions A02 and greater, the most recent status or error messages can be momentarily displayed. Just enter a configuration menu or the main menu, and press the AUTO range key. (The display is blank if no message is queued.)

• Pressing the present function key.

• Leaving the display by changing function or entering a menu.

3-9

Front Panel Operation

Table 3-4

Status and error messages

Number Description Event

+900 “Internal System Error” EE

+611 +610

+515 +514 +513 +512 +511 +510

+444 to +350

+312 +310 +309 +308 +306 +305 +304 +303 +302 +301

+174 +173 +172 +171

“Questionable Temperature” “Questionable Calibration”

“Calibration dates lost” “DC calibration data lost” “AC calibration data lost” “Power-on state lost” “GPIB address lost” “Reading buffer data lost”

Calibration Errors (see Calibration Manual)

“Buffer Pretriggered” “Buffer full” “Buffer half full” “Buffer Available” “Reading Available” “High limit 2 event” “Low limit 2 event” “High limit 1 event” “Low limit 1 event” “Reading overfl w”

“Re-entering the idle layer” “Waiting in arm layer 2” “Waiting in arm layer 1” “Waiting in trigger layer”

SE SE

EE EE EE EE EE EE

SE SE SE SE SE SE SE SE SE SE

SE SE SE SE

+161 “Program running” SE

+126 +125 +124 +123 +122 +121

“Device calculating” “Device measuring” “Device sweeping” “Device ranging” “Device settling” “Device calibrating”

SE SE SE SE SE SE

+101 “Operation Complete” SE

+000 “No Error” SE

-100

-101

-102

-103

-104

-105

-108

-109

-110

-111

-112

-113

-114

“Command Error” “Invalid Character” “Syntax Error” “Invalid Separator” “Data Type Error” “GET not allowed” “Parameter not allowed” “Missing Parameter”

“Command Header Error” “Command Header Separator Error” “Program mnemonic too long” “Undefined header” “Header suffix out of range

EE EE EE EE EE EE EE EE

EE EE EE EE EE

Table 3-4 (Continued)

Status and error messages

Number Description Event

-120

-121

-123

-124

-128

-140

-141

-144

-148

-150

-151

-154

-158

-160

-161

-168

-170

-171

-178

-200

-201

-202

“Numeric data error” “Invalid character in number” “Exponent too large” “Too many digits in number” “Numeric data not allowed”

“Character data error” “Invalid character data” “Character data too long” “Character data not allowed”

“String data error” “Invalid string data” “String too long” “String data not allowed”

“Block data error” “Invalid block data” “Block data not allowed”

“Expression error” “Invalid expression” “Expression data not allowed”

“Execution error” “Invalid while in local” “Settings lost due to rtl”

EE EE EE EE EE

EE EE EE EE

EE EE EE

(return to local)

-210

-211

-212

-213

-214

-215

-220

-221

-222

-223

-224

-230

-241

-260

-314

-330

-350

-410

-420

-430

-440

“Trigger error” “Trigger ignored” “Arm ignored” “Init ignored” “Trigger deadlock” “Arm deadlock”

“Parameter Error” “Settings conflict “Parameter data out of range” “Too much data” “Illegal parameter value”

“Data corrupt or stale” “Hardware missing” “Expression Error”

“Save/recall memory lost” “Self Test failed” “Queue overfl w”

“Query interrupted” “Query unterminated” “Query deadlocked” “Query unterminated after indefinite

EE EE EE EE EE EE

EE EE EE EE EE

EE EE EE

EE EE EE EE

response”

SE = Status event EE = Error event

3-10

Ω

Front Panel Operation

3.3.5 Menu structures

From the front panel of the Model 2001, you configure measurements through the use of menus. A complete listing of the menus is given in Appendix H. The menus are grouped into three areas:

• Measurement functions: DC voltage, AC voltage, DC current, AC current, 2-wire resistance, 4-wire resistance, frequency, and temperature.

• Measurement operations: Multiple displays, relative readings, triggers, reading storage, digital filte , math, channels, and scanning.

• Other menu operations: Setup storage, IEEE-488 (GPIB) setup, calibration, self-tests, limits, status messages, and general operations.

The first two groups have specific keys on the front panel. The third group does not. The desired menu is displayed by pressing the appropriate key or key sequence:

• CONFIG and then DCV (or ACV, DCI, ACI, FREQ, TEMP): Shows the configuration menu for each measurement function.

• CONFIG and then NEXT DISPLAY (or PREV DISPLAY, REL, TRIG, STORE, FILTER, MATH, CHAN, SCAN): Shows the configuration menu for the multiple displays and each measurement operation.

• MENU: The main menu accesses items for which there are no dedicated keys.

3. Pressing the ENTER key selects an item and, if further definition is needed, moves down within the menu structure. Pressing the EXIT key backs up within a menu structure.

4. The cursor position is denoted by a blinking menu item or parameter. The cursor is moved from one item to the next using the cursor keys ( and ). To select an item, highlight it with the cursor, then press ENTER.

5. A displayed arrow ( or ) on the bottom line indicates there is more information or additional menu items to select from. When “ ” is displayed, use the cursor key to display the additional message(s), and conversely, when “ “ is displayed, use the cursor key. The cursor keys have an auto-repeat feature.

6. A numeric parameter is keyed in by placing the cursor on the digit to be changed, and pressing the RANGE  or  keys to increment or decrement the digit.

7. A change is only executed when the ENTER key is pressed. Entering an invalid parameter generates an error, and the entry is ignored. Changes are also ignored if

an EXIT is performed.

8. The INFO key can be used anywhere in a menu to display helpful information messages concerning operation. To cancel an information message and remain in the menu, press INFO a second time, EXIT, or ENTER. Pressing a function key cancels INFO and a menu, and returns the instrument to a reading display.

3.3.6 EXIT key

Navigating menus

1. From the instrument’s normal state of displaying readings, you can:

• View a configuration menu by pressing CONFIG and

then the desired function or operation key (DCV, TRIG, etc.).

• View the top level of the main menu by pressing the

MENU key.

2. The unit is returned to the normal reading display by:

• Pressing EXIT or MENU from the top level of the

main menu.

• Pressing EXIT from the top level of a configuratio

menu.

• Pressing a measurement function key from within a

menu.

The EXIT key has more actions than those mentioned in paragraph 3.3.5. Table 3-5 lists the action for single conditions.

When more than one of the conditions of Table 3-5 is present, the hierarchy for the action taken by each press of the EXIT key is as follows:

1. Cancels any temporary or error messages that are displayed.

2. Cancels INFO message and shows the normal reading display.

3. Cancels reading display hold and returns to normal reading display.

4. Disables scanning and returns to normal operation. Also interrupts data storage if enabled.

5. Interrupts data storage and returns to normal operation.

3-11

Front Panel Operation

Table 3-5

EXIT key actions

Condition EXIT key action

Temporary message displayed (e.g., TRIGGERS HALTED)

INFO message displayed Cancels INFO message, returns to menu or normal reading display.

Reading display hold Cancels reading display hold, resumes normal reading display.

Scanning Disables scanning. Also stops data storage if enabled.

Data storage Stops data storage. Temporary message STORAGE INTERRUPTED is displayed.

Some examples of when multiple conditions are cancelled by pressing the EXIT key follow.

Example 1:

play, press INFO to view the message. The first press of EXIT returns you to the held reading; a second press cancels reading display hold.

Example 2:

ENTER to hold the display, then press INFO to view the message. The first press of EXIT returns you to the held reading; the second press returns you to the normal reading display. A third press of EXIT stops the scan and returns to normal operation.

Example 3:

into a buffer. Press EXIT once. Scanning and storing are terminated; normal operation is resumed. Note that the trigger model is restored to its pre-scanning configuration

Example 4: Configure a scan list and start scanning readings

into a buffer. Press ENTER to hold the reading display. Press INFO to view the message. The first press of EXIT returns you to the held reading display. A second press of EXIT cancels the held reading and shows normal storage. A third press of EXIT stops scanning and storing; normal operation is resumed.

After pressing ENTER to hold the reading dis-

Configure a scan list and start scanning. Press

Configure a scan list and start scanning readings

3.4 Functions

The Model 2001 has much fl xibility when configuring the measurement functions. This fl xibility must be used sensibly in order to balance the various settings for a particular application. For example, you can configure DC volts with an integration time of 0.01 PLC (power line cycle) at 7.5 digits of resolution and no filte , but the reading will be extremely noisy. As another example, DCV peak spikes can be config ured for 7.5 digits of resolution, yet the measurement is spec-

Cancels display of temporary message.

ified at 3.5 digits. When in doubt, use the default settings and the auto selections until you become more familiar with the effects of other settings.

The instrument can be configured to display multiple functions, where different functions are measured sequentially from the same leads. These are referred to as “multiple displays” and they are shown on the bottom line of the display. The displays for multiple functions are discussed in the following paragraphs.

NOTE

All measurements in the multiple display mode will be within specifications. However, for optimum measurement integrity, the primary display mode should be used.

To minimize the need to reprogram setup conditions every time you switch from one function to another, each function “remembers” its own unique setup configuration. Setup configuration parameters that are remembered include

• Range

• Relative

• Integration time

• Filtering

• Display resolution

• Multiple displays

To access the configuration menus for the measurement functions, press the CONFIG key and then a function key

(DCV, ACV, DCI, ACI, Ω2, Ω4, FREQ, TEMP). Rules for

navigating the menu structures are covered in paragraph

3.3.5.

3-12

Front Panel Operation

3.4.1 DC and AC voltage

DC voltage measurements

The Model 2001 can make DC voltage measurements between 10nV and 1100V. Assuming “bench reset” conditions (see paragraph 3.12.1), the basic procedure is as follows:

1. Connect the test leads to the INPUT HI and LO terminals of the Model 2001. Either the front or rear inputs can be used; place the INPUTS button in the appropriate position.

2. Select the DCV function.

3. Select a range consistent with the expected voltage. For automatic range selection, press the AUTO key. The AUTO annunciator denotes whether auto-ranging is enabled.

4. Connect the test leads to the source as shown in Figure 3-6.

CAUTION

Do not exceed 1100V peak between INPUT HI and LO, or instrument damage may occur.

4. Press the REL key. The display will read zero.

5. Remove the short and connect the test leads to the signal to be measured.

Also, use shielded, low-thermal connections for the 200mV range to avoid errors caused by noise or thermal offsets. Connect the shield to the negative source terminal.

AC voltage measurements

The Model 2001 can make true RMS AC voltage measurements between 100nV and 775V. Assuming “bench reset” conditions (see paragraph 3.12.1), the basic procedure is as follows:

1. Connect the test leads to the INPUT HI and LO terminals of the Model 2001.

2. Select the ACV function.

3. Select a range consistent with the expected voltage. For automatic range selection, press the AUTO key. The AUTO annunciator denotes whether autoranging is enabled.

4. Connect the test leads to the source as shown in Figure 3-7.

5. Observe the display. If the “Overfl w” message is shown, select a higher range until a normal reading is displayed. Always use the lowest possible range for the best resolution.

6. Take a reading from the display.

Zeroing

The term “when properly zeroed” means that you must establish a baseline for subsequent measurements on that range. The 200mV DC range requires zero to be set to achieve rated accuracy. This procedure should be performed whenever the ambient temperature changes. To zero (rel) the Model 2001, use the following procedure:

1. Disable rel, if presently enabled, by pressing the REL key. The REL annunciator will turn off.

2. Select the 200mVDC range.

3. Connect the test leads to INPUT HI and LO of the Model 2001 and short them together. Noise and thermal offsets may require a few moments to stabilize.

CAUTION

Do not apply more than 1100V peak between INPUT HI and LO, or

V•Hz input, or instrument dam-

2×10 age may occur.

5. Observe the display. If the “Overfl w” message is shown, select a higher range until a normal reading is displayed. Always use the lowest possible range for the best resolution.

6. Take a reading from the display.

Voltage conﬁguration

The following paragraphs detail how to change the Model 2001 from its bench reset conditions for DC and AC voltage measurements. The configuration menus are summarized in Tables 3-6 and 3-7. Note that a function does not have to be selected in order to be configured. When the function is selected, it will assume the programmed status.

3-13

Front Panel Operation

DISPLAY

POWER

Figure 3-6

DC voltage measurements

DISPLAY

POWER

Model 2001

+000.0001 mVDC

Range : 200 mVDC

DCV ACV DCI ACI Ω2 Ω4

REL TRIG STORE RECALL

INFO LOCAL CHAN SCAN CONFIG MENU EXIT ENTER

FILTER MATH

Input Resistance = 10MΩ on 1000V and 200V ranges ; > 10GΩ on 20V, 2V and 200mV ranges. = 1MΩ on DCV peak spikes measurement.

Model 2001

+000.100 mVAC RMS

Range: 200 mVAC Coupling: AC

DCV ACV DCI ACI Ω2 Ω4

REL TRIG STORE RECALL

INFO LOCAL CHAN SCAN CONFIG MENU EXIT ENTER

FILTER MATH

SENSE

INPUT

Ω 4 WIRE

350V

1100V

PEAK

2001 MULTIMETER

FREQ TEMP

RANGE

AUTO

PEAK

500V PEAK

INPUTS

FRONT/REAR

2A 250V

AMPS

CAL

Caution: Maximum Input = 1100V peak

SENSE

INPUT

Ω 4 WIRE

350V

1100V

PEAK

2001 MULTIMETER

FREQ TEMP

RANGE AUTO

RANGE

500V PEAK

INPUTS

FRONT/REAR

2A 250V

AMPS

CAL

DC Voltage

Source

AC Voltage

Source

Figure 3-7

AC voltage measurements

Input Impedance = 1MΩ shunted by <140pF

Caution: Maximum Input = 1100V peak, 2 x 107 V•Hz

3-14

Table 3-6

CONFIGURE DCV menu structure

Menu item Description

Front Panel Operation

SPEED

NORMAL

FAST MEDIUM HIACCURACY SET-SPEED-EXACTLY SET-BY-RSLN

ANALOG-FILTER Enable (ON) or disable (OFF) analog filte .

FILTER

AUTO AVERAGING ADVANCED

AVERAGING-MODE

RESOLUTION

AUTO

3.5d, 4.5d, 5.5d, 6.5d, 7.5d

Measurement speed (integration time) menu:

Select 1 PLC (power line cycle, 16.67msec for 60Hz, 20msec for 50Hz

and 400Hz). Select 0.01 PLC. Select 0.1 PLC. Select 10 PLC. Set integration time in PLC (0.01-10). Default to setting appropriate for resolution.

Digital filter menu

Default to filter appropriate for int gration time. Program a simple average filter (1-100 readings) Program a simple average filter (1-100 readings) with a noise tolerance

window (0-100% of range). Select moving average or repeating average mode.

Display resolution menu:

Default to resolution appropriate for integration time. Select a specific resolution

3-15

Front Panel Operation

Table 3-7

CONFIGURE ACV menu structure

Menu item Description

SPEED

NORMAL FAST MEDIUM HIACCURACY SET-SPEED-EXACTLY SET-BY-RSLN

FILTER

AUTO AVERAGING ADVANCED

AVERAGING-MODE

RESOLUTION

AUTO

3.5d, 4.5d, 5.5d, 6.5d, 7.5d

UNITS

VOLTS dB dBm

COUPLING

AC AC+DC

AC-TYPE

RMS AVERAGE PEAK LOW-FREQ-RMS POSITIVE-PEAK NEGATIVE-PEAK

Measurement speed (integration time) menu:

Digital filter menu

Default to filter appropriate for int gration time. Program a simple average filter (1-100 readings) Program a simple average filter (1-100 readings) with a noise tolerance wind w

(0-100% of range).

Select moving average or repeating average mode.

Display resolution menu:

Default to resolution appropriate for integration time. Select a specific resolution.

Display units menu:

Select volts. Select dB and set voltage reference level. Select dBm and set reference impedance.

Coupling menu:

Select AC coupled measurements. Select DC coupled measurements.

Type of ACV measurement menu:

Select true RMS ACV. Select average ACV. Select peak ACV. Select low frequency (typically <50Hz) true RMS ACV. Select positive DCV peak spikes measurements. Select negative DCV peak spikes measurements.

SPEED

The SPEED parameter sets the integration time of the A/D converter, the period of time the input signal is measured (also known as aperture). The integration time affects the usable resolution, the amount of reading noise, as well as the ultimate reading rate of the instrument. Any triggers received while the instrument is processing a reading are ignored. From the front panel, the integration time is specified in parameters based on a number of power line cycles (NPLC), where 1 PLC for 60Hz is 16.67msec and 1 PLC for 50Hz and 400Hz is 20msec.

3-16

The optimum integration time setting for a given application depends on your measurement requirements. If speed is of primary importance, use the FAST (0.01 PLC) integration time at the expense of increased reading noise and less usable resolution. For maximum common-mode and normalmode rejection, use the HIACCURACY (10 PLC) integration time. The NORMAL (1 PLC) and MEDIUM (0.1 PLC) can be used when a compromise between noise performance and speed is acceptable. The additional parameters for integration time, SET-SPEED-EXACTLY and SET-BY-RSLN, are discussed below.

Front Panel Operation

You can program the integration time parameter as follows:

1. From the normal reading display, press the CONFIG key and then the appropriate function key to access the top level of a function configurationmenu. For example, the CONFIGURE DCV menu is displayed as follows:

CONFIGURE DCV

SPEED FILTER RESOLUTION

2. Use the cursor keys ( and ) to highlight SPEED and press ENTER. The following typical menu is shown:

DCV MEASUREMENT SPEED

NORMAL FAST MEDIUM HIACCURACY

SET-SPEED-EXACTLY SET-BY-RSLN

3. Highlight the desired integration time and press ENTER. For all functions (except frequency), the parameters are as follows:

NORMAL = 1 PLC FAST = 0.01 PLC MEDIUM = 0.1 PLC HIACCURACY = 10 PLC

There are two additional parameters, SET-SPEEDEXACTLY and SET-BY-RSLN. If the SET-SPEEDEXACTLY parameter is chosen, the following message is displayed:

NPLC=01.00 (.01-10)

By using the cursor keys ( and ) and the RANGE  and  keys, you can enter the integration time expressed in power line cycles. Note that integer integrations time will increase noise rejection.

The SET-BY-RSLN parameter optimizes the integration time for the present resolution setting. See Table 3-8 for the default integration times of the DCV and ACV functions. The default set-by-resolution integration times of other functions are listed in paragraphs 3.4.2, 3.4.3, and 3.4.5.

ANALOG FILTER

After selecting this menu item, cursor position indicates the present state (ON or OFF) of the analog filte . To change the state, place the cursor (using the and keys) on the alternate selection and press ENTER.

FILTER

The FILTER parameter lets you set the digital filter response and control its on/off operation. It is described in paragraph

3.9. Only the specifics for DC and AC voltage are covered here.

The AUTO parameter for a digital filter optimizes its use for the present measurement function. The defaults for automatic filtering of DCV and ACV are listed in Table 3-9.

Table 3-8

DCV and ACV integration times set-by-resolution

Measurement function and type Resolution

DCV 3.5d, 4.5d

5.5d

6.5d

7.5d

Integration time

0.01 PLC

0.02 PLC

0.20 PLC

2.00 PLC

DCV peak spikes 3.5d (to 7.5d) Not used

RMS, average 3.5d, 4.5d

5.5d

6.5d, 7.5d

0.01 PLC

0.02 PLC

10.00 PLC

Low frequency RMS 3.5d to 7.5d Not used

ACV peak 4d (to 8d) Not used

Notes:

1. For DCV measurements, if the integration time is SET-BY-RSLN and the resolution AUTO, the integration time will be 1.0 PLC and the resolution 6.5 digits.

2. For RMS and average measurements, if the integration time is SETBY-RSLN and the resolution is AUTO, the integration will be 1.0 PLC and the resolution 5.5 digits.

3. For DCV peak spikes, low frequency RMS, and ACV peak measurements, the integration time setting is ignored.

4. The resolution of DCV peak spikes can be from 3.5d to 7.5d, but the accuracy is specified at 3.5d. The resolution of ACV peak can be from 4d to 8d, but the accuracy is specified at 4d

The ANALOG-FILTER menu item is used to check and/or change the state of the analog filter for the DCV function. It is described in paragraph 3.9.

3-17

Front Panel Operation

Table 3-9

DCV and ACV auto filte

Measurement function and type Units State Type Readings

Noise tolerance

DCV - On Advanced 10 1.0% Moving

DCV peak spikes - On Advanced 10 5.0% Moving

RMS, average, low frequency

Any Off Advanced 10 5.0% Moving

RMS

ACV peak Volts

dB, dBmOnOn

RESOLUTION

Except for frequency, temperature, and some special cases of AC voltage, all functions can operate with 3.5, 4.5, 5.5, 6.5, or 7.5-digit resolution, or they can default to a setting appropriate for the selected integration time. You can program the resolution parameter as follows:

Advanced

Averaging1010

5.0%

2. Use the cursor keys ( and ) to highlight RESOLUTION and press ENTER. The following typical menu is shown:

SET DCV RESOLUTION

AUTO 3.5d 4.5d 5.5d 6.5d 7.5d

3. Highlight the desired resolution and press ENTER.

CONFIGURE DCV

SPEED FILTER RESOLUTION

The AUTO selection optimizes the resolution for the present integration time setting. See Table 3-10 for the default resolutions of the DCV and ACV functions. The default resolutions of other functions are listed in paragraphs 3.4.2, 3.4.3, and 3.4.5.

Averaging Mode

Moving

Table 3-10

DCV and ACV auto resolution

Measurement function and type Integration time Resolution

DCV 0.01 to <0.02 PLC

0.02 to <0.20 PLC

0.20 to <2.00 PLC

2.00 to 10.00 PLC

4.5d

5.5d

6.5d

7.5d

DCV peak spikes Not used 3.5d

RMS, average 0.01 to <0.02 PLC

0.02 to <10.00 PLC

10.00 PLC

4.5d

5.5d

6.5d

Low frequency RMS Not used 5.5d

ACV peak Not used 4d

Notes:

1. If the DCV resolution is AUTO and the integration time SET-BY-RSLN, the resolution will be 6.5 digits and the integration time 1.0 PLC.

2. For DCV peak spikes, low frequency RMS, and ACV peak measurements, the integration time setting is ignored.

3. For RMS and average measurements, if the resolution is AUTO and the integration time is SET-BY-RSLN, the resolution will be 5.5 digits and the integration time 1.0 PLC.

3-18

Front Panel Operation

dBm = 10 log

REF

()

1mW

-----------------------------

UNITS

This parameter selects the displayed units for AC voltage measurements. You can program the ACV units parameter as follows:

1. From the CONFIGURE ACV menu, select UNITS and press ENTER. The following menu is displayed:

SET ACV DISP UNITS

VOLTS dB dBm

2. Highlight the desired units and press ENTER.

VOLTS: With volts selected as the units, AC voltage mea-

surements are expressed in volts.

dB: Expressing AC voltage in dB makes it possible to com-

press a large range of measurements into a much smaller scope. The relationship between dB and voltage is definedby the following equation:

------------

REF

where: V

dB = 20 log

is the AC input signal.

is the specified oltage reference level.

REF

dBm: dBm is defined as decibels above or below a 1mW ref-

erence. With a user-programmable reference impedance, the Model 2001 reads 0dBm when the voltage needed to dissipate 1mW through the reference impedance is applied. The relationship between dBm, a reference impedance, and the voltage is defined by the foll wing equation:

where: V

is the AC input signal.

is the specified reference impedance

REF

NOTE

Do not confuse reference impedance with input impedance. The input impedance of the instrument is not modified by the dBm parameter.

If a relative value is in effect when dBm is selected, the value is converted to dBm. If a relative value is stored after dB units are selected, the units of the relative value is dBm.

To set the reference impedance, perform the following steps:

The instrument will read 0dB when the reference voltage level is applied to the input. dB measurements are possible on all ACV measurement types except positive peak spikes and negative peak spikes, as these may be negative, and the log of a negative number is not defined. Note that dB measurements are specified only for the low frequency RMS measurement type.

If a relative value is in effect when dB is selected, the value is converted to dB. If a relative value is stored after dB units are selected, the units of the relative value are dB.

To set the reference voltage level, perform the following steps:

1. From the SET ACV DISP UNITS menu, select the dB option. The following typical message is shown:

dB REF LEV:001.000 V

2. By using the cursor keys ( and ) and the RANGE  and  keys, you can enter the desired voltage reference level (0.001V to 750V).

3. Press ENTER to complete the change. If positive peak spikes or negative peak spikes is the selected AC type, the change is not allowed.

1. From the SET ACV DISP UNITS menu, select the dBm option. The following menu is shown:

SET dBm REFERENCE

50Ω 75Ω 93Ω 132Ω 300Ω 600Ω

2. Highlight the desired reference impedance and press ENTER to complete the change. If positive peak spikes or negative peak spikes is the selected AC type, the change is not allowed.

dB/dBm notes:

1. dB and dBm units are not allowed with positive or negative peak spike measurements.

2. dB and dBm units are not allowed with an advanced fil ter.

3. With dB or dBm units selected, there is no bar graph on zero-centered bar graph multiple display.

4. When units are changed from volts to dB or dBm with A02 and greater firm are, all values less than zero that depend on the new units are made equal to zero. This includes, for example, relative values and stored readings. This avoids the overfl w condition of a log of a negative number.

3-19

Front Panel Operation

COUPLING

This parameter selects the input coupling for the ACV function. When AC coupling is selected, a DC blocking capacitor is placed in series with the input. This removes the DC component from the RMS, average, or peak ACV measurement.

When AC+DC coupling is selected, the blocking capacitor is removed. Subsequent RMS, average, or peak ACV measurements will reflect both the AC and DC components of the signal.

While displaying readings, the present coupling setting is shown on the bottom line, if not showing a multiple display.

You can set the ACV coupling as follows:

1. From the CONFIGURE ACV menu, select COUPLING and press ENTER. The following menu is displayed:

SET AC COUPLING

AC AC+DC

2. Highlight the desired coupling and press ENTER.

Note that the coupling settings for ACV and ACI are discrete. Thus, setting the coupling of ACV has no effect on the coupling of ACI.

AC-TYPE

This parameter selects the measurement type for the ACV function. The Model 2001 directly measures RMS, average, and peak AC voltages. For a 330V peak-to-peak sine wave, which is line voltage in the U.S., the measurements would be:

• RMS = 117V

• Average = 105V (full wave rectified

• Peak AC = 165V

The peak detector is also used to measure positive and negative peak spikes riding on a DC signal and they are, therefore, also configured from the AC-TYPE menu.

RMS and LOW-FREQ-RMS:

RMS mode and low frequency RMS mode depends on the desired accuracy and speed. Low frequency RMS mode is more accurate, but slower.

Both modes are specified between 20Hz and 2MHz, with low frequency RMS specified additionally down to 1Hz. Some guidelines for choosing between the two modes follow:

• Below 50Hz, use low frequency RMS mode for its greater accuracy.

• Between 50 and 100Hz, use either mode.

• Above 100Hz, use normal RMS mode for its greater speed.

AVERAGE:

the instrument bypasses the RMS converter, so the average ACV measurement is just the filtered output of a full wave rectifie .

PEAK:

the largest peak (positive or negative) of the input signal. The measurement window is fi ed at 100msec.

Note that you can configure the resolution of ACV peak measurements from 4 digits (3.5d from SET ACV RESOLUTION menu) to 8 digits (7.5d), but the accuracy is specifie at 4 digits. In addition, the accuracy specifications for AC peak measurements assume AC+DC coupling below 200Hz.

POSITIVE-PEAK and NEGATIVE-PEAK:

measurements are available as an ACV primary display (top line). They are also available as a DCV multiple display (bottom line). The menu items POSITIVE-PEAK and NEGATIVE-PEAK enable the measurement as a primary display. See Figure 3-8 for a description of the primary display.

After selecting a positive or negative peak spikes measurement from the SET ACV MEASUREMENT menu, you are asked to enter a value for the measurement window. A typical message follows:

When this item is selected, the signal path in

For AC peak measurements, the instrument displays

Selecting between normal

Peak spike

You can program the ACV type parameter as follows:

1. From the CONFIGURE ACV menu, select AC-TYPE and press ENTER. The following menu is displayed:

SET ACV MEASUREMENT

RMS AVERAGE PEAK LOW-FREQ-RMS

POSITIVE-PEAK NEGATIVE-PEAK

2. Highlight the desired measurement type and press ENTER.

3-20

PEAK WINDOW = 0.1 s

This sets the time the signal is sampled before the display is updated with a new reading. It can range from 0.1sec to

9.9sec.

As a primary display, the resolution of peak spikes can be set from 3.5d to 7.5d, but the accuracy is specified at 3.5d. (As a multiple display, the resolution is fi ed at 3.5d.)

Front Panel Operation

Note that dB and dBm are not allowed as valid units for peak spikes. Positive-going spikes on a negative DC level could still read as a negative value, and the log of a negative number is not defined.

RANGE = Set by ACV range (auto or ﬁxed). REL = Operates normally. SPEED = Set by peak window (0.1-9.9sec) FILTER = Set by ACV ﬁlter (AUTO=ADV (10)). RESOLUTION = Set by ACV resolution (AUTO = 3.5d) UNITS = Fixed on volts. COUPLING = Set by ACV coupling.

+000.0 mVAC +Pk

Coupling: AC+DC

NOTES:

1. Positive peak spikes and negative peak spikes are selected in the CONFIGURE-ACV menu.

2. Peak spikes measurement is speciﬁed for volts at 3.5 digits.

3. “Peak window” is the time a signal is sampled before a reading is displayed.

Multiple displays

The displays for DC and AC voltage that show multiple functions are shown in Figures 3-9 and 3-10. The multiple display for crest factor, which is calculated from the peak and RMS values, is described here.

Figure 3-8

Positive and negative peak spikes

3-21

Front Panel Operation

DCV

RANGE = Set by DCV range (auto or ﬁxed).

Autoranges independently of other functions. REL = Operates normally. SPEED = Set by DCV speed. FILTER = Set by DCV ﬁlter. RESOLUTION = Set by DCV resolution.

+000.0000 mVDC

+000.000 mVAC +000.00 Hz

ACV

RANGE = Set by ACV range (auto or ﬁxed).

Autoranges independently of other functions. REL = No effect. SPEED = Set by ACV speed. FILTER = Unaffected by DCV and ACV ﬁlters. RESOLUTION = Set by ACV resolution. UNITS = Fixed on volts. COUPLING = Fixed on AC coupling. AC-TYPE = Fixed on normal mode RMS.

A. DC voltage, AC voltage, and frequency functions

Figure 3-9

DC voltage multifunction multiple displays

FREQ

RANGE = Set by MAX-SIGNAL-LEVEL in CONFIGURE

FREQUENCY menu.

Autorange has no effect. REL = No effect. TRIGGER LEVEL = Set while in FREQ. Not available in

CONFIGURE FREQUENCY menu. FILTER = Unaffected by DCV ﬁlter. FREQ has no ﬁlter. RESOLUTION = Fixed at 5 digits. COUPLING = Fixed on AC coupling. INPUT TERMINALS = Fixed on VOLTAGE.

3-22

DCV

RANGE = Set by DCV range (auto or Þxed).

Autoranges independently of other functions. REL = Operates normally. SPEED = Set by DCV speed. FILTER = Set by DCV Þlter. RESOLUTION = Set by DCV resolution.

+000.0000 mVDC

Pos-Pk=+000.0mV Highest=+000.0mV

Front Panel Operation

Pos-Pk

RANGE = Follows the DCV range. REL = No effect. SPEED = Fixed at 100msec.

Peak window has no effect. FILTER = Unaffected by DCV and ACV ﬁlters. RESOLUTION = Fixed at 3.5 digits. UNITS = Fixed on volts. COUPLING = Fixed on AC+DC coupling.

NOTE: The peak detector captures the maximum value of the input signal.

B. DC voltage and positive peak spikes functions

Figure 3-9 (continued)

DC voltage multifunction multiple displays

Highest

REL = No effect. RESOLUTION = Fixed at 3.5 digits. UNITS = Fixed on volts.

NOTE: The highest value is reset by pressing the DCV key, or changing function (i.e., leaving this display).

3-23

Front Panel Operation

DCV

RANGE = Set by DCV range (auto or ﬁxed).

Autoranges independently of other functions. REL = Operates normally. SPEED = Set by DCV speed. FILTER = Set by DCV ﬁlter. RESOLUTION = Set by DCV resolution.

+000.0000 mVDC

Neg-Pk=-000.0mV Lowest=-000.0mV

Neg-Pk

RANGE = Follows the DCV range. REL = No effect. SPEED = Fixed at 100msec.

Peak window has no effect. FILTER = Unaffected by DCV and ACV ﬁlters. RESOLUTION = Fixed at 3.5 digits. UNITS = Fixed on volts. COUPLING = Fixed on AC+DC coupling.

NOTE: The peak detector captures the minimum value of the input signal.

C. DC voltage and negative peak spikes functions

Figure 3-9 (continued)

DC voltage multifunction multiple displays

Lowest

REL = No effect. RESOLUTION = Fixed at 3.5 digits. UNITS = Fixed on volts.

NOTE: The lowest value is reset by pressing the DCV key, or changing function (i.e., leaving this display).

3-24

DCV

RANGE = Set by DCV range (auto or ﬁxed).

Autoranges independently of other functions. REL = Operates normally. SPEED = Set by DCV speed. FILTER = Set by DCV ﬁlter. RESOLUTION = Set by DCV resolution.

+000.0000 mVDC

Pos-Pk=+000.0mV Neg-Pk=-000.0mV

Front Panel Operation

Pos-Pk

RANGE = Follows the DCV range. REL = No effect. SPEED = Fixed at 100msec.

Peak window has no effect. FILTER = Unaffected by DCV and ACV ﬁlters. RESOLUTION = Fixed at 3.5 digits. UNITS = Fixed on volts. COUPLING = Fixed on AC+DC coupling.

NOTE: The peak detector captures the maximum value of the input signal.

D. DC voltage, positive and negative peak spikes functions

Figure 3-9 (continued)

DC voltage multifunction multiple displays

Neg-Pk

RANGE = Follows the DCV range. REL = No effect. SPEED = Fixed at 100msec.

Peak window has no effect. FILTER = Unaffected by DCV and ACV ﬁlters. RESOLUTION = Fixed at 3.5 digits. UNITS = Fixed on volts. COUPLING = Fixed on AC+DC coupling.

NOTE: The peak detector captures the minimum value of the input signal.

3-25

Front Panel Operation

RMS

RANGE = Set by ACV range (auto or ﬁxed).

Autoranges independently of other functions. REL = Operates normally. SPEED = Set by ACV speed. FILTER = Set by ACV ﬁlter. RESOLUTION = Set by ACV resolution. UNITS = Set by ACV units. COUPLING = Set by ACV coupling. AC-TYPE = Fixed on normal mode RMS.

+000.000 mVAC RMS

+000.00Hz Crest Factor=0.00

FREQ

RANGE = Set by MAX-SIGNAL-LEVEL in CONFIGURE

FREQUENCY menu.

Autorange has no effect. REL = No effect. TRIGGER LEVEL= Set while in FREQ. Not available in

CONFIGURE FREQUENCY menu. FILTER = Unaffected by ACV ﬁlter. FREQ has no ﬁlter. RESOLUTION = Fixed at 5 digits. COUPLING = Set by ACV coupling. INPUT TERMINALS =Fixed on VOLTAGE.

A. AC RMS voltage, frequency, and crest factor

Figure 3-10

AC voltage multifunction multiple displays

Crest Factor

RANGE = ACV peak measurement range set by ACV range

(auto or ﬁxed). Peak measurement autoranges independently

of other functions. REL = No effect. SPEED = Fixed at 100msec. Peak window has no effect. FILTER = If ACV ﬁlter is on, crest factor is effectively ﬁltered as

well. RESOLUTION = Fixed at 3 digits. UNITS = None. COUPLING = ACV peak measurement coupling set by ACV

coupling.

NOTE: Crest factor (up to 9.99) is calculated from an ACV peak measurement divided by the raw (without rel) ACV RMS measurement.

3-26

RMS

RANGE = Set by ACV range (auto or ﬁxed).

+000.000 mVAC RMS

AVG=000.000mV Peak=000.0mV

Front Panel Operation

AVG

RANGE = Set by ACV range (auto or ﬁxed).

Autoranges independently of other functions. REL = No effect. SPEED= Set by ACV speed. FILTER = Unaffected by ACV ﬁlter. RESOLUTION = Fixed at 5.5 digits. UNITS = Fixed on volts. COUPLING = Set by ACV coupling.

B. AC RMS, average, and peak voltages

Figure 3-10 (continued)

AC voltage multifunction multiple displays

Crest factor: The crest factor of a waveform is the ratio of its

peak value to its RMS value. Thus, the crest factor specifie the dynamic range of a true RMS instrument. For sinusoidal waveforms, the crest factor is 1.414. For a symmetrical square wave, the crest factor is unity. The crest factor of a rectangular pulse is related to its duty cycle; as the duty cycle decreases, the crest factor increases.

For the Model 2001, the additional error term for RMS measurements caused by a high crest factor is specified up to a value of fi e. The maximum displayable value is 9.99, or else it shows “over”.

Note that the crest factor is not calculated if dB or dBm is the presently selected units.

Low level considerations

For sensitive measurements, external considerations besides the Model 2001 affect the accuracy. Effects not noticeable

Peak

RANGE = Set by ACV range (auto or ﬁxed).

Autoranges independently of other functions. REL = No effect. SPEED = Fixed at 100msec. Peak window has no

effect. FILTER = Unaffected by ACV ﬁlter. RESOLUTION = Fixed at 4 digits. UNITS = Fixed on volts. COUPLING = Set by ACV coupling.

when working with higher voltages are significant in microvolt signals. The Model 2001 reads only the signal received at its input; therefore, it is important that this signal be properly transmitted from the source. The following paragraphs indicate factors that affect accuracy, including thermal offsets and stray pick-up.

Shielding: AC voltages that are extremely large compared

with the DC signal to be measured may produce an erroneous output. Therefore, to minimize AC interference, the circuit should be shielded with the shield connected to the Model 2001 INPUT LO (particularly for low-level sources). Improper shielding can cause the Model 2001 to behave in one or more of the following ways:

• Unexpected offset voltages.

• Inconsistent readings between ranges.

• Sudden shifts in reading.

3-27

Front Panel Operation

To minimize pick-up, keep the voltage source and the Model 2001 away from strong AC magnetic sources. The voltage induced due to magnetic flux is proportional to the area of the loop formed by the input leads. Therefore, minimize the loop area of the input leads and connect each signal at only one point.

Thermal EMFs: Thermal emfs (thermoelectric potentials)

are generated by thermal differences between the junctions of dissimilar metals. These can be large compared to the signal that the Model 2001 can measure. Thermal emfs can cause the following conditions:

• Instability or zero offset is much higher than expected.

• The reading is sensitive to (and responds to) temperature changes. This effect can be demonstrated by touching the circuit, by placing a heat source near the circuit, or by a regular pattern of instability (corresponding to heating and air conditioning systems, or changes in sunlight).

To minimize the drift caused by thermal emfs, use copper leads to connect the circuit to the Model 2001. A banana plug generates a few microvolts. A clean copper conductor such as #10 bus wire is ideal for this application. The leads to the input may be shielded or unshielded, as necessary. Refer to Shielding.

Widely varying temperatures within the circuit can also create thermal emfs. Therefore, maintain constant offset temperatures to minimize these thermal emfs. A cardboard box around the circuit under test also helps by minimizing air currents.

The REL control can be used to null out constant offset voltages.

Note that additional thermals may be generated by the optional Model 2001-SCAN scanner card.

AC voltage offset: The Model 2001, at 5½d resolution, will

typically display 150 counts of offset on AC volts with the input shorted. This offset is caused by the offset of the TRMS converter. This offset will not affect reading accuracy and should not be zeroed out using the rel feature. The following equation expresses how this offset (V

) is added to the

OFFSET

signal input (VIN):

Displayed reading

()

OFFSET

Example: Range = 2VAC

Offset = 150 counts (1.5mV) Input = 200mV RMS

Display reading 200mV () 2 + 1.5mV () 2 =

= 0.04V 2.25 10

= .200005V

-6

V×()+

The offset is seen as the last digit which is not displayed. Therefore, the offset is negligible. If the rel feature were used to zero the display, the 150 counts of offset would be subtracted from V

resulting in an error of 150 counts in the dis-

played reading.

3.4.2 DC and AC current

DC current measurements

The Model 2001 can make normal DC current measurements between 10pA and 2.1A. Assuming “bench reset” conditions (see paragraph 3.12.1), the basic procedure is as follows:

1. Connect the test leads to the AMPS and INPUT LO terminals of the Model 2001. Either the front or rear inputs can be used; place the INPUTS button in the appropriate position.

2. Select the DCI function.

3. Select a range consistent with the expected current. For automatic range selection, press the AUTO key. The AUTO annunciator denotes whether auto-ranging is enabled.

4. Connect the test leads to the source as shown in Figure 3-11.

CAUTION

Do not apply more than 2.1A, 250V to the AMPS input, or the amps protection fuse will blow.

5. Observe the display. If the “Overfl w” message is shown, select a higher range until a normal reading is displayed. Always use the lowest possible range for the best resolution.

6. Take a reading from the display.

3-28

Front Panel Operation

AC current measurements

The Model 2001 can make AC current measurements between 100pA and 2.1A. Assuming “bench reset” conditions (see paragraph 3.12.1), the basic procedure is as follows:

1. Connect the test leads to the AMPS and INPUT LO terminals of the Model 2001. Either the front or rear inputs can be used; place the INPUTS button in the appropriate position.

2. Select the ACI function.

3. Select a range consistent with the expected current. For automatic range selection, press the AUTO key. The AUTO annunciator denotes whether auto-ranging is enabled.

4. Connect the test leads to the source as shown in Figure 3-11.

CAUTION

Do not apply more than 2.1A, 250V to the AMPS input, or the amps protection fuse will blow.

5. Observe the display. If the “Overfl w” message is shown, select a higher range until a normal reading is displayed. Always use the lowest possible range for the best resolution.

6. Take a reading from the display.

1. Turn off the power and disconnect the power line and test leads.

2. Perform one of the following steps: A. For the front panel AMPS fuse, gently push in the

AMPS jack with your thumb and rotate the fuse carrier one-quarter turn counter-clockwise. Release pressure on the jack and its internal spring will push the jack out of the socket.

B. For the rear panel AMPS fuse, place the end of a

flat-blade screwdriver into the rear panel AMPS holder. Push in gently and rotate the fuse carrier one-quarter turn counter-clockwise. Release pres-

sure on the holder and its internal spring will push the fuse carrier out of the holder.

3. Remove the fuse and replace it with the same type (2A, 250V, fast blow, 5

20mm). The Keithley part number

is FU-48.

CAUTION

AMPS fuse replacement

There are two protection fuses for the current ranges, one for the front terminals, another for the rear. This procedure describes how to change an AMPS fuse.

WARNING

Make sure the instrument is disconnected from the power line and other equipment before replacing an AMPS fuse.

Model 2001

+000.0050 µADC

Range: 200 µADC

DCV ACV DCI ACI Ω2 Ω4

DISPLAY

REL TRIG STORE RECALL

POWER

INFO LOCAL CHAN SCAN CONFIG MENU EXIT ENTER

FILTER MATH

2001 MULTIMETER

FREQ TEMP

RANGE AUTO

RANGE

Caution : Maximum Input = 2.1A

Figure 3-11

DC and AC current measurements

4. Install the new fuse by reversing the above procedure.

SENSE

INPUT

Ω 4 WIRE

350V

1100V

PEAK

500V PEAK

INPUTS

FRONT/REAR

2A 250V

AMPS

CAL

Current

Source

3-29

Front Panel Operation

Current conﬁguration

The following paragraphs detail how to change the Model 2001 from its bench reset conditions for DC and AC current measurements. The configuration menus are summarized in

Table 3-11

CONFIGURE DCI menu structure

Menu item Description

SPEED

NORMAL FAST MEDIUM HIACCURACY SET-SPEED-EXACTLY SET-BY-RSLN

FILTER

AUTO AVERAGING ADVANCED

AVERAGING-MODE

RESOLUTION

AUTO

3.5d, 4.5d, 5.5d, 6.5d, 7.5d

MEASUREMENT-MODE

NORMAL IN-CIRCUIT

Measurement speed (integration time) menu:

Select 1 PLC (power line cycle, 16.67msec for 60Hz, 20msec for 50Hz and

400Hz). Select 0.01 PLC. Select 0.1 PLC. Select 10 PLC. Set integration time in PLC (0.01-10). Default to setting appropriate for resolution.

Digital filter menu

Default to filter appropriate for int gration time. Program a simple average filter (1-100 readings) Program a simple average filter (1-100 readings) with a noise tolerance wind w

(0-100% of range). Select moving average or repeating average mode.

Display resolution menu:

Default to resolution appropriate for integration time. Select a specific resolution.

Measurement mode menu:

Select normal current measurement (use AMPS terminals). Select in-circuit current measurement (use INPUT and SENSE terminals).

Tables 3-11 and 3-12. Note that a function does not have to be selected in order to be configured. When the function is selected, it will assume the programmed status.

3-30

Table 3-12

CONFIGURE ACI menu structure

Menu item Description

Front Panel Operation

SPEED

NORMAL FAST MEDIUM HIACCURACY SET-SPEED-EXACTLY SET-BY-RSLN

FILTER

AUTO AVERAGING ADVANCED

AVERAGING-MODE

RESOLUTION

AUTO

3.5d, 4.5d, 5.5d, 6.5d, 7.5d

COUPLING

AC AC+DC

AC-TYPE

RMS AVERAGE

Measurement speed (integration time) menu:

Digital filter menu

Default to filter appropriate for int gration time. Program a simple average filter (1-100 readings) Program a simple average filter (1-100 readings) with a noise tolerance wind w (0-100% of range). Select moving average or repeating average mode.

Display resolution menu:

Default to resolution appropriate for integration time. Select a specific resolution.

Coupling menu:

Select AC coupled measurements. Select DC coupled measurements.

Type of ACI measurement menu:

Select true RMS ACI. Select average ACI.

SPEED

The SPEED parameter sets the integration time of the A/D converter, the period of time the input signal is measured (also known as aperture). It is discussed in paragraph 3.4.1, DC and AC voltage. Only the differences for DC and AC current are noted here.

The SET-BY-RSLN parameter optimizes the integration time for the present resolution setting. The defaults for setby-resolution integration times of DCI and ACI are listed in Table 3-13.

Table 3-13

DCI and ACI integration time set-by-resolution

Measurement function and type Resolution Integration time

DC current 3.5d, 4.5d

5.5d

6.5d

7.5d

0.01 PLC

0.02 PLC

0.20 PLC

2.00 PLC

DC in-circuit current 3.5d to 7.5d Not used

RMS, average 3.5d, 4.5d

5.5d

6.5d, 7.5d

Notes:

1. For normal DC current, if the integration time is SET-BY-RSLN and the resolution is AUTO, the integration time will be 1.0 PLC and the resolution 6.5 digits.

2. For DC in-circuit current, the integration time setting is ignored.

3. For AC current, if the integration time is SET-BY-RSLN and the resolution is AUTO, the integration time will be 1.0 PLC and the resolution 5.5 digits.

0.01 PLC

0.02 PLC

10.00 PLC

3-31

Front Panel Operation

FILTER

The FILTER parameter lets you set the digital filter response and control its on/off operation. It is described in paragraph

3.9. Only the specifics for DC and AC current are covered here.

The AUTO parameter for a digital filter optimizes its use for the present measurement function. The defaults for automatic filtering of DCI and ACI are listed in Table 3-14.

Table 3-14

DCI and ACI auto filte

Measurement function and type State Type Readings

DC current On Advanced 10 1.0% Moving

DC in-circuit current On Advanced 10 1.0% Moving

AC current Off Advanced 10 5.0% Moving

RESOLUTION

The RESOLUTION parameter sets the display resolution. It is discussed in paragraph 3.4.1, DC and AC voltage. Only the differences for DC and AC current are noted here.

The available resolution on all current functions and types is

3.5 digits to 7.5 digits. If the DCI or ACI resolution is AUTO, refer to Table 3-15 for the resolution associated with the integration time.

Noise tolerance Mode

Table 3-15

DCI and ACI auto resolution

Measurement function and type Integration time Resolution

DC current 0.01 to <0.02 PLC

0.02 to <0.20 PLC

0.20 to <2.00 PLC

2.00 to 10.00 PLC

4.5d

5.5d

6.5d

7.5d

DC in-circuit current Not used 5.5d

RMS, average 0.01 to <0.02 PLC

0.02 to <10.00 PLC

10.00 PLC

Notes:

1. For normal DC current, if the resolution is AUTO and the integration time is SET-BY-RSLN, the resolution will be 6.5 digits and the integration time 1.0 PLC.

2. For DC in-circuit current, the integration time setting is ignored.

3. For AC current, if the resolution is AUTO and the integration time is SET-BY-RSLN, the resolution will be 5.5 digits and the integration time 1.0 PLC.

4.5d

5.5d

6.5d

3-32

Front Panel Operation

MEAS1

IN-CKTISOURCE

+()R

TRACE

MEAS1

IN-CKTISOURCE

+()

--------------------------------------------------=

MEAS2

IN-CKT

()R

TRACE

MEAS2

IN-CKT

()

-----------------------=

MEAS1

IN-CKTISOURCE

+()

--------------------------------------------------

MEAS2

IN-CKT

()

-----------------------=

MEAS1IIN-CKT

()V

MEAS2IIN-CKTISOURCE

+()=

MEAS1IIN-CKT

()-V

MEAS2IIN-CKT

()V

MEAS2ISOURCE

()=

IN-CKTVMEAS1-VMEAS2

()=V

MEAS2ISOURCE

()

IN-CKT

MEAS2ISOURCE

()

MEAS1-VMEAS2

()

----------------------------------------------=

MEASUREMENT-MODE

This option selects the DC current measurement mode, either normal or in-circuit measurements. It is programmed as follows:

1. From the CONFIGURE DCI menu, select MEASUREMENT-MODE and press ENTER. The following menu is shown:

DCI MEASUREMENT MODE

NORMAL IN-CIRCUIT

2. Highlight the desired mode and press ENTER.

NORMAL:

where the meter is placed in series with the current path and the voltage across an internal shunt resistor is measured. The specifications are derated by 50ppm for currents over 0.5A because of the self-heating effects on the shunt resistor.

IN-CIRCUIT:

4-wire resistance measurement and a voltage measurement. It is similar to an offset-compensated ohms reading.

A measurement overfl w occurs for any of the following conditions:

This option is for normal current measuring,

In-circuit current is a calculation based on a

1. Using one set of the Kelvin probe tips, the instrument sources a known current (I

) through the conductor

SOURCE

and simultaneously measures the resulting voltage (V

) with the other set of probe tips:

MEAS1

2. The instrument then measures the voltage (V

MEAS2

across the conductor without sourcing an additional current:

3. It then calculates the in-circuit current by combining the equations and solving for I

IN-CKT

Ω

)

• The measured voltage exceeds |±200mV|.

• The trace resistance is less than 1m 10

or greater than

• The in-circuit current is greater than 12A.

The current in a low resistance conductor (e.g., a printed circuit trace) can be measured without breaking the current path. The Model 2001 can do this with a pair of Kelvin test probes across the conductor. See Figure 3-12. The method follows:

Model 2001

SENSE

INPUT

Ω 4 WIRE

+00.207 ADC ICkt

Trace resistance: 1.0000Ω

DCV ACV DCI ACI Ω2 Ω4

DISPLAY

REL TRIG STORE RECALL

POWER

INFO LOCAL CHAN SCAN CONFIG MENU EXIT ENTER

Caution : Maximum Input = +200mV on (I where I

SOURCE

= 10mA.

FILTER MATH

2001 MULTIMETER

FREQ TEMP

RANGE AUTO

RANGE

350V PEAK

FRONT/REAR

INPUTS

CAL

IN - CKT

1100V

PEAK

500V PEAK

2A 250V

AMPS

+ I

SOURCE

) • R

Circuit

Under Test

TRACE

Note: The distance "X" must be greater than 10 times the

distance "Y" or additional errors will be introduced.

Figure 3-12

DC in-circuit current measurements

3-33

Front Panel Operation

Because of accuracy considerations, in-circuit current read-

ings are limited to traces with a resistance of 1mΩ to 10Ω. If

either of these limits is exceeded in the resistance calculation, the in-circuit current cannot be calculated. The bottom line of the front panel display will show and update the trace resistance.

A procedure to measure in-circuit current follows:

1. Select the in-circuit current measurement mode from the CONFIGURE DCI menu and place the instrument in the DCI function. Note that the 4W annunciator lights to indicate this is a 4-wire measurement.

2. Connect a set of Kelvin test probes, such as Keithley Model 5805 or 5806, to the Model 2001 INPUT HI and LO terminals and SENSE HI and LO terminals.

3. For R

<50mΩ, or where the conductors are physi-

TRACE

cally hot, rel out (zero correct) any thermal offsets that are present before measuring in-circuit current. With power to the test circuit removed, place the probes on the desired trace and enable rel from the DCI function.

4. Turn on the power to the test circuit and read the in-circuit current calculation. The speed of this measurement is four readings per second at 1PLC. Its range is fi ed at 12A. The default filter for in-circuit current is a moving average of ten readings. Additional filtering may be needed at low voltage levels.

You can set the ACI coupling as follows:

1. From the CONFIGURE ACI menu, select COUPLING and press ENTER. The following menu is displayed:

SET AC COUPLING

AC AC+DC

2. Highlight the desired coupling and press ENTER.

Note that the coupling settings for ACI and ACV are discrete. Thus, setting the coupling of ACI has no effect on the coupling of ACV.

AC-TYPE

This parameter selects the measurement type for the ACI function. The Model 2001 directly measures RMS and average AC current. You can program the ACI type parameter as follows:

1. From the CONFIGURE ACI menu, select AC-TYPE and press ENTER. The following menu is displayed:

SET ACI MEASUREMENT

RMS AVERAGE

2. Highlight the desired measurement type and press ENTER.

COUPLING

This parameter selects the input coupling for the ACI function. When AC coupling is selected, a DC blocking capacitor is placed in series with the AC measurement circuit. (Note that the current shunt resistors are always DC coupled to the inputs.) This removes the DC component from the RMS and average ACI measurement.

When AC+DC coupling is selected, the blocking capacitor is removed. Subsequent RMS or average ACI measurements will reflect both the AC and DC components of the signal.

RMS: With this parameter selected, the instrument performs

RMS AC current measurements.

AVERAGE: When this item is selected, the signal path in

the instrument bypasses the RMS converter, so the average ACI measurement is just the filtered output of a full wave rectifie .

Multiple displays

The multiple displays for AC current that show multiple functions are shown in Figure 3-13. There are no multifunction displays for DC current.

3-34

Front Panel Operation

RMS (or AVG)

RANGE = Set by ACI range (auto or ﬁxed).

Autoranges independently of other function. REL = Operates normally. SPEED = Set by ACI speed. FILTER = Set by ACI ﬁlter. RESOLUTION = Set by ACI resolution. COUPLING = Set by ACI coupling. AC-TYPE = Set by ACI AC-Type.

+000.000 µAAC RMS (or AVG)

+0.0000 Hz

FREQ

RANGE = Set by MAX-SIGNAL-LEVEL in CONFIGURE

FREQUENCY menu.

Autorange has no effect. REL = No effect. TRIGGER LEVEL = Set while in FREQ. Not available in

CONFIGURE FREQUENCY menu. FILTER = Unaffected by ACI ﬁlter. FREQ has no ﬁlter. RESOLUTION = Fixed at 5 digits. COUPLING = Set by ACI coupling. INPUT TERMINALS = Fixed on CURRENT

RMS

RANGE = Set by ACI range (auto or ﬁxed).

Autoranges independently of other function. REL = Operates normally. SPEED = Set by ACI speed. FILTER = Set by ACI ﬁlter. RESOLUTION = Set by ACI resolution. COUPLING = Set by ACI coupling.

+000.000 µAAC RMS

AVG=000.000 µAAC

AVG

RANGE = Set by ACI range (auto or ﬁxed).

Autoranges independently of other function. REL = No effect. SPEED = Set by ACI speed. FILTER = Unaffected by ACI ﬁlter. RESOLUTION = Fixed at 5.5 digits. COUPLING = Set by ACI coupling.

B. AC RMS and average current functions

A. AC RMS (or average) current and frequency functions

igure 3-13

C current multifuncton multiple displays

3.4.3 Two and four-wire resistance

2-wire resistance measurements

The Model 2001 can make 2-wire resistance measurements

between 1µΩ and 1.05GΩ. Assuming “bench reset” condi-

tions (see paragraph 3.12.1), the basic procedure is as follows:

1. Connect test leads to the INPUT HI and LO terminals of the Model 2001. Either the front or rear inputs can be used; place the INPUTS button in the appropriate position.

2. Select the Ω2 function.

3. Select a range consistent with the expected resistance. For automatic range selection, press the AUTO key. The AUTO annunciator denotes whether auto-ranging is enabled.

4. Enable offset compensation if needed (refer to the procedure later in this paragraph).

NOTE

Whether or not offset compensation is be-

ing used, the 20Ω, 200Ω, 2kΩ, 20kΩ, and 200kΩ ranges require zero correction in

order to achieve the best accuracy. The zero correction procedure is located in a following paragraph.

5. Connect the test leads to the resistance as shown in Figure 3-14.

CAUTION

Do not exceed 1100V peak between INPUT HI and LO, or instrument damage may occur.

3-35

Front Panel Operation

Model 2001

+00.00100 Ω

Range: 20Ω

DCV ACV DCI ACI Ω2 Ω4

DISPLAY

REL TRIG STORE RECALL

POWER

INFO LOCAL CHAN SCAN CONFIG MENU EXIT ENTER

Note: Source current flows from the INPUT HI to INPUT LO terminals.

FILTER MATH

2001 MULTIMETER

FREQ TEMP

RANGE

AUTO

igure 3-14

Two-wire resistance measurements

6. Observe the display. If the “Overfl w” message is shown, select a higher range until a normal reading is displayed. Always use the lowest possible range for the best resolution.

7. Take a reading from the display.

4-wire resistance measurements

Shielded

SENSE

INPUT

Ω 4 WIRE

350V PEAK

INPUTS

FRONT/REAR

2A 250V

AMPS

CAL

Cable

1100V

PEAK

500V PEAK

Optional shield

Resistance

Under Test

5. Connect the test leads to the resistance as shown in Figure 3-15.

CAUTION

Do not exceed 1100V peak between INPUT HI and LO, or instrument damage may occur.

The Model 2001 can make 4-wire resistance measurements

between 1µΩ and 210kΩ. Assuming “bench reset” condi-

tions (see paragraph 3.12.1), the basic procedure is as follows:

1. Connect test leads to the INPUT HI and LO and SENSE

Ω4 WIRE HI and LO terminals of the Model 2001. Rec-

ommended Kelvin test probes include the Keithley Models 5805 and 5806. Either the front or rear inputs can be used; place the INPUTS button in the appropriate position.

2. Select the Ω4 function.

3. Select a range consistent with the expected resistance. For automatic range selection, press the AUTO key. The AUTO annunciator denotes whether auto-ranging is enabled.

4. Enable offset compensation if needed (refer to the procedure later in this paragraph).

NOTE

If offset compensation is not being used,

the 20Ω and 200Ω ranges require zero cor-

rection in order to achieve the best accuracy. The zero correction procedure is located in a following paragraph.

6. Observe the display. If the “Overfl w” message is shown, select a higher range until a normal reading is displayed. Always use the lowest possible range for the best resolution.

7. Take a reading from the display.

Zeroing

The term “when properly zeroed” means that you must establish a baseline for subsequent measurements on that

range. The 20Ω and 200Ω resistance ranges require zero cor-

rection to correct for thermal offsets. This procedure should be performed whenever the ambient temperature changes. To zero (rel) the Model 2001, use the following procedure:

1. Disable rel, if presently enabled, by pressing the REL key. The REL annunciator will turn off.

2. Select the desired function (Ω2 or Ω4) and range.

3. Connect the test leads to INPUT HI and LO (and

SENSE Ω4 WIRE if the Ω4 function is selected) of the

Model 2001 and short them together. Noise and thermal offsets may require a few moments to stabilize.

4. Press the REL key. The display will read zero.

5. Remove the short and connect the test leads to the resistance to be measured.

3-36

Front Panel Operation

Model 2001

Ω 4 WIRE

+00.00020 Ω

Range: 20Ω

DCV ACV DCI ACI Ω2 Ω4

DISPLAY

REL TRIG STORE RECALL

POWER

INFO LOCAL CHAN SCAN CONFIG MENU EXIT ENTER

2001 MULTIMETER

FREQ TEMP

FILTER MATH

RANGE

350V PEAK

AUTO

Note: Source current flows from the INPUT HI to INPUT LO terminals.

igure 3-15

Four-wire resistance measurements

Shielding

It helps to shield resistance greater than 100kΩ to achieve a

stable reading. Place the resistance in a shielded enclosure and electrically connect the shield to the INPUT LO terminal of the instrument.

SENSE

INPUTS

FRONT/REAR

Shielded

INPUT

2A 250V

AMPS

CAL

Cable

1100V

PEAK

500V PEAK

Optional shield

Resistance

Under Test

Resistance conﬁguration

The following paragraphs detail how to change the Model 2001 from its bench reset conditions for 2-wire and 4-wire resistance measurements. The configuration menus are summarized in Tables 3-16 and 3-17. Note that a function does not have to be selected in order to be configured. When the function is selected, it will assume the programmed status.

Table 3-16

CONFIGURE OHMS-2W menu structure

Menu item Description

SPEED

NORMAL FAST MEDIUM HIACCURACY SET-SPEED-EXACTLY SET-BY-RSLN

FILTER

AUTO AVERAGING ADVANCED

Measurement speed (integration time) menu:

Digital filter menu

Default to filter appropriate for int gration time. Program a simple average filter (1-100 readings) Program a simple average filter (1-100 readings) with a noise tolerance wind w

(0-100% of range).

AVERAGING-MODE

RESOLUTION

AUTO

3.5d, 4.5d, 5.5d, 6.5d, 7.5d

Select moving average or repeating average mode.

Display resolution menu:

Default to resolution appropriate for integration time. Select a specific resolution.

OFFSETCOMP Enable/disable offset compensation (20Ω-20kΩ ranges).

MAXAUTORANGE

1GΩ, 200MΩ, 20MΩ, 2MΩ,

Set upper limit for autoranging of 2-wire resistance.

Select a specific range.

200kΩ, 20kΩ

3-37

Front Panel Operation

Table 3-17

CONFIGURE OHMS-4W menu structure

Menu item Description

SPEED

NORMAL

Measurement speed (integration time) menu:

Select 1 PLC (power line cycle, 16.67msec for 60Hz, 20msec for 50Hz and 400Hz).

Select 0.01 PLC. FAST MEDIUM HIACCURACY SET-SPEED-EXACTLY

Select 0.1 PLC.

Select 10 PLC.

Set integration time in PLC (0.01-10).

Default to setting appropriate for resolution. SET-BY-RSLN

FILTER

AUTO AVERAGING ADVANCED

Digital filter menu

Default to filter appropriate for int gration time.

Program a simple average filter (1-100 readings)

Program a simple average filter (1-100 readings) with a noise tolerance wind w

(0-100% of range).

AVERAGING-MODE

RESOLUTION

AUTO

3.5d, 4.5d, 5.5d, 6.5d, 7.5d

Select moving average or repeating average mode.

Display resolution menu:

Default to resolution appropriate for integration time.

Select a specific resolution.

OFFSETCOMP Enable/disable offset compensation (20Ω-20kΩ ranges).

MAXAUTORANGE

200kΩ, 20kΩ, 2kΩ

SPEED

Set upper limit for autoranging of 4-wire resistance.

Select a specific range

Table 3-18

Ω

2 and Ω4 integration time set-by-resolution

Resolution Integration time

3.5d, 4.5d

5.5d

6.5d

The SET-BY-RSLN parameter optimizes the integration

7.5d

time for the present resolution setting. The defaults for set-

by-resolution integration times of Ω2 and Ω4 are listed in

Table 3-18.

Note: If the integration time is SET-BY-RSLN and the resolution AUTO, the integration time will be 1.0 PLC and the resolution 6.5 digits.

0.01 PLC

0.02 PLC

0.20 PLC

2.00 PLC

3-38

FILTER

The FILTER parameter lets you set the digital filter response and control its on/off operation. It is described in paragraph

3.9. Only the specifics for 2- and 4-wire resistance are covered here.

The AUTO parameter for a digital filter optimizes its use for the present measurement function. The defaults for

automatic filtering of Ω2 and Ω4 are listed in Table 3-19.

Table 3-19

Ω

2 and Ω4 auto filte

Front Panel Operation

Measurement function State Type Reading Noise tolerance

2-wire resistance On Advanced 10 1.0% Moving

4-wire resistance On Advanced 10 1.0% Moving

RESOLUTION

The RESOLUTION parameter sets the display resolution. It is discussed in paragraph 3.4.1, DC and AC voltage. Only the

differences for Ω2 and Ω4 are noted here.

The available resolution on all resistance functions and types

is 3.5 digits to 7.5 digits. If the Ω2 or Ω4 resolution is AUTO,

refer to Table 3-20 for the resolution associated with the integration time.

Table 3-20

Ω

2 and Ω4 auto resolution

Integration time Resolution

0.01 to <0.02 PLC

0.02 to <0.20 PLC

0.20 to <2.00 PLC

2.00 to 10.00 PLC

Note: If the resolution is AUTO and the integration time SET-BY-RSLN, the resolution will be 6.5 digits and the integration time 1.0 PLC.

4.5d

5.5d

6.5d

7.5d

Averaging Mode

2. Turns off the internal current source and again measures the voltage drop across the device. This is the voltage caused by an external device.

3. Calculates and displays the corrected resistance value.

Offset compensation not only corrects for small error voltages in the measurement circuit, but it also compensates for thermal voltages generated within the Model 2001. In normal mode ohms, these thermal EMF offsets are accounted for during calibration.

You can enable/disable offset compensation as follows:

1. From the CONFIGURE OHMS-2W or CONFIGURE OHMS-4W menu, select OFFSETCOMP and press ENTER. The following menu is displayed:

SET OFFSET COMP

ON OFF

2. Highlight the desired selection and press ENTER.

Offset compensated readings are indicated by “OCmp” to the right of the reading.

OFFSETCOMP

Offset compensation is used to compensate for voltage potentials, such as thermal offsets, across the device under test. This feature eliminates errors due to a low level external voltage source configured in series with the unknown resistor.

Offsets up to ±0.2V on the 20Ω and 200Ω ranges, and from

-0.2V to +2V on the 2kΩ and 20kΩ ranges can be corrected

with offset compensation. Offset compensation is available for 2- and 4-wire resistance measurements.

During offset compensated resistance measurements, the Model 2001 performs the following steps for each A/D conversion:

1. Makes a normal resistance measurement of the device. In general, this consists of sourcing a current through the device, and measuring the voltage drop across the device.

Note that the offset compensation settings of the ohms functions are discrete. Thus, enabling offset compensation in 2wire ohms has no effect on 4-wire ohms.

MAXAUTORANGE

By setting an upper limit on autoranging, you can prevent changes to ranges that you do not want to use. This speeds up the reading rate while still using auto-ranging. You can program the MAXAUTORANGE as follows:

1. From the CONFIGURE OHMS-2W or CONFIGURE OHMS-4W menu, select MAXAUTORANGE and press ENTER. One of the following menus is displayed:

SET Ω2 MAX AUTORANGE

1GΩ 200MΩ 20MΩ 2MΩ 200kΩ 20kΩ

3-39

Front Panel Operation

SET Ω4 MAX AUTORANGE

200kΩ 20kΩ 2kΩ

2. Highlight the desired maximum range for autoranging and press ENTER.

Multiple displays

There are three multiple displays available just for the resistance functions:

• Source current

• Voltage drop

• Lead resistance (Ω4 only)

Source current: This is the value of the current being

sourced for the present resistance range. It is based on the calibration constants and is shown as follows:

Source Current = 0.0000 mA

V oltage drop: This display shows the voltage drop across the

resistance under test. It is shown as follows:

Voltage Drop = 0.0000 mV

3.4.4 Frequency

The Model 2001 can make frequency measurements from 1Hz to 15MHz through its INPUT HI and INPUT LO terminals, and from 1Hz to 1MHz through its AMPS and INPUT LO terminals. Assuming “bench reset” conditions (see paragraph 3.12.1), the basic procedure is as follows:

1. Connect the test leads to the INPUT HI and LO terminals of the Model 2001. Either the front or rear inputs can be used; place the INPUTS button in the appropriate position.

NOTE

A bench reset defaults the frequency input terminals to INPUT HI and LO.

2. Select the FREQ function.

3. Connect the test leads to the source as shown in Figure 3-16A.

CAUTION

Do not exceed 1100V peak between INPUT HI and INPUT LO, or instrument damage may occur.

This voltage drop is determined by multiplying the source current by the resistance and does not include voltage contributions from other current that may be fl wing through the resistance.

Lead Resistance: This display, available only for 4-wire

ohms, shows the value of the lead resistance that is being

nulled by using the Ω4 function. You can use the information

to decide if a 4-wire measurement is necessary. The display is as follows:

Lead Resistance = 0.0000 Ω

If the lead resistance exceeds 1kΩ, the display is:

Lead Resistance > 1000Ω

4. Take a reading from the display.

The procedure for measuring frequency with the AMPS and INPUT LO terminals is similar. (See Figure 3-16B for a connection diagram.) Be sure the frequency function is config ured to use the current terminals.

CAUTION

Do not apply more than 2.1A, 250V to the AMPS input, or the amps protection fuse will blow. (Refer to paragraph 3.4.2 for the AMPS fuse replacement procedure.)

3-40

+000.00 mHz

Terminals: VOLT Coupling: AC

DCV ACV DCI ACI Ω2 Ω4

DISPLAY

REL TRIG STORE RECALL

POWER

INFO LOCAL CHAN SCAN CONFIG MENU EXIT ENTER

Caution : Maximum Input = 1100V peak, 2 x 107 V•Hz

A. AC Voltage Input

+000.00 mHz

Terminals: CURR Coupling: AC

DCV ACV DCI ACI Ω2 Ω4

DISPLAY

REL TRIG STORE RECALL

POWER

INFO LOCAL CHAN SCAN CONFIG MENU EXIT ENTER

Model 2001

SENSE

INPUT

Ω 4 WIRE

350V

RANGE

PEAK

INPUTS

FRONT/REAR

AUTO

2A 250V

AMPS

CAL

2001 MULTIMETER

FREQ TEMP

FILTER MATH

Model 2001

SENSE

INPUT

Ω 4 WIRE

350V

RANGE

PEAK

INPUTS

FRONT/REAR

AUTO

2A 250V

AMPS

CAL

2001 MULTIMETER

FREQ TEMP

FILTER MATH

Caution : Maximum Input = 1A peak

Front Panel Operation

1100V PEAK

500V PEAK

1100V PEAK

500V PEAK

AC Voltage

Source

AC Current

Source

B. AC Current Input

Figure 3-16

Frequency measurements

Trigger level

The frequency function has an adjustable trigger level. An appropriate trigger level is needed for the frequency counter to operate properly. The instrument only counts cycles with peak amplitudes that reach the trigger level. For example, if the trigger level is set for 5V, cycles with peak amplitudes less than 5V are not counted.

If using AC+DC coupling, make sure the trigger level accounts for the DC bias level. For example, if a 1V peak-topeak input signal is riding on a 5V DC bias level, a trigger level of 5.5V is appropriate.

While the display is showing frequency measurements, the RANGE  and  keys can be used to change the trigger lev- el of the measurement.

Each press of a RANGE  or  key adjusts the trigger level by 0.5% of the presently selected maximum signal level to a maximum of 60% of the range. The AUTO RANGE key returns the trigger level to 0V or 0mA. After pressing one of the range keys, the present trigger level is momentarily displayed. The trigger level is also available as a multiple display.

See Table 3-21 for the trigger level ranges and increments.

Table 3-21

Trigger level range and increments

Trigger level

Maximum signal level

1V 10V 100V 1000V

1mA 10mA 100mA 1A

Note: The trigger level for TTL triggering defaults to +0.80V.

Range Increment

-0.600 to +0.600V

-6.00 to +6.00V

-60.0 to +60.0V

-600 to +600V

-0.600mA to +0.600mA

-6.00mA to +6.00mA

-60.0mA to +60.0mA

-600mA to +600mA

0.005V

0.05V

0.5V 5V

0.005mA

0.05mA

0.5mA 5mA

Frequency conﬁguration

The following paragraphs detail how to change the Model 2001 from its bench reset conditions for frequency measurements. The configuration menu is summarized in Table 3-22. Note that a function does not have to be selected in order to be configured. When the function is selected, it will assume the programmed status.

3-41

Front Panel Operation

Table 3-22

CONFIGURE FREQUENCY menu structure

Menu item Description

MAX-SIGNAL-LEVEL

1V, 10V, 100V, 1000V, TTL 1mA, 10mA, 100mA, 1A

RESOLUTION

4-DIGITS, 5-DIGITS

INPUT-TERMINALS

VOLTAGE CURRENT

COUPLING

AC AC+DC

Note: The maximum signal level menu is coupled to the input terminals menu, i.e., voltage levels are shown if voltage is the selected input.

Display maximum signal level menu:

Select maximum voltage level for voltage inputs. Select maximum current level for current inputs.

Display resolution menu:

Select a specific resolution

Input terminals for frequency measurements menu:

Select INPUT HI and INPUT LO terminals. Select AMPS and INPUT LO terminals.

Coupling menu:

Select AC coupled measurements. Select DC coupled measurements.

MAX-SIGNAL-LEVEL

The maximum signal level is used to specify the maximum expected input voltage or current level for frequency measurements. The maximum signal level is set as follows:

1. From the CONFIGURE FREQUENCY menu, select MAX-SIGNAL-LEVEL and press ENTER. Depending on the presently selected input terminals (VOLTAGE or CURRENT), one of the following menus is displayed:

MAXIMUM SIGNAL LEVEL

1V 10V 100V 1000V TTL

MAXIMUM SIGNAL LEVEL

1mA 10mA 100mA 1A

2. Highlight the desired maximum signal level and press ENTER. Selecting the TTL parameter configures the maximum signal level to 10V and the trigger level to +0.80V.

RESOLUTION

The available display resolutions are 4 digits and 5 digits. There is no auto resolution parameter on the frequency function.

You can set the resolution as follows:

1. From the CONFIGURE FREQUENCY menu, select RESOLUTION and press ENTER. The following menu is displayed:

SET FREQ RESOLUTION

4-DIGITS 5-DIGITS

2. Highlight the desired resolution and press ENTER.

INPUT-TERMINALS

Both the volts and amps input terminals can be used to measure frequency. The upper limit on the voltage terminals is 15MHz; on the amps terminals it is 1MHz. The voltage limit

is subject to the 2 × 10

V•Hz product.

The input terminals for frequency measuring are set as follows:

1. From the CONFIGURE FREQUENCY menu, select INPUT-TERMINALS and press ENTER. The following menu is shown:

FREQ INPUT SOURCE

VOLTAGE CURRENT

2. Highlight the desired input source and press ENTER.

3-42

Front Panel Operation

COUPLING

This parameter selects the input coupling for the frequency function. When AC coupling is selected, a DC blocking capacitor is placed in series with the input. This removes the DC component of the input signal.

When AC+DC coupling is selected, the blocking capacitor is removed. Subsequent frequency measurements will reflec both the AC and DC components of the signal.

You can set the frequency coupling as follows:

1. From the CONFIGURE FREQUENCY menu, select COUPLING and press ENTER. The following menu is displayed:

SET FREQ COUPLING

AC AC+DC

2. Highlight the desired coupling and press ENTER.

Multiple displays

There are two multiple displays just for the frequency function:

• Period calculation

• Trigger level

The multiple display showing the period of the waveform is calculated from the frequency measurement and, as such, is only available when the frequency does not equal 0Hz. It is also unavailable when math is enabled.

The trigger level multiple display is the same message that is displayed when the trigger level is changed, but it is a permanent display.

3.4.5 Temperature

The Model 2001 measures temperature with two different sensor types: RTDs and thermocouples. With RTDs, the Model 2001 can measure temperature between -200°C and +630°C. RTDs can be connected to the input terminals or the optional Model 2001-SCAN scanner card.

With thermocouples connected to an external thermocouple card, such as a Model 7057A or 7402 in a Model 7001 Switch System, the instrument measures temperature over a range that is dependent on the thermocouple type. (Refer to the specifications in Appendix A.)

Temperature measurements

Assuming “bench reset” conditions (see paragraph 3.12.1), the basic procedure to measure temperature with a type PT385 4-wire RTD (the default sensor) is as follows:

1. Connect the RTD sensor to the Model 2001 as shown in Figure 3-17. You can use banana plugs (with the front or rear inputs), or the optional Model 8680 RTD Probe Adapter (with the front inputs). Place the INPUTS button in the appropriate position. RTDs can also be connected to the optional Model 2001-SCAN scanner card. (See the Model 2001-SCAN manual.)

2. Select the TEMP function.

CAUTION

Do not exceed 1100V peak between INPUT HI and LO, or 350V peak between SENSE Ω4 WIRE HI and LO, or instrument damage may occur.

3. Observe the display. If the “Overfl w” message is shown, the RTD might not be connected properly.

4. Take a reading from the display.

The procedure for measuring temperature with 3-wire and 2wire RTDs is similar. (See Figures 3-18 and 3-19 for connection diagrams.) Be sure that the temperature function is configured for the correct sensor type. (Use the 4-WIRE-RTD selection for a 3-wire RTD sensor.)

To measure temperature with thermocouples, you need to connect the thermocouples to a suitable external scanner card, such as the Keithley Model 7057A or 7402. These cards must be inserted into a Model 705 or 706 Scanner or the Model 7001 Switch System, as shown in Figure 3-20. The thermocouple cards use Channel 1 as the reference junction, and must be configured on the Model 2001 for voltage reference and offset.

3-43

Front Panel Operation

+000.00 °C

4W-RTD type : PT385

DCV ACV DCI ACI Ω2 Ω4

DISPLAY

REL TRIG STORE RECALL

POWER

INFO LOCAL CHAN SCAN CONFIG MENU EXIT ENTER

A. Connections to Banana Jacks

Model 2001

FREQ TEMP

FILTER MATH

2001 MULTIMETER

Sense Ω4-wire HI

SENSE

INPUT

Ω 4 WIRE

350V PEAK

RANGE AUTO

RANGE

Input HI

1100V PEAK

Input LO

500V PEAK

INPUTS

FRONT/REAR

2A 250V

AMPS

CAL

Platinum

RTD

Sense Ω4-wire LO

Model 2001

+000.00 °C

4W-RTD type : PT385

DCV ACV DCI ACI Ω2 Ω4

DISPLAY

REL TRIG STORE RECALL

POWER

INFO LOCAL CHAN SCAN CONFIG MENU EXIT ENTER

FILTER MATH

2001 MULTIMETER

FREQ TEMP

B. Connections to Circular Jack

Model 2001

+000.00 °C

4W-RTD type : PT385

DCV ACV DCI ACI Ω2 Ω4

DISPLAY

REL TRIG STORE RECALL

POWER

INFO LOCAL CHAN SCAN CONFIG MENU EXIT ENTER

FILTER MATH

2001 MULTIMETER

FREQ TEMP

C. Connections to Terminal Block

Figure 3-17

4-wire RTD temperature measurements

Model 8680 RTD

Probe Adapter

SENSE

Ω 4 WIRE

RTD PROBE ADAPTER

350V PEAK

RANGE: -220°C TO 630°C

-360°F TO 1100°F

MADE

INPUTS

U.S.A.

HI LO

RANGE

SENSE

RTD

FRONT/REAR

AUTO

RANGE

CAL

Model 8680 RTD

Probe Adapter

SENSE

Ω 4 WIRE

RTD PROBE ADAPTER

350V PEAK

RANGE: -220°C TO 630°C

-360°F TO 1100°F

MADE

INPUTS

U.S.A.

HI LO

RANGE

SENSE

RTD

FRONT/REAR

AUTO

RANGE

CAL

Sense Ω4-wire HI

8680

INPUT

Input HI

1100V PEAK

Input LO

42V

500V

PEAK

SENSE

2A 250V

AMPS

Platinum

RTD

Sense Ω4-wire HI

Input HI Sense Ω4-wire LO Input LO

Sense Ω4-wire LO

WARNING : To avoid a shock hazard and possible instrument damage, do not use the Model 8680 RTD Probe Adapter to measure voltages exceeding 30V RMS, 42.4V peak.

8680

INPUT

1100V PEAK

42V

500V

PEAK

Sense Ω4-wire HI

SENSE

2A 250V

Input HI

AMPS

Input LO Sense Ω4-wire LO

Platinum

RTD

Sense Ω4-wire HI

Input HI

1234

Sense Ω4-wire LO

Input LO

3-44

Short

Front Panel Operation

Model 2001

+000.00 °C

4W-RTD type : PT385

DCV ACV DCI ACI Ω2 Ω4

DISPLAY

REL TRIG STORE RECALL

POWER

INFO LOCAL CHAN SCAN CONFIG MENU EXIT ENTER

FILTER MATH

2001 MULTIMETER

FREQ TEMP

A. Connections to Banana Jacks

Model 2001

+000.00 °C

4W-RTD type : PT385

DCV ACV DCI ACI Ω2 Ω4

DISPLAY

REL TRIG STORE RECALL

POWER

INFO LOCAL CHAN SCAN CONFIG MENU EXIT ENTER

FILTER MATH

2001 MULTIMETER

FREQ TEMP

Short

B. Connections to Terminal Block

Figure 3-18

3-wire RTD temperature measurements

Model 2001

+000.00 °C

RTD type : PT385

DCV ACV DCI ACI Ω2 Ω4

DISPLAY

REL TRIG STORE RECALL

POWER

INFO LOCAL CHAN SCAN CONFIG MENU EXIT ENTER

FILTER MATH

2001 MULTIMETER

FREQ TEMP

RANGE

AUTO

RANGE

AUTO

RANGE

SENSE

Ω 4 WIRE

350V PEAK

INPUTS

FRONT/REAR

CAL

SENSE

Ω 4 WIRE

RTD PROBE ADAPTER

350V PEAK

RANGE: -220°C TO 630°C

-360°F TO 1100°F

MADE

INPUTS

U.S.A.

HI LO

SENSE

RTD

FRONT/REAR

CAL

350V PEAK

RANGE AUTO

RANGE

INPUT

2A 250V

AMPS

1100V PEAK

500V PEAK

Input HI Input LO

Platinum

RTD

Sense Ω4-wire LO

8680

INPUT

1100V PEAK

42V

500V

PEAK

SENSE

2A 250V

Input HI

AMPS

Input LO Sense Ω4-wire LO

WARNING : To avoid a shock hazard and possible instrument damage, do not use the Model 8680 RTD Probe Adapter to measure voltages exceeding 30V RMS, 42.4V peak.

SENSE

INPUT

Ω 4 WIRE

Input HI

1100V PEAK

Input LO

500V PEAK

INPUTS

FRONT/REAR

2A 250V

AMPS

CAL

Platinum

RTD

Platinum

Short

Input HI

RTD

1234

Sense Ω4-wire LO

Input LO

A. Connections to Banana Jacks

Model 2001

+000.00 °C

RTD type : PT385

DCV ACV DCI ACI Ω2 Ω4

DISPLAY

REL TRIG STORE RECALL

POWER

INFO LOCAL CHAN SCAN CONFIG MENU EXIT ENTER

FILTER MATH

2001 MULTIMETER

FREQ TEMP

B. Connections to Terminal Block

Figure 3-19

2-wire RTD temperature measurements

RANGE AUTO

RANGE

SENSE

8680

INPUT

Ω 4 WIRE

RTD PROBE ADAPTER

350V

1100V

PEAK

RANGE: -220°C TO 630°C

-360°F TO 1100°F

MADE

42V

500V

PEAK

INPUTS

U.S.A.

HI LO

SENSE

RTD

FRONT/REAR

2A 250V

Input HI

AMPS

CAL

Input LO

WARNING : To avoid a shock hazard and possible instrument damage, do not use the Model 8680 RTD Probe Adapter to measure voltages exceeding 30V RMS, 42.4V peak.

Platinum

RTD

Input HI Input LO

1234

3-45

Front Panel Operation

MODEL 7402

Model 7057A

Thermocouple

Scanner Card

Note: The thermocouple card must be inserted into a Keithley Model 705 or 706 Scanner or Model 7001 Switch System.

DISPLAY

POWER

Figure 3-20

Thermocouple configu ation

Model 2001

+0000.0 °C

Thermocouple type : J

DCV ACV DCI ACI Ω2 Ω4

REL TRIG STORE RECALL

INFO LOCAL CHAN SCAN CONFIG MENU EXIT ENTER

FREQ TEMP

FILTER MATH

2001 MULTIMETER

RANGE

AUTO

RANGE

THERMOCOUPLE SCANNER

CH 6

OUTPUT

CABLE CLAMP

OUTPUT

SENSE

INPUT

Ω 4 WIRE

350V PEAK

1100V

PEAK

500V PEAK

INPUTS

FRONT/REAR

2A 250V

AMPS

CAL

CH 4

CH 5

CH 10

CH 9

CH 9 CH 8

HI HI

CH 2

CH 3 CH 8

GUARD

CH 7

3-46

Front Panel Operation

Table 3-23

CONFIG TEMPERATURE menu structure

Menu item Description

SENSOR

4-WIRE-RTD

PT100 D100 F100 PT385 PT3916 USER-RTD SPRTD

RTD

PT100 D100 F100 PT385 PT3916 USER-RTD SPRTD

THERMOCOUPLE

THERMOCOUPLE-TYPE REF-JUNCTIONS

CONFIGURE ACQUIRE-REF-TEMP

Sensor type menu:

4-wire RTD type menu:

Select PT100 type. Select D100 type. Select F100 type. Select PT385 type. Select PT3916 type. Set desired R-zero, alpha, beta and delta. Select SPRTD type.

2-wire RTD type menu:

Select PT100 type. Select D100 type. Select F100 type. Select PT385 type. Select PT3916 type. Set desired R-zero, alpha, beta and delta. Select SPRTD type.

UNITS

DEG-C, DEG-F, K

Temperature units menu:

Select desired temperature units.

SPEED

NORMAL FAST MEDIUM HIACCURACY SET-SPEED-EXACTLY SET-BY-RSLN

Measurement speed (integration time) menu:

FILTER

AUTO AVERAGING AVERAGING-MODE

Digital filter menu

Default to filter appropriate for int gration time. Select simple average filter (1-100 readings) Select moving average or repeating average mode.

RESLN

AUTO 1°, 0.1°, 0.01°, 0.001°

Display resolution menu:

Default to resolution appropriate for sensor. Select a specific resolution.

Temperature conﬁguration

The following paragraphs detail how to change the Model 2001 from its bench reset conditions for temperature mea-

surements. The configuration menu is summarized in Table 3-23. Note that a function does not have to be selected in order to be configured.When the function is selected, it will assume the programmed status.

3-47

Front Panel Operation

SENSOR

This parameter is used to select the temperature sensor. If using a 4- or 3-wire RTD sensor, choose 4-WIRE-RTD. If using a 2-wire RTD, choose RTD. Select THERMOCOUPLE when using an external thermocouple scanner card (Model 7057A or Model 7402).

For T < 0°C:

RTR01ATBT2CT3T-100()++ +[]=

For 0°C < T < 630°C:

You can select the temperature sensor as follows:

1. From the CONFIG TEMPERATURE menu, highlight SENSOR and press ENTER. The following menu is displayed:

TEMP SENSOR TYPE

4-WIRE-RTD RTD THERMOCOUPLE

2. Use the cursor keys to highlight the desired sensor and press ENTER. For the 4-WIRE-RTD and RTD parameters, the following menu is displayed:

SET RTD TYPE

PT385 PT3916 USER-RTD SPRTD

Choosing THERMOCOUPLE displays the following menu:

THERMOCOUPLE SETUP

THERMOCOUPLE-TYPE REF-JUNCTIONS

RTD Type: This menu has six options for RTD standards.

Five are configured for common RTDs, and the sixth allows you to enter your own RTD factors:

• PT100 – Selects default parameters for the PT100 standard.

• D100 – Selects default parameters for the D100 standard.

• F100 – Selects default parameters for the F100 standard.

• PT385 – Selects default parameters for the PT385 standard.

• PT3916 – Selects default parameters for the PT3916 standard.

• USER-RTD – Selects user-defined parameters

R01ATBT

++()=

Where:

A α 1

B αδ 10

C αβ 10

---------+



100

-4

•–=

-8

•–=



Above 0°C, the equation solves faster by applying:

- 4B 1 -

–

A +

---------------------------------------------------------= 2B



------



Below 0°C, it is an iterative solution and it runs slower.

Figure 3-21

Temperature equations

If you want to change one or more of these factors, select USER-RTD, and enter the desired values. The equations using the factors are shown in Figure 3-21.

SPRTD: Choosing type SPRTD takes you to the SPRTD COEFFICIENTS menu, which allows you to program the following parameters:

R-ZERO: RTD 0˚C resistance value

A4: set A4 coefﬁcient B4: set B4 coefﬁcient A7: set A7 coefﬁcient B7: set B7 coefﬁcient C7: set C7 coefﬁcient

When one of the fi e common standards is selected, the instrument uses the following defaults:

Type Standard Alpha Beta Delta Ω at 0°C

PT100 ITS-90 0.003850 0.10863 1.49990 100Ω D100 ITS-90 0.003920 0.10630 1.49710 100Ω F100 ITS-90 0.003900 0.11000 1.49589 100Ω PT385 IPTS-68 0.003850 0.11100 1.50700 100Ω PT3916 IPTS-68 0.003916 0.11600 1.50594 100Ω

3-48

The ITS-90 standard provides two reference equations for Standard Platinum Resistance Thermometers covering the temperature range 18.8033K to 1234.93K. A single SPRTD, however, usually cannot be used to cover the entire range.The temperature range is therefore broken up into several subranges. These subranges depend on the calibration points of the temperature scale and are based on the melting or triple points of various pure substances. For an exact list

Front Panel Operation

Table 3-24

Translating SPRTD coefficient

Coefﬁcients RTD coefﬁcients to Model 2001 coefﬁcients

Subrange #1: 13.8033K - 273.16K Subrange #2: 24.5561K - 273.16K Subrange #3: 54.3584K - 273.16K Subrange #4: 83.8058K - 273.16K Subrange #5: 234.3156K - 302.9146K

Subrange #6: 273.15K - 1234.93K Subrange #7: 273.15K - 933.473K Subrange #8: 273.15K - 692.677K Subrange #9: 273.15K - 505.078K Subrange #10: 273.15K - 429.7485K Subrange #11: 273.15K - 302.9146K

of the elements needed and details on RTD calibration, refer to NIST Technical Note 1265 "Guidelines For Realizing the International Temperature Scale of 1990". In each subrange, the calibration constants required for that range are listed.

An SPRTD as supplied from the manufacturer will come with a certificate of calibration that lists the calibration constants and the temperature range supported. In all cases except subranges #4 and #7, translation of the supplied coefficients to Model 2001 values will be required. In most cases, this translation is done simply entering the A value (for example) supplied with the SPRTD into the A4 position (temperatures less than 0°C) or A7 value (temperatures above 0°C) required by the Model 2001. The same procedure is used for translating the B and, where applicable, C constants.

Table 3-24 should be helpful in translating SPRTD coefficients to Model 2001 SPRTD coefficients. The Model 2001 supports SPRTD temperatures between 83.805K and

933.473K. For any of the subranges below, only temperatures within the range from 83.805K to 933.47K will be measured.

Not applicable A2 to A4, B2 to B4 A3 to A4, B3 to B4 No substitution needed A5 to A4, A5 to A7, B5 to B4 B5 to B7, Set C7 = 0. A5 value entered for both A4 and A7; B5 value entered for both B4 and B7 Not applicable No substitution needed A8 to A7, B8 to B7, Set C7 = 0 A9 to A7, B9 to B7, Set C7 = 0 A10 to A7, B10 to B7, Set C7 = 0 A11 to A7, Set B7 = 0, C7 = 0

and 273.16K. The Model 2001, however, supports only SPRTD temperatures down to 83.805K, so temperatures below this value will be reported as an overfl w even though the SPRTD is capable of measuring lower. The calibration certificate lists A2, B2, C1, C2, and C3 as the calibration coefficients. You can set up the Model 2001 for this measurement as follows:

1. Set the temperature sensor type to be FRTD (4-wire measurement) from the CONFIG/TEMP/SENSOR/ TYPE menu.

2. Choose the SPRTD RTD type using the CONFIG/ TEMP/SENSOR/TYPE/FRTD/SPRTD menu.

3. From the SPRTD COEFFICIENTS menu, set the RTD 0°C resistance value and the following coefficients

• Set the Model 2001 A4 coefficient to the RTD certifi cate A2 value.

• Set the Model 2001 B4 coefficient to the RTD certifi cate B2 value.

Note that the A7, B7, and C7 values will not be used for this sensor.

Measurement Example: Suppose you are using an SPRTD

that has been calibrated for subrange #2 above, in which case the RTD is calibrated for measurements between 24.5561

4. Switch to the temperature function, and begin taking readings.

3-49

Front Panel Operation

THERMOCOUPLE TYPE:

This option of the THERMOCOUPLE SETUP menu brings up a menu of thermocouple types:

THERMOCOUPLE TYPE

JKTERSBN

To select a type, highlight it and press ENTER.

REF-JUNCTIONS:

This item of the THERMOCOUPLE SETUP menu allows you to select one of fi e reference junctions for further configuration. Typically, each thermocouple card uses a single reference junction. The menu is displayed as follows:

CONFIGURE REFJCNS

JCN1 JCN2 JCN3 JCN4 JCN5

After choosing one of the reference junctions, you can configure it further or acquire a reference temperature (to update the stored reference temperature), as shown in the typical following menu:

REFERENCE JUNCTION#1

CONFIGURE ACQUIRE-REF-TEMP

Choosing the ACQUIRE-REF-TEMP option updates the stored reference temperature used for generating a temperature measurement. If the junction type (JCN) is simulated, the defined simulated junction temperature is used. If the junction type is real, you must manually close that channel from the scanner before acquiring the temperature.

Selecting the CONFIGURE option displays a configuratio menu for a particular reference junction (#1 through #5):

CONFIGURE REFJCN#1

SIMULATED-TEMP REAL-JUNCTION

1. From the CONFIG TEMPERATURE menu, select UNITS and press ENTER. The following menu is displayed:

SET TEMP UNITS

DEG-C DEG-F K

2. Highlight the desired units and press ENTER.

There is a multiple display for the temperature function that shows the reading expressed in all three temperature units.

SPEED

The SET-BY-RSLN parameter optimizes the integration time for the present resolution setting. The defaults for setby-resolution integration times of temperature are listed in Table 3-25.

Table 3-25

Temperature integration time set-by-resolution

Resolution degrees

1 degree

0.1 degree

0.01 degree

0.001 degree

Note: If the integration time is SET-BY-RSLN and the resolution AUTO, the integration time will be 1.0 PLC and the resolution set by sensor.

Resolution digits

3.5d

4.5d

5.5d

6.5d

Integration time

1.0 PLC

The SIMULATED-TEMP option allows you to enter a default temperature. Typical reference junction temperatures are 0°C and 23°C. (Note the reference junction temperature is shown in the units selected by the SET TEMP UNITS menu.) The REAL-JUNCTION option lets you enter values for a temperature coefficient for the selected reference junction (in mV/°C) and an offset voltage (in mV at 0°C). Consult the Model 7057A or 7402 manual for correct configuration

UNITS

This parameter selects the displayed units for temperature measurements. You can program the temperature units parameter as follows:

3-50

FILTER

The FILTER parameter lets you set the digital filter response and control its on/off operation. It is described in paragraph

3.9. Only the specifics for temperature are c vered here.

The advanced filter is not available for the temperature function.

The AUTO parameter for a digital filter optimizes its use for the present measurement function. The defaults for automatic filtering of temperature are as foll ws:

Averaging

State Type Readings Mode

On Averaging 10 Moving

Front Panel Operation

RESLN

The RESLN parameter sets the display resolution. It is discussed in paragraph 3.4.1, DC and AC voltage. Only the differences for temperature are noted here.

Resolution for temperature is not expressed in number of digits, but in fractions of a degree, ranging from 1° to 0.001°. The accuracy of RTD and thermocouple measurements are rated at different resolutions; refer to the specifications in Appendix A for details.

If the temperature resolution is AUTO, the resolution is forced to match the sensor type. Refer to Table 3-26 for the resolution associated with the various sensors.

Table 3-26

Temperature auto resolution

Resolution

Sensor

RTDs 2-, 3-, or 4-wire 0.01 5.5d

Thermocouples J, K, T, E 0.1 4.5d

Thermocouples R, S, B, N 1 3.5d

Note: If the resolution is AUTO and the integration time SET-BYRSLN, the integration time will be 1.0 PLC.

Degree Digits

Multiple displays

The available multiple displays for temperature depend on the presently selected sensor type, except for the multiple display that shows temperature in three different units:

+0000.0 °C

+0000.0 °F +0000.0 K

RTD measurements have a multiple display for the resistance of the RTD, such as:

RTD Resistance = +0.0000 Ω

Thermocouple measurements have multiple displays for the thermocouple voltage and reference junction temperature. Sample displays are:

Thermocouple Voltage = 0.0000mV Reference junction = 00.0 °C

Note that the reference junction temperature is shown in the units selected by the SET TEMP UNITS menu. The display of two blinking question marks at the right of the reference junction temperature indicates an overfl w of the reference junction measurement. Thermocouple measurements will be made normally using the existing reference temperature value.

3-51

Front Panel Operation

3.5 Range

The selected measurement range affects both the ultimate resolution and accuracy of the measurements as well as the maximum signal that can be measured. The range setting (fi ed or auto) for each measurement function is saved when changing functions.

The following paragraphs discuss range resolution and manual and auto-range operation.

3.5.1 Display resolution

The display resolution of a Model 2001 reading depends on the selected range and the resolution setting. The default and maximum display resolutions for every range on each function are included in the specifications of Appendix A.

You can set the display resolution, as described in paragraph

3.4.

3.5.2 Maximum readings

The full scale readings for every range on each function are included in the specifications of Appendix A. Input values more than the maximum reading listed cause the “Overfl w” message to be displayed.

3.5.3 Manual ranging

To select a manual range, simply press the RANGE  or RANGE  key. The instrument changes one range per key press. The selected range is displayed on the bottom line of the display, such as:

+000.0094 mVDC

Range: 200 mVDC

Once the highest or lowest range has been selected, pressing the corresponding key has no further effect, except for the display of a momentary informational message, for example:

Range at maximum: 1000 VDC

If the instrument displays the “Overfl w” message on a particular range, select a higher range until an on-range reading is displayed. Use the lowest range possible without causing an overfl w to ensure best accuracy and resolution.

Note that the frequency and temperature functions have just one range. For the frequency functions, the RANGE  and  keys increase and decrease the trigger level by 0.5%. On temperature the keys have no effect.

3-52

Ω

Front Panel Operation

3.5.4 Autoranging

To enable autoranging, press the AUTO key. The AUTO annunciator turns on when autoranging is selected. While autoranging is selected, the instrument automatically chooses the best range to measure the applied signal.

NOTE

Autoranging should not be used when optimum speed is required. Autoranging speeds are covered in the specifications of Appendix A.

Note that up-ranging occurs at 105% of range, while downranging occurs at 10% of range.

To cancel autoranging, press AUTO or the RANGE  or  key. Pressing AUTO to cancel autoranging leaves the instrument on the present range.

Pressing the RANGE  key when the instrument has autoranged to the lowest range displays the following momentary typical message and leaves the instrument in autorange:

Range at minimum: 200 mVDC

set as a rel value on the 200µA range, then the rel is also 100µA on the 2mA, 20mA, 200mA, and 2A ranges. Similarly, if 150V is set as a rel value on the 200V range, the rel is also 150V on the 1000V, 20V, 2V, and 200mV ranges.

A relative value can be as large as the highest range for the particular function. Table 3-27 lists the allowable range of rel values for each function.

Selecting a range that cannot accommodate the rel value does not cause an overfl w condition, but it also does not increase the maximum allowable input for that range. For example, on the 2mA range, the Model 2001 still overfl ws for a 2.1mA input.

Table 3-27

Allowable rel values

Function Rel range

DC voltage AC voltage DC current AC current 2-wire resistance 4-wire resistance Frequency Temperature

-1.1e3 to +1.1e3

-7.75e2 to +7.75e2

-1.2e1 to +1.2e1

-2.1e0 to +2.1e0 0 to +1.05e9 0 to +2.1e5 0 to +1.5e7

-3.28e2 to +3.31e3

(±1100V) (±775V) (±12A) (±2.1A) (0 to 1.05G (0 to 210k (0 to 15MHz) (-328 to +3310°)

)

The instrument operates similarly if the RANGE  key is pressed when the instrument has autoranged to the highest range.

For the frequency function, pressing the AUTO key returns the trigger level to 0.0V. The AUTO key has no effect for the temperature function.

3.6 Relative

The rel (relative) operation subtracts a reference value from actual readings. When rel is enabled by the REL key, the instrument uses the present reading as a relative value. Subsequent readings will be the difference between the actual input value and the rel value. You can also enter and enable a relative value from the CONFIG-REL display.

A rel value can be established for each measurement function. For example, a 10µA reference can be set for DC current measurements, and a 100 resistance. The state and value of rel for each measurement function are saved when changing functions.

Once a rel value is established for a measurement function, the value is the same for all ranges. For example, if 100µA is

reference for 2-wire

3.6.1 Conﬁguring rel

From the CONFIG-REL display, you can view or change the rel value for the present measurement function. To view or change the rel value of a different function, you must firstselect it by pressing the appropriate function key.

Press the CONFIG key, and then the REL key to access the following display:

RELVAL=+0.000000e+00

Use the cursor ( and ) and RANGE keys to move among the digits and set their desired values. If the value is too large for the present measurement function, the following typical message is displayed when you press ENTER:

MAXIMUM ALLOWED VAL:

1.100000e+03

and rel is not enabled. If the value is within the limits shown in Table 3-27, you are returned to the normal reading display with that value of rel already enabled.

3-53

Front Panel Operation

Previously stored rel values are converted if temperature or AC voltage units are changed. For example, a rel value of 100 that was stored with units of DEG-C is converted to 212 if temperature units are changed to DEG-F.

Note that a bench or GPIB reset clears any stored rel values and disables rel for all functions.

3.6.2 Enabling rel

From the normal reading display, the REL key toggles the rel operation on and off. The present state is indicated by the REL annunciator. Each time rel is enabled by the REL key, the present reading becomes the new rel value for that function. You cannot rel an overfl w reading.

To make a new reading the rel value, rel must first be disabled and then enabled again. Disabling rel does not clear any stored rel value.

The present rel value for each measurement function can be viewed from the CONFIG-REL display, as described in paragraph 3.6.1.

3.6.3 Multiple display of rel

One of the “multiple displays” allows you to view the reading without rel applied on the bottom line of the display and the rel’d reading on the top line. The display is available by repeatedly pressing either the NEXT or PREVious DISPLAY key to scroll through the multiple displays of the particular function. The following is a typical message for a rel multiple display:

+000.012 mVAC RMS

Actual=+001.012 (without REL)

3.7 T riggers

The following paragraphs discuss front panel triggering, trigger configuration, and external triggering, including example setups.

Model 2001 triggers are set up in the CONFIGURE TRIGGER menu. The menu structure is shown and summarized in Table 3-28. Some general rules to navigate menus are given in paragraph 3.3.

When rel is enabled, the resulting reading is the algebraic difference between the actual input value and the rel value:

rel'd reading = actual value - relative value

With percent or mX+b math enabled, the rel’d reading is acted on by the math operation:

displayed reading = math operation (rel'd reading)

A rel value expressed in dB or dBm is applied after the reading is referenced to the selected level.

3.7.1 Trigger model

The following information describes triggering of the Model 2001 from the front panel. The fl wchart of Figure 3-22 summarizes front panel triggering. It is called the Trigger Model because it is patterned after the SCPI commands sent over the IEEE-488 bus to control triggering.

3-54

Table 3-28

CONFIGURE TRIGGER menu structure

Menu item Description

Front Panel Operation

MEASURE

SOURCE

IMMEDIATE EXTERNAL MANUAL GPIB TRIGLINK

TIMER

HOLD DELAY COUNT

INFINITE

ENTER-CHAN-COUNT CONTROL

SOURCE

ACCEPTOR

SCAN

SOURCE

IMMEDIATE

EXTERNAL

MANUAL

GPIB

TRIGLINK

TIMER

HOLD DELAY COUNT

INFINITE

ENTER-SCAN-COUNT CONTROL

SOURCE

ACCEPTOR

ARM

SOURCE

IMMEDIATE

EXTERNAL

MANUAL

GPIB

TRIGLINK

HOLD COUNT

INFINITE

ENTER-ARM-COUNT CONTROL

SOURCE

ACCEPTOR

HALT Use to halt triggers. Press TRIG key to resume triggering.

Measure layer menu:

Select measure source:

Use to make measurements immediately. Use external triggers to control measuring. Use TRIG key to control measuring. Use bus triggers to control measuring. Use Trigger Link triggers to control measuring. Enter Trigger Link mode and

lines.

Use a timer to control measuring and enter interva between triggers

(0.001-999999.999sec.).

Use to hold up the measurement in the measure layer. Use to delay measurement in the measure layer (0.001-999999.999sec.). Define number of measurements to ma e:

Repeat measuring indefinitel .

Count = use defined alue (1-99999). Select trigger control mode:

Enable Source Bypass.

Disable Source Bypass.

Scan layer menu:

Select scan source:

Use to pass operation immediately into the measure layer.

Use external triggers to control scanning.

Use TRIG key to control scanning.

Use bus triggers to control scanning.

Use Trigger Link triggers to control scanning. Enter Trigger Link lines.

Use a timer to control scanning and enter interval between scans

(0.001-999999.999sec.).

Use to hold up the measurement in the scan layer. Use to delay scan in the scan layer (0.001-999999.999sec.). Define number of scans to be performed

Repeat scanning indefinitel .

Count = user defined alue (1-99999). Select trigger control mode:

Enable Source Bypass.

Disable Source Bypass.

Arm layer menu:

Select arm source:

Use to arm meter immediately and pass operation into the scan layer.

Use external triggers to arm meter.

Use TRIG key to arm meter.

Use bus triggers to arm meter.

Use Trigger Link triggers to arm meter. Enter Trigger Lin lines.

Use to hold up the measurement in the arm layer. Define number of times to arm meter

Continuously re-arm meter.

User defined count alue (1-99999). Select trigger control mode:

Enable Source Bypass.

Disable Source Bypass.

3-55

Front Panel Operation

Idle

Arm Layer

(Arm Layer 1)

Halt triggers, enable scanning or burst mode

Idle

TRIG (or SCAN)

Arm Trigger Control = Source

(Source Bypass Enabled)*

Yes

Another

Arm

Arm Count

Scan Layer

(Arm Layer 2)

Measure Layer

(Trigger Layer)

Source

Immediate External Manual GPIB Triglink Hold

Source

Immediate External Manual GPIB Triglink Timer Hold

Scan Delay

Arm Event

Detection

Scan Trigger Control = Source

(Source Bypass Enabled)*

Scan Event

Detection

Delay

Measure Trigger Control = Source

(Source Bypass Enabled)*

Yes

Output Trigger

Yes

Source Bypass

Enabled

Another

Scan

Output Trigger

Yes

Source Bypass

Enabled

Another

Measure

Scan Count

Measure Count

Source

Immediate External Manual GPIB Triglink Timer Hold

Measure Delay

Figure 3-22

Trigger model (front panel operation)

3-56

Measure Event

Detection

Delay

* Take bypass path the first time a layer is entered

Device Action

Output Trigger

Front Panel Operation

Idle

The instrument is considered to be in the idle state whenever it is not operating within one of the three layers of the Trigger Model. The front panel ARM indicator is off when the instrument is in the idle state. While in the idle state, the instrument cannot perform any measurement or scanning functions.

From the front panel there are four ways to put the instrument into idle:

• Select RESET GPIB from the SAVESETUP option of the main menu. Press the TRIG key to take a reading. After each reading, the instrument returns to the idle state.

• Select HALT from the CONFIGURE TRIGGER menu. Press the TRIG key to resume triggering.

• Enable BURST-MODE from the CONFIGURE DATA STORE menu. This places the instrument in idle until the TRIG key is pressed. After each burst acquisition the instrument returns to idle.

• Configure an internal or external scan with the SCAN key. Disabling the scan resumes triggering.

Once the instrument is taken out of the idle state, operation proceeds into the arm layer (arm layer 1) of the Trigger Model.

NOTE

As can be seen in the fl wchart, there is a path that allows operation to loop around the source. When Source Bypass is enabled (Arm Trigger Control set to Source) and the event source is External or Trigger Link, operation loops around the source on the initial pass through the arm layer. If programmed for another arm (arm count > 1), the bypass loop is not in effect even though it is still enabled. The Source Bypass loop resets (is in effect) if operation goes into Idle.

Enabling Source Bypass also enables the Output Trigger. When operation returns to the arm layer from the scan layer, an output trigger pulse occurs. If the event source is Trigger Link, an output trigger pulse is available on the programmed TRIGGER LINK output line. For all other event sources, the output trigger pulse is available at the METER COMPLETE connector. The Output Trigger in this layer is disabled when Source Bypass is disabled (Arm Trigger Control set to Acceptor).

Arm layer

NOTE

For bus operation, this layer is called arm layer 1.

In general, the instrument requires an arm event to allow operation to proceed to the next layer (scan layer). With an arm source of Immediate, operation proceeds to the next layer when the instrument is taken out of the idle state. Selecting BENCH or GPIB RESET from the SAVESETUP option of the main menu also sets the arm source to Immediate. With one of the other sources selected, the instrument waits until the appropriate event occurs:

• With the External source selected, the instrument waits for an input trigger via EXTERNAL TRIGGER on the rear panel.

• With the Manual source selected, the instrument waits until the front panel TRIG key is pressed.

• With the GPIB source selected, the instrument waits for a bus trigger (GET or *TRG).

• With the Trigger Link source selected, the instrument waits for an input trigger via TRIGGER LINK on the rear panel.

• With the HOLD source selected, the instrument does not respond to any of the event sources.

After all other instrument operations are complete, the instrument can be returned to the arm layer by programming the instrument for additional arms. The Arm Count option is used to set the arm count to a finite value (where n = 1 to

99999) or for an infinite number of arms. Selecting BENCH or GPIB RESET from the SAVESETUP option of the main menu sets the arm count to one.

After the instrument leaves the arm layer, operation proceeds into the scan layer (arm layer 2).

Scan layer

NOTE

For bus operation, this layer is called arm layer 2.

In general, the instrument requires a scan event to allow operation to proceed to the next layer (measure layer). With a scan source of Immediate, operation immediately proceeds to the next layer. Selecting BENCH or GPIB RESET from the SAVESETUP option of the main menu also sets the scan source to Immediate. With one of the other sources selected, the instrument waits until the appropriate event occurs:

• With the External source selected, the instrument waits for an input trigger via EXTERNAL TRIGGER on the rear panel.

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Front Panel Operation

• With the Manual source selected, the instrument waits until the front panel TRIG key is pressed.

• With the GPIB source selected, the instrument waits for a bus trigger (GET or *TRG).

• With the Trigger Link source selected, the instrument waits for an input trigger via TRIGGER LINK on the rear panel.

• With the Timer source selected, operation immediately proceeds into the measure layer on the initial pass through the scan layer. Each additional scan does not occur until the programmed timer interval elapses. The timer can be set from 1msec to 999999.999sec.

• With the HOLD source selected, the instrument does not respond to any of the event sources.

NOTE

After the programmed scan event is detected, the instrument waits for the programmed Delay to time out. The scan layer Delay can be set from 0 to 999999.999sec. Selecting BENCH or GPIB RESET from the SAVESETUP option of the main menu sets the Delay to zero seconds.

As can be seen in the fl wchart, there is a path that allows operation to loop around the source. When Source Bypass is enabled (Scan Trigger Control set to Source) and the event source is External or Trigger Link, operation loops around the source on the initial pass through the scan layer. If programmed for another scan (scan count > 1), the bypass loop is not in effect even though it is still enabled. The Source Bypass loop resets (is in effect) if operation goes back into the arm layer.

Enabling Source Bypass also enables the Output Trigger. When operation returns to the scan layer from the measure layer, an output trigger pulse occurs. If the event source is Trigger Link, an output trigger pulse is available on the programmed TRIGGER LINK output line. For all other event sources, the output trigger pulse is available at the METER COMPLETE connector. The Output Trigger in this layer is disabled when Source Bypass is disabled (Scan Trigger Control set to Acceptor).

After all other operations in the next layer are complete, the instrument can be returned to the scan layer by programming the instrument for additional scans. The Scan Count option is used to set the scan count to a finite value (where n = 1 to

99999) or for an infinite number of scans. Selecting BENCH

RESET from the SAVESETUP option of the main menu sets the scan count to infinite; selecting GPIB RESET sets the scan count to one.

After the instrument leaves the scan layer, operation proceeds into the measure layer (trigger layer).

Measure layer

NOTE

For bus operation, this layer is called Trigger.

In general, measure events control the measurement (or scan) rate. With a measure source of Immediate, operation immediately proceeds to the Delay. Selecting BENCH or GPIB RESET from the SAVESETUP option of the main menu also sets the measure source to Immediate. With one of the other sources selected, the instrument waits until the appropriate event occurs:

• With the External source selected, the instrument waits for an input trigger via EXTERNAL TRIGGER on the rear panel.

• With the Manual source selected, the instrument waits until the front panel TRIG key is pressed.

• With the GPIB source selected, the instrument waits for a bus trigger (GET or *TRG).

• With the Trigger Link source selected, the instrument waits for an input trigger via TRIGGER LINK on the rear panel.

• With the Timer source selected, the first measurement occurs immediately. Each additional measurement occurs at a rate determined by the programmed timer interval (1msec to 999999.999sec).

• With the HOLD source selected, the instrument does not respond to any of the event sources. Another source must be selected to acquire a reading.

NOTE

After the programmed measure event is detected, the instrument waits for the programmed Delay to time out. The measure layer Delay can be set from 0 to 999999.999sec. Selecting BENCH or GPIB RESET from the SAVESETUP option of the main menu sets the Delay to zero seconds.

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Front Panel Operation

As can be seen in the fl wchart, there is a path that allows operation to loop around the source. When Source Bypass is enabled (Measure Trigger Control set to Source) and the event source is External or Trigger Link, operation loops around the source on the initial pass through the measure layer. If programmed for another measurement (measure count > 1), the bypass loop is not in effect even though it is still enabled. The Source Bypass loop resets (is in effect) if operation goes back into the scan layer.

At this point, a measurement is performed (Device Action). Note that a Device Action could include, among others, a function change, range change, or a channel scan (if scanner is enabled). A channel is scanned (closed) before a measurement is taken. When scanning channels, the previous channel opens and the next channel closes (break-before-make). In this case, the settling time delay for the relay is included in the Device Action.

After a Device Action is performed, an Output Trigger occurs. If the measure source is programmed for Immediate, External, Manual, GPIB, or Timer, the output trigger pulse is available at the METER COMPLETE connector. If the Trigger Link source is selected, Output Trigger action occurs as follows:

• If the asynchronous Trigger Link mode is selected, the output trigger pulse is available on the programmed TRIGGER LINK output line.

• If the semi-synchronous Trigger Link mode is selected and the Source Bypass is disabled (Measure Trigger Control set to Acceptor), the Trigger Link line is released (goes high).

• If the semi-synchronous Trigger Link mode is selected and the Source Bypass is enabled (Measure Trigger Control set to Source), the Trigger Link line is pulled low and then released.

NOTE

See paragraph 3.7.7 for details on using the Trigger Link.

After the Device Action and an output trigger occurs, the instrument returns (if programmed to do so) to the beginning of the measure layer to perform another measurement. The Measure Count option is used to set the measure count to a finite value (where n = 1 to 99999) or for an infinite number of measurements. Selecting BENCH RESET from the SAVESETUP option of the main menu sets the measure count to infinite; selecting GPIB RESET sets the measure count to one.

3.7.2 Conﬁguring the measure layer

The measure layer is used for the following operations:

• To select the measuring event (SOURCE) for the instrument.

• To delay operation in the measure layer.

• To designate the number of measurements the instrument will make (COUNT).

• To enable or disable the Source Bypass.

Perform the following steps to display the measure layer menu:

1. Display the CONFIGURE TRIGGER menu by pressing the CONFIG key and then the TRIG key.

2. Use the cursor keys ( and ) to place the cursor on MEASURE and press ENTER to access the following menu:

SETUP MEASURE LAYER

SOURCE DELAY COUNT CONTROL

SOURCE

This menu item selects the event that controls the measure source. To select it, place the cursor on SOURCE and press ENTER. The following menu is displayed:

SELECT MEASURE SRC

IMMEDIATE EXTERNAL MANUAL

GPIB TRIGLINK TIMER HOLD

IMMEDIATE:

and EXTERNAL triggers) do not control the measurement interval. Once the Model 2001 starts measuring, it will take readings as fast as its measurement configuration all ws.

Select immediate triggering from the SELECT MEASURE SRC menu by placing the cursor on IMMEDIATE and pressing ENTER. The instrument returns to the SETUP measure layer menu.

EXTERNAL:

to control the measure source. Each trigger stimulus applied to the Model 2001 performs a device action, as defined by the trigger model. In addition to a measurement, this may include range changing, filtering, calculations, data storing, scanning, and other operations.

The external trigger is applied to the rear panel “EXTERNAL TRIGGER” BNC connector. See paragraph 3.7.6 for detailed information on external triggering.

With this selection, events (such as TIMER

With this selection, external triggers are used

NOTE

Front panel TRIG key (see MANUAL) is active with external triggering selected. Pressing the TRIG key performs a device action.

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Keithley Keithley Instruments 2001 Manual

Specifications and Main Features

Frequently Asked Questions

User Manual

WARRANTY

Safety Precautions

Table of Contents

List of Illustrations

List of Tables

General Information

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Features

1.3 Warranty information

1.4 Manual addenda

1.5 Safety symbols and terms

1.7 Inspection

1.8 Options and accessories

2.1 Introduction

Getting Started

2.2 Front and rear panel summary

2.3 Overview of measurement process

2.5 Front panel operation

2.6 IEEE-488.2 and SCPI basics

Front Panel Operation

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Power-up procedure

3.3 Display

3.4 Functions

3.5 Range

3.6 Relative

3.7 T riggers